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Afghanistan
{{Infobox country
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Amol
http://wn.com/Amol -
Ashgabat
http://wn.com/Ashgabat -
Bahrain
Bahrain, officially Kingdom of Bahrain (, , literally: "Kingdom of the Two Seas"), is a small island country in the Persian Gulf ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. While Bahrain is an archipelago of thirty-three islands, the largest (Bahrain Island) is long by wide. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain via the King Fahd Causeway, which was officially opened on 25 November 1986. Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain.
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Bajestan
Bajestan or Bejestan () is a city in the province of Razavi Khorasan, Iran.
http://wn.com/Bajestan -
Bam, Iran
Bam is a city in Kerman Province of Iran. The city is the center of Bam County. The modern Iranian city of Bam surrounds the Bam citadel. Before the 2003 earthquake the official population count of the city was roughly 43,000. There are various opinions about the date and reasons for the foundation of the citadel. Some people believe that Bam city was founded during the Parthian Empire. Economically and commercially, Bam occupied a very important place in the region and was famed for its textiles and clothes. Ibn Hawqal (943–977), the Arab traveller and geographer, wrote of Bam in his book Surat-ul-`ard (The Earth-figure):
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Bardaskan
http://wn.com/Bardaskan -
Bardaskan County
Bardaskan County () is a county in Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Bardaskan.
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Bukhara
http://wn.com/Bukhara -
Chenaran
Chenaran is a touristic city in Khorassan province, Iran.
http://wn.com/Chenaran -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Ctesiphon
Ctesiphon, the imperial capital of the Parthian Arsacids and of the Persian Sassanids, was one of the great cities of ancient Mesopotamia. In the 6th century, Ctesiphon was the largest city in the world.
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Derbent
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Emirate of Bukhara
The Emirate of Bukhara ( Amorati Buxoro; ) was a Central Asian state that existed from 1785 to 1920. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, known formerly as Transoxiana. Its core territory was the land along the lower Zarafshan River, and its urban centres were the ancient cities of Samarkand and the emirate's capital, Bukhara. It was contemporaneous with the Khanate of Khiva to the west, in Khwarezm, and the Khanate of Kokand to the east, in Fergana. It is now within the boundaries of Uzbekistan.
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Fresno
http://wn.com/Fresno -
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Gorgan
http://wn.com/Gorgan -
Gur-e Amir
http://wn.com/Gur-e_Amir -
Hasan al-Askari
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Herat
http://wn.com/Herat -
Herati
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Imam Reza shrine
http://wn.com/Imam_Reza_shrine -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
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Isfahan
http://wn.com/Isfahan -
Italy
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Joghatai County
Joghatai County () is a county in Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Joghatai.
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Kadhimayn
http://wn.com/Kadhimayn -
Kalat, Khorasan
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Karachi
Karachi (: , {{lang-ur|) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh. With an estimated population of about 18 million, Karachi is one of the world's largest cities in terms of population, the 13th largest urban agglomeration, the 4th largest metropolitan area in the world, and the 2nd largest city within the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Islamic world.
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Karbala
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Kashan
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Kashmar
Kashmar (Persian:Kāŝmar) is a city located near the river Sish Taraz in the western part of the Khorasan province, and 217 kilometers south of the province's capital Mashhad, in Iran. Until two centuries ago, this city was named Torshiz (Persian:Torŝiz). The population is reported by the government to be 180,000 though is perceived as a much smaller city.
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Kazakhstan
http://wn.com/Kazakhstan -
Khanate of Khiva
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Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur (translated as: "muddy confluence," "muddy estuary," and "muddy city"; in English; Malay , locally or even , and often abbreviated as K.L.) is the capital and largest city of Malaysia. The city proper, making up an area of , has an estimated population of 1.6 million in 2006. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million. It is the fastest growing metropolitan region in the country, in terms of population as well as economy.
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Lahore
Lahore ({{lang-pa|, {{lang-ur|, ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. The city lies along the Ravi River and is situated approximately from Wagah (the only road border crossing between India and Pakistan). Historically the main city of the undivided Punjab, Lahore has been a center of Muslim heritage since the Data Durbar is located here. It is often called the Garden of Mughals because of its rich Mughal heritage. It successively served as provincial/regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th century, the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are popular tourist attractions for the city. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Mughal-Gothic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office (GPO), the Lahore Museum, and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. Lahore is often referred to as the cultural heart of Pakistan, as it is the center of Pakistani arts, films and intelligentsia.
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Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
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Mashhad
http://wn.com/Mashhad -
Mecca
Mecca (), also spelled Makkah (occasionally 'Bakkah') (; Makkah and in full: transliterated Makkah Al Mukarramah ) is a city in Saudi Arabia, and the holiest meeting site in Islam, closely followed by Medina.
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Medina
http://wn.com/Medina -
Milan
Milan (, ; Western Lombard: Milan, ) is a city in Italy and the capital of the region of Lombardy and of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1,310,000, while the urban area is the first in Italy and the fifth largest in the European Union with a population of 4,345,000 over an area of . The Milan metropolitan area, by far the largest in Italy, is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 7,400,000.
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Najaf
Najaf (; BGN: An Najaf) is a city in Iraq about 160 km south of Baghdad. Its estimated population in 2008 is 560,000 people. It is the capital of Najaf Governorate. It is one of the holiest cities of Shi'a Islam and the center of Shia political power in Iraq.
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Nishapur
http://wn.com/Nishapur -
Pakistan
{{Infobox country
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Persepolis
Persepolis (Old Persian
http://wn.com/Persepolis -
Qazvin (city)
http://wn.com/Qazvin_(city) -
Robat
Robat is a village in Badghis Province in north western Afghanistan.
http://wn.com/Robat -
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Samarkand
Samarkand (; ; ; ; from Sogdian: "Stone Fort" or "Rock Town") is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province. The city is most noted for its central position on the Silk Road between China and the West, and for being an Islamic centre for scholarly study. In the 14th century, it became the capital of the empire of Timur (Tamerlane), and is the site of his mausoleum (the Gur-e Amir). The Bibi-Khanym Mosque remains one of the city's most notable landmarks. The Registan was the ancient centre of the city.
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Samarra
http://wn.com/Samarra -
Sarakhs
http://wn.com/Sarakhs -
Saudi Arabia
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Shiraz
Shiraz ( ) is the sixth most populous city in Iran and is the capital of Fars Province. Shiraz is located in the southwest of Iran on the Rudkhaneye Khoshk seasonal river. Shiraz has a moderate climate and has been a regional trade center for more than one thousand years.
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Shiraz, Iran
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Soviet Union
http://wn.com/Soviet_Union -
Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
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Susa
http://wn.com/Susa -
Tabriz
http://wn.com/Tabriz -
Tajikistan
Tajikistan ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (, Jumhurii Tojikiston; , Respublika Tadzhikistan; Jomhuri-ye Tajikestan), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. Afghanistan borders it to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and People's Republic of China to the east. Tajikistan also lies adjacent to Pakistan and the Gilgit-Baltistan region, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor.
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Takht-i-Suleiman
http://wn.com/Takht-i-Suleiman -
Tehran
http://wn.com/Tehran -
Torbat-e Heydarieh
Torbat-e Heydarieh is a city in the Razavi Khorasan province of Iran.
http://wn.com/Torbat-e_Heydarieh -
Torbat-e Jam
http://wn.com/Torbat-e_Jam -
Torghabeh
Torghabeh is a town near the city of Mashhad in the Razavi Khorasan province, northeastern Iran. Its population is about 15,000.
http://wn.com/Torghabeh -
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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Turkmenistan
The Turkmenistan (), also known as Turkmenia () is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.
http://wn.com/Turkmenistan -
Tus, Iran
http://wn.com/Tus_Iran -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Uzbekistan
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan -
Yazd
http://wn.com/Yazd -
Zagros Mountains
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Ziarat
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Ürümqi
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Abolfazl Beyhaqi
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Abu Muslim Khorasani
Abu Muslim Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim al-Khorasani (, , c. 700 - 755) was an Abbasid general of Persian origin, who led the first major and organized liberal movement against the Umayyad dynasty.
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Abu-Mansur Daqiqi
Abu Mansur Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Daqiqi Balkhi (Tusi) (935/942-976/980), (in ) sometimes referred to as Daqiqi (also Dakiki, Daghighi, ), was an early Persian poet from Tus in Iran or in Balkh, currently one of the cities of Afghanistan.
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Abusa'id Abolkhayr
http://wn.com/Abusa'id_Abolkhayr -
Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī
http://wn.com/Abū_al-Wafā'_Būzjānī -
Adil Shah
http://wn.com/Adil_Shah -
Al-Hurr al-Aamili
Shaikh Muhammad bin al-Hassan al-Hurr al-Aamili, known as al-Hurr al-Aamili, was a Shia scholar and muhaddith. His book Wasael ush-Shia (also: Wasa'il ash-Shi'a), a comprehensive compilation of authentic Shia Hadith, is used in education of ijtihad. He lived in Mashad, Iran, and was appointed as Shaikh al-Islam (Master of Islam) by the government.
http://wn.com/Al-Hurr_al-Aamili -
Al-Ma'mun
http://wn.com/Al-Ma'mun -
Ali al-Naqi
http://wn.com/Ali_al-Naqi -
Ali al-Rida
http://wn.com/Ali_al-Rida -
Ali al-Sistani
Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali al-Husayni al-Sistani ( , born August 4, 1930) is the current highest-ranking Twelver Shi'a marja in Iraq, who leads the Hawza of Najaf. He is a Grand Ayatollah and Twelver Shia marja' born in Iran and residing in Iraq since 1951. He is currently the preeminent Shia cleric for Shia in Iraq and around the world as well as an important political figure in post-invasion Iraq.
http://wn.com/Ali_al-Sistani -
Ali ar-Ridha
http://wn.com/Ali_ar-Ridha -
Ali ibn Abi Talib
http://wn.com/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib -
Amir Reza Khadem
Amir Reza Khadem Azghadi (, born February 10, 1970 in Mashhad) is an Iranian wrestler who won Olympic bronze medals in 1992 and 1996. He finished fourth at the 2000 Summer Olympics, and he won the 1991 World Championships, And one bronze medal from 1990 World Championships and the 1992 and 1993 Asian Championships and one silver medal from 1991 Asian Championships and the 1994 Asian Games.
http://wn.com/Amir_Reza_Khadem -
Amir Tavakkolian
Amir Tavakkolian ( , born 7 September 1971 in Mashhad) is an Iranian wrestler.
http://wn.com/Amir_Tavakkolian -
Anousheh Ansari
Anousheh Ansari (, born September 12, 1966 in Mashhad, Iran) is an engineer and the Iranian-American co-founder and chairman of Prodea Systems, Inc and a spaceflight participant with the Russian space program. Her previous business accomplishments include serving as co-founder and CEO of Telecom Technologies, Inc. (TTI). The Ansari family is also the title sponsor of the Ansari X Prize. On September 18, 2006, a few days after her 40th birthday, she became the first Iranian in space. Ansari is the fourth overall self-funded space tourist, and the first self-funded woman to fly to the International Space Station. Her memoir, My Dream of Stars, co-written with Homer Hickam, was published by Palgrave-McMillan in 2010.
http://wn.com/Anousheh_Ansari -
Anvari
http://wn.com/Anvari -
Armenian people
http://wn.com/Armenian_people -
Asadi Tusi
Abu Mansur Ali ibn Ahmad Asadi Tusi (born: Tus, Iranian province of Khorasan - died: 1072 Tabriz, Iran) is arguably the second most important Persian poet of the Iranian national epics, after Ferdowsi who also happens to come from the same town of Tus. He was a poet, a linguist and copyist of ancient manuscripts.
http://wn.com/Asadi_Tusi -
Azerbaijani people
http://wn.com/Azerbaijani_people -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Colonel Pesian
Colonel Mohammad Taqi-Khan Pessian (1892 - 3 October 1921) (also Colonel Pessian or Pesyan "Pesseyan"), born in Tabriz, was a popular military leader of Iran.
http://wn.com/Colonel_Pesian -
Emirate of Bukhara
The Emirate of Bukhara ( Amorati Buxoro; ) was a Central Asian state that existed from 1785 to 1920. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, known formerly as Transoxiana. Its core territory was the land along the lower Zarafshan River, and its urban centres were the ancient cities of Samarkand and the emirate's capital, Bukhara. It was contemporaneous with the Khanate of Khiva to the west, in Khwarezm, and the Khanate of Kokand to the east, in Fergana. It is now within the boundaries of Uzbekistan.
http://wn.com/Emirate_of_Bukhara -
Fatimah
http://wn.com/Fatimah -
Ferdowsi
http://wn.com/Ferdowsi -
Hadi Khamenei
Hojatoleslam Hadi Khamenei (born 1947) is an influential Iranian reformist politician, mojtahed and linguist. He is a key member of the reformist Association of Combatant Clerics, and a former deputy of the Majlis of Iran representing a district in Tehran.
http://wn.com/Hadi_Khamenei -
Hamed Behdad
Hamed Behdad (, born 17 November 1973 in Mashhad, Iran) is an Iranian actor. His first appearance in a movie was in The End of the Game (Akhar-e Baazi).
http://wn.com/Hamed_Behdad -
Hamid Motebassem
Hamid Motebassem (b. 1958 Mashhad) is a renowned Iranian musician and tar and setar player.
http://wn.com/Hamid_Motebassem -
Harun al-Rashid
http://wn.com/Harun_al-Rashid -
Hasan al-Askari
http://wn.com/Hasan_al-Askari -
Hassan ibn Ali
http://wn.com/Hassan_ibn_Ali -
Hazara people
http://wn.com/Hazara_people -
Heshmat Mohajerani
Heshmat Mohajerani (, born 11 December 1938 in Mashhad) is an Iranian football coach, manager, and former player. He is perhaps the most successful Iranian coach of the Iranian national team. Mohajerani and his brothers formed F.C. Aboomoslem in Mashhad.
http://wn.com/Heshmat_Mohajerani -
Homayoun Shajarian
http://wn.com/Homayoun_Shajarian -
Hossein Badamaki
Gholam Hossein Badamaki (, born September 13, 1981 in Mashhad) is an Iranian footballer who currently plays for Persepolis in the IPL.
http://wn.com/Hossein_Badamaki -
Hossein Sabet
Hossein Sabet Baktash (, Born in Mashhad) is an Iranian businessman and Persian carpet dealer who owns Sabet International Trading Co.. Sabet has a BSc in engineering and resides in Berlin, Germany.
http://wn.com/Hossein_Sabet -
Husayn ibn Ali
http://wn.com/Husayn_ibn_Ali -
Imam Reza
http://wn.com/Imam_Reza -
Iran Darroudi
Iran Darroudi (born September 2, 1936 in Neyshabour) is an Iranian artist.
http://wn.com/Iran_Darroudi -
Iraqi people
http://wn.com/Iraqi_people -
Ismail I
http://wn.com/Ismail_I -
Ja'far al-Sadiq
http://wn.com/Ja'far_al-Sadiq -
Jābir ibn Hayyān
http://wn.com/Jābir_ibn_Hayyān -
Kashmiri people
The Kashmiri people () are an Aryan not Dardic ethnic group living in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir and Pakistani territory of Azad Kashmir who speak the Kashmiri language. Kashmiri is "a Northwestern Dardic language of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European language family." which is also known as Koshur and hence are classified as a Dardic people.
http://wn.com/Kashmiri_people -
Kurdish people
http://wn.com/Kurdish_people -
Mahdi Bemani Naeini
Mahdi Bemani Naeini (also spelt Mehdi Bemani, Mehdi Bemani Naeini, , born November 3, 1968) is an Iranian film director, cinematographer, TV cameraman and photographer.
http://wn.com/Mahdi_Bemani_Naeini -
Mahmoud Khayami
Mahmoud Khayami, KSS (born 1930 in Mashhad, Iran) () is an Iranian born industrialist, of French nationality.
http://wn.com/Mahmoud_Khayami -
Manouchehr Eghbal
http://wn.com/Manouchehr_Eghbal -
Marshall Manesh
Marshall Manesh (born August 16, 1950) is an Iranian/American actor.
http://wn.com/Marshall_Manesh -
Mehdi Akhavan-Sales
http://wn.com/Mehdi_Akhavan-Sales -
Mitra Hajjar
http://wn.com/Mitra_Hajjar -
Mohammad Khadem
Mohammad Khadem Azghadi (, born September 7, 1935 in Mashhad) is an Iranian Freestyle wrestler. He is the father of world and olympic champion Rasoul Khadem and Amir Reza Khadem who is also an olympic champion.
http://wn.com/Mohammad_Khadem -
Mohammad Mansouri
Mohammad Mansouri Fahim (, born 26 October 1983) is an Iranian football Midfielder who currently plays for Persepolis in the Iran Pro League.
http://wn.com/Mohammad_Mansouri -
Mohammad-Ali Abtahi
Hojjat ol-Eslam Seyyed Mohammad Ali Abtahi (; born January 27, 1958) is an Iranian theologian, scholar, pro-democracy activist and chairman of the Institute for Interreligious Dialogue. He is a former Vice President of Iran and a close associate of former President Mohammad Khatami. Abtahi is a member of the central council of Association of Combatant Clerics (''Majma'e Rowhaniyoon-e Mobarez''), the political grouping to which both Khatami and the 2009 presidential candidate Mehdi Karroubi (the previous Speaker of Majlis of Iran) belong.
http://wn.com/Mohammad-Ali_Abtahi -
Mohammad-Taghi Bahar
http://wn.com/Mohammad-Taghi_Bahar -
Muhammad
http://wn.com/Muhammad -
Muhammad al-Baqir
http://wn.com/Muhammad_al-Baqir -
Muhammad al-Mahdi
http://wn.com/Muhammad_al-Mahdi -
Musa al-Kadhim
http://wn.com/Musa_al-Kadhim -
Nader Shah
http://wn.com/Nader_Shah -
Nadir Shah
http://wn.com/Nadir_Shah -
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
http://wn.com/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi -
Nasir Khusraw
http://wn.com/Nasir_Khusraw -
Nizam al-Mulk
:For info about rulers of Hyderabad state, see the page Nizam state of Hyderabad.
http://wn.com/Nizam_al-Mulk -
Noureddin Zarrinkelk
Noureddin Zarrinkelk (also spelled Zarrin-Kelk, also known as Noori or Nouri, born 1937 in Mashhad) is a renowned Iranian animator, concept artist, editor, graphic designer, illustrator, layout artist, photographer, script writer and sculptor.
http://wn.com/Noureddin_Zarrinkelk -
Ovanes Ohanian
Ovanes Ohanian ( - 1961 Tehran) was an Armenian-Iranian father of Helen Ohaniance, Orod Ohanians and Paul Ohanians. Grandfather of Jasmine Facchetti. Was a filmmaker, inventor, founder, doctor, scientist with PHD in medicine, film, science and languages. He established the first film school in the history of Iran. His first film, Abi and Rabi (1930) was Iran's first feature length movie. He founded first acting school in Iran and first acting school in India together with first police school in Iran. Creator and inventor for the first medicine made for Boldness. Member of the world scientists. He was fluent in 7 languages. Was assassinated in his office in Tehran 1969. The museum in tehran contains relevant information of his life.
http://wn.com/Ovanes_Ohanian -
Persian people
Ethnic group|group = Persian Speakers
http://wn.com/Persian_people -
Rafi Pitts
Rafi Pitts (born 1967 in Mashad, Iran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian film director.
http://wn.com/Rafi_Pitts -
Ramzi Yousef
http://wn.com/Ramzi_Yousef -
Rasoul Khadem
Rasul Khadem Azghadi (, born February 17, 1972 in Mashhad) is an Iranian wrestler who has won a Bronze medal in the 1992 Summer Olympics and a gold medal in the 1996 Summer Olympics. He is also the 1994 and 1995 world champion and the 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 and 1996 Asian champion. He was trained by his father Mohammad Khadem, and he is the brother of Amir Reza Khadem.
http://wn.com/Rasoul_Khadem -
Reza Attaran
Reza Attaran (born 31 March 1968 in Mashhad) is an Iranian actor and director. He has played in both films and television shows. Attaran won the Best Actor award at the 2008 Gol Aga Comedy Film Festival.
http://wn.com/Reza_Attaran -
Reza Enayati
Gholamreza Enayati (, born September 23, 1976 in Mashhad, Iran) is an Iranian football player who currently plays for Iran Pro League giants Esteghlal F.C. and former member of Iran national football team. He usually plays the striker position.
http://wn.com/Reza_Enayati -
Reza Ghoochannejhad
Reza Ghoochannejhad () (born 20 September 1987 in Mashhad) is an Iranian-Dutch footballer for SC Cambuur.
http://wn.com/Reza_Ghoochannejhad -
Reza Kianian
Reza Kianian (, born June 19, 1951 in Tehran, Iran) is an Iranian actor. In an early age he and his famliy moved to Mashhad; however, he moved back to Tehran to study fine arts in University of Tehran.
http://wn.com/Reza_Kianian -
Reza Shah
http://wn.com/Reza_Shah -
Saeed Jalili
Saeed Jalili, (, born 1965 in Mashhad ) is an Iranian politician and the present secretary of Iran's Supreme National Security Council. On October 20, 2007, he replaced Ali Larijani as the secretary of the council and hence chief nuclear negotiator of Iran. He was previously Deputy Foreign Minister for European and American Affairs.
http://wn.com/Saeed_Jalili -
Seyyed Ali Khamenei
http://wn.com/Seyyed_Ali_Khamenei -
Shadmehr
http://wn.com/Shadmehr -
Shah Abbas I
http://wn.com/Shah_Abbas_I -
Shaykh Tusi
http://wn.com/Shaykh_Tusi -
Soleyman III
http://wn.com/Soleyman_III -
Tajik people
Ethnic group
http://wn.com/Tajik_people -
Taleshi
http://wn.com/Taleshi -
Timur Shah Durrani
http://wn.com/Timur_Shah_Durrani -
Turkmen people
http://wn.com/Turkmen_people -
Uzbeks
http://wn.com/Uzbeks -
Zayn al-Abidin
http://wn.com/Zayn_al-Abidin
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Mashhad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Published: 24 Nov 2007
- Updated: 03 Sep 2012
good memories of Mashhad...
http://wn.com/Mashhad
HAve Fun in Mashhad IRAN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Published: 09 Nov 2011
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
A good place to meet local people and have fun with them, in Mashhad and around ; Kang, Turgadeh, Shandiz for lunch. Enjoy travelling for people !
http://wn.com/HAve_Fun_in_Mashhad_IRAN
Mashhad (Iran) Documentary - Imam Reza (as)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:27
- Published: 29 Dec 2011
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
A Documentary about the city Mashhad in Iran and Imam Reza (as) which shrine is in this city.
http://wn.com/Mashhad_Iran_Documentary_Imam_Reza_as
Mashhad (Iran) urban Railway
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:47
- Published: 13 Jul 2012
- Updated: 23 Aug 2012
All credits for this video go to M.Mobin. Video obtained from: vimeo.com Again, this is NOT my video. If you're the owner of this video and wish to have it removed, plz contact me.
http://wn.com/Mashhad_Iran_urban_Railway
MASHHAD, IRAN, MALEKABAD BLVD. PARK MELLAT
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:47
- Published: 19 Aug 2011
- Updated: 09 Apr 2012
Malekabad Blvd, Park Blvd., Kosar Zirgozar
http://wn.com/MASHHAD,_IRAN,_MALEKABAD_BLVD_PARK_MELLAT
A Love named Mashhad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Published: 04 Jun 2011
- Updated: 20 May 2012
Mashhad, Iran, Khayyam Bolvd. Sadjad Shahr
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Published: 19 Aug 2011
- Updated: 04 Sep 2012
boolvar sajjad, sajjad shahr, mashhad, iran
http://wn.com/Mashhad,_Iran,_Khayyam_Bolvd_Sadjad_Shahr
Best persian dancer. Mashhad, Iran 07/05/2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Published: 13 Jun 2012
- Updated: 06 Sep 2012
This guy is from Zahedan,he danced just for me and tried to teach me persian dance two days before my wedding party.
http://wn.com/Best_persian_dancer_Mashhad,_Iran_07_05_2012
Pilgrimage on foot from Iraq to Mashhad at Holy Shrine of Imam Reza
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Published: 25 Apr 2012
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
Pilgrimage on foot to the Holy Shrine in the city Mashhad. Iraqi Shiite Muslims from Sammara, Kazmain, Najaf and Karbala have come to pay tribute to Hazrat Fatimah the daughter of the great Prophet Mohammad, may peace be upon him, and the wife of the 1st Shiite Imam, Imam Ali, at the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza, the 8th Shiite Imam. Around 500 Iraqi Shiite Muslims have been traveling for 50 days on foot at almost 50 kilometers per day to pay tribute. One of the important stopping on their pilgrimage is 22 kilometers from the Holy city of Mashhad at a place called "Mighato Reza Alayhe Salam" in the town of Neyshabur. There they have breakfast, lunch, dinner and spend the night which they perform an important ritual which is cleansing the body. The following day after morning prayers they continue their journey to the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza. Finally on Wednesday night the mourning rituals end with "Ghariban Night" which Muslims grief to feel the pain and sorrow family members of the Great Prophet Mohammad, may peace be upon him, felt the night they lost him
http://wn.com/Pilgrimage_on_foot_from_Iraq_to_Mashhad_at_Holy_Shrine_of_Imam_Reza
Mashhad, Iran, Koohsangi strteet
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Published: 19 Aug 2011
- Updated: 17 Jan 2012
Koohsangi Street, Mashhad, Iran
http://wn.com/Mashhad,_Iran,_Koohsangi_strteet
Amazing Azan Mashhad Imam Ali-Rida ( أذان مشهد عند الامام علي الرضا (ع
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:17
- Published: 18 Aug 2011
- Updated: 06 Sep 2012
Gebetsruf im Schrein des Imam Ali Ar-Rida (as.) in Mashhad - Iran PLEASE like and share the following page: www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Amazing_Azan_Mashhad_Imam_Ali-Rida_أذان_مشهد_عند_الامام_علي_الرضا_ع
Iraqi Shiite Muslims travel on foot to Mashhad to pay tribute to Hazrat Fatimah
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Published: 26 Apr 2012
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
Pilgrimage on foot to the Holy Shrine in the city Mashhad. Iraqi Shiite Muslims from Sammara, Kazmain, Najaf and Karbala have come to pay tribute to Hazrat Fatimah the daughter of the great Prophet Mohammad, may peace be upon him, and the wife of the 1st Shiite Imam, Imam Ali, at the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza, the 8th Shiite Imam. Around 500 Iraqi Shiite Muslims have been traveling for 50 days on foot at almost 50 kilometers per day to pay tribute. One of the important stopping on their pilgrimage is 22 kilometers from the Holy city of Mashhad at a place called "Mighato Reza Alayhe Salam" in the town of Neyshabur. There they have breakfast, lunch, dinner and spend the night which they perform an important ritual which is cleansing the body. The following day after morning prayers they continue their journey to the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza. Finally on Wednesday night the mourning rituals end with "Ghariban Night" which Muslims grief to feel the pain and sorrow family members of the Great Prophet Mohammad, may peace be upon him, felt the night they lost him
http://wn.com/Iraqi_Shiite_Muslims_travel_on_foot_to_Mashhad_to_pay_tribute_to_Hazrat_Fatimah
Industrial Engineering 84 - Sadjad University of Mashhad.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:44
- Published: 15 Jan 2012
- Updated: 04 Mar 2012
Industrial Engineering 84 - Sadjad University of Mashhad
http://wn.com/Industrial_Engineering_84_Sadjad_University_of_Mashhadwmv
Khamenei speech in Mashhad - Farsi with English description
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 67:56
- Published: 23 Mar 2012
- Updated: 20 May 2012
Speaking to a group of pilgrims at Imam Rida's (as) shrine in the city of Mashhad, Ayatollah Khamenei the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution said that the main goal of the political campaigns and military threats by America and other foreign countries is to intimidate and disappoint the people of Iran. Ayatollah Khamenei stated that the angry threats made by the enemies against the Iranian nation throughout the year 1390 (2011) are indicative of the failure of their actions. He added: "The US government's agents started a campaign throughout the world in order to implement the sanctions and separate the people of Iran from the Islamic Republic, but these efforts will not get them anywhere." The Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution said that the nuclear issue and human rights are not the real reason behind the enemies' hostility, further adding that the main reason behind the enmities of the bullying powers is that the Islamic Republic is safeguarding the great oil and gas resources of Iran. "Those who think that backing down in the nuclear issue will put an end to America's enmity are suffering from lack of vigilance because there are certain countries in the region that have nuclear weapons, but America does not show any sensitivity to them. Therefore, the nuclear issue and human rights are not the real reason behind the enmity of the bullying powers, rather the main reason behind these enmities is that the Islamic Republic and the Iranian people proudly <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Khamenei_speech_in_Mashhad_Farsi_with_English_description
Goharshad mosque in the shrine of Imam Reza (as) in Mashhad (Iran) July 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Published: 07 Sep 2012
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
oharshad Mosque (Persian: مسجد گوهرشاد) is a former free standing mosque in Mashhad of the Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran, which now serves as one of the prayer halls within the Imam Reza shrine complex. It was built by the order of Queen Goharshad, the wife of Shah Rukh of the Timurid Dynasty in 1418 CE. The architect of the edifice was Ghavameddin Shirazi, who is responsible for so many of Shah Rukh's great buildings, with the architectural and decorative manpower supplied from Shiraz and Isfahan. The mosque underwent some renovations during the Safavid and Qajar eras. It has four iwans and a courtyard measuring 50 × 55 m (160 × 180 ft), as well as several shabestans. The double layered dome of the mosque was severely damaged in 1911 in bombings by troops of the Russian Empire. The first and the greatest surviving, Persian monument of the fifteenth century is the beautiful mosque of Gawhar Shad (1418) now abutting the shrine of the Imam Reza in Mashhad. Its portal continues the Samarkand style of arch within arch, enriched by a succession of bevels and reveals that give it depth and power. The thick, tower-like minarets, merging with the outer corners of the portal screen, extend to the ground and, together with the high foundation revetment of marble, give the ensemble the impression of solidity necessary to support its exuberant color. The entire court facade is faced with enamel brick and mosaic faience of the finest quality. The full scale of colors includes a <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Goharshad_mosque_in_the_shrine_of_Imam_Reza_as_in_Mashhad_Iran_July_2012
Ayatollah Alamolhoda attack rapper Shahin Najafi in Mashhad Friday Prayer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:24
- Published: 25 May 2012
- Updated: 29 Jul 2012
The hardliner influential Imam of the Friday Prayer of the town of Mashad Ayatollah Sadegh Alamolhoda allocated the whole second part his speech of Friday 25 May to attack the rapper Shahin Najafi for his song about Imam "Naghi" .
http://wn.com/Ayatollah_Alamolhoda_attack_rapper_Shahin_Najafi_in_Mashhad_Friday_Prayer
MAshhad Seminar 2008
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:04
- Published: 02 Sep 2012
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
Metropolitan group visit from the Mashhad 3rd Water Treatment Plant
http://wn.com/MAshhad_Seminar_2008
Mashhad, Iran, Ahmadabad and Rahnamaie Streets Views From Inside a Taxicab + Radio Mashhad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Published: 20 May 2009
- Updated: 09 Apr 2012
Mashhad, Iran, Ahmadabad and Rahnamaie Streets Views From Inside a Taxicab + Radio Mashhad.
http://wn.com/Mashhad,_Iran,_Ahmadabad_and_Rahnamaie_Streets_Views_From_Inside_a_Taxicab_+_Radio_Mashhad
Mashhad, Iran یاد مشهد بخیر یره
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Published: 12 May 2012
- Updated: 05 Sep 2012
آهنگ از سی دی قطره ، فریبا هدایتی و بهنام معصو می
http://wn.com/Mashhad,_Iran_یاد_مشهد_بخیر_یره
Iran Mashhad 2 March 2012 People Boycotted Today's Election
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:27
- Published: 02 Mar 2012
- Updated: 16 Jul 2012
www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Iran_Mashhad_2_March_2012_People_Boycotted_Today's_Election
MASHHAD, IRAN, MALEKABAD BLVD. PARK MELLAT 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:32
- Published: 19 Aug 2011
- Updated: 17 Jul 2012
Malekabad Blvd, Park Blvd., Kosar Zirgozar
http://wn.com/MASHHAD,_IRAN,_MALEKABAD_BLVD_PARK_MELLAT_2
NADIA BATOOL BOKHARI IN MASHHAD IRAN JASHANWARA IMAM ALI REZA ASmpg
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:26
- Published: 18 Jun 2012
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
Safar-e-Mashhad ( Documentry)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:04
- Published: 07 Dec 2011
- Updated: 08 Dec 2011
Please dont forget to rate it & Share! www.facebook.com www.facebook.com www.Faizaneraza.org
http://wn.com/Safar-e-Mashhad_Documentry
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / Md iet
AP / Hasan Sarbakhshian
Creative Commons / Md iet![Imām Reza shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120908040633im_/http://cdn4.wn.com/pd/8d/74/53f982771ef8170e9275cc0d17bf_small.jpg "Imām Reza shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.")
Creative Commons / Sepehrnoush![Imām Reza shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120908040633im_/http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/8f/07/8ad46f5713959ed5f9efc179e944_small.jpg "Imām Reza shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.")
Creative Commons / Sepehrnoush![Imām Reza shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120908040633im_/http://cdn8.wn.com/pd/eb/c3/b3eaa07c545496e0414e77090ef5_small.jpg "Imām Reza shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.")
Creative Commons / M samadi![Karaj is a city in Iran, located in Tehran province. It is situated 20 km west of Tehran, at the foothills of the Alborz mountains. Karaj had a population of 1,377,450 in the 2006 census, making it the fifth-largest city in Iran after Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Tabriz and Shiraz. see also List of Iran cities by population[1] however, the city is increasingly becoming an extension of metropolitan Tehran. Karaj is mostly famous because of its academic and educational complexes along with tourist at](http://web.archive.org./web/20120908040633im_/http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/51/8f/1a7a98ccf8c0536aeb72d0c307c9_small.jpg "Karaj is a city in Iran, located in Tehran province. It is situated 20 km west of Tehran, at the foothills of the Alborz mountains. Karaj had a population of 1,377,450 in the 2006 census, making it the fifth-largest city in Iran after Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Tabriz and Shiraz. see also List of Iran cities by population[1] however, the city is increasingly becoming an extension of metropolitan Tehran. Karaj is mostly famous because of its academic and educational complexes along with tourist at")
Creative Commons / M@mad
AP / Mehdi Ghorbani
AP / Mehdi Ghorbani![Imām Rezā shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا) in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings. This complex is the center of tourism in Iran, visited by 15 to 20 million pilgrims every year.[2][3] The shrine itself](http://web.archive.org./web/20120908040633im_/http://cdn8.wn.com/pd/82/59/7e2a7ee24e25bae2dbec403c52e7_small.jpg "Imām Rezā shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا) in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings. This complex is the center of tourism in Iran, visited by 15 to 20 million pilgrims every year.[2][3] The shrine itself")
Creative Commons / Sepehrnoush![Imām Rezā shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا) in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings. This complex is the center of tourism in Iran, visited by 15 to 20 million pilgrims every year.[2][3] The shrine itself](http://web.archive.org./web/20120908040633im_/http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/2d/77/47062830b15ecd7bf39d82a919bc_small.jpg "Imām Rezā shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا) in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings. This complex is the center of tourism in Iran, visited by 15 to 20 million pilgrims every year.[2][3] The shrine itself")
Creative Commons / Sepehrnoush
Creative Commons / Iahsan
Creative Commons / Kolanin
AP / ISNA,Amin Khosroshahi
AP / Mahdi Ghorbani
AP / Mahdi Ghorbani
AP / Mahdi Ghorbani
Creative Commons / Nik_Pendaar
AP / ISNA, Reza Daneshmandi
AP / Hasan Sarbakhshian
AP /
AP/Soureh Photo Agency, Mahdi Amiri
![Imām Reza shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120908040633/http://cdn8.wn.com/pd/8d/74/53f982771ef8170e9275cc0d17bf_medium.jpg "Imām Reza shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.")
![Imām Reza shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120908040633/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/8f/07/8ad46f5713959ed5f9efc179e944_medium.jpg "Imām Reza shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.")
![Imām Reza shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120908040633/http://cdn2.wn.com/pd/eb/c3/b3eaa07c545496e0414e77090ef5_medium.jpg "Imām Reza shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.")
![Karaj is a city in Iran, located in Tehran province. It is situated 20 km west of Tehran, at the foothills of the Alborz mountains. Karaj had a population of 1,377,450 in the 2006 census, making it the fifth-largest city in Iran after Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Tabriz and Shiraz. see also List of Iran cities by population[1] however, the city is increasingly becoming an extension of metropolitan Tehran. Karaj is mostly famous because of its academic and educational complexes along with tourist at](http://web.archive.org./web/20120908040633/http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/51/8f/1a7a98ccf8c0536aeb72d0c307c9_medium.jpg "Karaj is a city in Iran, located in Tehran province. It is situated 20 km west of Tehran, at the foothills of the Alborz mountains. Karaj had a population of 1,377,450 in the 2006 census, making it the fifth-largest city in Iran after Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Tabriz and Shiraz. see also List of Iran cities by population[1] however, the city is increasingly becoming an extension of metropolitan Tehran. Karaj is mostly famous because of its academic and educational complexes along with tourist at")
![Imām Rezā shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا) in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings. This complex is the center of tourism in Iran, visited by 15 to 20 million pilgrims every year.[2][3] The shrine itself](http://web.archive.org./web/20120908040633/http://cdn2.wn.com/pd/82/59/7e2a7ee24e25bae2dbec403c52e7_medium.jpg "Imām Rezā shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا) in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings. This complex is the center of tourism in Iran, visited by 15 to 20 million pilgrims every year.[2][3] The shrine itself")
![Imām Rezā shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا) in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings. This complex is the center of tourism in Iran, visited by 15 to 20 million pilgrims every year.[2][3] The shrine itself](http://web.archive.org./web/20120908040633/http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/2d/77/47062830b15ecd7bf39d82a919bc_medium.jpg "Imām Rezā shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا) in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings. This complex is the center of tourism in Iran, visited by 15 to 20 million pilgrims every year.[2][3] The shrine itself")
Photo: Public Domain / ISAF Headquarters Public Affairs Office
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Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan prov, April 7 – The International Congress on Clinical Hypnosis and Related Sciences will be held here in Medical Sciences University from April 26-28....(size: 1.6Kb)
Turkish PM arrives in Mashhad
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photo: WN / Jamal Penjweny
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Tehran, Nov 3, IRNA -- Deputy Foreign Minister for Consular Affairs Hassan Ghashghavi said on Thursday that the doubted visa for Iranian pilgrims have been issued by Saudi Consulate in Mashhad. He said that Saudi Consulate in Mashhad has not reported passport number of the pilgrims to the...(size: 1.9Kb)
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Mashhad, August 7, IRNA – The Eighth International Congress on Multiple sclerosis (MS) will be held in Mashhad on November 16-17. Talking to IRNA, director of the congress, Mohammad Mehdi Etemadi said that the event will be attended by the neurologists, psychiatrists, neurosurgeons and immunologists...(size: 2.0Kb)
For other uses, see Mashhad (disambiguation).
| Mashhad مشهد |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|||
| Nickname(s): Mashhad | |||
| Motto: City of paradise (Shahre behesht) | |||
 Mashhad
|
|||
| Coordinates: 36°18′N 59°36′E / 36.3°N 59.6°E / 36.3; 59.6Coordinates: 36°18′N 59°36′E / 36.3°N 59.6°E / 36.3; 59.6 | |||
| Country |  Iran |
||
| Province | Razavi Khorasan | ||
| County | Mashhad | ||
| Bakhsh | Central | ||
| Mashhad-Sanabad-Toos | 818 AD (Martyrdom Of Imam Reza) | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor (Ŝahrdār) | Mohammad Pejman | ||
| Area | |||
| • City | 458 km2 (177 sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 3,946 km2 (1,524 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 985 m (3,232 ft) | ||
| Population (2010) | |||
| • City | 4,250,350 | ||
| • Population Rank in Iran | 2nd | ||
| Over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year[1] | |||
| Time zone | IRST (UTC+3:30) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | IRDT (UTC+4:30) | ||
| Website | www.mashhad.ir | ||
Mashhad (Persian: مشهد)[2][3] is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia Muslim world. It is also the only major Iranian city with an Arabic name. It is located 850 kilometres (530 mi) east of Tehran, at the center of the Razavi Khorasan Province close to the borders of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Its population was 2,427,316 at the 2006 population census.[4] It was a major oasis along the ancient Silk Road connecting with Merv in the East.
Now Mashhad is notably known as the resting place of the Imam Reza. A shrine was later built there to commemorate the Imam, which in turn gave rise to increasing demographic development.
Mashhad is also known as the city of Ferdowsi, the Iranian poet of Shahnameh, which is considered to be the national epic of Iran.
Geography and demographics[link]
The city is located at 36.20º North latitude and 59.35º East longitude, in the valley of the Kashaf River near Turkmenistan, between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. The city benefits from the proximity of the mountains, having cool winters, pleasant springs, mild summers, and beautiful autumns. It is only about 250 km (160 mi) from Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
The city is the administrative centre of Mashhad County (or the shahrestan of Mashhad) as well as the somewhat smaller district (bakhsh) of Mashhad. The city itself, excluding parts of the surrounding bakhsh and shahrestan, is divided into 13 smaller administrative units, with a total population of almost 2,5 million.[4]
Mashhad consists mainly of people of Iranian descent (primarily Persian, Tajik, Hazara, Kurdish and Turkmen ethnic groups). Among the non-Iranians, there are sizable population of Afghanistani, Iraqi, Pakistani,as well as small population of Kuwaiti, Bahraini and (Chechen and Dagestani from Russia). In the 19th century and early 20th century, Mashhad was home to a sizable population of Azerbaijani, Armenian, Dagestani, Taleshi, Russian, Bokharan, Khivan, Afghan, Herati, Mervi, Kashmiri, and Indian.
There are also over 20 million pilgrims who visit the city every year.[1]
History[link]
At the beginning of the 9th century (3rd century AH) Mashhad was a small village called Sanabad situated 24 km away from Tus. There was a summer palace of "Hamid ibn Qahtabi", the governor of Khorasan. In 808 when Harun al-Rashid, Abbasid caliph, was passing through there to settle down the insurrection of "Rafi ibn Leith" in Transoxania, he became ill and died. He was buried under the palace of Hamid ibn Qahtabi. Several years later in 818 Imam Ali al-Reza was martyred by Al-Ma'mun and was buried beside the grave of Harun.[5]
After this event this place was called as Mashhad al-Rida (the place of martyrdom of Ali al-Rida). Shias started visiting there for pilgrimage of his grave. By the end of the 9th century a dome was built on the grave and many buildings and Bazaars sprang up around it. During more than a millennium it has been devastated and reconstructed several times.[6]
It was not considered a great city until Mongol raids in 1220 which caused the destruction of many large cities in the Greater Khorasan territories, leaving Mashhad relatively intact. Thus the survivors of the massacres migrated to Mashhad.[7] When the famous world traveller Ibn Battuta visited the town in 1333, he reported that it was a large town with abundant fruit trees, streams and mills. A great dome of elegant construction surmounts the noble mausoleum, the walls being decorated with colored tiles.[1]
Later on, during the Shahrokh era, it became one of the main cities of the Timurid dynasty. In 1418 his wife Goharshad funded the construction of an outstanding mosque beside the shrine, which is known as Goharshad Mosque.[7] The mosque remains relatively intact to this date, its great size an indicator to the status the city held in the 15th century.
Shah Ismail I, founder of the Safavid dynasty, conquered Mashhad after the death of Husayn Bayqarah and the decline of the Timurid dynasty. Mashhad was later captured by the Uzbeks during the reign of Shah Abbas I, only to be retaken by the Shah Abbas in the year of 1597 after a long and severe struggle, defeating the Uzbeks in a great battle near Herat as well as managing to drive them beyond the Oxus River.
Shah Abbas I wanted to encourage Iranians to go to Mashhad for pilgrimage, he himself is known to have walked from Isfahan to Mashhad. During the Safavid era Mashhad gained even more religious recognition, becoming the most important city of the Greater Khorasan as several Madrasah and other structures were built beside the shrine of the Imam Reza.
Besides its religious significance, Mashhad has played an important political role as well. It saw its greatest glory under Nadir Shah, ruler of Iran from 1736 to 1747 and also a great benefactor of the shrine of the Imam Reza, making the city his capital. It remained the capital of the Afsharid dynasty until Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar conquered the then larger region of Khorasan in 1796. In 1749 Ahmad Shah Durrani (The Duranni Pashtun Empire) took possession of Herat, which was ruled by Nadir Shah's grandson, Shah Rukh. Herat fell to Ahmad after almost a year of siege and bloody conflict, Afterwards Mashhad(in present-day Iran) was taken by the The Durrani Empire as well.
In 1912, the sanctuary of the Imam Reza was bombed by the Russian forces, causing widespread and persisting resentment in the Shiite Muslim world.
1935 Imam Reza shrine rebellion[link]
Main article: Imam Reza shrine rebellion
In 1935 a backlash against the modernizing, anti-religious policies of Reza Shah erupted in the Mashed shrine. Responding to a cleric who denounced the Shah's heretical innovations, corruption and heavy consumer taxes, many bazaaris and villagers took refuge in the shrine, chanted slogans such as "The Shah is a new Yezid." For four full days local police and army refused to violate the shrine and the standoff was ended when troops from Azerbaijan arrived and broke into the shrine,[8] killing dozens and injuring hundreds, and marking a final rupture between Shi'ite clergy and the Shah.[9]
1994 Imam Reza shrine bombing[link]
On June 20, 1994, an explosion from a bomb occurred in a prayer hall of the shrine of the Imam Reza[10] The bomb that killed at least 25 people on June 20 in Mashhad exploded at Ashura.[11] Ramzi Yousef, one of the main perpetrators of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, was found to be behind the plot.[12] However, official state media blamed Mehdi Nahvi, a supposed member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MKO) in order to prevent sectarian violence.
Climate[link]
Mashhad features a steppe climate (Köppen BSk) with hot summers and cool winters. The city only sees about 250 mm of precipitation per year, some of which occasionally falls in the form of snow. Mashhad also has wetter and drier periods with the bulk of the annual precipitation falling between the months of December and May. Summers are typically hot and dry, with high temperatures sometimes exceeding 35 °C (95 °F). Winters are typically cool to cold and somewhat damper, with overnight lows routinely dropping below freezing. Mashhad enjoys on average just under 2900 hours of sunshine per year.
| Climate data for Mashhad | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 24 (75) |
26 (79) |
32 (90) |
35.4 (95.7) |
39.2 (102.6) |
41.6 (106.9) |
43.8 (110.8) |
42.4 (108.3) |
42 (108) |
35.8 (96.4) |
29.4 (84.9) |
28.2 (82.8) |
43.8 (110.8) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
9.2 (48.6) |
13.9 (57.0) |
20.8 (69.4) |
26.6 (79.9) |
32.2 (90.0) |
34.4 (93.9) |
33 (91) |
28.9 (84.0) |
22.3 (72.1) |
15.4 (59.7) |
9.7 (49.5) |
21.1 (70.0) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −3.8 (25.2) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
2.6 (36.7) |
8.2 (46.8) |
12.2 (54.0) |
16.2 (61.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
16.2 (61.2) |
11.5 (52.7) |
6.1 (43.0) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
7.1 (44.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27 (−17) |
−28 (−18) |
−13 (9) |
−7 (19) |
−1 (30) |
4 (39) |
10 (50) |
5 (41) |
−1 (30) |
−8 (18) |
−16 (3) |
−25 (−13) |
−28 (−18) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 33 (1.3) |
35.2 (1.386) |
55.6 (2.189) |
46.3 (1.823) |
27.6 (1.087) |
4.2 (0.165) |
1.1 (0.043) |
0.8 (0.031) |
1.7 (0.067) |
8.6 (0.339) |
15.4 (0.606) |
24.7 (0.972) |
254.2 (10.008) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 149.1 | 147.3 | 161.2 | 198.6 | 279.2 | 341.7 | 366.1 | 358.7 | 304.5 | 247.4 | 187.5 | 151.1 | 2,892.4 |
| Source: [13] | |||||||||||||
Religion[link]
See also: Imam Reza shrine
Today the holy shrine and its museum holds one of the most extensive cultural and artistic treasuries of Iran, in particular manuscript books and paintings. Several important theological schools are associated with the shrine of the Eighth Imam.
The second largest holy city in the world, Mashhad attracts more than 20 million tourists and pilgrims every year, many of whom come to pay homage to the Imam Reza shrine (the eighth Shi'ite Imam). It has been a magnet for travellers since medieval times.[1] Thus, even as those who complete the pilgrimage to Mecca receive the title of Haji, those who make the pilgrimage to Mashhad—and especially to the Imam Reza shrine – are known as Mashtee, a term employed also of its inhabitants. It is thought that over 20 million Muslims a year make the pilgrimage to Mashhad.
Culture[link]
Long a center of secular and religious learning, Mashhad has been a center for the arts and for the sciences. The Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, named after the great Iranian poet, is located here. The Madrassa of Ayatollah Al-Khoei, originally built in the seventeenth century and recently replaced with modern facilities, is the city's foremost traditional centre for religious learning. The Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, founded in 1984, stands at the centre of town, within the shrine complex. The prestige of traditional religious education at Mashhad attracts students, known as talaban, or "Molah" internationally.
Mashhad is also home to one of the oldest libraries of the Middle-East called the Central Library of Astan-e Quds Razavi with a history of over six centuries. The Astan-e Quds Razavi Museum, which is part of the Astan-e Quds Razavi Complex, is home to over 70,000 rare manuscripts from various historical eras. There are some six million historical documents in the foundation's central library.
In 1569 (977 H), 'Imad al-Din Mas'ud Shirazi, a physician at the Mashhad hospital, wrote the earliest Islamic treatise on syphilis, one influenced by European medical thought. Kashmar rug is a type of Persian rug indigenous to this region.
Main sites[link]
File:TousMuseum.JPG
Tous Museum
Apart from Imam Reza shrine there is a number of large parks, the tombs of historical celebrities in nearby Tus and Nishapur, the tomb of Nadir Shah and Kooh Sangi park and Mellat Park that have modern attractions for children such as the tallest Ferris wheel or fanfar (چرخ و فلک) in Iran[citation needed] and Koohestan Park-e-Shadi Complex that includes a zoo, where many wild animals are kept and which attracts many visitors to Mashhad. It is also home to the Mashhad Airbase (formerly Imam Reza airbase), jointly a military installation housing Mirage aircraft, and a civilian international airport.
Some points of interest lie outside the city: the tomb of Khajeh Morad, along the road to Tehran; the tomb of Khajeh Rabi' located 6 kilometers north of the city where there are some inscriptions by the renowned Safavid calligrapher Reza Abbasi; and the tomb of Khajeh Abasalt, a distance of 20 kilometers from Mashhad along the road to Neishabur. (The three were all disciples of Imam Reza).
Among the other sights are the tomb of the poet Ferdowsi in Tus, 24 kilometers distance, and the summer resorts at Torghabeh, Torogh, Akhlamad, Zoshk, and Shandiz.
The Shah Public Bath, built during the Safavid era in 1648, is an outstanding example of the architecture of that period. It was recently restored, and is to be turned into a museum.
Gallery[link]
Pictures[link]
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Imam Reza Shrine
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Proma Hypermarket
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Kian Center
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Mashhad is the major trade center of saffron in Iran.
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Many beautiful handicraft products are sold in Shandiz and Torghabeh.
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IranianHandicrafts.JPG
Some Iranian Handicrafts (metalwork) in Torghabeh
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Haruniyeh Dome in Tous
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Malek's House in Mashhad
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St. Mesrop Church in Mashhad
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NadirShahAfshar.JPG
Nader Shah Museum in Mashhad
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Tous Museum near Mashhad
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Shandiz a tourist town near Mashhad
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ImamRezaHospital.JPG
Imam Reza Hospital (formerly Shah Reza Hospital)
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Homa Hotel
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Mashhad's countryside
Transportation[link]
Airport[link]
Mashhad is served by the Mashhad International Airport which handles domestic flights to Iranian cities and international flights, mostly to neighboring, Arab countries.
Metro[link]
Main article: Mashhad Light Rail
The Mashhad Urban Railway Corporation (MURCO) is constructing a metro system for the city of Mashhad which includes four lines with 77 km length . The first phase (line) of the metro has been exploited in 21 Feb 2011 with 19 km length and 22 stations[14] and will be connected to Mashhad International Airport. The second line with 14 km length and 12 stations is under construction and is projected to be finished by 2014.[15]
Rail[link]
Mashhad is connected to three major rail lines: Tehran-Mashhad, Mashhad-Bafgh (running south), and Mashhad-Sarakhs at the border with Turkmenistan. Some freight trains continue from Sarakhs towards Uzbekistan and to Kazakhstan, but have to change bogies because of the difference in Rail gauge. A rail line is being constructed off the Mashhad-Bafgh line to connect Mashhad to Herat in Afghanistan, but has not yet been completed and one is planned to connect to the Gorgan railhead and the port of Bandar Torkaman on the Caspian Sea to the west. Passenger rail services are provided by Raja Passenger Trains Company and all trains are operated by R.A.I., Rah-Ahan (Railway) of Iran, the national railway company.
Colleges and universities[link]
Universities
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM)
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
- Khavaran Institute of Higher Education
- Islamic Azad University of Mashhad
- Mashhad Institute Of Technology(MIT)
- Payame Noor University of Mashhad
- Sadjad Institute of Higher Education
- Khayyam University of Mashhad
- Imam Reza University
- Razavi University of Islamic Sciences
Colleges
- Salman Institute of Higher Education
- Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Mashhad Branch (Jahad Daneshgahi of Mashhad)
- Toos Institute of Higher Education
- Shahid Beheshti Teacher Training College
- Shahid Khorshidi Teacher training College
- Asrar Institute of Higher Education
- Samen Institute of Higher Education
- Khayyam Institute of Higher Education
- Alzahra Girls Technical College of Mashhad
- Bahar Institute of Higher Education
- Binalood Institute of Higher Education
- Eqbal Lahoori Institute of Higher Education
- Institute of Applied and Practical Sciences, Khorasan Razavi
Major sport teams[link]
| Club | League | Sport | Venue | Established | Championships |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FC Aboomoslem |
|
Soccer | Samen Stadium and Takhti Stadium (Mashhad) |
|
|
| Payam Mashhad F.C. |
|
Soccer | Takhti Stadium (Mashhad) |
|
|
| Siah Jamegan Khorasan F.C. |
|
Soccer | Samen Stadium and Takhti Stadium (Mashhad) |
|
|
| Elmo Adab Mashhad FSC |
|
Futsal | |||
| Rahahan Khorasan W.C. |
|
Freestyle wrestling | Mohammad Ali Sahraei Hall[16] | ||
| Ferdowsi Club | Beach soccer | ||||
| Mojhaye Abi | Swimming | Takhti Stadium (Mashhad) | |||
| Persepolis Khorasan[17] |
|
Volleyball | Shahid Beheshti Sport Complex | ||
| Basketball Khorasan Razavi |
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Basketball | Mehran Hall |
Mashhad as capital of Persia and Independent Khorasan[link]
The following Shahanshahs had Mashhad as their capital:
Kianid Dynasty
- Malek Mahmoud Sistani 1722–1726
Autonomous Government of Khorasan
Famous people from Mashhad and Tus[link]
- Religious and political figures
- Shaykh Tusi, 385–460 A.H.; prominent Persian scholar of the Shi'a Twelver Islamic belief
- Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, born February 1201 in Tūs, Khorasan – 26 June 1274 in al-Kāżimiyyah near Baghdad; Persian of the Ismaili and subsequently Twelver Shī‘ah Islamic belief
- Seyyed Ali Khamenei, born 17 July 1939; former president and current supreme leader of Iran
- Sheikh Ali Tehrani, brother-in-law of Seyyed Ali Khamenei, currently living in Iran Iraq. He is one of the oppositions of current Iranian government.
- Nizam al-Mulk, 1018 – 14 October 1092; celebrated Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire
- Al-Hurr al-Aamili, Shia scholar and muhaddith
- Al-Ghazali, 1058–1111; Islamic theologian, jurist, philosopher, cosmologist, psychologist and mystic of Persian origin
- Timur Shah Durrani, Emir of Afghanistan 1772-1793
- Ali al-Sistani, born approximately August 4, 1930; Twelver Shi'a marja residing in Iraq since 1951
- Mohammad-Kazem Khorasani, 1839–1911; Twelver Shi'a Marja, Persian (Iranian) politician, philosopher, reformer
- Hossein Vahid Khorasani, born in 1924; Iranian Twelver Shi'a Marja
- Mohammad-Ali Abtahi, born January 27, 1958; former Vice President of Iran and a close associate of former reformist President Mohammad Khatami
- Abu Muslim Khorasani, c. 700–755; Abu Muslim Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim al-Khorasani, Abbasid general of Persian origin
- Manouchehr Eghbal, October 14, 1909 – November 25, 1977, a Prime Minister of Iran
- Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty), August 20, 1377 – March 12, 1447; ruler of the eastern portion of the empire established by the Central Asian warlord Timur (Tamerlane)
- Goharshad, Persian noble and wife of Shāh Rukh, the emperor of the Timurid Dynasty of Herāt
- Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf, born August 23, 1961 in Torghabeh, near Mashhad; the current Mayor of Tehran, Iran
- Hassan Rahimpour Azghadi, Conservative political strategist and popular television personality in the Islamic Republic of Iran
- Hadi Khamenei, b. 1947; mid-ranking cleric who is a member of the reformist Association of Combatant Clerics
- Seyed Hassan Firuzabadi, current major general, Islamic Republic of Iran
- Saeed Jalili, born 1965 in Mashhad; Iranian politician and the present secretary of Iran's Supreme National Security Council
- Writers and scientists
- Ferdowsi, 935–1020 in Tus; a Persian poet
- Abu-Mansur Daqiqi, 935/942–976/980
- Abolfazl Beyhaqi, 995–1077; a Persian historian and author
- Nasir Khusraw, 1004–1088; Persian poet, philosopher, Isma'ili scholar and traveler
- Abusa'id Abolkhayr, December 7, 967 – January 12, 1049 / Muharram ul Haram 1, 357 – Sha'aban 4, 440 AH; famous Persian Sufi who contributed extensively to the evolution of Sufi tradition
- Anvari, 1126–1189, one of the greatest Persian poets
- Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, 1928, Mashhad, Iran – 1990, Tehran, Iran; a Persian poet
- Mohammad-Taghi Bahar, November 6, 1884, Mashhad, Iran – April 22, 1951; Tehran, Iran
- Asadi Tusi, born in Tus, Iranian province of Khorasan, died 1072 Tabriz, Iran; Persian poet of Iranian national epics
- Emad Khorasani
- Gholam Hosein Yousefi
- Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin, 900–971; Persian astronomer and mathematician from Khorasan
- Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī, 10 June 940 – 1 July 998; Persian mathematician and astronomer
- Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, 1135–1213; Persian mathematician and astronomer of the Islamic Golden Age (during the Middle Ages)
- Jābir ibn Hayyān, c. 721 in Tus–c. 815 in Kufa; prominent polymath: a chemist and alchemist, astronomer and astrologer, engineer, geologist, philosopher, physicist, and pharmacist and physician
- Artists
- Mohammad-Reza Shajarian, born September 23, 1940 in Mashhad, Iran; internationally and critically acclaimed Persian traditional singer, composer and Master (Ostad) of Persian music
- Homayoun Shajarian, Mohammad-Reza Shajarian's son, born May 21, 1975; renowned Persian classical music vocalist, as well as a Tombak and Kamancheh player
- Kayvan Saket, born in 1960 in Mashhad, Iran; Iranian composer, Radif-preserver, researcher, teacher, and excellent Tar and Setar instrumentalist and improvisor
- Noureddin Zarrinkelk, born 1937 in Mashhad, Iran; renowned Iranian animator, concept artist, editor, graphic designer, illustrator, layout artist, photographer, script writer and sculptor
- Reza Kianian, born July 17, 1951 in Mashhad, Iran, Iranian actor
- Hamid Motebassem, born 1958 in Mashhad, Iranian musician and tar and setar player
- Reza Attaran, born 31 March 1968 in Mashhad; Iranian actor and director
- Hamed Behdad, born 17 November 1973 in Mashhad, Iran; Iranian actor
- Marshall Manesh, born 16 August 1950 in Mashad; Iranian-American actor
- Mahdi Bemani Naeini, born November 3, 1968; Iranian film director, cinematographer, TV cameraman and photographer
- Rafi Pitts, born 1967 in Mashhad, Iran; internationally acclaimed Iranian film director
- Javad Jalali, born 30 May 1977 in Mashhah, Iranian Photographer and Cinematographer
- Iran Darroudi, born September 2, 1936 in Mashhad; Iranian artist
- Mohsen Namjoo, born 1976 in Torbat-e-Jaam; Iranian singer-songwriter, author, musician, and setar player
- Mitra Hajjar, born February 4, 1977; Iranian actress
- Ovanes Ohanian, ?–1961 Tehran; Armenian-Iranian filmmaker who established the first film school in Iran
- Valy,[18] Afghan Singer
- Scientists
- Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī, 10 June 940 – 1 July 998; Persian mathematician and astronomer
- Anousheh Ansari, born 12 September 1966; the Iranian-American co-founder and chairman of Prodea Systems, Inc and a spaceflight participant with the Russian space program
- Sports figures
- Heshmat Mohajerani, born January, 1936 in Mashhad, Iran; Iranian football coach, manager, and former player
- Khodadad Azizi, born June 22, 1971 in Mashhad, Iran; retired professional football striker
- Alireza Vahedi Nikbakht, born June 30, 1980 in Mashhad; Iranian professional football player
- Hossein Badamaki, Iranian professional football player
- Mohammad Mansouri, Iranian professional football player
- Reza Enayati, Iranian professional football player
- Reza Ghoochannejhad, Iranian-Dutch professional football player
- Mohsen Ghahramani, Iranain football refree
- Mohsen Torki, Iranian football refree
- Seyed Ali Akbarian, known as "father of Iran's mountaineering". Notorious for having ate human flesh while stranded on a hike in Zagros Mountains. Currently owns a Kabob restaurant in Westwood
- Amir Reza Khadem, born February 10, 1970 in Mashhad
- Rasoul Khadem, born February 17, 1972 in Mashhad
- Mohammad Khadem
- Amir Tavakkolian
- Abbas Golmakani, World's wrestling champion during the 1950s
- Others
- Ali Akbar Fayyaz, a renowned historian of early Islam and literary critic, founder of the School of Letters and Humanities at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Mahmoud Khayami, born 1930 in Mashhad, Iran; Iranian born industrialist and philanthropist, of French nationality
- Hossein Sabet, Iranian businessman and Persian carpet dealer who owns Sabet International Trading Co.
- Hesam Kolahan, World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
Sister cities[link]
Milan, Italy
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (October 2006)[19]
Karachi, Pakistan[20]- Lahore, Pakistan[21]
Fresno, United States
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Ürümqi, China
Consulates[link]
Active[link]
Former[link]
United Kingdom: British Consulate-General (1889–1947)[22]
Russia: Russian Consulate-General (1889–1917)
USSR: Soviet Consulate-General (1917–1979?)
See also[link]
Footnotes[link]
- ^ a b c d "Sacred Sites: Mashhad, Iran". sacredsites.com. http://www.sacredsites.com/middle_east/iran/mashad.htm. Retrieved 2006-03-13.
- ^ E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936 P.127
- ^ The shiites: a short history, Heinz Halm, P.26
- ^ a b Statistical Centre of Iran, 2006 Population and Housing Census, Administrative units of Razavi Khorasan and their populations. (excel-file, in Persian). Retrieved 2008-07-05.[dead link]
- ^ Zabeth (1999) pp. 12–13.
- ^ Zabeth (1999) pp. 13–16.
- ^ a b Zabeth (1999) pp. 14–15.
- ^ Ervand, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.94
- ^ Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the Ayatollahs : Iran and the Islamic Revolution by Shaul, Bakhash, Basic Books, c1984, p.22
- ^ "ABC Evening News for Monday, Jun 20, 1994". Tvnews.vanderbilt.edu. 1994-06-20. http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=154427. Retrieved 2009-06-19.
- ^ "Explosive circles: Iran. (Mashhad bombing)". Highbeam.com. 1994-06-25. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-16070232.html. Retrieved 2009-06-19.
- ^ "Context of 'Mid-1994: Ramzi Yousef Works Closely with Al-Qaeda Leaders". Historycommons.org. http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=amid94yousefradio. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
- ^ http://www.irimo.ir/farsi/drought/synopH/Mashhad.txt
- ^ . Fars News Agency. 21 February 2011. http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=8912020113. Retrieved 29 July 2011 (in Persian).
- ^ . Fars News Agency. 5 July 2011. http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=9004141078. Retrieved 29 July 2011 (in Persian).
- ^ "هیات کشتی استان خراسان رضوی". Razavisport.ir. http://www.razavisport.ir/news/show_detail.asp?id=668. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ http://www.afghanstarz.com/apps/photos/album?albumid=3578259
- ^ "Mashad-Kuala Lumpur Become Sister cities". FARS News Agency. 2006-10-14. http://kuala-lumpur-news.newslib.com/story/453-3234431/. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
- ^ "Karachi and Mashhad Declared Sister Cities". Daily Times. 2012-05-12. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2012\05\12\story_12-5-2012_pg12_1.
- ^ "Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. 2007-03-02. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C02%5Cstory_2-3-2007_pg7_43. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
- ^ Onley, James. The Arabian Frontier of the British Raj: Merchants, Rulers, and the British in the Nineteenth-Century Gulf. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 15. ISBN 0-19-922810-8.
References[link]
- Zabeth, Hyder Reza (1999). Landmarks of Mashhad. Mashhad, Iran: Islamic Research Foundation. ISBN 964-444-221-0.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mashhad |
- Municipality of Mashhad Official website (in Persian)
- Astan Quds Razavi
- e-Mashhad Mashhad Portal Official website (in Persian)
- Imam Reza Network
- http://www.razavi.ir/
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 ʿAlī al-Riḍā Imam of Twelver Shi'a Islam |
|
|---|---|
A modern depiction by a Shi'a artist |
|
| Rank | 8th Twelver Imām |
| Name | Ali ibn Musa ibn Jafar |
| Kunya | Abū al-Hasan[1] |
| Birth | 11th Dhul Qi‘dah 153AH ≈ 29 December 765 C.E. |
| Death | 28th Safar 203 AH ≈ 23 August 818 C.E. |
| Birthplace | Madīnah[1] |
| Buried | Imām Rizā Mosque, Mashhad |
| Life Duration | Before Imamate: 35 years (148 – 183 AH) Imamate: 20 years (183 – 203 AH) - 17 years in Madīnah - 3 years in Khorasan |
| Titles | |
| Spouse(s) | Sabīkah a.k.a. Khayzurān[1] |
| Father | Mūsā al-Kādhim |
| Mother | Ummul Banīn Najmah[1] |
| Children | Muhammad at-Taqi (successor) |
|
al-Sajjad · al-Baqir · al-Sadiq |
|
‘Alī ibn Mūsā al-Riḍā (Arabic: علي بن موسى الرضا) (commonly known as, ‘Alī al-Riḍā, Ali Rezā, or Ali Rizā) (ca. December 29, 765 – August 23, 818)[1] was the seventh descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the eighth of the Twelve Imams, according to Shia sect of Islam. His given name was ‘Alī ibn Mūsā ibn Ja‘far.
Quotations related to ‘Alī ar-Rizā at Wikiquote
Contents |
Birth and family life[link]
File:Imam Reza 3 1 1 1.jpg
Shrine of Imam Ali Ridha in Mashhad, Iran
On the eleventh of Dhu al-Qi'dah, 148 AH, a son was born in the house of Imam Musa al-Kadhim (the seventh Imam of Islam) in Medina, who took over the position of the Imamate, after his father. He was named Ali and titled al-Ridha. He was born one month after the death of his grandfather, Ja'far as-Sādiq. Like his father and grandfather, his education came at the hands of his father. The mother of Ali al-Ridha was Bibi Najmah, who was considered to be the most notable and distinguished lady in the realm of wisdom and faith. Najmah was originally a Berber (from the Maghreb i.e. Northwest Africa).[3] She was purchased and freed by Bibi Hamidah Khatun, wife of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, and like Bibi Hamidah was also a notable Islamic scholar.
Right from his childhood, Ali al-Ridha accompanied his father, Imam Musa al-Kazim, who repeatedly used to tell his friends, "Ali al-Ridha shall be the Imam after me." As such, Makhzumi says one day Musa al-Kadhim summoned and gathered us and said, "I invited you to be witnesses that this child (Ali al-Ridha) is my executor and successor."
Since an extreme choking atmosphere and pressure prevailed in the period of Musa al-Kazim, he added, "What I said must remain (restricted) up to you and do not reproduce it to anybody unless you know he is one of our friends and companions."
Ali al-Ridha's father was martyred in 799, when Ali al-Ridha was 35, and he was given the responsibility of the Imamate. However, his Imamate was rejected by the Waqifite Shia. Ali al-Ridha was not looked upon favorably by Hārūn Rashīd, and the people of Medina were disallowed from visiting Ali al-Ridha and learning from him. Harun attempted to kill him but was unsuccessful.
His prayers[link]
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Ali al-Ridha's morality narrated by Shaykh Saduq[link]
Ali al-Ridha is considered an infallible Imam according to Shia Islam. Below are some historical notes about him.
Shaykh Saduq narrates through the words of Ibrahim ibn Abbas[4] that, "I never saw Ali al-Ridha committing excess over anyone in talking and interrupting anybody's speech before its coming to the end. He did not stretch his legs in the presence of others. When the meal table was laid he invited the servants to it, and took his meals with them. After taking rest in the nights he got up and made himself busy with the prayers to Allah. Similar to his fore fathers he carried food to the houses of the afflicted ones at the mid of nights."
Muhammad ibn Abi Ibad says about Ali al-Ridha, "He used mats of palm date leaves, straws and marsh reed in the summer season, and woolen carpets in the winter."
He led a simple life in his home, but when he went out he used to decorate himself and put on new and clean dress. He respected and honored the guests to the extent that one night a lamp of the house went out of order, the guest got to his feet to put it right. Ali al-Ridha made him sit and he set the lamp right, and said, "We do not employ our guests (exploit) upon work."
Yasir, the servant of Ali al-Ridha says, Ali Ridha said to us, "Whenever you are busy taking your meal, if I call you, do not get up till you have finished up eating." Another friend of Ali al-Ridha says, "One day a stranger came Ali al-Ridha's house and said, I am one of your friends and I am also not a poor man but my money has finished up and I do not have the expenses to return. You give me an amount and when I return to my city I will give it out as alms on your behalf." Ali al-Rida got up and went to another room, brought an amount of two hundred dirhams and gave it to him from behind the door and said, "Take this and go and it is not necessary to give it away as alms on my behalf."
They asked Ali al-Ridha, "Why did you do it this way that he may not see you."
He said, "So that he does not catch my sight and get ashamed (embarrassed)."
Sulaiman, one of the friends of Ali al-Ridha says, "I went along with the Ali Ridha to the house. The labors were busy at work. There was a stranger among them whom Ali al-Ridha did not recognize." He said, "Who is this man?" They said we have brought him from outside, so that he may help us. He said, "Have you concluded an agreement with him and fixed his wages?" They said, "No, he is a good man, whatever we pay him he accepts it and does not utter a word."
Ali al-Ridha was angry and annoyed and said, "I have always told you that when you employ someone for a job first of all fix his wages. Because, when his wages are fixed and you give more than that to him, he will become happy. But if you do not fix his wages and give him three times the amount, he thinks you have not given him the correct wages."
Ali al-Ridha admonishes his brother[link]
File:Imam reza2 2 1 1.jpg
Imam Ali Riza's Shrine, Iran
Once Ali al-Ridha was summoned to Khurasan and he forcibly accepted the special conditions of the succession of al-Ma'mun, al-Ma'mun summoned his brother, Zayd, who had revolted and brought about a riot in Medina to his court in Khurasan. Al-Ma'mun kept him free as a regard and honor to Ali al-Ridha and overlooked his punishment.
One day, when Ali al-Ridha was delivering a speech in a grand assembly, he heard Zayd praising himself before the people, saying I am so and so. Ali al-Ridha asked him saying, "Oh Zayd, have you trusted upon the words of the grocers of Kufa and are conveying them to the people? What kind of things are you talking about? The sons of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatimah Zahra are worthy and outstanding only when they obey the command of Allah, and keep themselves away from sin and blunder. You think you are like Musa al-Kadhim, Ali ibn Husayn, and other Imams? Whereas, they took pains and bore hardships on the way to Allah and prayed to Allah day and night. Do you think you will gain without pain? Be aware, that if a person out of us the Ahl al-Bayt performs a good deed, he gets twice the reward. Because not only he performed good deeds like others but also that he has maintained the honor of Muhammad. If he practices something bad and does a sin, he has performed two sins. One is that he performed a bad act like the rest of the people and the other one is that he has negated the honor of Muhammad."
Oh brother! The one who obeys Allah is from us the Ahl al-Bayt and the one who is a sinner is not ours. Allah said about the son of Noah who cut the spiritual bondage with his father, "He is not out of your lineage; if he was out of your lineage, I would have (saved) and granted him salvation."
Connection to Sufism[link]
Maruf Karkhi who was converted to Islam through Ali ar-Ridha is one of the foremost figures in the golden chain of most Sufi orders. He was a devoted student of Ali ar-Ridha and is an important figure for Sufism and Shi'ism.
Death[link]
Ali al-Ridha did not outlive al-Ma'mun, and died on May 26, 818, in Persia while accompanying al-Ma'mun at Tus. He was poisoned by al-Ma'mun using grapes. Ali al-Ridha is buried within Imam Ridha Mosque, in Mashhad, Iran.
After the death of Hārūn Rashīd, Hārūn's two sons began fighting for control of the Abbāsid Empire. One son, Al-Amin, had an Arab mother and thus had the support of Arabs, while his half-brother Al-Ma'mun had a Persian mother and the support of Persia. Al-Ma'mun believed that Persia was sympathetic to the Hashemites and asked for Ali al-Ridha to meet him in Persia. Ali al-Ridha left his only son, Muħammad at-Taqī, and his wife and set out for Merv.
After defeating his brother, al-Ma'mun named Ali al-Ridha his successor. He hoped to win Shī'a support through this move, but the passage of caliphate would occur only if Ali al-Rida outlived al-Ma'mun (as with all promises of succession). Al-Ma'mun even changed the black Abbāsid flags to green, the traditional color of the house of Alī ibn Abī-Tālib, the first Shī'a imam.
On the night of his death Ali al-Ridha saw his grandfather Muhammad[which?] in the dream saying, "Come to us tomorrow, what we have for you is better than the condition you are in."
Harthama says, Ali al-Ridha got up in the mid of the night and called me so that I be present before him. I put on my dress and went to Ali al-Ridha. He said to me, "al-Ma'mun has decided to poison me through grapes tomorrow. Be aware, after my martyrdom he wishes to give me a bath. Tell him to refrain from it. If you do that Allah will not give you chance and respite (any-longer). At that time my son will arrive from Medina and give me a bath and coffin, without anyone seeing it or getting informed.
Then, they will carry me to the tomb of Hārūn al-Rashīd. Al-Ma'mun wants to bury me behind him. But howsoever they work on the earth the pickaxe; they will fail to dig the soil. At that time tell al-Ma'mun to dig the earth in front of the grave so that a ready-made grave will appear. At that instance a white water boils out of the head-side (grave) and rises up. Small fish appear in that. Then a big fish appears which eats up the small fish. Thereafter, the water will settle down. After that lay me in the grave. Do not put the soil on my grave since; it will be filled up by itself. Oh Harthama, do what I have said and do not allow things to happen against what I told you, otherwise, Allah will torment you (people)."
At last al-Ma'mun poisoned Ali al-Ridha through grapes in Tus, on the way back from Merv to Baghdad. Ali al-Ridha came to the house and said to his old friend Aba Salat, "Collect the carpets of the house and do not allow anyone to enter the house, as this is the time when my soul departs (dying) I want to die on the earth like my grandfather Husayn ibn Ali."
Before the death of Ali ar-Ridha, al-Ma’mun stood next to his pillow (head side). Ali Rida opened his eyes and said to him, "have a good conduct with my son Muhammad al-Taqi for his death and yours are close to each other and do not have much distance in between."
The body of Ali al-Ridha was buried in Mashhad. This occurred when Ali Ridha was 55 years of age.
Following the death of Ali al-Ridha a revolt took place in Khorasan. Al-Ma’mun wept and beat upon his head to show that he was a mourner. Despite this, A wave of despises and noise awn against al-Ma’mun. So that he did not allow the funeral to be carried out for a day and a night. Because, he was afraid that the disturbance may expand and the angry hostile and flared up masses may annihilate all the set ups and organizations. This is the reason why he sent a few men among the people to exhibit and shows the death of Ali al-Ridha as a natural one and tells them that al-Ma’mun did not have a hand in it. But for all he did, he could not get himself acquitted off and prove his innocence. At last, day-by-day he became more and more worthless and despicable in the eyes of the people, until he died in a very bad shape.[5]
Imam Ridha Mosque[link]
Main article: Imam Reza Shrine
See also: List of largest mosques
Today the Imam Riza Mosque in Mashhad occupies a total area of 598,657 m2 (6,443,890 sq ft) – the shrine area occupies 267,079m2 while the seven courtyards which surround it cover an area of 331,578m2.[6] Thus making it the largest mosque in the world, having an area larger than Masjid al-Haram and Masjid al-Nabawi (which have areas of 356,800 m2[7] and 400,500 m2[citation needed] respectively).
The courtyards also contain a total of 14 minarets, and 3 fountains. From the courtyards, external hallways named after scholars lead to the inner areas of the mosque. They are referred to as Bast (Sanctuary), since they were meant to be a safeguard for the shrine areas.
The Bast hallways lead towards a total of 21 internal halls (Riwaq) which surround the burial chamber of Ali al-Ridha. Adjacent to the burial chamber is also a mosque dating back to the 10th century known as, Bala-e-Sar mosque.
Timeline[link]
|
Clan of the Banu Quraish
Born: 11th Dhul Qi‘dah 148 AH ≈ 29th December 765 CE Died: 17th Safar 203 AH ≈ 23rd August 818 CE |
||
| Shī‘a Islam titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Musa al-Kazim |
8th Imam of Twelver Shi'a Islam 799–818 |
Succeeded by Muhammad at-Taqī |
See also[link]
- Ali al-Hadi
- Hajar Khatoon Mosque
- Hasan al-Askari
- Hasan ibn Ali
- Muhammad al-Baqir
- Muhammad al-Mahdi
- Musa al-Kazim
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e f A Brief History of The Fourteen Infallibles. Qum: Ansariyan Publications. 2004. pp. 137.
- ^ al-Qummi, Shaykh Abbas (1998). "2". The Last Journey, Translation of Manazile Akherah. Aejazali Turabhusain Bhujwala. Qum: Imam Ali Foundation. pp. 62–64.
- ^ Slavery in the History of Islam: Slaves' Children – Imams and Caliphs
- ^ Oyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha
- ^ The Meadows of Gold
- ^ "The Glory of the Islamic World". Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1073. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
- ^ Great Mosque of al-Haram at ArchNet
External links[link]
- Ali al-Riza an article by Encyclopædia Iranica
- [1] About Imam Reza
- 'Ali ar-Riza an article of Encyclopædia Britannica online
- The Eighth Imām
- The life of Imām ʻAlī ibn-Mūsā ar-Riđā by Bāqir Sharīf al-Qarashī.
- Imam Ali ar-Rida
- Imam Ali ar-Rida : Official Site of Astane Quds
- Imam Ali Reza on Baabeilm.com
- A Glance at the Biography of Emam Reza
- Ali ibn Musa Rida biography and Hadith
- Imam Ali Reza (p) Holy Shrine in Mashad – Live Broadcast
- Ali ar-Ridha at Find a Grave
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | al-Ridha, Ali |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Imam |
| Date of birth | 765 |
| Place of birth | Madīnah |
| Date of death | 818 |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Ali_ar-Ridha
Related pages:
http://itwn.com/Ali al-Rida
http://idwn.com/Ali ar-Ridha
http://eswn.com/Ali ibn Musa
http://ruwn.com/Али ар-Риза
http://nlwn.com/Ali ar-Rida
http://frwn.com/Ali ar-Rida
http://dewn.com/ʿAlī ibn Mūsā ar-Ridā
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For other people of the same name, see Fatima (name).
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A series of articles on |
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Life Perspectives |
Fatimah (Arabic: فاطمة; fāṭimah; pronounced /ˈfɑːtˤɪma/; born c. 605[1][2] or 615[3] – d. 633) was a daughter of Muhammad and Khadijah, wife of Ali and mother of Hasan and Husain, and one of the five members of Ahl al-Bayt.[1][2] She became the object of great veneration by all Muslims, because she lived closest to her father and supported him in his difficulties and because of historical importance of her husband and her two sons, and that she is the only member of Muhammad's family that gave him descendants, numerously spread through the Islamic world.[1]
She was involved in three significant political actions, each recorded in almost all sources. First, after the conquest of Mecca, she refused her protection to Abu Sufian; Second, after Muhammad's death, she courageously defended Ali’s cause, fiercely opposed the election of Abu Bakr, and had violent disputes with him and particularly with Umar; Third, she laid claim to the property rights of her father and challenged Abu Bakr’s categorical refusal to cede them, particularly Fadak and a share in the produce of Khaybar.[4]
She died a few months after her father's death, and was buried in Jannat Al-Baqi', but the exact location of her grave is unknown. Most Shia Muslims believe that she died as a result of her injury caused by Umar, incurred while defending Ali against Abu Bakr.[1]
Contents |
Birth[link]
See also: Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters
Fatimah was born in Mecca to Khadija, the first wife of Muhammad. There are differences of opinion on the exact date of her birth (605 or 615), but the widely accepted view is that she was born five years before the first Qur'anic revelations, during the time of the rebuilding of the Kaaba in 605,[5][6][7] although this does imply she was over 18 at the time of her marriage, which was unusual in Arabia.[1] Shia sources, however, state that she was born either two or five years after the first Qur'anic revelations,[3] but that timeline would imply her mother was over fifty at the time of her birth.[1]
Fatimah as believed by Sunnis is the fourth of Muhammad's daughters after Zaynab, Ruqayya, and Umm Kulthum.[1] While according to Shi'a scholars, Fatimah was Muhammad's only biological daughter,[8][9] they further claimed, Ruqayyah and Umm Kulthum are actually, being the daughters of Hala, the sister of Khadijah, who were adopted by Muhammad and Khadijah at her death. A strong reason given by the Shi'a scholars for this belief is the event of (mubahala) mentioned in the Quran, in which there is no reference of the presence of any other female apart from Fatimah, however Sunnis accept that Muhammad had four daughters all from Khadijah.[10]
Titles[link]
See also: List of Shi'a titles for Fatima Zahra
Fatimah is given many titles by Muslims to show their admiration of her moral and physical characteristics. The most used title is "al-Zahra", meaning "the shining one", and she is commonly referred to as Fatimah Zahra.[2][11] She was also known as Ummu Abeeha (Mother of her Father) and "al-Batul" (the chaste and pure one) as she spent much of her time in prayer, reciting the Qur'an and in other acts of worship.[2]
Early life[link]
Following the birth of Fatimah, she was personally nursed, contrary to local customs where the newborn were sent to "wet nurses" in surrounding villages.[12] She spent her early youth under the care of her parents in Mecca in the shadow of the tribulations suffered by her father at the hands of the Quraysh.[1]
According to tradition, on one occasion while Muhammad was performing the salah (prayer) in the Kaaba, Amr ibn Hishām (Abu Jahl) and his men poured camel placenta over him. Fatimah, upon hearing the news, rushed to her father and wiped away the filth while scolding the men.[1][13]
Following the death of her mother, Fatimah was overcome by sorrow and found it very difficult to come to terms with her death. She was consoled by her father, who informed her that he had received word from angel Gabriel that God had built for her a palace in paradise.[1]
Marriage[link]
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| Beliefs and practices |
| Monotheism Holy Books Prophethood Succession to Muhammad Imamate of the Family Angels Judgement Day Mourning of Muharram Intercession · Ismah The Occultation · Clergy |
| Views |
| The Qur'an · Sahaba |
| Holy days |
| Ashura · Arba'een · Mawlid Eid ul-Fitr · Eid al-Adha Eid al-Ghadeer Eid al-Mubahila |
| History |
| Twelver Two things · Ismāʿīlī · Zaidi The verse of purification Mubahala · Two things Khumm · Fatimah's house First Fitna · Second Fitna The Battle of Karbala Persecution |
| Ahl al-Kisa |
| Muhammad · Ali · Fatimah Hasan · Hussein |
| List of Shia companions |
| Holy ladies |
| Fatimah · Khadijah · Zaynab bint Ali · Fatimah bint al-Hasan · Sukayna bint Husayn · Rubab · Shahrbanu · Nijmah · Fātimah bint Mūsā · Hakimah Khātūn · Narjis · Fatimah bint Asad · Farwah bint al-Qasim · |
Many of Muhammad's companions asked for Fatimah's hand in marriage, including Abu Bakr and Umar. Muhammad turned them all down, saying that he was awaiting a sign of her destiny.[1] Ali, Muhammad's cousin, also had a desire to marry Fatimah but did not have the courage to approach Muhammad due to his (Ali's) poverty. Even when he mustered up the courage and went to see Muhammad, he could not vocalise his intention but remained silent. Muhammad understood the reason for his being there and prompted Ali to confirm that he had come to seek Fatimah in marriage. He suggested that Ali had a shield, which if sold, would provide sufficient money to pay the bridal gift (mahr).[1][2] Muhammad put forward the proposal from Ali to Fatimah, who remained silent and did not protest, which Muhammad took to be a sign of affirmation and consent.[1][14]
The actual date of the marriage is unclear, but it most likely took place in 623, the second year of the hijra, although some sources say it was in 622. The age of Fatimah is reported to have been 9 or 19 (due to differences of opinion on the exact date of her birth i.e. 605 or 615) at the time of her marriage while Ali was between 21 and 25.[1][2][3] Muhammad told Ali that he had been ordered by God to give his daughter Fatimah to Ali in marriage.[15] Muhammad said to Fatimah: "I have married you to the dearest of my family to me."[2] Ali sold his shield to raise the money needed for the wedding, as suggested by Muhammad.[1] However, Uthman ibn Affan, to whom the shield was sold, gave it back to Ali saying it was his wedding gift to Ali and Fatimah.[2] Muhammad himself performed the wedding ceremony and two of his wives, Aisha and Umm Salama, prepared the wedding feast with dates, figs, sheep and other food donated by various members of the Medinan community.[1] According to Hossein Nasr, their marriage possesses a special spiritual significance for all Muslims because it is seen as the marriage between the greatest saintly figures surrounding Muhammad.[15] Their marriage lasted about ten years and ended when Fatimah died. Although polygyny is permitted by Islam, Ali did not marry another woman while Fatimah was alive.[15]
Life before the death of Muhammad[link]
Main article: Fatimah marital life
Poverty[link]
After her marriage to Ali, the wedded couple led a life of abject poverty in contrast to her sisters who were all married to wealthy individuals.[2] Ali had built a house not too far from Muhammad's residence where he lived with Fatimah. However, due to Fatimah's desire to be closer to her father, a Medinan (Haritha bin al-Numan) donated his own house to them.[1]
At the beginning they were extremely poor. For several years after her marriage, she did all of the work by herself. The shoulder on which she carried pitchers of water from the well was swollen and the hand with which she worked the handmill to grind corn where often covered with blisters.[16] Fatimah vouched to take care of the household work, make dough, bake bread, and clean the house; in return, Ali vouched to take care of the outside work such as gathering firewood, and bringing food.[17] Ali worked to irrigate other peoples lands by drawing water from the wells which caused him to complain of chest pains.[2] Their circumstances were akin to many of the Muslims at the time and only improved following the Battle of Khaybar when the produce of Khaybar was distributed among the poor. When the economic situations of the Muslims become better, Fatimah gained some maids but treated them like her family and performed the house duties with them.[1]
Another reference to their simple life comes to us from the Tasbih of Fatimah, a divine formula that was first given to Fatimah when she asked her father for a kaneez (servant girl) in order to help her with household chores. Her father asked her if she would like a gift instead that was better than a servant and worth more than everything in the world. Upon her ready agreement, he told her to recite at the end of every prayer the Great Exaltation, Allahu Akbar 34 times, the Statement of Absolute Gratitude, Alhamdulillah 33 times and the Invocation of Divine Glory, Subhan'Allah 33 times, totalling 100. This collective prayer is called the Tasbih of Fatima.[18]
Marriage Relationship[link]
An indication of their special relationship is found in the fact that Ali never married another woman as long as Fatima was alive. Sunni sources explain this curiosity in a tradition in which Ali asks for Abu Jahl's daughter in marriage, but the Prophet does not allow him to marry her because it would upset Fatima. The three most popular versions of this tradition are related by al-Miswar b. Makhrama, a Companion who was about nine years old when the Prophet died.[19] On one occasion, a member of the house of Hisham ibn al-Mughirah proposed that Ali marry a woman from their clan. Ali did not immediately reject the proposal and when word reached Muhammad he is reported to have said, "Fatima is a part of me and whoever offends her offends me."[20]
Muhammad re-iterated his affection for Fatimah when she was made aware that Ali had proposed to a daughter of Abu Jahl. From the pulpit Muhammad pronounced, "she is indeed a part of me" and that Ali would have to first divorce Fatimah before the marriage could go ahead.
According to Denise L. Soufi, the purpose of the narration -in which Ali asks for Abu Jahl's daughter's hand- is to denigrate Ali or to establish the Sunni orthodoxy that the fourth Khalif, i.e. Ali, is lower in rank than the earlier ones.[21]
Ali was given the name of Abu Turab (the man of dust) by Muhammad. Although some sources explain this by linking it to the disputes with Fatimah where, instead of arguing with Fatimah, Ali would go and put dust on his head.[22], other sources such as Ibn Hisham and Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal say this name was given to Ali before marriage.[23]
According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, Fatimah had occasional disputes with her husband and often sought the intersession of her father who showed signs of great satisfaction upon reconciling the couple's differences. Denise L. Soufi on the other hand finds such tradition as "mere a narrative device to prais Ali". For example she says:
((...her complaints about Ali elicit high praise from the Prophet for him. In fact, whenever Fatima has any troubles or worries in her life, it is usually praise for Ali which is used to comfort her.))
In her view, these traditions are kept for the purpose of the Sunni-Shia debate over the Caliphate, even though they are in contrast with what she describes the Shia picture of the marriage to be "harmonious and divinely ordained".[24]
Shia acknowledge the saying of Muhammad, "Fatimah is a part of me and whoever offends her offends me", however the context of the reporting in reference to Ali is disputed. "Among the many fabricated stories told against Imam Ali was that he had asked for Abu Jahl's (the chief of infidels) daughter's hand in marriage. When this news reached Fatimah (A), she rushed to her father who found out the falsity of the story."[25]
Shia say this statement was used by Fatimah herself when she spoke to Abu Bakr and Umar, stating that they had both displeased her.[26]
On the battlefield[link]
Following the Battle of Uhud, Fatimah tended to the wounds of her father and husband, and took it upon herself to regularly visit the graves of all those who died in the battle and pray for them. Fatimah, along with her husband, was also called upon by Abu Sufyan to intercede on his behalf with Muhammad while attempting to make amends following the violation of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. Abu Sufyan also asked for Fatimah's protection when she went to Mecca while it was under occupation which she refused under instruction from her father.[1]
Fatimah in the Quran[link]
See also: Ahl al-Bayt
Some verses in the Qur'an are associated to Fatimah and her household by classical exegetes, although she is not mentioned by name. According to J. D. McAuliffe, two of the most important verses include the verse of purification, which is the 33rd ayah in sura al-Ahzab[27] and the 61st ayah in sura Al-i-Imran.[28][29] In the first verse, the phrase "people of the house" (ahl al-bayt) is ordinarily understood to consist of Muhammad, Fatimah, her husband Ali and their two sons (al-Tabari in his exegesis also mentions a tradition that interprets "people of the house" as Muhammad's wives; for Ibn al-Jawzi, the order of these options is reversed).[29] The second verse refers to an episode in which Muhammad proposed an ordeal of mutual adjuration (mubahala) to a delegation of Christians. Fatimah, according to the "occasion for the revelation" of this verse, was among those offered by Muhammad as witnesses and guarantors.[29]
Muslim exegesis of the Qur'anic verse 3:42, links the praise of Mary, the mother of Jesus, with that of Fatimah based on a quote attributed to Muhammad that lists the outstanding women of all time as Mary, Asiya (the wife of Pharaoh), Khadija and Fatimah (the all Muslim commentaries insists upon the absolute superiority of Fatimah).[29]
Life after the death of Muhammad[link]
File:Location of grave of Fatema and others at J.Baqi,Medina.JPG
Location of grave of Fatema (marked *) and others at J.Baqi, Medina
File:Grave Fatema(single one) and other Imams.JPG
grave of Fatema(single front one) and others at J.Baqi,Medina
Caliphate of Abu Bakr[link]
Main article: Succession to Muhammad
See also: Umar at Fatimah's house
For the few months that she survived following the death of her father, Fatimah found herself indirectly at the center of political disunity. Differing accounts of the events surrounding the commencement of the caliphate exist which were the cause of the Shia and Sunni split. According to the Sunnis the majority of Muslims at the time of Muhammed's death favoured Abu Bakr as the Caliph while a portion of the population supported Fatimah's husband, Ali.[1]
Following his selection to the caliphate after a meeting in Saqifah, Abu Bakr and Umar with a few other companions headed to Fatimah's house to obtain homage from Ali and his supporters who had gathered there. Then Umar threatened to set the house on fire unless they came out and swore allegiance with Abu Bakr.[30] There isn't consensus among the sources about what happened next.
According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, some Shia sources say that upon seeing them, Ali came out with his sword drawn but Umar, Abu Bakar and their companions returned without any allegiance on the hand of Abu Baker.Ali did not accept or reject Abu Bakar's Khilafat and also helped him in solving may state problems.
According to Denise L. Soufi:
((...traditions discussing her involvement in the events which took place after the death of the Prophet seem to contain some truth despite their partisan biases. This is due to the fact that the Sunnis were unable to completely suppress what was so obviously detrimental to their reconstruction of religious history: namely, that Fatima quarreled with abu Bakr over his seizure of the caliphate and the Prophet's properties, that she never forgave hime for his actions and that ther death was kept secret for some time, probably at her request, in order to prevent him from presiding over her funeral rites. What is ironic is that this small window into the character of Fatima has been downplayed or ignored by Sunnis and inflated and overemphasized by Shiis...)) [31]
Shia historians hold that Umar called for Ali and his men to come out and swear allegiance to Abu Bakr. When they did not, Umar broke in, resulting in Fatimah's ribs being broken by being pressed between the door and the wall causing her to miscarry Muhsin which led to her eventual death.[32][33] Another version of the events says that Umar sent a force led by his slave-boy Qunfud to Fatimah's house instructing them to bring Ali to the mosque. Arriving at the house, Qunfud requested permission to enter, which was refused by Ali causing Qunfud to return to Abu Bakr and Umar and relate the events, who instructed them to go back and enter the house by force if necessary. Qunfud and his men returned but were this time refused permission by Fatimah which caused Qunfud to send his men back to Abu Bakr and Umar for further instructions who told them to burn the house down if necessary in order to bring Ali to them.[1][32][33]
Inheritance[link]
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Main article: Fadak
After the death of her father, Fatimah approached Abu Bakr and asked him to relinquish her share of the inheritance from Muhammad's estate. Fatimah expected the land of Fadak (situated 30 mi (48 km) from Medina[34]) and a share of Khaybar would be passed onto her as part of her inheritance. However, Abu Bakr rejected her request citing a narration where Muhammad stated that prophets do not leave behind inheritance and that all their possessions become sadaqah to be used for charity. Fatimah was upset at this flat refusal by Abu Bakr and did not speak to him until her death (however some Sunni sources claim she had reconciled her differences with Abu Bakr before she died).[1] Shias contend that Fadak had been gifted to Fatimah by Muhammad and Abu Bakr was wrong in not allowing her to take possession of it.[35]
In the hadith collected by Muhammad al-Bukhari Aisha stated the following;
(mother of the believers) After the death of Allah's Apostle Fatimah the daughter of Allah's Apostle asked Abu Bakr As-Siddiq to give her, her share of inheritance from what Allah's Apostle had left of the Fai (i.e. booty gained without fighting) which Allah had given him. Abu Bakr said to her, "Allah's Apostle said, 'Our property will not be inherited, whatever we (i.e. prophets) leave is Sadaqa (to be used for charity)." Fatimah, the daughter of Allah's Apostle got angry and stopped speaking to Abu Bakr, and continued assuming that attitude till she died. Fatimah remained alive for six months after the death of Allah's Apostle.—Muhammad al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari, Book 53, One-fifth of Booty to the Cause of Allah (Khumus)[36]
According to the one of the famous scholars, "Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir, (Book of the Major Classes), Volume 2, by Ibn Sa’d, pages 391–394
Fatimah asked Abu Bakr, "When you die who will inherit you?" He replied, "My children and relatives." She said, "What is the justification of your becoming inheritor of the Prophet keeping us away?" He replied, "O daughter of the Apostle of Allah! I did not inherit your father’s land, gold, silver, slave, or property. She said, "The share of Allah (Khums i.e. one-fifth) which He has allotted to us and which is only our share is in your hands." Thereupon he replied, "I heard the Apostle of Allah saying, "It is the food that Allah makes me eat. When I die it will be distributed among the Muslims" (page 392). Abu Bakr said, "Verily, the Apostle of Allah said, "We do not leave inheritance, what we leave goes into sadaqah. Verily, the members of Muhammad’s family will get provision from this money. By Allah! I shall not change the distribution of the sadaqah of the Apostle of Allah from what it was in the time of Apostle of Allah. I shall continue to spend them under the same heads as the Apostle of Allah was spending. So Abu Bakr refused to give anything to Fatimah. Consequently Fatimah became angry with Abu Bakr and left him. She did not talk with him till she died. She lived six months after the Apostle of Allah. (page 392)
Fatimah came to Abu Bakr and demanded her share in the inheritance. Al-Abbas came to him and demanded his share in the inheritance. Ali came with them. Thereupon Abu Bakr said, "The Apostle of Allah said, "We leave no inheritance, what we leave behind us is sadaqah." I shall make provisions for those for whom the Prophet had made." On this Ali said, "Sulayman (Solomon) inherited Dawud (David), and Zakariya said, ‘He may be my heir and the heir of the children of Yaqab (Zachariah and John the Baptist)’". Abu Bakr said, "This is as this is. By Allah! You know it as I know." Thereupon Ali said, "This is the Book of Allah that speaks." Then they became quiet and retired. (page 393).
Death[link]
Following the farewell pilgrimage, Muhammad summoned Fatimah and informed her that he would be dying soon but also informed her that she would be the first of his household to join him.[1][2] Some days after this discussion, Muhammad died, following which Fatimah was grief stricken and remained so for the remainder of her life until she died less than six months later, in the month of Ramadhan.[2] Sunnis believe that Fatimah reconciled her differences with Abu Bakr prior to her death although the Shia Muslims believe in her anger with him until her death.[1][7]
There are two distinct views on the manner of her death between the Shias and Sunnis.
The Sunnis state that on the morning of her death, she took a bath, put on new clothes and lay down in bed. She asked for Ali and informed him that her time to die was very close. Upon hearing this news, Ali began to cry but was consoled by Fatimah who asked him to look after her two sons and for him to bury her without ceremony. After her death, Ali followed her wishes and buried her without informing the Medinan people.[2]
Shias, however, maintain that Fatimah died as a result of injuries sustained after her house was raided by Umar ibn al-Khattab who burnt the house and stomed her house by pushing the door to the farthest extent, cracking her rib-cage whilst she was pregnant. Note that this accident also has been affirmed by the Sufi (nagina mosque order) scholar Maulana Shibli's famous book Al-Farook, but he has described the other reasons for this incident as well.[37][38][39][40] Umar not only murdered her in the process but her unborn child, Mohsen, who was miscarried shortly thereafter as a direct result of Umar's attack.[39] Muhammad appeared in a dream and informed Fatimah that she would be passing away the next day. Fatimah informed her husband Ali of her impending death, and asked him not to allow the oppressors to be involved in her ceremonial prayers janazah (prayer performed in congregation after the death of a Muslim) or take part in the burial.[41]
Some sources say, the next day when she died, her two sons were the first family members to learn of her death and immediately proceeded to the mosque to inform their father who, upon hearing the news, fell unconscious. When he regained consciousness, Ali, according to Fatimah's wishes, performed the janazah and buried her during the night on 3rd Jumada al-Thani 11 AH (632) making out three other false graves to ensure her real grave could not be identified. With him were his family and a few of his close companions.[42]
Descendants[link]
See also: Descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib
Fatimah was survived by two sons, Hasan and Husayn, and two daughters, Zaynab and Umm Kulthum.[1] Controversy surrounds the fate of her third son, Muhsin. Shias say that she miscarried following an attack on her house by Abu Bakr and Umar,[43] while Sunnis insist that Muhsin died in his infancy of natural causes.[12]
Modern descendants of Muhammad trace their lineage exclusively through Fatimah, as she was the only surviving child of Muhammad. Muhammad had no sons who reached adulthood.[44]
Fatimah's descendants are given the honorific titles Sayyid (meaning lord or sir), Sharif (meaning noble), and respected by both Sunni and Shi'a, though the Shi'as place much more emphasis and value on the distinction.[45][46]
Views[link]
Muslims regard Fatimah as a loving and devoted daughter, mother, wife, a sincere Muslim, and an exemplar for women.[47][48] It is believed that she was very close to her father and her distinction from other women is mentioned in many hadith.[49] After Khadijah, Muslims regard Fatimah as the most significant historical figure, considered to be the leader (Arabic: Sayyidih) of all women in this world and in Paradise.[47][50][51] It is because of her moral purity that she occupies an analogous position in Islam to that Mary occupies in Christianity. She was the first wife of Ali, whom Sunnis consider the fourth Rashidun caliph and Shias consider the first infallible Imamah, the mother of the second and third Imams, and the ancestor of all the succeeding Imams; indeed, the Fatimid Caliphate is named after her.[52]
Shia view[link]
Main article: Shi'a view of Fatimah
See also: The Fourteen Infallibles and Fatimid
Fatimah, regarded as "the Mother of the Imams", plays a special role in Shia piety. She has a unique status as Muhammad's only surviving child, the wife of Ali, their first Imam, and the mother of Hasan and Husayn. Fatimid Caliphate/ Imamate is based on her name. Fatimid faith continue further in Ismaili/Bohras (refer Tree on right). She is believed to have been immaculate, sinless and a pattern for Muslim women. Although leading a life of poverty, the Shia tradition emphasizes her compassion and sharing of whatever she had with others.[53]
According to Mahmoud Ayoub, the two main images of Fatimah within the Shia tradition is that of "Eternal Weeper" and "the Judge in the hereafter".[54] According to Shia tradition, the suffering and death of Fatimah was the first tragedy of Islam. She spent her last days mourning at the death of her father. Fatimah eternally weeps at the death of her two sons, who were murdered by the Umayyads. Shias believe they share in Fatimah's suffering by weeping for her sorrows. The tears of the faithful is also believed to console Fatimah.[55] Shias hold that Fatimah will play a redemptive role as the mistress of the day of judgment in the hereafter as a reward for her suffering in this world.[56]
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "Fatimah", Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Online.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Fatimah bint Muhammad. Muslim Students' Association (West) Compendium of Muslim Texts.
- ^ a b c Ordoni (1990) pp.42-45
- ^ "Fatema". Encyclopedia Iranica.
- ^ Parsa, 2006, pp. 8–14
- ^ MSN Encarta article on Fatimah
- ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Al-Tijani in his The Shi'ah are (the real) Ahl al-Sunnah on Al-Islam.org note 274
- ^ Ordoni (1990) p. 32
- ^ Template:Ordoni
- ^ Amin. Vol. 4. p.98
- ^ a b Ghadanfar, p?
- ^ Amin. Vol. 4. p.99
- ^ Amin. Vol. 4. p. 100
- ^ a b c Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. "Ali". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005712/Ali. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
- ^ Ashraf (2005), pp.42-43
- ^ Ordoni (1990), p.140
- ^ Tasbih-e-Fatima
- ^ Denise L. Soufi, "The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought," PhD dissertation, Princeton, 1997, p. 51-52
- ^ al-Balād̲h̲urī, Ansāb, i, 403; Tirmid̲h̲ī, ii, 319, etc. From "Fatimah", Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Online
- ^ Denise L. Soufi, "The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought," PhD dissertation, Princeton, 1997, p. 52
- ^ Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, Musnad, Cairo 1313, iv, 326; Buk̲h̲ārī, ed. Krehl, ii, 440, etc From "Fatimah", Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Online
- ^ هزار Farsi text can be accessed thru the provided link و یک داستان از زندگانی امام علی، محمد رضا رمزی اوحدی، قابل دسترسی در [اینجا]
- ^ Denise L. Soufi, "The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought," PhD dissertation, Princeton, 1997, pp. 64-65, p. 202
- ^ - Fatimah ['a] The Gracious by Abu Muhammad Ordoni Published by: Ansariyan Publications Qum, The Islamic Republic of Iran
- ^ ibn Qutayba, Abu Muhammad. Al-Imama wa-al-siyasa. 1. Dar ul-marifa. pp. 14.
al-Qurashi, Baqir (2006). The Life of Fatimah az-Zahra. Ansariyan Publications. pp. 240–241.
Ordoni, Abu-Muhammad (1992). "52". Fatima the Gracious. Ansariyan Publications. pp. 255. - ^ [33:33]
- ^ [3:61]
- ^ a b c d Encyclopedia of the Qur'an, Fatima
- ^ Madelung, 1997, p. 43
- ^ Denise L. Soufi, "The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought," PhD dissertation, Princeton, 1997, p. 206
- ^ a b Ordoni, Abu-Muhammad (1992). "47". Fatima the Gracious. Ansariyan Publications. pp. 205–207.
- ^ a b al-Qurashi, Baqir (2006). The Life of Fatimah az-Zahra. Ansariyan Publications. pp. 217–220.
- ^ Imam Malik's Muwatta, Book 41, Number 41.2.13
- ^ Amin. Vol. 4. p.101
- ^ Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:53:325
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IEB13E9NuE
- ^ http://muxlim.com/blogs/salvation2010/how-was-fatima-sa-killed/
- ^ a b http://www.almujtaba.com/articles/3/000988.html
- ^ http://www.alhsa.org/forum/showthread.php?t=173863
- ^ Ordoni, Abu-Muhammad (1992). "54". Fatima the Gracious. Ansariyan Publications. p. 261.
- ^ Amin. Vol. 4. p.103
- ^ Ordoni, Abu-Muhammad. "47". Fatima the Gracious. pp. 206.
- ^ Armstrong (1993) p.?
- ^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007). "Ali". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- ^ "Sayyid". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9065994/sayyid. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
- ^ a b Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:56:819
- ^ Ordoni (1990) p.?
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:57:111
- ^ Ordoni (1990) p.117
- ^ Tahir-ul-Qadri (2006), pp.19-24
- ^ Esposito (1999) p.?
- ^ John Esposito (1998), p.112
- ^ Ayoub (1978), p.40, 19
- ^ Ayoub (1978), p.45–46
- ^ Ayoub (1978), p.19
References[link]
Primary Sources[link]
- Al-Bukhari, Muhammad. Sahih al-Bukhari, Book 4, 5, 8.
- Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (1987 to 1996). History of the Prophets and Kings, V.2. SUNY Press.
- Ibn Hisham, Abdul Malik (1955). Al-Seerah Al-Nabaweyah (السيرة النبوية — Biography of the Prophet). Mustafa Al Babi Al Halabi (Egypt). (In Arabic)
Books and journals[link]
- Armstrong, Karen (1993). Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet. San Francisco: Harper. ISBN 0-06-250886-5.
- Ashraf, Shahid (2005). Encyclopedia of Holy Prophet and Companions. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.. ISBN 81-261-1940-3.
- Ayoub, Mahmoud (1978). Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of (Ashura) in Twelver Shi'Ism.
- Esposito, John (1990). Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510799-9.
- Esposito, John (1998). Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511234-4.
- Fadlullah, Sayyid Muhammad Husayn. Fatimah al-Ma`sumah (as): a role model for men and women. London: Al-Bakir Cultural & Social Centre. http://al-islam.org/fatimahrolemodel/.
- Ghadanfar, Mahmood Ahmad. Great Women of Islam. Darussalam. ISBN 9960-897-27-3.
- Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64696-0.
- Ordoni, Abu Muhammad; Muhammad Kazim Qazwini (1992). Fatima the Gracious. Ansariyan Publications. ISBN B000BWQ7N6.
- Parsa, Forough (فروغ پارسا) (2006). "Fatima Zahra Salaamullah Alayha in the works of Orientalists" (فاطمهٔ زهرا سلامالله علیها در آثار خاورشناسان)". Nashr-e Dānesh 22 (1). 0259-9090. (In Persian)
- Tahir-ul-Qadri, Muhammad (2006). Virtues of Sayyedah Fatimah. Minhaj-ul-Quran Publications. ISBN 969-32-0225-2.
Encyclopedias[link]
- Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Amin, Hassan (1968–73). Islamic Shi'ite Encyclopedia. Beirut: SLIM Press.
- Vacca, V. "Fāṭima". In P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
- MSN Encarta.
- McAuliffe, Jane Dammen et al., ed. (2001–2006). "Fāṭima". Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an 1st Edition, 5 vols. plus index. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 90-04-14743-8.
- Encyclopædia Iranica. Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University. ISBN 1-56859-050-4.
External links[link]
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This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (September 2011) |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Fātimah |
- Fatimah by Jean Calmard, article at Enyclopaedia Iranica
- Article on Fatima az-Zahra (رضي الله عنها)
Shia sources[link]
- The Life of Fatimah
- Fatimah al-Ma`sumah (as): a role model for men and women by Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah
- The world’s most outstanding Lady: Fatima az-Zahra’ by Naser Makarem Shirazi
- Fatima is Fatima by Ali Shariati
- Fatima (S.A) The Gracious by Abu Muhammad Ordoni
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Fatimah |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | 632 |
| Place of death | |
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| Shahin Najafi شاهین نجفی |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Background information | |
| Born | (1980-09-10) September 10, 1980 (age 31) Bandar-e Anzali, Gilan Province, Iran |
| Origin | Bandar-e Anzali, Gilan Province, Iran |
| Genres | Iranian hip hop, political hip hop, alternative hip hop, Iranian rock |
| Occupations | Musician, singer, rapper, songwriter, social activist |
| Instruments | Singing, rapping, guitar |
| Years active | 2000–present |
| Labels | Tapesh 2012 (2006–2008), Pamas-Verlag (2008–2009), Sharr Music (2010–present) |
| Associated acts | Antikarisma, Tapesh 2012, Rapknot, Ghogha, Ziba Shirazi, Ahmad Batebi |
| Website | www.shahinnajafimusic.com |
Shahin Najafi (persian: شاهین نجفی) (born in 1980 in Bandar-e Anzali, Iran) is an Iranian musician, singer, rapper, songwriter, and social activist[1] currently residing in Germany. He began his music career in Iran before immigrating to Germany in 2005. He has been referred to as being one of the forefronters in the Iran's modern hip hop scene by several experts and critics.
Najafi's songs mostly deal with issues such as theocracy, poverty, sexism, censorship, child labor, execution, drug addiction and homophobia. He strives to use poetic, literary, philosophical and political elements in his music.[2][3]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Shahin Najafi was born in 1980. in Bandar-e Anzali, Iran. When he was six years old his father died and later his brother became a drug addict and also died.[4] He began writing poetry as a teenager and began learning the guitar in the classical and flamenco styles at the age of eighteen. He then became an underground artist in Iran, performing in both rock and Spanish music styles, working with various bands.[2]
He studied sociology at the University of Gilan and openly expressed his opinions about the university, leading to him getting expelled.[5]
Music career[link]
Immigration to Germany[link]
He was head of a underground music band in Iran before his immigration to Germany but he was banned for singing in Iran by the Iranian government after his second music show.[5] He was also the head of «Inan» music band in Germany. Then he joined to «Tapesh 2012» music band.[6] «Tapesh 2012» were welcomed by Persian broadcasters and the international media by political and social songs and poems of shahin najafi.[7]
An article published in No. 19194 of conservative newspaper Kayhan on September 29, 2008, criticized the Tapesh 2012's activities. Kayhan published the article with the title of Establishing democracy with drum & circle. A part of it is as follows:
| “ | Recently, opponents of the Islamic Republic of Iran continue their goals in universities and in the form of vulgar music groups to overthrow the Iranian government. Recently some blogs of opposition students with Marxist tendency have published a statement about «Tapesh 2012» which gives news Establishing One Million Signatures by «Tapesh 2012». This group is vulgar and is composed of some iranian and german that are not affiliated with any party or group. The purpose of this group is attempting to collect signatures and present it on the anniversary of Human rights (10 December) to Parliament of Europe in Brussels. They try to have attracted world media attention to inappropriate conditions in Iran and dissatisfaction of Iranian people. The Parliament of Europe announced the official support for the group plans. But this group is deceiver in our view. They use vulgar songs and create sexual attraction to attract students to oppose the regime.[8] | ” |
Release of first studio album[link]
On May 1, 2008 (coincided with May Day), Shahin Najafi released his first studio album, Ma mard nistim (We Are Not Men), with partnership and composition of Tapesh 2012 music band. This album was his official and professional beginning in Persian hip hop music. The album attracted the audience and listener more than any album before it was released in Persian hip hop style.[9]
Separation from Tapesh 2012[link]
Shahin Najafi ended cooperation with the Tapesh 2012 music band from the beginning of 2009. Variety of reasons has been proposed related to his separation from this group. The main reason is releasing without permission "Around us" single song in Voice of America TV. The supervisor of «Tapesh 2012» later apologised to the Shahin Najafi and said: the song has been inadvertently released in Voice of America TV. Shahin Najafi has accepted the apology.[10]
Reaction to the 2009 Iranian presidential election[link]
Shahin Najafi did not remain silent about Iranian election protests. He released a single named Neda in July 2009 dedicated to Neda Agha-Soltan.[10] He released his second studio album titled Tavahhom (Illusion) on September 19, 2009 by German-Iranian publishing house "Pamas-Verlag". In this album several songs were about heavy protest to Iranian government and occurrence of Suppressed after the presidential election.[11][12] Can be cited to "Vaghti khoda khabe (When God is sleeping)" through these songs. The threads of this song are protest to 2009 Iran poll protests trial, Militia violence, Torture of prisoners and Supreme Leader of Iran. Shahin Najafi tried in a part of the song to visualize the rape scene of Taraneh Mousavi in the minds of listeners.[13]
Formation of Antikarisma music band[link]
He formed a new rock band as Antikarisma band in January 2010. The new band, Antikarisma, consists of Shahin Najafi, Babak Khazaei, Armin Mostaed, and Pejman Afshari who live in Germany. The new band is another demonstration of Najafi's continuous innovation in music.[14][14]
Fatwas and death threats[link]
Following release of the song "Ay Naghi!" ("Hey, Naghi!") [15][16], Grand Ayatollah Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani, a Shi’ite cleric based in Qom, issued a fatwa death sentence against Najafi for apostasy.[17] Grand Ayatollah Naser Makarem-Shirazi, a "sources of emulation" for many Shia Muslims, also issued a fatwa declaring Najafi guilty of apostasy.[18] As of 15 May 2012, more than 800 people in Iran had joined a Facebook campaign calling for Najafi to be executed, saying they were ready to assassinate Najafi if necessary.[19] An Iranian web site, Shia-Online.ir, offered a $100,000 bounty to anyone who killed Najafi.[20]
In May 2012, the online site HonareNab.ir posted an online "Shoot the Apostates" flash computer game inviting people to shoot and kill Najafi.[21]
On 25 May 2012, Shiite cleric Ahmad Alamolhoda demanded a plan to execute the Najafi.[22]
The song has drawn sharp anger from protesters who believe it is offensive towards Imam Naghi, the tenth Imam in Shi’ite Islam.[23] In an interview[24] Najafi stated that he was inspired by "The Campaign to Remind Imam Naghi to Shiites" to compose the song. The campaign is a Facebook page that pokes fun at Islamic, and specifically Shi'ite hadiths, with members creating fake, funny hadiths and stories centered around a fictional character named Naghi, who is based on Imam Naghi.[25]
Political and social activities[link]
In addition to individual work in his concerts and campaign songs, Shahin Najafi had many performance on various political and social occasions. In October 2008, he had a music show on "Peace Conference" in Germany.[26] In August 2009, with some poets and writers in shows of ""Night of solidarity with the liberal struggle"" Najafi had a protest hip hop show in Stockholm, Sweden.[27] In December 2009, coincided with "Student Day" in Iran, Najafi with Ziba Shirazi had a protest music show in Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.[28] He also published an article in his official blog announcing: "I won't cut my hair until the time of freedom establishment in Iran."[28]
Discography[link]
Collaboration albums[link]
| Year | Album | Label |
|---|---|---|
| 2006 | Ma Iranim (We are Iran) | Tapesh 2012 |
| 2007 | Az Tehran ta Berlin (From Tehran to Berlin) | Tapesh 2012 |
Studio albums[link]
| Year | Album | Label |
|---|---|---|
| 2008 | Ma mard nistim (We are not Men) | Tapesh 2012 |
| 2009 | Tavahhom (Illusion) | Pamas-Verlag |
| 2010 | Saale khoon (The Year of Blood) | Sharr Music |
| 2012 | Hich Hich Hich (Nothing Nothing Nothing) | Sharr Music |
References[link]
- ^ "Shahin Najafi in Interpretation of news program (Voice of America)". International public broadcaster. Voice of America. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAkE0bWF6zk.
- ^ a b "Interview with Shahin Najafi". MANIHA website. http://www.newproline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=748.
- ^ "Interview with Shahin Najafi and more information about illusion album". Deutsche Welle. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4863077,00.html.
- ^ "My past". Shahin Najafi. http://www.sharrmusic.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65&Itemid=67.
- ^ a b "Interview with Shahin Najafi". Broadcaster. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2010/06/100615_l50_shahin_najafi_solmaz.shtml.
- ^ "Protest of music to the patriarchal society of Iran". RFE/RL. Radio Farda. http://www.radiofarda.com/Article/2008/05/11/f4_Tapesh_band_music_.html.
- ^ "Music Festival Bochum Total and presence and performance of "Tapesh 2012" music band". Deutsche Welle. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4863077,00.html.
- ^ "Establishing democracy with drum & circle: "Tapesh 2012"". Daily newspaper. Kayhan. http://kayhannews.ir/870708/6.htm#other604.
- ^ "The success of "We Are Not Men"". International public broadcaster. Deutsche Welle. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3311081,00.html.
- ^ a b "Separation from Tapesh 2012". Shahin Najafi. http://sharr.blogfa.com/post-108.aspx.
- ^ "more about Illusion". Shahin Najafi. http://www.sharr.blogfa.com/post-146.aspx.
- ^ "more about Illusion(2)". Shahin Najafi. http://www.sharr.blogfa.com/post-147.aspx.
- ^ "more about Illusion: When God is sleeping from Illusion". Shahin Najafi. http://www.sharr.blogfa.com/post-146.aspx.
- ^ a b "Shahin najafi and Antikarisma band". Zir Zamin-Iranian alternative music magazine. Ferri Tafreshi. 10 february 2010. http://www.zirzamin.org/?q=node/871. Retrieved 10 february 2010.
- ^ Shahin Najafi & Majid Kazemi - "Naghi," with English translation on YouTube
- ^ ""Ay Naghi" from Shahin Nafaji (Video and Lyrics)". http://imamnaghi.wordpress.com/2012/05/09/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%A2%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%86%D9%82%DB%8C/.
- ^ Bozorgmehr Sharafedin (15 May 2012). "Iranian rapper faces death threats for 'insulting' song". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18057402. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
*"Cleric calls for death sentence against 'apostate' Iranian rapper". International Herald Tribune. 10 May 2012. http://tribune.com.pk/story/376658/cleric-calls-for-death-sentence-against-apostate-iranian-rapper/. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
*Thomas Erdbrink (14 May 2012). "Rapper Faces Death Threats in Iran Over Song". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/15/world/middleeast/shanin-najafi-iranian-born-rapper-faces-death-threats-over-song.html. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
*Farnaz Fassihi (16 May 2012). "Iranian Rapper Fears for His Life After Fatwa". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304192704577406452748670584.html. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
*Tony Paterson (17 May 2012). "'Blasphemous' rapper Shahin Najafi goes into hiding after Iran's hardline clerics put a $100,000 bounty on his head". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/blasphemous-rapper-shahin-najafi-goes-into-hiding-after-irans-hardline-clerics-put-a-100000-bounty-on-his-head-7758076.html. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
*Carter Maness (17 May 2012). "Iranian Rapper Shahin Najafi Faces $100K Bounty, Death Threats Over Song". MTV News. http://rapfix.mtv.com/2012/05/17/iranian-rapper-shahin-najafi-100k-bounty-death-threats-over-song/. Retrieved 17 May 2012. - ^ Bozorgmehr Sharafedin (15 May 2012). "Iranian rapper faces death threats for 'insulting' song". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18057402. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
*Robin Pomeroy (14 May 2012). "Iranian rapper draws Shi'ite wrath, death bounty". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/14/us-iran-germany-rapper-idUSBRE84D0NB20120514. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
*Saeed Kamali Dehghan (14 May 2012). "Iranian rapper faces death threats and fatwa for 'blasphemous' song". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/may/14/iranian-rapper-death-threat-fatwa?newsfeed=true. Retrieved 18 May 2012. - ^ Bozorgmehr Sharafedin (15 May 2012). "Iranian rapper faces death threats for 'insulting' song". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18057402. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
- ^ Bozorgmehr Sharafedin (15 May 2012). "Iranian rapper faces death threats for 'insulting' song". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18057402. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
*"Cleric calls for death sentence against 'apostate' Iranian rapper". International Herald Tribune. 10 May 2012. http://tribune.com.pk/story/376658/cleric-calls-for-death-sentence-against-apostate-iranian-rapper/. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
*Thomas Erdbrink (14 May 2012). "Rapper Faces Death Threats in Iran Over Song". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/15/world/middleeast/shanin-najafi-iranian-born-rapper-faces-death-threats-over-song.html. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
*Farnaz Fassihi (16 May 2012). "Iranian Rapper Fears for His Life After Fatwa". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304192704577406452748670584.html. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
*Tony Paterson (17 May 2012). "'Blasphemous' rapper Shahin Najafi goes into hiding after Iran's hardline clerics put a $100,000 bounty on his head". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/blasphemous-rapper-shahin-najafi-goes-into-hiding-after-irans-hardline-clerics-put-a-100000-bounty-on-his-head-7758076.html. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
*Carter Maness (17 May 2012). "Iranian Rapper Shahin Najafi Faces $100K Bounty, Death Threats Over Song". MTV News. http://rapfix.mtv.com/2012/05/17/iranian-rapper-shahin-najafi-100k-bounty-death-threats-over-song/. Retrieved 17 May 2012. - ^ "Shoot the Apostates". Art Institute of Islamic Purity. http://honarenab.ir/Mahsoolat/Baziha/Shelik_be_Mortad/Shelik_be_Mortad02.aspx. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
*"Computer game for killing the rapper Shahin Najafi produced in Iran". Lenz Iran. http://www.lenziran.com/2012/05/computer-game-for-killing-the-rapper-shahin-najafi-produced-in-iran/. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
*Online Video Game to Kill Iranian Rapper Shahin Najafi on YouTube - ^ "Alamolhoda demands a plan for the execution of Shahin Najafi". peykeiran.com. http://www.peykeiran.com/Content.aspx?ID=48497. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
- ^ "Cleric calls for death sentence against 'apostate' Iranian rapper". International Herald Tribune. http://tribune.com.pk/story/376658/cleric-calls-for-death-sentence-against-apostate-iranian-rapper/.
- ^ "Shahin Najafi: Only the weak appeal to insults". Radio Farda. http://www.radiofarda.com/content/f8_najafi_explains_his_controversial_song/24578210.html.
- ^ "کمپین یادآوری امام نقی به شیعیان". https://www.facebook.com/Emam.Naghi.
- ^ ""Peace Conference" in Essen, Germany and Shahin Najafi's show". Shahin Najafi. shahin-najafi. 18 July 2009. http://shahinnajafi6.wordpress.com/2008/10/04/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3-%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%AD-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86-%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
- ^ "Night of solidarity with the liberal struggle". Shahin Najafi. shahin-najafi. 18 July 2009. http://shahinnajafi6.wordpress.com/2009/08/15/%D8%B4%D8%A8-%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86-28-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%B3. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
- ^ a b "Ceremony of Student Day in Georgetown University". Shahin Najafi. shahin-najafi. 18 July 2009. http://shahinnajafi6.wordpress.com/2009/12/03/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AC%D9%88-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AC. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
External links[link]
- Official website
- Shahin Najafi & Majid Kazemi - "Naghi," with English translation on YouTube
- Bamdad Khabar Interview
- An Article from Radio Farda
- Music Festival Bochum and implementation of Tapesh 2012
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Najafi, Shahin |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 10 September 1980 |
| Place of birth | Bandar-e Anzali, Gilan Province, Iran |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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For other persons named Ali, see Ali (name). For other uses, see Ali (disambiguation).
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| Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib | |
|---|---|
.jpg) |
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| Commander of the Faithful (Amir al-Mu'minin) |
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| Reign | 656–661[1] |
| Full name | Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib |
| Titles | Abu al-Hasan ("Father of Hasan") Abu Turab ("Father of Dust/Soil) Murtadha ("One Who Is Chosen and Contented") Asad ("Lion of God") Haydar ("Lion")[1] First Alī |
| Born | (598-10-23)October 23, 598,[2](599-03-17)March 17, 599 or (600-03-17)March 17, 600[1] Mecca[1] |
| Died | January 28, 661(661-01-28) (aged 62) Kufa[1] |
| Buried | Imam Ali Mosque, Najaf, Iraq |
| Predecessor | Muhammad (as first Shia Imam); Uthman Ibn Affan (as fourth Sunni Caliph) |
| Successor | Hasan[3] |
| Wives | Fatimah[1] Fatima bint Hizam al-Qilabiyya ("Ummu l-Banin") |
| Offspring | Hasan Husayn Zaynab (See:Descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib) |
| Father | Abu Talib |
| Mother | Fatima bint Asad |
| Part of a series on the |
| Ali |
|---|
| Life |
| Family tree · marital life · Descendants Succession to Muhammad Birthplace · First Fitna Timeline of Ali's life Hadith of the pond of Khumm |
| Legacy |
| Nahj al-Balagha · Qalam-e-Mowla Zulfiqar · Imam Ali Mosque · Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim |
| Perspectives |
| Ali the Warrior · Ali as Caliph The Fourteen Infallibles The Twelve Imams Ali in the Qur'an Sunni · Shi'a |
Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (Arabic: علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب, Transliteration: ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, [ʕaliː ibn ʔæbiː t̪ˤɑːlib]; 13th Rajab, 24 BH–21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH; approximately October 23, 598 or 600[2] or March 17, 599 – January 27, 661[4]). The son of Abu Talib,[5] Ali was also the cousin and son-in-law of Islamic prophet Muhammad, ruling over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661,[5] and was the first male convert to Islam.[6][7] Sunnis consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidun (rightly guided Caliphs), while Shias regard Ali as the first Imam and consider him and his descendants the rightful successors to Muhammad, all of which are members of the Ahl al-Bayt, the household of Muhammad. This disagreement split the Ummah (Muslim community) into the Sunni and Shia branches.[1]
Muslim sources, especially Shia ones, state that since Muhammad's time, Ali was the only person born in the Kaaba sanctuary in Mecca, the holiest place in Islam.[1] His father was Abu Talib and his mother was Fatima bint Asad,[1] but he was raised in the household of Muhammad, who himself was raised by Abu Talib, Muhammad's uncle, and Ali's father. When Muhammad reported receiving a divine revelation, Ali was the first male to accept his message, dedicating his life to the cause of Islam.[4][8][9][10]
Ali migrated to Medina shortly after Muhammad did. Once there Muhammad told Ali that God had ordered Muhammad to give his daughter, Fatimah, to Ali in marriage.[1] For the ten years that Muhammad led the community in Medina, Ali was extremely active in his service, leading parties of warriors on battles, and carrying messages and orders. Ali took part in the early caravan raids from Mecca and later in almost all the battles fought by the nascent Muslim community.
Ali was appointed Caliph by the Companions of Muhammad (the Sahaba) in Medina after the assassination of the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan.[11][12] He encountered defiance and civil war during his reign. In 661, Ali was attacked one morning while worshipping in the mosque of Kufa, and died a few days later.[13][14][15]
In Muslim culture, Ali is respected for his courage, knowledge, belief, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, deep loyalty to Muhammad, equal treatment of all Muslims and generosity in forgiving his defeated enemies, and therefore is central to mystical traditions in Islam such as Sufism. Ali retains his stature as an authority on Quranic exegesis, Islamic jurisprudence and religious thought.[16] Ali holds a high position in almost all Sufi orders which trace their lineage through him to Muhammad. Ali's influence has been important throughout Islamic history.[1]
Contents |
In Mecca[link]
File:Ali Mausoleum compound,Najaf.jpg
A grand view Ali Mausoleum,Najaf,Iraq
Birth and childhood[link]
Main article: Family tree of Ali
Ali's father Abu Talib was the custodian of the Kaaba and a sheikh of the Banu Hashim, an important branch of the powerful Quraysh tribe. He was also an uncle of Muhammad. Ali's mother, Fatima bint Asad, also belonged to Banu Hashim, making Ali a descendant of Ishmael, the son of Ibrahim or Abraham.[17]
Many sources, especially Shia ones, attest that during Mohammad's time Ali was born inside the Kaaba in the city of Mecca, where he stayed with his mother for three days. According to a tradition, Muhammad was the first person whom Ali saw as he took the newborn in his hands. Muhammad named him Ali, meaning "the exalted one".[1][18]
Muhammad had a close relationship with Ali's parents. When Muhammad was orphaned and later lost his grandfather Abdul Muttalib, Ali's father took him into his house.[1] Ali was born two or three years after Muhammad married Khadijah bint Khuwaylid.[19] When Ali was five or six years old, a famine occurred in and around Mecca, affecting the economic conditions of Ali's father, who had a large family to support. Muhammad took Ali into his home to raise him.[1][8][20]
Acceptance of Islam[link]
See also: Identity of the first male Muslim
The second period of Ali's life begins in 610 when he declared Islam at age 10 and ends with the Hijra of Muhammad to Medina in 622.[1] When Muhammad reported that he had received a divine revelation, Ali, then only about ten years old, believed him and professed to Islam.[1][4][8][9] According to Ibn Ishaq and some other authorities, Ali was the first male to embrace Islam. Tabari adds other traditions making the similar claim of being the first Muslim in relation to Zayd or Abu Bakr.[7][21] Some historians and scholars believe Ali's conversion is not worthy enough to consider him the first male Muslim because he was a child at the time.[22]
Shia doctrine asserts that in keeping with Ali's divine mission, he accepted Islam before he took part in any pre-Islamic Meccan traditional religion rites, regarded by Muslims as polytheistic (see shirk) or paganistic. Hence the Shia say of Ali that his face is honored — that is, it was never sullied by prostrations before idols.[8] The Sunnis also use the honorific Karam Allahu Wajhahu, which means "God's Favor upon his Face."
The reason his acceptance is often not called a conversion, is because he was never an idol worshipper like the people of Mecca. He was known to have broken idols in the mold of Abraham and asked people why they worshipped something they made themselves. Ali's grandfather, it is acknowledged without controversy, along with some members of the Banu Hashim clan, were Hanifs, followers of a monotheistic belief system, prior to the coming of Islam.
After declaration of Islam[link]
For three years Muhammad invited people to Islam in secret, then he started inviting publicly. When, according to the Quran, he was commanded to invite his closer relatives to come to Islam[23] he gathered the Banu Hashim clan in a ceremony.
According to al-Tabari, Ibn Athir and Abu al-Fida, Muhammad announced at invitational events that whoever assisted him in his invitation would become his brother, trustee and successor. Only Ali, who was thirteen or fourteen years old, stepped forward to help him. This invitation was repeated three times, but Ali was the only person who answered Muhammad. Upon Ali's constant and only answer to his call, Muhammad declared that Ali was his brother, inheritor and vice-regent and people must obey him. Most of the adults present were uncles of Ali and Muhammad, and Abu Lahab laughed at them and declared to Abu Talib that he must bow down to his own son, as Ali was now his Emir[24] This event is known as the Hadith of Warning.
During the persecution of Muslims and boycott of the Banu Hashim in Mecca, Ali stood firmly in support of Muhammad.[25]
Migration to Medina[link]
See also: Hijra (Islam)
In 622, the year of Muhammad's migration to Yathrib (now Medina), Ali risked his life by sleeping in Muhammad's bed to impersonate him and thwart an assassination plot so that Muhammad could escape in safety.[1][8][26] This night is called Laylat al-Mabit. According to some hadith, a verse was revealed about Ali concerning his sacrifice on the night of Hijra which says, "And among men is he who sells his nafs (self) in exchange for the pleasure of Allah"[27][28]
Ali survived the plot, but risked his life again by staying in Mecca to carry out Muhammad's instructions: to restore to their owners all the goods and properties that had been entrusted to Muhammad for safekeeping. Ali then went to Medina with his mother, Muhammad's daughter Fatimah and two other women.[4][8]
In Medina[link]
During Muhammad's era[link]
See also: Muhammad in Medina and Military career of Ali
Ali was 22 or 23 years old when he migrated to Medina. When Muhammad was creating bonds of brotherhood among his companions, he selected Ali as his brother.[4][8][29] For the ten years that Muhammad led the community in Medina, Ali was extremely active in his service as his secretary and deputy, serving in his armies, the bearer of his banner in every battle, leading parties of warriors on raids, and carrying messages and orders. [30] As one of Muhammad's lieutenants, and later his son-in-law, Ali was a person of authority and standing in the Muslim community.
Family life[link]
Main article: Ali marital life
In 623, Muhammad told Ali that God ordered him to give his daughter Fatimah Zahra to Ali in marriage.[1] Muhammad said to Fatimah: "I have married you to the dearest of my family to me."[31] This family is glorified by Muhammad frequently and he declared them as his Ahl al-Bayt in events such as Mubahala and hadith like the Hadith of the Event of the Cloak. They were also glorified in the Quran in several cases such as "the verse of purification".[32][33]
Ali had four children born to Fatimah, the only child of Muhammad to have surviving progeny. Their two sons (Hasan and Husain) were cited by Muhammad to be his own sons, honored numerous times in his lifetime and titled "the leaders of the youth of Jannah" (Heaven, the hereafter.)[34][35]
At the beginning they were extremely poor. For several years after his marriage, Fatimah did all of the household work by herself. The shoulder on which she carried pitchers of water from the well was swollen and the hand with which she worked the handmill to grind corn were often covered with blisters.[36] Fatimah vouched to take care of the household work, make dough, bake bread, and clean the house; in return, Ali vouched to take care of the outside work such as gathering firewood, and bringing food.[37] Their circumstances were akin to many of the Muslims at the time and only improved following the Battle of Khaybar when the wealth of Khaybar was distributed among the poor. When the economic situations of the Muslims become better, Fatimah gained some maids but treated them like her family and performed the house duties with them.[38]
Their marriage lasted until Fatimah's death ten years later. Although polygamy was permitted, Ali did not marry another woman while Fatimah was alive, and his marriage to her possesses a special spiritual significance for all Muslims because it is seen as the marriage between two great figures surrounding Muhammad. After Fatimah's death, Ali married other wives and fathered many children.[1]
In battles[link]
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Main article: Military career of Ali
_in_honor_of_Imam_%27Ali.jpg)
With the exception of the Battle of Tabouk, Ali took part in all battles and expeditions fought for Islam.[8] As well as being the standard-bearer in those battles, Ali led parties of warriors on raids into enemy lands.
Ali first distinguished himself as a warrior in 624 at the Battle of Badr. He defeated the Umayyad champion Walid ibn Utba as well as many other Meccan soldiers. According to Muslim traditions Ali killed between twenty and thirty-five enemies in battle, most agreeing with twenty-seven.[39]
Ali was prominent at the Battle of Uhud, as well as many other battles where he wielded a bifurcated sword known as Zulfiqar.[40] He had the special role of protecting Muhammad when most of the Muslim army fled from the battle of Uhud[1] and it was said "There is no brave youth except Ali and there is no sword which renders service except Zulfiqar."[41] He was commander of the Muslim army in the Battle of Khaybar.[42] Following this battle Mohammad gave Ali the name Asadullah, which in Arabic means "Lion of Allah" or "Lion of God". Ali also defended Muhammad in the Battle of Hunayn in 630.[1]
Missions for Islam[link]
Muhammad designated Ali as one of the scribes who would write down the text of the Quran, which had been revealed to Muhammad during the previous two decades. As Islam began to spread throughout Arabia, Ali helped establish the new Islamic order. He was instructed to write down the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, the peace treaty between Muhammad and the Quraysh in 628. Ali was so reliable and trustworthy that Muhammad asked him to carry the messages and declare the orders. In 630, Ali recited to a large gathering of pilgrims in Mecca a portion of the Quran that declared Muhammad and the Islamic community were no longer bound by agreements made earlier with Arab polytheists. During the Conquest of Mecca in 630, Muhammad asked Ali to guarantee that the conquest would be bloodless. He ordered Ali to break all the idols worshipped by the Banu Aus, Banu Khazraj, Tayy, and those in the Kaaba to purify it after its defilement by the polytheism of the pre-Islamic era. Ali was sent to Yemen one year later to spread the teachings of Islam. He was also charged with settling several disputes and putting down the uprisings of various tribes.[1][4]
The incident of Mubahala[link]
Main articles: Mubahala and Hadith of Mubahala
See also: Ahl al-Bayt
According to hadith collections, in 631 an Arab Christian envoy from Najran (currently in northern Yemen and partly in Saudi Arabia) came to Muhammad to argue which of the two parties erred in its doctrine concerning Jesus. After likening Jesus' miraculous birth to Adam's creation,[43] Muhammad called them to mubahala (conversation), where each party should bring their knowledgeable men,women and children,and ask God to curse the lying party and their followers.[44] Muhammad, to prove to them that he is a prophet, brought his daughter Fatimah,Ali and his grandchildren Hasan and Husayn. He went to the Christians and said this is my family and covered himself and his family with a cloak.[45] According to Muslim sources, when one of the Christian monks saw their faces, he advised his companions to withdraw from Mubahala for the sake of their lives and families. Thus the Christian monks vanished from the Mubahala place. Allameh Tabatabaei explains in Tafsir al-Mizan that the word "Our selves" in this verse[44] refers to Muhammad and Ali. Then he narrates Imam Ali al-Rida, eighth Shia Imam, in discussion with Al-Ma'mun, Abbasid caliph, referred to this verse to prove the superiority of Muhammad's progeny over the rest of the Muslim community, and considered it the proof for Ali's right for caliphate due to Allah made Ali like the self of Muhammad.[46]
Ghadir Khumm[link]
Main articles: Hadith of the pond of Khumm and Hadith of the two weighty things
As Muhammad was returning from his last pilgrimage in 632, he made statements about Ali that are interpreted very differently by Sunnis and Shias.[1] He halted the caravan at Ghadir Khumm, gathered the returning pilgrims for communal prayer and began to address them:[47]
O people, I am a human being. I am about to receive a message from my Lord and I, in response to Allah's call, (would bid good-bye to you), but I am leaving among you two weighty things: the one being the Book of Allah(Quran) in which there is right guidance and light, so hold fast to the Book of Allah and adhere to it. He exhorted (us) (to hold fast) to the Book of Allah and then said: The second are the members of my household I remind you (of your duties) to the members of my family.[48]
This quote is confirmed by both Shia and Sunni, but they interpret the quote differently.[49]
Some Sunni and all Shia sources report that then he called Ali ibn Abu Talib to his sides, took his hand and raised it up declaring[50]
Shia's regard these statements as constituting the investiture of Ali as the successor of Muhammad and as the first Imam; by contrast, Sunnis take them only as an expression of Muhammad's closeness to Ali and of his wish that Ali, as his cousin and son-in-law, inherit his family responsibilities upon his death. [52] Many Sufis also interpret the episode as the transfer of Muhammad's spiritual power and authority to Ali, whom they regard as the wali par excellence.[1][53]
On the basis of this hadith, Ali later insisted on his religious authority superior to that of Abu Bakr and Umar.[54]
Succession to Muhammad[link]
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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
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After uniting the Arabian tribes into a single Muslim religious polity in the last years of his life, Muhammad's death in 632 signalled disagreement over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community.[55] While Ali and the rest of Muhammad's close family were washing his body for burial, at a gathering attended by a small group of Muslims at Saqifah, a close companion of Muhammad named Abu Bakr was nominated for the leadership of the community. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first caliph. The choice of Abu Bakr disputed by some of the Muhammad's companions, who held that Ali had been designated his successor by Muhammad himself.[10][56]
Later when Fatimah and Ali sought aid from the Companions in the matter of his right to the caliphate, they answered, O daughter of the Messenger of God! We have given our allegiance to Abu Bakr. If Ali had come to us before this, we would certainly not have abandoned him. Ali said, 'Was it fitting that we should wrangle over the caliphate even before the Prophet was buried?'[57][58]
Following his election to the caliphate, Abu Bakr and Umar with a few other companions headed to Fatimah's house to force Ali and his supporters who had gathered there give their allegiance to Abu Bakr. Then, it is alleged that Umar threatened to set the house on fire unless they came out and swore allegiance with Abu Bakr.[59] Fatimah, in support of her husband, started a commotion and threatened to "uncover her hair", at which Abu Bakr relented and withdrew.[38] Ali is reported to have repeatedly said that had there been forty men with him he would have resisted.[59] Ali did not actively assert his own right because he did not want to throw the nascent Muslim community into strife.[4] Other sources say that Ali accepted the selection of Umar as caliph and even gave one of his daughters, Umm Kulthūm, to him in marriage.[1]
This contentious issue caused Muslims to later split into two groups, Sunni and Shia. Sunnis assert that even though Muhammad never appointed a successor, Abu Bakr was elected first caliph by the Muslim community. The Sunnis recognize the first four caliphs as Muhammad's rightful successors. Shias believe that Muhammad explicitly named Ali as his successor at Ghadir Khumm and Muslim leadership belonged to him which had been determined by divine order.[10][60]
Ali himself was firmly convinced of his legitimacy for caliphate based on his close kinship with Muhammad, his intimate association and his knowledge of Islam and his merits in serving its cause. He told Abu Bakr that his delay in pledging allegiance (bay'ah) as caliph was based on his belief of his own prior title. Ali did not change his mind when he finally pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr and then to Umar and to Uthman but had done so for the sake of the unity of Islam, at a time when it was clear that the Muslims had turned away from him.[10][61] Ali also believed that he could fulfill his role of Imam'ate without this fighting .[62]
According to Shia historical reports, Ali maintained his right to the caliphate and said:
By Allah the son of Abu Quhafah (Abu Bakr) dressed himself with it (the caliphate) and he certainly knew that my position in relation to it was the same as the position of the axis in relation to the hand-mill...I put a curtain against the caliphate and kept myself detached from it... I watched the plundering of my inheritance till the first one went his way but handed over the Caliphate to Ibn al-Khattab after himself.[63]
Inheritance[link]
Main article: Fadak
See also: Hadith of Muhammad's inheritance
After Muhammad died, his daughter Fatimah asked Abu Bakr to turn over their property, the lands of Fadak and Khaybar. Abu Bakr refused and told her that prophets did not have any legacy and that Fadak belonged to the Muslim community. Abu Bakr said to her, "Allah's Apostle said, we do not have heirs, whatever we leave is Sadaqa." Together with Umm Ayman, Ali testified to the fact that Muhammad granted it to Fatimah Zahra, when Abu Bakr requested her to summon witnesses for her claim. Fatimah became angry and stopped speaking to Abu Bakr, and continued assuming that attitude until she died.[64]
After Fatima's death Ali again claimed her inheritance during Umar's era, but was denied with the same argument. Umar, the caliph who was famous as Umar Sanni (second Umar), did restore the estates in Medina to sons of ‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, as representatives of Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim. The properties in Khaybar and Fadak were retained as state property.[65]
Life after Muhammad[link]
See also: Origin and development of the Quran
Another part of Ali's life started in 632 after death of Muhammad and lasted until assassination of Uthman Ibn Affan, the third caliph in 656. During these years, Ali neither took part in any battle or conquest.[4] nor did he assume any executive position. He withdrew from political affairs, especially after the death of his wife, Fatima Zahra. He used his time to serve his family and worked as a farmer. Ali dug a lot of wells and planted gardens near Medina and endowed them for public use. These wells are known today as Abar Ali ("Ali's wells").[66]
Ali compiled a complete version of the Quran, mus'haf,[67] six months after the death of Muhammad. The volume was completed and carried by camel to show to other people of Medina. The order of this mus'haf differed from that which was gathered later during the Uthmanic era. This book was rejected by several people when he showed it to them. Despite this, Ali made no resistance against standardized mus'haf.[68]
Ali and the Rashidun Caliphs[link]
See also: Rashidun and The election of Uthman
Ali did not give his oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr until some time after the death of his wife, Fatimah.[4] Ali participated in the funeral of Abu Bakr but did not participate in the Ridda Wars.[69]
He pledged allegiance to the second caliph Umar ibn Khattab and helped him as a trusted advisor. Umar particularly relied upon Ali as the Chief Judge of Medina. He also advised Umar to set Hijra as the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Umar used Ali's suggestions in political issues as well as religious ones.[70]
Ali was one of the electoral council to choose the third caliph which was appointed by Umar. Although Ali was one of the two major candidates, but the council's arrangement was against him. Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and Abdur Rahman bin Awf who were cousins, were naturally inclined to support Uthman, who was Abdur Rahman's brother-in-law. In addition, Umar gave the casting vote to Abdur Rahman. Abdur Rahman offered the caliphate to Ali on the condition that he should rule in accordance with the Quran, the example set by Muhammad, and the precedents established by the first two caliphs. Ali rejected the third condition while Uthman accepted it. According to Ibn Abi al-Hadid's Comments on the Peak of Eloquence Ali insisted on his prominence there, but most of the electors supported Uthman and Ali was reluctantly urged to accept him[71]
Siege of Uthman[link]
Main article: Siege of Uthman
Uthman Ibn Affan, expressed generosity toward his kin, Banu Abd-Shams, who seemed to dominate him and his supposed arrogant mistreatment toward several of the earliest companions such as Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, Abd-Allah ibn Mas'ud and Ammar ibn Yasir provoked outrage among some groups of people. Dissatisfaction and resistance openly arose since 650–651 throughout most of the empire.[72] The dissatisfaction with his rule and the governments appointed by him was not restricted to the provinces outside Arabia.[73] When Uthman's kin, especially Marwan, gained control over him, the noble companions including most of the members of elector council, turned against him or at least withdrew their support putting pressure on the caliph to mend his ways and reduce the influence of his assertive kin.[74]
At this time, Ali had acted as a restraining influence on Uthman without directly opposing him. On several occasions Ali disagreed with Uthman in the application of the Hudud; he had publicly shown sympathy for Abu Dharr al-Ghifari and had spoken strongly in the defense of Ammar ibn Yasir. He conveyed to Uthman the criticisms of other Companions and acted on Uthman's behalf as negotiator with the provincial opposition who had come to Medina; because of this some mistrust between Ali and Uthman's family seems to have arisen. Finally he tried to mitigate the severity of the siege by his insistence that Uthman should be allowed water.[4]
There is controversy among historians about the relationship between Ali and Uthman. Although pledging allegiance to Uthman, Ali disagreed with some of his policies. In particular, he clashed with Uthman on the question of religious law. He insisted that religious punishment had to be done in several cases such as Ubayd Allah ibn Umar and Walid ibn Uqba. In 650 during pilgrimage, he confronted Uthman with reproaches for his change of the prayer ritual. When Uthman declared that he would take whatever he needed from the fey', Ali exclaimed that in that case the caliph would be prevented by force. Ali endeavored to protect companions from maltreatment by the caliph such as Ibn Mas'ud.[75] Therefore, some historians consider Ali one the leading members of Uthman's opposition, if not the main one. But Wilferd Madelung rejects their judgment due to the fact that Ali did not have the Quraysh's support to be elected as a caliph. According to him, there is even no evidence that Ali had close relations with rebels who supported his caliphate or directed their actions. [76] Some other sources say Ali had acted as a restraining influence on Uthman without directly opposing him.[4] However Madelung narrates Marwan told Zayn al-Abidin, the grandson of Ali, that
No one [among the Islamic nobility] was more temperate toward our master than your master.[77]
Caliphate[link]
See also: Rashidun Empire and Ali as caliph
Strongholds of Rashidun Caliphate
Vassal states of Rashidun Caliphate
Region under the control of Muawiyah I during civil war 656–661
Region under the control of Amr ibn al-As During civil war 658–661
Election as Caliph[link]
Ali was caliph between 656 and 661, during one of the more turbulent periods in Muslim history, which also coincided with the First Fitna.
Uthman's assassination meant that rebels had to select a new caliph. This met with difficulties since the rebels were divided into several groups comprising the Muhajirun, Ansar, Egyptians, Kufans and Basntes. There were three candidates: Ali, Talhah and al-Zubayr. First the rebels approached Ali, requesting him to accept being the caliph. Some of Muhammad's companions tried to persuade Ali in accepting the office,[63][78][79] but he turned down the offer, suggesting to be a counselor instead of a chief.[80]
Talhah, Zubayr and other companions also refused the rebels' offer of the caliphate. Therefore, the rebels warned the inhabitants of Medina to select a caliph within one day, or they would apply drastic action. In order to resolve the deadlock, the Muslims gathered in the Mosque of the Prophet on June 18, 656 to appoint the caliph. Initially Ali refused to accept simply because his most vigorous supporters were rebels. However, when some notable companions of Muhammad, in addition to the residents of Medina urged him to accept the offer, he finally agreed. According to Abu Mekhnaf's narration, Talhah was the first prominent companion who gave his pledge to Ali, but other narrations claimed otherwise, stating they were forced to give their pledge. Also, Talhah and Zubayr later claimed they supported him reluctantly. Regardless, Ali refuted these claims, insisting they recognized him as caliph voluntarily. Wilferd Madelung believes that force did not urge people to give their pledge and they pledged publicly in the mosque.[11][12]
While the overwhelming majority of Madina's population as well as many of the rebels gave their pledge, some important figures or tribes did not do so. The Umayyads, kinsmen of Uthman, fled to the Levant or remained in their houses, later refusing Ali's legitimacy. Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas was absent and Abdullah ibn Umar abstained from offering his allegiance, but both of them assured Ali that they would not act against him.[11][12]
Reign as Caliph[link]
Since the conflicts in which Ali was involved were perpetuated in polemical sectarian historiography, biographical material is often biased. But the sources agree that he was a profoundly religious man, devoted to the cause of Islam and the rule of justice in accordance with the Quran and the Sunna; he engaged in war against erring Muslims as a matter of religious duty. The sources abound in notices on his austerity, rigorous observance of religious duties, and detachment from worldly goods. Thus some authors have pointed out that he lacked political skill and flexibility.[4]
Ali inherited the Rashidun Caliphate—which extended from Egypt in the west to the Iranian highlands in the east—while the situation in the Hejaz and the other provinces on the eve of his election was unsettled. Soon after Ali became caliph, he dismissed provincial governors who had been appointed by Uthman, replacing them with trusted aides. He acted against the counsel of Mughira ibn Shu'ba and Ibn Abbas, who had advised him to proceed his governing cautiously. Madelung says Ali was deeply convinced of his right and his religious mission, unwilling to compromise his principles for the sake of political expediency, and ready to fight against overwhelming odds.[81] Muawiyah I, the kinsman of Uthman and governor of the Levant refused to submit to Ali's orders; he was the only governor to do so.[4]
When he was appointed caliph, Ali stated to the citizens of Medina that Muslim polity had come to be plagued by dissension and discord; he desired to purge Islam of any evil. He advised the populace to behave as true Muslims, warning that he would tolerate no sedition and those who were found guilty of subversive activities would be dealt with harshly.[82] Ali recovered the land granted by Uthman and swore to recover anything that elites had acquired before his election. Ali opposed the centralization of capital control over provincial revenues, favoring an equal distribution of taxes and booty amongst the Muslim citizens; He distributed the entire revenue of the treasury among them. Ali refrained from nepotism, including with his brother Aqeel ibn Abu Talib. This was an indication to Muslims of his policy of offering equality to Muslims who served Islam in its early years and to the Muslims who played a role in the later conquests.[4][83]
Ali succeeded in forming a broad coalition especially after the Battle of Bassorah. His policy of equal distribution of taxes and booty gained the support of Muhammad's companions especially the Ansar who were subordinated by the Quraysh leadership after Muhammad, the traditional tribal leaders, and the Qurra or Quran reciters that sought pious Islamic leadership. The successful formation of this diverse coalition seems to be due to Ali's charismatic character.[4][84] This diverse coalition became known as Shia Ali, meaning "party" or "faction of Ali". However according to Shia, as well as non-Shia reports, the majority of those who supported Ali after his election as caliph, were shia politically, not religiously. Although at this time there were many who counted as political Shia, few of them believed Ali's religious leadership.[85]
First Fitna[link]
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See also: First Fitna
A'isha, Talhah, Al-Zubayr and Umayyad especially Muawiyah I wanted to take revenge for Uthman's death and punish the rioters who had killed him. They attacked Ali for not punishing the rebels and murderers of Uthman. However some historians believe that they use this issue to seek their political ambitions because they found Ali's caliphate against their own benefit. On the other hand, the rebels maintained that Uthman had been justly killed, for not governing according to Quran and Sunnah, hence no vengeance was to be invoked.[4][8][86] Historians disagree on Ali's position. Some say the caliphate was a gift of the rebels and Ali did not have enough force to control or punish them,[82] while others say Ali accepted rebels argument or at least did not consider Uthman just ruler.[87]
Under such circumstances, a schism took place which led to the first civil war in Muslim history. Some Muslims, known as Uthmanis, considered Uthman a rightful and just Imam (Islamic leader) till the end, who had been unlawfully killed. Thus his position was in abeyance until he had been avenged and a new caliph elected. In their view Ali was the Imam of error leading a party of infidels. Some others, who are known as party of Ali, believed Uthman had fallen into error, he had forfeited the caliphate and been lawfully executed for his refusal to mend his way or step down, thus Ali was the just and true Imam and his opponents are infidels. This civil war created permanent divisions within the Muslim community regarding who had the legitimate right to occupy the caliphate.[88]
The First Fitna, 656–661, followed the assassination of Uthman, continued during the caliphate of Ali, and was ended by Muawiyah's assumption of the caliphate. This civil war (often called the Fitna) is regretted as the end of the early unity of the Islamic ummah (nation). Ali was first opposed by a faction led by Talhah, Al-Zubayr and Muhammad's wife, Aisha bint Abu Bakr. This group, known as "the disobedient ones" (Nakithin) by their enemies, gathered in Mecca then moved to Basra with the expectation of finding the necessary forces and resources to mobilize people of Iraq. The rebels occupied Basra, killing many people. They refused Ali's offer of obedience and pledge of allegiance. The two sides met at the Battle of Bassorah (Battle of the Camel) in 656, where Ali emerged victorious.[89]
Ali appointed Ibn Abbas governor of Basra and moved his capital to Kufa, the Muslim garrison city in Iraq. Kufa was in the middle of Islamic land and had strategic position.[90]
Later he was challenged by Muawiyah I, the governor of Levant and the cousin of Uthman, who refused Ali's demands for allegiance and called for revenge for Uthman. Ali opened negotiations hoping to regain his allegiance, but Muawiyah insisted on Levant autonomy under his rule. Muawiyah replied by mobilizing his Levantine supporters and refusing to pay homage to Ali on the pretext that his contingent had not participated in his election. The two armies encamped themselves at Siffin for more than one hundred days, most of the time being spent in negotiations. Although, Ali exchanged several letters with Muawiyah, he was unable to dismiss the latter, nor persuade him to pledge allegiance. Skirmishes between the parties led to the Battle of Siffin in 657. After a week of combat was followed by a violent battle known as laylat al-harir (the night of clamor), Muawiyah's army were on the point of being routed when Amr ibn al-Aas advised Muawiyah to have his soldiers hoist mus'haf (either parchments inscribed with verses of the Quran, or complete copies of it) on their spearheads in order to cause disagreement and confusion in Ali's army.[4][91] Ali saw through the stratagem, but only a minority wanted to pursue the fight.[10]
The two armies finally agreed to settle the matter of who should be Caliph by arbitration. The refusal of the largest bloc in Ali's army to fight was the decisive factor in his acceptance of the arbitration. The question as to whether the arbiter would represent Ali or the Kufans caused a further split in Ali's army. Ash'ath ibn Qays and some others rejected Ali's nominees, 'Abd Allah ibn 'Abbas and Malik al-Ashtar, and insisted on Abu Musa Ash'ari, who was opposed by Ali, since he had earlier prevented people from supporting him. Finally, Ali was urged to accept Abu Musa. Some of Ali's supporters, later were known as Kharijites (schismatics), opposed arbitration and rebelled and Ali had to fight with them in the Battle of Nahrawan. The arbitration resulted in the dissolution of Ali's coalition and some have opined that this was Muawiyah's intention.[4][92]
In the following years Muawiyah's army invaded and plundered cities of Iraq, which Ali's governors could not prevent and people did not support him to fight with them. Muawiyah overpowered Egypt, Hijaz, Yemen and other areas.[93] In the last year of Ali's caliphate, the mood in Kufa and Basra changed in his favor as Muawiyah's vicious conduct of the war revealed the nature of his reign. However the people's attitude toward Ali differed deeply. Just a small minority of them believed that Ali was the best Muslim after Muhammad (صلی الله علیھ وآلہ وسلم ) and the only one entitled to rule them, while the majority supported him due to their distrust and opposition to Muawiyah.[94]
Policies[link]
What shows Ali's policies and ideas of governing is his instruction to Malik al-Ashtar, when appointed by him as governor of Egypt. This instruction which is considered by many Muslims and even non-Muslims as the ideal constitution for Islamic governance involved detailed description of duties and rights of the ruler and various functionaries of the state and the main classes of society at that time.[95][96]
Ali wrote in his instruction to Malik al-Ashtar:
Infuse your heart with mercy, love and kindness for your subjects. Be not in face of them a voracious animal, counting them as easy prey, for they are of two kinds: either they are your brothers in religion or your equals in creation. Error catches them unaware, deficiencies overcome them, (evil deeds) are committed by them intentionally and by mistake. So grant them your pardon and your forgiveness to the same extent that you hope God will grant you His pardon and His forgiveness. For you are above them, and he who appointed you is above you, and God is above him who appointed you. God has sought from you the fulfillment of their requirements and He is trying you with them.[97]
Since the majority of Ali's subjects were nomads and peasants, he was concerned with agriculture. He instructed to Malik to give more attention to development of the land than to the collection of the tax, because tax can only be obtained by the development of the land and whoever demands tax without developing the land ruins the country and destroys the people.[98]
Death[link]
On the 19th of Ramadan, while worshipping in the Great Mosque of Kufa, Ali was attacked by the Khawarij Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam. He was wounded by ibn Muljam's poison-coated sword while prostrating in the Fajr prayer.[99] Ali ordered his sons not to attack the Kharijites, instead stipulating that if he survived, ibn Muljam would be pardoned whereas if he died, ibn Muljam should be given only one equal hit (regardless of whether or not he dies from the hit).[100]
Ali died a few days later on February 28, 661 (21 Ramadan 40 A.H).[99] Hasan fulfilled Qisas and gave equal punishment to ibn Muljam upon Ali's death.[94]
Burial[link]
File:Kabr Mubarak Moulana Ali.pdf According to Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid, Ali did not want his grave to be desecrated by his enemies and consequently asked his friends and family to bury him secretly. This secret gravesite was revealed later during the Abbasid caliphate by Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, his descendant and the sixth Shia Imam.[101] Most Shias accept that Ali is buried at the Tomb of Imam Ali in the Imam Ali Mosque at what is now the city of Najaf, which grew around the mosque and shrine called Masjid Ali.[102][103]
However another story, usually maintained by some Afghans, notes that his body was taken and buried in the Afghan city of Mazar-E-Sharif at the famous Blue Mosque or Rawze-e-Sharif.[104]
Aftermath[link]
See also: Umayyad dynasty and Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali
After Ali's death, Kufi Muslims pledged allegiance to his eldest son Hasan without dispute, as Ali on many occasions had declared that just Ahl al-Bayt of Muhammad (صلی الله علیھ وآلہ وسلم ) were entitled to rule the Muslim community.[105] At this time, Muawiyah held both the Levant and Egypt and, as commander of the largest force in the Muslim Empire, had declared himself caliph and marched his army into Iraq, the seat of Hasan's caliphate.
War ensued during which Muawiyah gradually subverted the generals and commanders of Hasan's army with large sums of money and deceiving promises until the army rebelled against him. Finally, Hasan was forced to make peace and to yield the caliphate to Muawiyah. In this way Muawiyah captured the Islamic caliphate and in every way possible placed the severest pressure upon Ali's family and his Shia. Regular public cursing of Imam Ali in the congregational prayers remained a vital institution which was not abolished until 60 years later by Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz. Muawiyah also established the Umayyad caliphate which was a centralized monarchy. [106]
Madelung writes:
Umayyad highhandedness, misrule and repression were gradually to turn the minority of Ali's admirers into a majority. In the memory of later generations Ali became the ideal Commander of the Faithful. In face of the fake Umayyad claim to legitimate sovereignty in Islam as God's Vice-regents on earth, and in view of Umayyad treachery, arbitrary and divisive government, and vindictive retribution, they came to appreciate his [Ali's] honesty, his unbending devotion to the reign of Islam, his deep personal loyalties, his equal treatment of all his supporters, and his generosity in forgiving his defeated enemies.[16]
Knowledge[link]
See also: Nahj al-Balagha
Ali is respected not only as a warrior and leader, but as a writer and religious authority. Numerous range of disciplines from theology and exegesis to calligraphy and numerology, from law and mysticism to Arabic grammar and Rhetoric regarded as having been first adumbrated by Ali.[103] According to Hadith which is narrated by Shia and Sufis, Muhammad(صلی الله علیھ وآلہ وسلم ) told about him "I'm the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate..."[103][107][108][109] Muslims regard Ali as a major authority on Islam. Ali himself gives this testimony:
Not a single verse of the Quran descended upon (was revealed to) the Messenger of God which he did not proceed to dictate to me and make me recite. I would write it with my own hand, and he would instruct me as to its tafsir (the literal explanation) and the ta'wil (the spiritual exegesis), the nasikh (the verse which abrogates) and the mansukh (the abrogated verse), the muhkam and the mutashabih (the fixed and the ambiguous), the particular and the general...[110]
According to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Ali is credited with having established Islamic theology and his quotations contain the first rational proofs among Muslims of the Unity of God.[111] Ibn Abi al-Hadid has quoted
As for theosophy and dealing with matters of divinity, it was not an Arab art. Nothing of the sort had been circulated among their distinguished figures or those of lower ranks. This art was the exclusive preserve of Greece whose sages were its only expounders. The first one among Arabs to deal with it was Ali.[112]
In later Islamic philosophy, especially in the teachings of Mulla Sadra and his followers, like Allameh Tabatabaei, Ali's sayings and sermons were increasingly regarded as central sources of metaphysical knowledge, or divine philosophy. Members of Sadra's school regard Ali as the supreme metaphysician of Islam.;[1] According to Henry Corbin, the Nahj al-Balagha may be regarded as one of the most important sources of doctrines professed by Shia thinkers especially after 1500AD. Its influence can be sensed in the logical co-ordination of terms, the deduction of correct conclusions, and the creation of certain technical terms in Arabic which entered the literary and philosophical language independently of the translation into Arabic of Greek texts.[113]
Ali was also a great scholar of Arabic literature and pioneered in the field of Arabic grammar and rhetoric. Numerous short sayings of Ali have become part of general Islamic culture and are quoted as aphorisms and proverbs in daily life. They have also become the basis of literary works or have been integrated into poetic verse in many languages. Already in the 8th century, literary authorities such as 'Abd al-Hamid ibn Yahya al-'Amiri pointed to the unparalleled eloquence of Ali's sermons and sayings, as did al-Jahiz in the following century.[1] Even staffs in the Divan of Umayyad recited Ali's sermons to improve their eloquence.[114] Of course, Peak of Eloquence (Nahj al-Balagha) is an extract of Ali's quotations from a literal viewpoint as its compiler mentioned in the preface. While there are many other quotations, prayers (Du'as), sermons and letters in other literal, historic and religious books.[115]
In addition, some hidden or occult sciences such as jafr, Islamic numerology, the science of the symbolic significance of the letters of the Arabic alphabet, are said to have been established by Ali[1] through his having studied the texts of al-Jafr and al-Jamia.
Works[link]
The compilation of sermons, lectures and quotations attributed to Ali are compiled in the form of several books.
- Nahj al-Balagha (Way of Eloquence) contains eloquent sermons, letters and quotations attributed to Ali which is compiled by ash-Sharif ar-Radi(d. 1015). Reza Shah Kazemi states: "Despite ongoing questions about the authenticity of the text, recent scholarship suggests that most of the material in it can in fact be attributed to Ali" and in support of this he makes reference to an article by Mokhtar Jebli.[103] This book has a prominent position in Arabic literature. It is also considered an important intellectual, political and religious work in Islam.[1][116][117] Masadir Nahj al-Balagha wa asaniduh written by al-Sayyid ‘Abd al-Zahra' al-Husayni al-Khatib introduces some of these sources.[118] Also Nahj al-sa'adah fi mustadrak Nahj al-balaghah by Muhammad Baqir al-Mahmudi represents all of Ali's extant speeches, sermons, decrees, epistles, prayers, and sayings have been collected. It includes the Nahj al-balagha and other discourses which were not incorporated by ash-Sharif ar-Radi or were not available to him. Apparently, except for some of the aphorisms, the original sources of all the contents of the Nahj al-balagha have been determined.[116] There are several Comments on the Peak of Eloquence by Sunnis and Shias such as Comments of Ibn Abi al-Hadid and comments of Muhammad Abduh.
- Supplications (Du'a), translated by William Chittick[119]
- Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim (Exalted aphorisms and Pearls of Speech) which is compiled by Abd al-Wahid Amidi(d. 1116) consists of over ten thounsads short sayings of Ali[120]
- Nuzhat al-Absar va Mahasin al-Asar, Ali's sermons which has compiled by Ali ibn Muhammad Tabari Mamtiri[121]
- Divan-i Ali ibn Abu Talib (poems which are attributed to Ali ibn Abu Talib)[4][122]
Descendants[link]
Main articles: Descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Alavi (surname)
Ali initially married Fatimah, who is his most beloved wife. After she died, he got married again. He had four children with Fatimah, Hasan ibn Ali, Husayn ibn Ali, Zaynab bint Ali[1] and Umm Kulthum bint Ali. His other well-known sons were al-Abbas ibn Ali born to Fatima binte Hizam (Um al-Banin) and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah.[123] Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah is Ali's son from another wife from Hanifa clan of Central Arabia[124] named Khawla bint Ja'far.[125]
Hasan, born in 625 AD, was the second Shia Imam and he also occupied the outward function of caliph for about six months. In the year 50 A.H., he was poisoned and killed by a member of his own household who, as has been accounted by historians, had been motivated by Mu'awiyah.[126]
Husayn, born in 626 AD, was the third Shia Imam. He lived under severe conditions of suppression and persecution by Mu'awiyah. On the tenth day of Muharram, of the year 680, he lined up before the army of caliph with his small band of followers and nearly all of them were killed in the Battle of Karbala. The anniversary of his death is called the Day of Ashura and it is a day of mourning and religious observance for Shia Muslims.[127] In this battle some of Ali's other sons were killed. Al-Tabari has mentioned their names in his history. Al-Abbas ibn Ali, the holder of Husayn's standard, Ja'far, Abdallah and Uthman, the four sons born to Fatima binte Hizam. Muhammad and Abu Bakr. The death of the last one is doubtful.[128] Some historians have added the names of Ali's others sons who were killed in Karbala, including Ibrahim, Umar and Abdallah ibn al-Asqar.[129][130]
His daughter Zaynab—who was in Karbala—was captured by Yazid's army and later played a great role in revealing what happened to Husayn and his followers.[131]
Ali's descendants by Fatimah are known as sharifs, sayeds or sayyids. These are honorific titles in Arabic, sharif meaning 'noble' and sayed or sayyid meaning 'lord' or 'sir'. As Muhammad's only descendants, they are respected by both Sunni and Shia, though the Shias place much more emphasis and value on the distinction.[1]
Views[link]
Muslim views[link]
Main article: Ali in Muslim culture
Except for Muhammad, there is no one in Islamic history about whom as much has been written in Islamic languages as Ali.[1] Ali is revered and honored by all Muslims. Having been one of the first Muslims and foremost Ulema (Islamic scholars), he was extremely knowledgeable in matters of religious belief and Islamic jurisprudence, as well as in the history of the Muslim community. He was known for his bravery and courage. Muslims honor Muhammad, Ali, and other pious Muslims and add pious interjections after their names.[citation needed]
Shia[link]
Main article: Shia view of Ali
The Shia regard Ali as the most important figure after Muhammad.[132] According to them, Muhammad suggested on various occasions during his lifetime that Ali should be the leader of Muslims after his death. This is supported by numerous Hadiths which have been narrated by both Sunnis and Shias, including Hadith of the pond of Khumm, Hadith of the two weighty things, Hadith of the pen and paper, Hadith of the Cloak, Hadith of position, Hadith of the invitation of the close families, and Hadith of the Twelve Successors.
According to this view, Ali as the successor of Muhammad not only ruled over the community in justice, but also interpreted the Sharia Law and its esoteric meaning. Hence he was regarded as being free from error and sin (infallible), and appointed by God by divine decree (nass) through Muhammad.[133] Ali is known as "perfect man" (al-insan al-kamil) similar to Muhammad according to Shia viewpoint.[134]
Shia pilgrims usually go to Mashad Ali in Najaf for Ziyarat, pray there and read "Ziyarat Amin Allah"[135] or other Ziyaratnamehs.[136] Under the Safavid Empire, his grave became the focus of much devoted attention, exemplified in the pilgrimage made by Shah Ismail I to Najaf and Karbala.[10]
Sunni[link]
Main article: Sunni view of Ali
Sunni Muslims regard Ali with great respect as one of the Ahl al-Bayt and the last of the Rashidun caliphs, as well as one of the most influential and respected leaders in Islam. Also, he is one of the Al-Asharatu Mubashsharun, the Ten Companions of Muhammad whom the Prophet of Islam promised Paradise.
Sufi[link]
Almost all Sufi orders trace their lineage to Muhammad through Ali, an exception being Naqshbandi, who go through Abu Bakr. Even in this order, there is Ja'far al-Sadiq, the great great grandson of Ali. Sufis believe that Ali inherited from Muhammad the saintly power wilayah that makes the spiritual journey to God possible.[1] Sufis recite Manqabat Ali in the praise of Ali (Maula Ali), after Hamd and Naat in their Qawwali.[citation needed]
As a deity[link]
Main article: Ghulat
Some groups such as the Alawis believe that Ali is a deity in his own right or he was God incarnate. They are described as ghulat (Ar: غُلاة) "exaggerators" by the vast majority of Islamic scholars. These groups have, in traditional Islamic thought, left Islam due to their exaggeration of a human being's praiseworthy traits. Ali is recorded in some traditions as having forbidden those who sought to worship him in his own lifetime.[137]
Non-Muslim views[link]
Main article: Non-Muslim view of Ali
| Person | Quote |
|---|---|
| Edward Gibbon (British 18th century historian) | The zeal and virtue of Ali were never outstripped by any recent proselyte. He united the qualifications of a poet, a soldier, and a saint; his wisdom still breathes in a collection of moral and religious sayings; and every antagonist,in the combats of the tongue or of the sword, was subdued by his eloquence and valour. From the first hour of his mission to the last rites of his funeral, the apostle was never forsaken by a generous friend, whom he delighted to name his brother, his vicegerent, and the faithful Aaron of a second Moses.[138] |
| Washington Irving (American author and essayist) | He was of the noblest branch of the noble race of Koreish. He possessed the three qualities most prized by Arabs: courage, eloquence, and munificence. His intrepid spirit had gained him from the prophet the appellation of The Lion of God, specimens of his eloquence remain in some verses and sayings preserved among the Arabs; and his munificence was manifested in sharing among others, every Friday, what remained in the treasury. Of his magnanimity, we have given repeated instances; his noble scorn of everything false and mean, and the absence in his conduct of everything like selfish intrigue.[139] |
| Thomas Carlyle (Scottish historian, critic, and sociological writer) | As for this young Ali, one cannot but like him. A noble-minded creature, as he shows himself, now and always afterwards; full of affection, of fiery daring. Something chivalrous in him; brave as a lion; yet with a grace, a truth and affection worthy of Christian knighthood[140] |
| Sir William Muir (Scottish scholar and statesman) | Endowed with a clear intellect, warm in affection, and confiding in friendship, he was from the boyhood devoted heart and soul to the Prophet. Simple, quiet, and unambitious, when in after days he obtained the rule of half of the Moslem world, it was rather thrust upon him than sought[141] |
| Dr. Henry Stubbe (Classicist, polemicist, physician, and philosopher) | He had a contempt of the world, its glory and pomp, he feared God much, gave many alms, was just in all his actions, humble and affable; of an exceeding quick wit and of an ingenuity that was not common, he was exceedingly learned, not in those sciences that terminate in speculations but those which extend to practice[142] |
| Simon Ockley (British Orientalist and Professor of Arabic at the University of Cambridge) | One thing particularly deserving to be noticed is that his mother was delivered of him at Mecca, in the very temple itself; which never happened to any one else.[143] |
The poet Khalil Gibran said of him: "In my view, ʿAlī was the first Arab to have contact with and converse with the universal soul. He died a martyr of his greatness, he died while prayer was between his two lips. The Arabs did not realise his value until appeared among their Persian neighbors some who knew the difference between gems and gravels."[144][145]
However, Henri Lammens[146] held a negative view of Ali.
Historiography[link]
See also: Historiography of early Islam
The primary sources for scholarship on the life of Ali are the Quran and the Hadith, as well as other texts of early Islamic history. The extensive secondary sources include, in addition to works by Sunni and Shī‘a Muslims, writings by Christian Arabs, Hindus, and other non-Muslims from the Middle East and Asia and a few works by modern Western scholars. However, many of the early Islamic sources are colored to some extent by a positive or negative bias towards Ali.[1]
There had been a common tendency among the earlier western scholars against these narrations and reports gathered in later periods due to their tendency towards later Sunni and Shī‘a partisan positions; such scholars regarding them as later fabrications. This leads them to regard certain reported events as inauthentic or irrelevant. Leone Caetani considered the attribution of historical reports to Ibn Abbas and Aisha as mostly fictitious while proffering accounts reported without isnad by the early compilers of history like Ibn Ishaq. Wilferd Madelung has rejected the stance of indiscriminately dismissing everything not included in "early sources" and in this approach tendentious alone is no evidence for late origin. According to him, Caetani's approach is inconsistent. Madelung and some later historians do not reject the narrations which have been complied in later periods and try to judge them in the context of history and on the basis of their compatibility with the events and figures[147]
Until the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate, few books were written and most of the reports had been oral. The most notable work previous to this period is The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays, written by Sulaym ibn Qays, a companion of Ali who lived before the Abbasid.[148] When paper was introduced to Muslim society, numerous monographs were written between 750 and 950 AD. According to Robinson, at least twenty-one separate monographs have been composed on the Battle of Siffin. Abi Mikhnaf is one of the most renowned writers of this period who tried to gather all of the reports. 9th and 10th century historians collected, selected and arranged the available narrations. However, most of these monographs do not exist anymore except for a few which have been used in later works such as History of the Prophets and Kings by Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (d.932).[149]
Shia of Iraq actively participated in writing monographs but most of those works have been lost. On the other hand, in the 8th and 9th century Ali's descendants such as Muhammad al Baqir and Jafar as Sadiq narrated his quotations and reports which have been gathered in Shia hadith books. The later Shia works written after the 10th century AD are about biographies of The Fourteen Infallibles and Twelve Imams. The earliest surviving work and one of the most important works in this field is Kitab al-Irshad by Shaykh Mufid (d. 1022). The author has dedicated the first part of his book to a detailed account of Ali. There are also some books known as Manāqib which describe Ali's character from a religious viewpoint. Such works also constitute a kind of historiography.[150]
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. "Ali". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005712/Ali. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
- ^ a b Ahmed 2005, p. 234
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 311
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Alī ibn Abu Talib". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2007-11-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20071107180319/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v1f8/v1f8a043.html. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
- ^ a b Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors,Ṭabarī,Translated by Ella Landau-Tasseron,pp.37-40,Vol:XXXIX
- ^ Kelen 2001, p. 29
- ^ a b Watt 1953, p. xii
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Tabatabaei 1979, p. 191
- ^ a b Ashraf 2005, p. 14
- ^ a b c d e f Diana, Steigerwald. "Alī ibn Abu Talib". Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world; vol.1. MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-02-865604-5.
- ^ a b c Ashraf 2005, p. 119 and 120
- ^ a b c Madelung 1997, pp. 141–145
- ^ Lapidus 2002, p. 47
- ^ Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, pp. 70–72
- ^ Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 50–75 and 192
- ^ a b Madelung 1997, p. 309 and 310
- ^ Ashraf 2005, p. 5
- ^ See:
- Ashraf 2005, p. 6
- "Khalifa Ali Ibn Abu Talib". witness-pioneer.org. 2004-11-05. http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Articles/companion/00_ali_bin_talib.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ Ashraf 2005, p. 6 and 7
- ^ Ashraf 2005, p. 7
- ^ * See also:**Ibn Majah in Sunan ibn Majah, Ibn Majah, al-Sunan, Vol. I, p. 44;**Hakim al-Nishaburi in Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain, al-Hakim, al-Mustadrak, Vol. III, p. 112;** Ibn Hisham in As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Ibn Hisham, al-Sirah, Vol. I, p.245.
- ^ Watt 1953, p. 86
- ^ Quran 26:214
- ^ See:
- Momen 1985, p. 12
- Tabatabaei 1979, p. 39
- ^ Ashraf 2005, pp. 16–26
- ^ Ashraf 2005, p. 28 and 29
- ^ Quran 2:207
- ^ Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn. "Tafsir al-Mizan, Volume 3: Surah Baqarah, Verses 204–207". almizan.org. http://www.shiasource.com/al-mizan/. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
- ^ Ashraf 2005, pp. 30–32
- ^ See:
- Momen 1985, p. 13 and 14
- Ashraf 2005, pp. 28–118
- ^ Singh 2003, p. 175
- ^ Quran 33:33
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 14 and 15
- ^ See:
- ^ "Hasan ibn Ali". Encyclopædia Iranica. http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v12f1/v12f1024.html. Retrieved 2009-12-06. [dead link]
- ^ Ashraf 2005, p. 42 and 43
- ^ Qazwini 1992, p. 140
- ^ a b Vaglieri, Veccia. "Fatima". Encyclopedia of Islam. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. Vol. 2 844–850. ISSN 1573-3912.
- ^ See:
- Ashraf 2005, p. 36
- Merrick 2005, p. 247
- ^ Khatab, Amal (May 1, 1996). Battles of Badr and Uhud. Ta-Ha Publishers. ISBN 978-1-897940-39-6.
- ^ Ibn Al Atheer, In his Biography, vol 2 p 107 "لا فتی الا علي لا سيف الا ذوالفقار"
- ^ See:
- Ashraf 2005, pp. 66–68
- Zeitlin 2007, p. 134
- ^ Quran 3:59
- ^ a b Quran 3:61
- ^ See:
- Sahih Muslim, Chapter of virtues of companions, section of virtues of Ali, 1980 Edition Pub. in Saudi Arabia, Arabic version, v4, p1871, the end of tradition No. 32
- Sahih al-Tirmidhi, v5, p654
- Madelung 1997, p. 15 and 16
- ^ Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn. "Tafsir al-Mizan, v.6, Al Imran, verses 61–63". almizan.org. http://www.shiasource.com/al-mizan/. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
- ^ Dakake 2008, pp. 34–39
- ^ See:
- Dakake 2008, p. 39 and 40
- Sahih Muslim 031.5920 The Book Pertaining to the Merits of the Companions (Allah Be Pleased With Them) of the Holy Prophet (May Peace Be Upon Him) (Kitab Al-Fada'il Al-Sahabah)
- ^ Dakake 2008, p. 39 and 40
- ^ Dakake 2008, pp. 34–37
- ^ See:
- Dakake 2008, p. 34 and 35
- Ibn Taymiyyah, Minhaaj as-Sunnah 7/319
- ^ See:
- Dakake 2008, pp. 43–48
- Tabatabaei 1979, p. 40
- ^ Dakake 2008, pp. 33–35
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 253
- ^ Lapidus 2002, p. 31 and 32
- ^ See:
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, p. 57
- Madelung 1997, pp. 26–27, 30–43 and 356–360
- ^ Ibn Qutaybah, al-Imamah wa al-Siyasah, Vol. I, pp. 12–13
- ^ Ibn Abi al-Hadid, Sharh; Vol. II, p.5.
- ^ a b Madelung 1997, p. 43
- ^ "Sunnite". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070378/Sunnite. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
- ^ See:
- Madelung 1997, p. 141 and 270
- Ashraf 2005, p. 99 and 100
- ^ Chirri 1982
- ^ a b
- Nahj Al-Balagha Nahj Al-Balagha Sermon 3
- For Isnad of this sermon and the name of the names of scholars who narrates it see Nahjul Balagha, Mohammad Askari Jafery (1984), pp. 108–112
- ^ See:
- Madelung 1997, p. 50 and 51
- Qazwini & Ordoni 1992, p. 211
- [Quran 27:16]
- [Quran 21:89]
- Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:53:325
- Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:546
- Sahih Muslim, 19:4352
- ^
- Madelung 1997, pp. 62–64
- Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:53:326
- ^ History of Mecca, Medina and all other Ziyarats[dead link]
- ^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007). "Quran". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-68890/Quran. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
- ^ See:
- Tabatabaei 1987, p. chapter 5
- Observations on Early Quran Manuscripts in San'a
- The Quran as Text, ed. Wild, Brill, 1996 ISBN 978-90-04-10344-3
- ^ See:
- Ashraf 2005, p. 100 and 101
- Madelung 1997, p. 141
- Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:546
- Sahih al-Bukhari, 8:82:817
- Sahih Muslim, 19:4352
- Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, vol. 3, p.208; Ibn Qutaybah, vol. 1, p.29; quoted in Ayoub, 2003, 18
- Rizvi, Sa'id Akhtar, Imamate: The Vicegerency of the Prophet by, quoting Ibn Qutaybah 18. SUNNI VIEWS ON THE CALIPHATE
- Shia encyclopedia quoting from Ibn Qutaybah, Muhammad al-Bukhari, Massudi, Ibn Abu al-Hadid
- The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon, section Reign of Abubeker; A.D. 632, June 7.
- ^ See
- Ashraf 2005, pp. 107–110
- The Caliphate of Umar
- ^ See:
- Madelung 1997, pp. 70–72
- Dakake 2008, p. 41
- Momen 1985, p. 21
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 87 and 88
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 90
- ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 92–107
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 109 and 110
- ^ See:
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, p. 67 and 68
- Madelung 1997, p. 107 and 111
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 334
- ^ Ashraf 2005, p. 119
- ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 141–143
- ^ Hamidullah 1988, p. 126
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 148 and 149
- ^ a b Ashraf 2005, p. 121
- ^ See:
- Lapidus 2002, p. 46
- Madelung 1997, p. 150 and 264
- ^ Shaban 1971, p. 72
- ^ Momen 1985, p. 63
- ^ See:
- Madelung 1997, p. 147 and 148
- Lewis 1991, p. 214
- ^ Lewis 1991, p. 214
- ^ See:
- Lapidus 2002, p. 47
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, p. 72
- Tabatabaei 1979, p. 57
- ^ See:
- Lapidus 2002, p. 47
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, pp. 70–72
- Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 50–53
- ^ 'Ali[dead link]
- ^ See:
- Lapidus 2002, p. 47
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, pp. 70–72
- Tabatabaei 1979, p. 53 and 54
- ^ See:
- Madelung 1997, pp. 241–259
- Lapidus 2002, p. 47
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, pp. 70–72
- Tabatabaei 1979, p. 53 and 54
- ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 267–269 and 293–307
- ^ a b Madelung 1997, p. 309
- ^ Shah-Kazemi 2007, p. 81
- ^ United Nations Development Program, Arab human development report, (2002), p. 107
- ^ Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989, p. 75
- ^ Lambton 1991, p. xix and xx
- ^ a b Tabatabaei 1979, p. 192
- ^ Kelsay 1993, p. 92
- ^ Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid 1986
- ^ Redha 1999
- ^ a b c d Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2006). "'Ali ibn Abu Talib". Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7. , Pages 36 and 37
- ^ Balkh and Mazar-e-Sharif
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 313 and 314
- ^ See:
- Madelung 1997, p. 334
- Lapidus 2002, p. 47
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, p. 72
- Tabatabaei 1979, p. 195
- ^ Momen 1985, p. 14
- ^ School of Islamic Sufism[dead link]
- ^ World of Tasawwuf
- ^ Corbin 1993, p. 46
- ^ Nasr 2006, p. 120
- ^ Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1996, p. 136
- ^ Corbin 1993, p. 35
- ^ "حفظت سبعين خطبة من خطب الاصلع ففاضت ثم فاضت ) ويعني بالاصلع أمير المؤمنين عليا عليه السلام " مقدمة في مصادر نهج البلاغة[dead link]
- ^ See:
- ^ a b Mutahhari, 1997 The Glimpses of Nahj al Balaghah Part I – Introduction
- ^ Shah-Kazemi 2007, p. 3
- ^ Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought and Culture, Vol. VII, No. 1 issue of Al-Tawhid[dead link]
- ^ Ali ibn Abi Talib (1990). Supplications (Du'a). Muhammadi Trust. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-9506986-4-9.
- ^ Shah-Kazemi 2007, p. 4
- ^ پیدا شدن مجموعه نفیس کلمات امام علی(ع) در واتیكان : «نزهه الأبصار و محاسن الآثار» عنوان کتابی است از ابوالحسن علی بن محمد بن مهدی طبری مامطیری، که دربر دارنده کلمات مولای متقیان امام علیبنابیطالب (ع) است و پیشینه ای بیش از نهجالبلاغه شریف رضی (ره) دارد[dead link]
- ^ Collection of Ali's poems (I Arabic)
- ^ Stearns & Langer 2001, p. 1178
- ^ Farooque Ahmed Makakmayum wrote in The Sangai Express (English daily, Imphal, India), on July 28, 2007 (sources:Muslims in Manipur).
- ^ After Fatima's death, Ali married Khawla bint Ja'far of the Bani Hanifa tribe (source:[islamichistory.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/ali-muawiya.ppt ali-muawiya)
- ^ Tabatabaei 1979, p. 194
- ^ Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 196–201
- ^ Al-Tabari 1990, pp. vol.XIX pp. 178–179
- ^ The Sanctified Household
- ^ List of Martyrs of Karbala by Khansari "فرزندان اميراالمؤمنين(ع): 1-ابوبكربن علي(شهادت او مشكوك است). 2-جعفربن علي. 3-عباس بن علي(ابولفضل) 4-عبدالله بن علي. 5-عبدالله بن علي العباس بن علي. 6-عبدالله بن الاصغر. 7-عثمان بن علي. 8-عمر بن علي. 9-محمد الاصغر بن علي. 10-محمدبن العباس بن علي."
- ^ "Zaynab Bint ʿAlĪ". Encyclopedia of Religion. Gale Group. 2004. http://www.bookrags.com/research/zaynab-bint-al-eorl-14/. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
- ^ "Yawm-e Ali". TheIsmaili.org. 2011-06-10. http://www.theismaili.org/festival/yawm-e-ali. Retrieved 2011-06-10.
- ^ Nasr, Shi'ite Islam, preface, p. 10
- ^ Motahhari, Perfect man, Chapter 1[dead link]
- ^ Trust, p. 695
- ^ Trust, p. 681
- ^ See:
- Peters 2003, pp. 320–321
- Halm 2004, pp. 154–159
- ^ The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, London, 1911, volume 5, pp. 381–2
- ^ Lives of the Successors of Mahomet, London, 1850, p. 165
- ^ On Heroes, Hero-Worship, And The Heroic In History, 1841, Lecture 2: The Hero as Prophet. Mahomet: Islam., May 8, 1840)
- ^ The Life of Mahomet, London, 1877, p. 250]
- ^ An Account of the Rise and Progress of Mahometanism, 1705, p. 83
- ^ History of the Saracens, London, 1894, p. 331
- ^ Morteza Motahhari, Islam and Religious Pluralism
- ^ George Jordac, the Voice of Human Justice
- ^ Henri Lammens, Fatima and the Daughters of Muhammad, Rome and Paris: Scripta Pontificii Instituti Biblici, 1912. Translation by Ibn Warraq.
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. xi, 19 and 20
- ^ See:
- Dakake 2008, p. 270
- Lawson 2005, p. 59
- ^ Robinson 2003, p. 28 and 34
- ^ Jafarian, Rasul; Translated by Delārām Furādī, Publisher:Message of Thaqalayn
References[link]
- Ahmed, M. Mukarram (2005). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.. ISBN 978-81-261-2339-1.
- Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid (1986). Kitab Al-Irshad: The Book of Guidance into the Lives of the Twelve Imams. Routledge Kegan & Paul. ISBN 978-0-7103-0151-2.
- Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (1990). History of the Prophets and Kings, translation and commentary issued by R. Stephen Humphreys. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0154-5. (volume XV.)
- Ashraf, Shahid (2005). Encyclopedia of Holy Prophet and Companions. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.. ISBN 978-81-261-1940-0.
- Kelen, Betty (2001). Muhammad: The Messenger of God. Taylor Production. ISBN 978-0-929093-12-3.
- Chirri, Mohammad (1982). The Brother of the Prophet Mohammad. Islamic Center of America, Detroit, Michigan. Alibris. ISBN 978-0-942778-00-7.
- Corbin, Henry (1993) [1964]. History of Islamic Philosophy. London: Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. ISBN 978-0-7103-0416-2. Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard.
- Dakake, Maria Massi (2008). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7033-6.
- Halm, Halm (2004). Shi'ism. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1888-0.
- Hamidullah, Muhammad (1988). The Prophet's Establishing a State and His Succession. University of California. ISBN 978-969-8016-22-7.
- Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1970). Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29135-4.
- Kelsay, Jhon (1993). Islam and War: A Study in Comparative Ethics. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25302-8.
- Lambton, Ann K. S. (1991). Landlord and Peasant in Persia. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-293-7.
- Lawson, Todd, ed. (2005). Reason and Inspiration in Islam: Theology, Philosophy and Mysticism in Muslim Thought. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-470-2.
- Lapidus, Ira (2002). A History of Islamic Societies (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3.
- Lewis, Bernard (1991). The Political Language of Islam. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-47693-3.
- Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
- Merrick, James L. (2005). The Life and Religion of Mohammed as Contained in the Sheeah Traditions. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4179-5536-7.
- Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi‘i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03531-5.
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Dabashi, Hamid; Nasr, Vali (1989). Expectation of the Millennium. Suny press. ISBN 978-0-88706-843-0.
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Leaman, Oliver (1996). History of Islamic Philosophy. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-13159-9.
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6799-2.
- Peters, F. E. (2003). The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11461-3.
- Qazwini, Muhammad Kazim; Ordoni, Abu Muhammad (1992). Fatima the Gracious. Ansariyan Publications. OCLC 61565460.
- Redha, Mohammad (1999). Imam Ali Ibn Abi Taleb (Imam Ali the Fourth Caliph, 1/1 Volume). Dar Al Kotob Al ilmiyah. ISBN 978-2-7451-2532-3.
- Robinson, Chase F. (2003). Islamic Historiography. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62936-2.
- Shaban, Muḥammad ʻAbd al-Ḥayy (1971). Islamic History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29131-6.
- Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2007). Justice and Remembrance: Introducing the Spirituality of Imam Ali. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-526-5.
- Stearns, Peter N.; Langer, William Leonard (2001). The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 978-0-395-65237-4.
- Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1979). Shi'ite Islam. Suny press. ISBN 978-0-87395-272-9. | Translated by Seyyed Hossein Nasr.
- Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1987). The Quran in Islam: Its Impact and Influence on the Life of Muslims. Zahra. ISBN 978-0-7103-0265-6. http://al-islam.org/quraninislam/index.htm.
- Watt, William Montgomery (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford University Press.
- Zeitlin, Irving M. (2007). The Historical Muhammad. Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3998-7.
Further reading[link]
Original sources[link]
- Al-Bukhari, Muhammad. Sahih Bukhari, Book 4, 5, 8.
- Ali ibn Abi Talib (1984). Nahj al-Balagha (Peak of Eloquence), compiled by ash-Sharif ar-Radi. Alhoda UK. ISBN 978-0-940368-43-9.
- Ali ibn al-Athir. In his Biography, vol 2.
- Ibn Taymiyyah, Taqi ad-Din Ahmad. Minhaj as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah. (In Arabic)
- Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj. Sahih Muslim, Book 19, 31.
Secondary sources[link]
- Books
- Abdul Rauf, Muhammad; Seyyed Hossein Nasr (1996). Imam 'Ali ibn Abi Talib: The First Intellectual Muslim Thinker. Al Saadawi Publications. ISBN 978-1-881963-49-3.
- Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (1987 to 1996). History of the Prophets and Kings, translation and commentary issued in multiple volumes. SUNY Press. volumes 6–17 are relevant.
- Allamah Hilli, Jamal al-Din ibn Yusuf. Certainty Uncovered, A book on the virtues of Imam Ali from Sunni and Shia Sources (Kashf Al-Yaqin). Ansariyan Publications, Iran. ISBN 978-964-438-925-2. http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/certainty_uncovered/index.htm.
- Motahhari, Morteza (1997). Glimpses of the Nahj Al-Balaghah, translated by Ali Quli Qara'i. Islamic Culture and Relations Organizati. ISBN 978-964-472-071-0.
- Motahhari, Murtaza (1981). Polarization Around the Character of 'Ali ibn Abi Talib. World Organization for Islamic Services, Tehran. http://www.alseraj.net/maktaba/kotob/english/FourteenInfallibles/Polarization/polarization/.
- Motahhari, Mortaza. The Attraction and Repulsion of Ali (a.s.). http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/the_attraction_and_repulsion_of_ali/index.htm.
- Chirri, Mohamad Jawad. The Brother of the Prophet Mohammad (Imam Ali). Ansariyan Publications, Iran. http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/imam_ali/04.htm.
- Jordac, George. The Voice of Human Justice. Ansariyan Publications, Iran. ISBN 978-964-438-158-4. http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/human_voice/index.htm.
- Husayn, Mufti Ja`far. Biography of Imam Ali ibn Abi-Talib. Ansariyan Publications, Iran. ISBN 978-964-438-798-2. http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/biography_of_imam_ali/index.htm.
- Majid, Massoudi. The Sufferings of Amirol Mo’minin Ali ibn Abi Talib Life and Martyrdom. Ansariyan Publications, Iran. ISBN 978-964-438-959-7. http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/the_sufferings_of_amir_al-momenine/index.htm.
- Labbaf, Ali. A Victim Lost in Saqifah. Ansariyan Publications, Iran. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-964-438-976-8|978-964-438-976-8]]. http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/a_victim_lost_in_saqifah/index.htm.
- Tahmasebi, Muhammad Husayn. Imam Ali (S), Sunshine of Civilized Islam. Ansariyan Publications, Iran. ISBN 978-964-438-377-9. http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/imam_ali-sunshine_of_civilized_islam/index.htm.
- Cleary, Thomas (1996). Living and Dying with Grace: Counsels of Hadrat Ali. Shambhala Publications, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-57062-211-3.
- Corn, Patricia (2005). Medieval Islamic Political Thought. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2194-1.
- Gordagh, George (1956). Ali, The Voice of Human Justice. ISBN 978-0-941724-24-1. (in Arabic)
- Khatab, Amal (1996). Battles of Badr and Uhud. Ta-Ha Publishers. ISBN 978-1-897940-39-6.
- Kattani, Sulayman (1983). Imam 'Ali: Source of Light, Wisdom and Might, translation by I.K.A. Howard. Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. ISBN 978-0-9506986-6-3.
- Lakhani, M. Ali.; Reza Shah-Kazemi and Leonard Lewisohn (2007). The Sacred Foundations of Justice in Islam: The Teachings of Ali Ibn Abi Talib, Contributor Dr Seyyed Hossein Nasr. World Wisdom, Inc. ISBN 978-1-933316-26-0.
- Encyclopedia
- Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill. 2004. E-ISSN 1573-3912.
- Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc..
- Martin, Richard C.. Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world; vol.1. MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-02-865604-5.
- Encyclopædia Iranica. Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University. ISBN 978-1-56859-050-9.
- Meri, Josef W.; Jere L. Bacharach (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7.
- Jones, Lindsay (2004). Encyclopedia of Religion. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-02-865733-2.
External links[link]
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- The Secret of Imam Ali's Force of Attraction
- Al-Nebras (The Lantern) - A film depicting various events and occurrences in the life of Imam Ali
- Ali ibn Abi Talib by I. K. Poonawala and E. Kohlberg in Encyclopædia Iranica
- Ali, article in Encyclopædia Britannica Online
- Some of his most famous sermons and letters
- Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib Nahjul Balagha
- Order to Maalik al-Ashtar, governor of Egypt (UN Legal Committee, member states voted that the document should be considered as one of the sources of International Law.) The United Nation and Imam Ali’s Constitution
- A advice ti his son Hasan ib Ali (This letter contains ethical advisement)
- 185 Sermon about the Oneness of Allah
- The Last Will of Ali ibn Abi Talib
- Shī‘a biography
- The Life of the Commander of the Faithful Ali b. Abu Talib by Shaykh Mufid in Kitab al-Irshad
- Website devoted to the Life of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib
- A Biographical Profile of Imam Ali (Archived 2009-10-25) by Syed Muhammad Askari Jafari
- The Seerat Of Amir al-Mu'mineen (SA)
- Sunni biography
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chief of Banu Hashim since 653
Clan of the Banu Quraish
Born: October 23 598 Died: February 28 661 |
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| Shī‘a Islam titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Muhammad seal of prophecy — last prophet |
1st Imam of Shia Islam 632–661 |
Succeeded by Hasan ibn Ali Disputed by Nizari |
| Sunni Islam titles | ||
| Preceded by Uthman |
4th Rashidun Caliph of Sunni Islam 656–661 |
Succeeded by Hasan ibn Ali |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ali |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | October 23, 0598 |
| Place of birth | Mecca |
| Date of death | January 28, 0661 |
| Place of death | Kufa |
http://wn.com/Ali
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http://cswn.com/Alí
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http://eswn.com/Ali Ibn Abi Talib
http://nlwn.com/Ali ibn Aboe Talib
http://plwn.com/Ali ibn Abi Talib
http://frwn.com/Ali ibn Abi Talib
http://ruwn.com/Али ибн Абу Талиб
http://dewn.com/ʿAlī ibn Abī Tālib
http://hiwn.com/अली इब्न अबू तालिब
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4:15
Goharshad mosque in the shrine of Imam Reza (as) in Mashhad (Iran) July 2012
KanalReise
Goharshad mosque in the shrine of Imam Reza (as) in Mashhad (Iran) July 2012
oharshad Mosque (Persian: مسجد گوهرشاد) is a former free standing mosque in Mashhad of the Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran, which now serves as one of the prayer halls within the Imam Reza shrine complex. It was built by the order of Queen Goharshad, the wife of Shah Rukh of the Timurid Dynasty in 1418 CE. The architect of the edifice was Ghavameddin Shirazi, who is responsible for so many of Shah Rukh's great buildings, with the architectural and decorative manpower supplied from Shiraz and Isfahan. The mosque underwent some renovations during the Safavid and Qajar eras. It has four iwans and a courtyard measuring 50 × 55 m (160 × 180 ft), as well as several shabestans. The double layered dome of the mosque was severely damaged in 1911 in bombings by troops of the Russian Empire. The first and the greatest surviving, Persian monument of the fifteenth century is the beautiful mosque of Gawhar Shad (1418) now abutting the shrine of the Imam Reza in Mashhad. Its portal continues the Samarkand style of arch within arch, enriched by a succession of bevels and reveals that give it depth and power. The thick, tower-like minarets, merging with the outer corners of the portal screen, extend to the ground and, together with the high foundation revetment of marble, give the ensemble the impression of solidity necessary to support its exuberant color. The entire court facade is faced with enamel brick and mosaic faience of the finest quality. The full scale of colors includes a <b>...</b>
1:24
Ayatollah Alamolhoda attack rapper Shahin Najafi in Mashhad Friday Prayer
Lenziran
Ayatollah Alamolhoda attack rapper Shahin Najafi in Mashhad Friday Prayer
The hardliner influential Imam of the Friday Prayer of the town of Mashad Ayatollah Sadegh Alamolhoda allocated the whole second part his speech of Friday 25 May to attack the rapper Shahin Najafi for his song about Imam "Naghi" .
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