‌–
En dash
—  ‒  ― Em dash  Figure dash  Horizontal bar
Punctuation apostrophe ( ’ ' ) brackets ( [ ], ( ), { }, ⟨ ⟩ ) colon ( : ) comma ( , ، 、 ) dash ( ‒, –, —, ― ) ellipsis ( …, ..., . . . ) exclamation mark ( ! ) full stop/period ( . ) guillemets ( « » ) hyphen ( ‐ ) hyphen-minus ( - ) question mark ( ? ) quotation marks ( ‘ ’, “ ”, ' ', " " ) semicolon ( ; ) slash‌/stroke‌/solidus ( /,  ⁄  ) Word dividers space ( ) ( ) ( ) interpunct ( · ) General typography ampersand ( & ) at sign ( @ ) asterisk ( * ) backslash ( \ ) bullet ( • ) caret ( ^ ) dagger ( †, ‡ ) degree ( ° ) ditto mark ( 〃 ) inverted exclamation mark ( ¡ ) inverted question mark ( ¿ ) number sign‌/pound‌/hash ( # ) numero sign ( № ) obelus ( ÷ ) ordinal indicator ( º, ª ) percent, per mil ( %, ‰, ‱ ) pilcrow ( ¶ ) prime ( ′, ″, ‴ ) section sign ( § ) tilde ( ~ ) underscore‌/understrike ( _ ) vertical bar‌/broken bar‌/pipe ( ¦, | ) Intellectual property copyright symbol ( © ) registered trademark ( ® ) service mark ( ℠ ) sound recording copyright ( ℗ ) trademark ( ™ ) Currency currency (generic) ( ¤ ) currency (specific) ( ₳ ฿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ ₠ $ ₫ ৳ ₯ € ƒ ₣ ₲ ₴ ₭ ℳ ₥ ₦ ₧ ₱ ₰ £ ₹ ₨ ₪ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥ ៛ ) Uncommon typography asterism ( ⁂ ) tee ( ⊤ ) up tack ( ⊥ ) index/fist ( ☞ ) therefore sign ( ∴ ) because sign ( ∵ ) interrobang ( ‽ ) irony punctuation ( ؟ ) lozenge ( ◊ ) reference mark ( ※ ) tie ( ⁀ ) Related diacritical marks whitespace characters non-English quotation style ( « », „ ” ) In other scripts Chinese punctuation
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A dash is one of several kinds of punctuation mark. Dashes are similar to hyphens, but differ from them primarily in length, and serve different functions. The most common versions of the dash are the en dash (–) and the em dash (—).

Common dashes[link]

There are several forms of dash, of which the most common are:

Less common are the two-em dash (⸺) and three-em dash (⸻), both added to Unicode with version 6.1 as U+2E3A and U+2E3B. Windows character codes require that Num Lock be on.

Figure dash[link]

The figure dash (‒) is so named because it is the same width as a digit, at least in fonts with digits of equal width. This is true of most fonts, not only monospaced fonts.

The figure dash is used when a dash must be used within numbers (e.g. phone number 555‒0199). It does not indicate a range, for which the en dash is used; nor does it function as the minus sign, which also uses a separate glyph.

The figure dash is often unavailable; in this case, one may use a hyphen-minus instead. In Unicode, the figure dash is U+2012 (decimal 8210). HTML authors must use the numeric forms ‒ or ‒ to type it unless the file is in Unicode; there is no equivalent character entity. In TeX, the standard fonts have no figure dash; however, the digits normally all have the same width as the en dash, so an en dash can be substituted when using standard TeX fonts.

En dash[link]

The en dash, n dash, n-rule, or "nut" (–) is traditionally half the width of an em dash.^[2][3] In modern fonts, the length of the en dash is not standardized, and the en dash is often more than half the width of the em dash.^[4] The widths of en and em dashes have also been specified as being equal to those of the upper-case letters N and M respectively,^[5][6] and at other times to the widths of the lower-case letters.^[4][7]

Ranges of values[link]

The en dash is commonly used to indicate a closed range of values, meaning a range with clearly defined and non-infinite upper and lower boundaries. This may include ranges such as those between dates, times, or numbers.^{[8][9][10][11]} Examples of this usage may include:

• June–July 1967
• 1:00–2:00 p.m.
• For ages 3–5
• pp. 38–55
• President Jimmy Carter (1977–81)

The Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) recommends that when a number range might be misconstrued as subtraction, the word "to" should be used instead of an en dash. For example, "a voltage of 50 V to 100 V" is preferable to using "a voltage of 50–100 V". It is also considered inappropriate to use the en dash in place of the words to or and in phrases that follow the forms from... to... and between... and....^[9][10]

Relationships and connections[link]

The en dash can also be used to contrast values, or illustrate a relationship between two things.^[8][11] Examples of this usage may include:

• Colombia beat Venezuela 31–0.
• Radical–Unionist coalition
• Boston–Hartford route
• New York–London flight (however, it may be seen that New York to London flight is more appropriate because New York is a single name composed of two valid words; with a dash the phrase is ambiguous and could mean either Flight from New York to London or New flight from York to London^[11])
• Mother–daughter relationship
• The Supreme Court voted 5–4 to uphold the decision.
• The McCain–Feingold bill

A "simple" attributive compound is written with a hyphen; at least one authority considers name pairs, where the paired elements carry equal weight, as in the Taft-Hartley Act to be "simple,"^[9] while others consider an en dash appropriate in instances such as this^[12][13][14] to represent the parallel relationship, as in the McCain–Feingold bill or Bose–Einstein statistics. However, truly compound names are written with a hyphen, thus the Lennard-Jones potential is named after one person, while Bose and Einstein are two people.

Attributive compounds[link]

In English, the en dash is usually used instead of a hyphen in compound (phrasal) attributives in which one or both elements is itself a compound, especially when the compound element is an open compound, meaning it is not hyphenated itself. This manner of usage may include such examples as:^{[9][10][15][16]}

• The hospital–nursing home connection

(the connection between the hospital and the nursing home, not a home connection between the hospital and nursing)

• A nursing home–home care policy
• Pre–Civil War era
• Pulitzer Prize–winning novel
• The non–San Francisco part of the world
• The post–World War II era (however, a hyphen would be used in post-war era)
• Trans–New Guinea languages
• The ex–prime minister
• The pro-conscription–anti-conscription debate
• Public-school–private-school rivalries

The disambiguating value of the en dash in these patterns was illustrated by Strunk and White in The Elements of Style with the following example: when Chattanooga News and Chattanooga Free Press merged, the joint company was inaptly named Chattanooga News-Free Press, which could be interpreted as meaning that their newspapers were news-free.^[17]

An exception to the use of en dashes is made however when prefixing an already hyphenated compound; an en dash is generally avoided as a distraction in this case. Examples of this may include:^[17]

• non-English-speaking air traffic controllers
• semi-labor-intensive industries
• Proto-Indo-European language (rarely Proto–Indo-European)
• The post-MS-DOS era (rarely post–MS-DOS)
• non-government-owned corporations

Differing recommendations[link]

As discussed above, the en dash is sometimes recommended instead of a hyphen in compound adjectives where neither part of the adjective modifies the other—that is, when each modifies the noun, as in love–hate relationship. The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), however, limits the use of the en dash to two main purposes. First, use it to indicate ranges of time, money, or other amounts, or in certain other cases where it replaces the word to. Second, use it in place of a hyphen in a compound adjective when one of the elements of the adjective is an open compound, or when two or more of its elements are compounds, open or hyphenated.^[18] That is, it favors hyphens in instances where some other guides suggest en dashes – the 16th edition explaining that "Chicago's sense of the en dash does not extend to between" to rule out its use in "US-Canadian relations."^[18]

Spacing[link]

En dashes normally do not have spaces around them. An exception is made when avoiding spaces may cause confusion or look odd. For example, compare 12 June – 3 July with 12 June–3 July.^[19] However, in rare situations when an en dash is unavailable—such as when using typewriters or character encodings not including the en dash character—it may be substituted with a hyphen-minus with a single space on each side (" - ").^{[citation needed]}

Parenthetic and other uses at the sentence level[link]

Like em dashes, en dashes can be used instead of colons, or pairs of commas that mark off a nested clause or phrase. They can also be used around parenthetical expressions – such as this one – in place of the em dashes preferred by some publishers, particularly where short columns are used, since em dashes can look awkward at the end of a line. See En dash versus em dash, below. In these situations, en dashes must have a single space on each side.

Electronic usage[link]

In TeX, the en dash may normally (depending on the font) be input as a double hyphen-minus (--). On Mac OS X, most keyboard layouts map an en dash to ⌥ Opt+-. On Microsoft Windows, an en dash may be entered as Alt+0150 (where the digits are typed on the numeric keypad while holding down the Alt key). In Linux (GTK+ v. 2.10+ applications only, see Unicode input), it is entered by holding down Ctrl+Shift and typing U followed by the Unicode code point above, or using the compose key by pressing the compose key, two hyphens, and a period.

The en dash is sometimes used as a substitute for the minus sign, when the minus sign character is not available, since the en dash is usually the same width as a plus sign. For example, the original 8-bit Macintosh character set had an en dash, useful for minus sign, years before Unicode with a dedicated minus sign was available. The hyphen-minus is usually too narrow to make a typographically acceptable minus sign. But the en dash cannot be used for a minus in programming languages because the syntax usually requires a hyphen-minus; because programming languages are usually set in a fixed-pitch (monospaced) font face, the hyphen-minus looks acceptable there.

Itemization mark[link]

The en dash may be used as a bullet mark at the start of each item in a list.^{[citation needed]}

Em dash[link]

The em dash (—), m dash, m-rule, or "mutton", often demarcates a break of thought or some similar interpolation stronger than the interpolation demarcated by parentheses, such as the following from Nicholson Baker's The Mezzanine:

At that age I once stabbed my best friend, Fred, with a pair of pinking shears in the base of the neck, enraged because he had been given the comprehensive sixty-four-crayon Crayola box—including the gold and silver crayons—and would not let me look closely at the box to see how Crayola had stabilized the built-in crayon sharpener under the tiers of crayons.

It is also used to indicate that a sentence is unfinished because the speaker has been interrupted. For example, the em dash is used in the following way in Joseph Heller's Catch-22:

He was Cain, Ulysses, the Flying Dutchman; he was Lot in Sodom, Deirdre of the Sorrows, Sweeney in the nightingales among trees. He was the miracle ingredient Z-147. He was—
"Crazy!" Clevinger interrupted, shrieking. "That's what you are! Crazy!"
"—immense. I'm a real, slam-bang, honest-to-goodness, three-fisted humdinger. I'm a bona fide supraman."

Similarly, it can be used instead of an ellipsis to indicate aposiopesis, the rhetorical device by which a sentence is stopped short not because of interruption but because the speaker is too emotional to continue, such as Darth Vader's line "I sense something; a presence I've not felt since—" in Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope.^[20]

The term em dash derives from its defined width of one em, which is the length, expressed in points, by which font sizes are typically specified. Thus in 9-point type, an em is 9 points wide, while the em of 24-point type is 24 points wide, and so on (by comparison, the en dash, with its 1-en width, is in most fonts either ¹⁄₂ em wide^[21] or the width of an n^[22]).

The em dash is used in much the way a colon or a set of parentheses is used; it can show an abrupt change in thought or be used where a full stop (or "period") is too strong and a comma too weak. Em dashes are sometimes used to set off summaries or definitions.^[23]

According to most American sources (such as The Chicago Manual of Style) and some British sources (such as The Oxford Guide to Style), an em dash should always be set closed, meaning it should not be surrounded by spaces. But the practice in some parts of the English-speaking world, including the style recommended by The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage, sets it open, separating it from its surrounding words by using spaces or hair spaces (U+200A) when it is being used parenthetically. Some writers, finding the em dash unappealingly long, prefer to use an open-set en dash. This "space, en dash, space" sequence is also the predominant style in German and French typography. See En dash versus em dash below.

In Canada, The Canadian Style [A Guide to Writing and Editing], The Oxford Canadian of Grammar, Spelling & Punctuation, Guide to Canadian English Usage [Second Edition], Editing Canadian English Manual, and the Canadian Oxford Dictionary all specify that an em dash should be set closed when used between words, a word and numeral, or two numerals.

In Australia, the Style manual [For authors, editors and printers, Sixth edition], also specifies that em dashes inserted between words, a word and numeral, or two numerals, should be set closed. A section on the 2-em rule (——) also explains that the 2-em can be used to mark an abrupt break in direct or reported speech, but a space is used before the 2-em if a complete word is missing, while no space is used if part of a word exists before the sudden break. Two examples of this are as follows (note that properly typeset 2-em and 3-em dashes should appear as a single dash, but they may show on this page as several em dashes with spaces in between):

• I distinctly heard him say, "Go away or I'll ——".
• It was alleged that D—— had been threatened with blackmail.

Monospaced fonts that mimic the look of a typewriter have the same width for all characters. Some of these fonts have em and en dashes that more or less fill the monospaced width they have available. For example, the sequence hyphen, en dash, em dash, minus shows as "- – — −" in a monospace font. Typewriters often only have a single hyphen glyph, so it is common to use two monospace hyphens strung together (--) to serve as an em dash.

When an actual em dash is unavailable—as in the ASCII character set—a double ("--") or triple hyphen-minus ("---") is used. In Unicode, the em dash is U+2014 (decimal 8212). In HTML, one may use the numeric forms — or —; there is also the HTML entity —. In TeX, the em dash may normally be input as a triple hyphen-minus (---). On any Mac, most keyboard layouts map an em dash to ⌥ Opt+⇧ Shift+-. On Microsoft Windows, an em dash may be entered as Alt+0151, where the digits are typed on the numeric keypad while holding the Alt key down. It can also be entered into Microsoft Office applications by using the Ctrl+Alt+-. In the X Window System, it may entered using the compose key by pressing the compose key and three hyphens.

Corpus studies indicate that em dashes are more commonly used in Russian than in English.^[24]

En dash versus em dash[link]

These comparisons of "- n – m —" in various 12-point fonts illustrate the typical relationship of lengths of dashes relative to the hyphen. In some fonts, the en dash is not much longer than the hyphen, and in Lucida Grande the en dash is actually shorter than the hyphen, making this default Safari browser font typographically nonstandard and confusing.

The en dash is wider than the hyphen but not as wide as the em dash. An em width is defined as the point size of the currently used font, since the M character is not always the width of the point size.^[25] In running text, various dash conventions are employed: an em dash—like so—or a spaced em dash — like so — or a spaced en dash – like so – can be seen in contemporary publications.

Various style guides and national varieties of languages prescribe different guidance on dashes. Dashes have been cited as being treated differently in the US and the UK, with the former preferring the use of an em-dash with no additional spacing, and the latter preferring a spaced en-dash.^[26] As an example of the US style, The Chicago Manual of Style still recommends unspaced em dashes. Style guides outside of the US tend to diverge from this guidance. For example, the Canadian The Elements of Typographic Style recommends the spaced en dash – like so – and argues that the length and visual magnitude of an em dash "belongs to the padded and corseted aesthetic of Victorian typography."^[27] In the United Kingdom, the spaced en dash is the house style for certain major publishers, including the Penguin Group, the Cambridge University Press, and Routledge. But this convention is not universal. The Oxford Guide to Style (2002, section 5.10.10) acknowledges that the spaced en dash is used by "other British publishers", but states that the Oxford University Press—like "most US publishers"—uses the unspaced em dash.

The en dash—always with spaces in running text—and the spaced em dash both have a certain technical advantage over the un-spaced em dash. Most typesetting and word processing expects word spacing to vary to support full justification. Alone among punctuation that marks pauses or logical relations in text, the unspaced em dash disables this for the words it falls between. This can cause uneven spacing in the text, but can be mitigated by the use of thin spaces, hair spaces, or even zero-width spaces on the sides of the em dash. This provides the appearance of an unspaced em dash, but allows the words and dashes to break between lines. The spaced em dash risks introducing excessive separation of words. In full justification, the adjacent spaces may be stretched, and the separation of words further exaggerated. En dashes may also be preferred to em dashes when text is set in narrow columns, such as in newspapers and similar publications, as the en dash is smaller. In such cases, its use is based purely on space considerations and is not necessarily related to other typographical concerns.

Horizontal bar[link]

U+2015 ― horizontal bar, also known as a quotation dash, is used to introduce quoted text. This is the standard method of printing dialogue in some languages. See the quotation dash section of the Quotation mark, non-English usage article for further details of how it is used. The em dash is equally suitable if the quotation dash is unavailable or is contrary to the house style being used.

There is no support in the standard TeX fonts, but one can use \hbox{---}\kern-.5em--- instead, or just use an em dash.

The Chicago Manual of Style makes no mention of the horizontal bar or the quotation dash but states: "Em dashes are occasionally used instead of quotation marks to set off dialogue (à la writers in some European languages). Each speech starts a new paragraph. No space follows the dash."^[28]

Swung dash[link]

U+2053 ⁓ swung dash resembles a lengthened tilde, and is used to separate alternatives or approximates. In dictionaries, it is frequently used to stand in for the term being defined. A dictionary entry providing an example for the term henceforth might employ the swung dash as follows:

henceforth (adv.) from this time forth; from now on; "⁓ she will be known as Mrs. Wales"

There are several similar, related characters:

• U+02DC ˜ small tilde (HTML: ˜ ˜) (see below)
• U+223C ∼ tilde operator, used in mathematics. In TeX and LaTeX, this character can be expressed using the math mode command $\sim$.
• U+301C 〜 wave dash, used in East Asian typography for a variety of purposes, including Japanese punctuation.
• U+FF5E ～ fullwidth tilde, used in East Asian typography.

[edit] Similar Unicode characters

Sample	Repeated	Unicode	Unicode name	Remark
)-(	-----	U+002D	hyphen-minus	The standard ASCII hyphen. Sometimes this is used in groups to indicate different types of dash. In programming languages, it is the character usually used to denote operators like the subtraction or the negative sign.
)_(	_____	U+005F	low line	A spacing character usually showing a horizontal line below the baseline (i.e. a spacing underscore). It is commonly used within URLs and identifiers in programming languages, where a space-like separation between parts is desired but a real space is not appropriate. As usual for ASCII characters, this character shows a considerable range of glyphic variation; therefore, whether sequences of this character connect depends on the used font.
)~(	~~~~~	U+007E	tilde	Used in programming languages (e.g. for the bitwise NOT operator in C and C++). Its glyphic representation varies, therefore for punctuation in running text the use of more specific characters is preferred, see above.
)­(	­­­­­	U+00AD	soft hyphen	Used to indicate where a line may break, as in a compound word or between syllables.
)¯(	¯¯¯¯¯	U+00AF	macron	A horizontal line positioned at cap height usually having the same length as U+005F _ low line. It is a spacing character, not to be confused with the diacritic mark "macron". A sequence of such characters is not expected to connect, unlike U+203E ‾ overline.
)ˉ(	ˉˉˉˉˉ	U+02C9	modifier letter macron	A spacing clone of a diacritic mark (a line which is applied above of the base letter).
)ˍ(	ˍˍˍˍˍ	U+02CD	modifier letter low macron	A spacing clone of a diacritic mark (a line which is applied below the base letter).
)˗(	˗˗˗˗˗	U+02D7	modifier letter minus sign	A variant of the minus sign used in phonetics to mark a retracted or backed articulation. It may show small end-serifs.
)˜(	˜˜˜˜˜	U+02DC	small tilde	A spacing clone of tilde diacritic mark.
)‐(	‐‐‐‐‐	U+2010	hyphen	The character that can be used to unambiguously represent a hyphen.
)‑(	‑‑‑‑‑	U+2011	non-breaking hyphen	Also called "hard hyphen", denotes a hyphen after which no line break[disambiguation needed ] may be inserted. This is the case where the hyphen is part of a trigraph or tetragraph denoting a specific sound (like in the Swiss placename “S-chanf”), or where specific orthographic rules prevent a line break (like in German compounds of single-letter abbreviations and full nouns, as "E-Mail").
)‾(	‾‾‾‾‾	U+203E	overline	A character similar to U+00AF ¯ macron, but a sequence of such characters usually connects.
)⁃(	⁃⁃⁃⁃⁃	U+2043	hyphen bullet	A short horizontal line used as a list bullet.
)⁻(	⁻⁻⁻⁻⁻	U+207B	superscript minus	Usually is used together with superscripted numbers.
)₋(	₋₋₋₋₋	U+208B	subscript minus	Usually is used together with subscripted numbers.
)−(	−−−−−	U+2212	minus sign	An arithmetic operation used in mathematics to represent subtraction or negative numbers.
)⎯(	⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯	U+23AF	horizontal line extension	Miscellaneous Technical (Unicode block). Can be used in sequences to generate long connected horizontal lines.
)⏤(	⏤⏤⏤⏤⏤	U+23E4	straightness	Miscellaneous Technical (Unicode block). To be used in technical context.
)─(	─────	U+2500	box drawings light horizontal	box drawing characters. Several similar characters from one Unicode block used to draw horizontal lines.
)➖(	➖➖➖➖➖	U+2796	heavy minus sign	Unicode symbols.
)𐆑(	𐆑𐆑𐆑𐆑𐆑	U+10191	roman uncia sign	Uncia (unit). A symbol for an ancient Roman unit of length.

[edit] Similar Unicode characters used in specific writing systems

• U+058A ֊ armenian hyphen
• U+05BE ־ hebrew punctuation maqaf
• U+1400 ᐀ canadian syllabics hyphen
• U+1428 ᐨ canadian syllabics final short horizontal stroke
• U+1806 ᠆ mongolian todo soft hyphen is a hyphen from the Mongolian Todo alphabet.
• U+1B78 ᭸ balinese musical symbol left-hand open pang
• U+2E0F ⸏ paragraphos is an Ancient Greek textual symbol, usually displayed by a long low line.
• U+3161 ㅡ hangul letter eu or U+1173 ᅳ hangul jungseong eu are Hangul letters used in Korean to denote the sound [ɯ].
• U+301C 〜 wave dash and U+3030 〰 wavy dash are wavy lines found in some East Asian character sets. Typographically, they have the width of one CJK character cell (fullwidth form), and follow the direction of the text, being horizontal for horizontal text, and vertical for columnar. They are used as dashes, and occasionally as emphatic variants of the katakana vowel extender mark.
• U+30FC ー katakana-hiragana prolonged sound mark, the Japanese chōonpu, is used in Japanese to indicate a long vowel.
• U+4E00 一 <cjk ideograph, first>, the Chinese character for "one", is used in various East Asian languages.
• U+A4FE ꓾ lisu^{[disambiguation needed File:Interlanguagelinks-asset-pencil-hover.gif]} punctuation comma looks like a sequence of a hyphen and a full stop.
• U+10110 𐄐 aegean number ten
• U+1104B 𑁋 brahmi punctuation line
• U+11052 𑁒 brahmi number one
• U+110BE 𑂾 kaithi section mark
• U+1D360 𝍠 counting rod unit digit one

Rendering dashes on computers[link]

Typewriters and early computers have traditionally had only a limited character set, often having no key that produces a dash. In consequence, it became common to substitute the nearest available punctuation mark or symbol. Em dashes are often represented in British usage by a single hyphen-minus surrounded by spaces, or in American usage by two hyphen-minuses surrounded by spaces.

Modern computer software typically has support for many more characters, and is usually capable of rendering both the en and em dashes correctly—albeit sometimes with an inconvenient input method. Some software, though, may operate in a more limited mode. Some text editors, for example, are restricted to working with a single 8-bit character encoding, and when unencodable characters are entered—for example by pasting from the clipboard—they are often blindly converted to question marks. Sometimes this happens to em and en dashes, even when the 8-bit encoding supports them, or when an alternative representation using hyphen-minuses is an option.

Any kind of dash can be used directly in an HTML document, but HTML also lets them be entered using character references. The em dash and the en dash are special in that they can be written using character entity references as — and –, respectively.

• In GNU/Linux, under recent versions of GTK+, there are various methods of producing these dashes. For em dashes, one may use the compose key followed by three presses of the hyphen character. For en dashes, one may press the compose key followed by two hyphens and a period. For all dashes, one may press and hold ctrl and shift and then press u (and release them all) after which an underlined 'u' appears. Then, type the Unicode number (i.e., 2015) for the appropriate dash and press enter or the space bar. Also, other keys may be remapped to create dashes.
• In Mac OS X using the Australian, British, Canadian, German, Irish, Irish Extended, Italian, Pro Italian, Russian, US, US Extended, or Welsh keyboard layout, an en dash can be obtained by typing ⌥ Opt+-, while an em dash can be typed with ⌥ Opt+⇧ Shift+-.
• In TeX, an em dash (—) is typed as three hyphen‐minuses (---), an en dash (–) as two hyphen‐minuses (--), and a hyphen (‐) as one hyphen‐minus (-). Mathematical minus (−) is signified as $-$ or \(-\).^[29]
• On Plan 9 systems, an en or em dash may be entered by pressing the Compose key (usually left Alt), followed by typing en or em respectively.
• In Microsoft Windows running on a computer whose keyboard has a numeric keypad, an en or em dash may be typed into most text areas by using their respective Alt code by holding down the Alt key and pressing either 0150 or 0151. The numbers must be typed on the numeric keypad with Num Lock enabled. In addition, the Character Map utility included with MS Windows can be used to copy and paste en and em dash characters into most applications—along with accented letters and other non-English language characters. It can normally be found in the System Tools folder, or the Accessories folder on MS Windows Vista. Character Map can also be opened by typing charmap in the run command box.
• In Microsoft Word running on a computer whose keyboard has a numeric keypad, an em dash can be typed with ctrl + alt + numeric hyphen (on the numeric keypad, usually in the top-right corner), and an en dash can be typed with ctrl + numeric hyphen. This doesn't work with the hyphen key on the main keyboard (usually between "0" and "="), which has completely different functions. With Microsoft Word's default settings, in both Windows and Macintosh versions, an em dash symbol, which is not always a true em dash from the font, is automatically produced by Autocorrect when two unspaced hyphens are entered between words ("word--word"). An en dash, which again is not always a true en dash from the font, is automatically produced when one or two hyphens surrounded by spaces are entered: ("word - word") or ("word -- word"). This feature can be disabled by customizing Autocorrect. Other dashes, spaces, and special characters are possible, found through the Tools menu. Unassigned symbols, such as the true minus sign, can be assigned keyboard shortcuts through the Insert menu. To determine if the true en or em dash from the font are being used rather than a cross-referenced character from the Symbol font, copy and paste samples of the dashes into a text editor such as Windows Notepad. Using the true dash is important if one ever needs to share documents with other users in other applications or operating systems.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Peter K. Sheerin, The trouble with EM 'n EN
• Dashes and Hyphens
• Colons, Semicolons, and Em-dashes
• Commonly confused characters
• MediaWiki User's Guide to creating special characters

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Emma Louise Hewitt (born in Geelong, Australia) is a singer-songwriter and trance vocalist who lives in Amsterdam.

Biography[link]

Hewitt was the lead singer of the Australian rock band Missing Hours, with whom she released the eponymous debut album in October 2008. The band that she formed with her brother Anthony is currently no longer active, because both now live in Europe and are now working as songwriters of electronic dance music.^[1]

Although Emma Hewitt had a musical background in rock music, she released her debut single in 2007 in the field of progressive house. "Carry Me Away" was a collaboration with British DJ Chris Lake. The single reached number 11 in the Spanish singles charts as well as number 12 in Finland.^[2] The single was a total of 50 weeks in the Billboard Hot Dance Airplay charts in the United States and reached number 1 in December 2007.

After the success of her first single, she has worked with several trance artists such as Cosmic Gate, Gareth Emery, Dash Berlin and Ronski Speed. The single "Waiting", which she published with Dash Berlin in 2009, was ranked 25th in the Belgian singles charts. In Armin van Buurens popular radio show A State of Trance the single was elected by the audience with 2109 votes to the second best song of the year 2009.^[3] At the International Dance Music Awards 2010 "Waiting" was awarded as best HiNRG/Euro Track. She was nominated twice in the category Best Trance Track with "Waiting" and "Not Enough Time".^[4]

Discography[link]

As Missing Hours

• Missing Hours (2008)

As Emma Hewitt

• Burn the Sky Down (18 May 2012)^[5]

Singles

• 2012: Colours
• 2012: Miss You Paradise

Collaborations

• 2007: Chris Lake feat. Emma Hewitt – Carry Me Away (Hot Dance Airplay #1, Global Dance Tracks #28)
• 2009: Cosmic Gate feat. Emma Hewitt – Not Enough Time
• 2009: Serge Devant feat. Emma Hewitt – Take Me With You
• 2009: Dash Berlin feat. Emma Hewitt – Waiting
• 2009: Amurai feat. Emma Hewitt – Crucify Yourself
• 2010: Ronski Speed pres. Sun Decade feat. Emma Hewitt – Lasting Light
• 2010: Marcus Schössow & Reeves feat. Emma Hewitt – Light
• 2010: Gareth Emery with Emma Hewitt – I Will Be the Same
• 2010: Lange feat. Emma Hewitt – Live Forever
• 2011: Dash Berlin feat. Emma Hewitt – Disarm Yourself
• 2011: Allure feat. Emma Hewitt – No Goodbyes
• 2011: Allure feat. Emma Hewitt – Stay Forever
• 2011: Micky Slim feat. Emma Hewitt - Tonight
• 2011: Cosmic Gate feat. Emma Hewitt - Be Your Sound
• 2011: Cosmic Gate feat. Emma Hewitt - Calm Down
• 2012: Dash Berlin feat. Emma Hewitt – Like Spinning Plates

External links[link]

• Official website
• Emma Hewitt discography at Discogs
• Emma Hewitt on Myspace

References[link]

1. ^ beatsmedia.com: Beatsmedia exclusively interviews Emma Hewitt. Accessed 23 October 2010.
2. ^ swisscharts.com: Chris Lake feat. Emma Hewitt - Carry Me Away. Accessed 23 March 2010.
3. ^ A State of Trance, Episode 436. Accessed 23 October 2010.
4. ^ 25th Annual International Dance Music Awards Nominees and Winners. Accessed 27 March 2010.
5. ^ Emma Hewitt Announces Debut Album, BURN THE SKY DOWN. Accessed 2 May 2012.

Jonathan Mendelsohn is the director of general election resources for the British Labour Party.^[1] He had previously been a spokesman and lobbyist for the gambling company PartyGaming.^[2] He is the former chairman of Labour Friends of Israel.^[1]

With Neal Lawson and Ben Lucas, he founded LLM Communications in 1997, a lobbying firm with notable access to the new Labour Government.^[3][4]

He had written to controversial Labour donor David Abrahams claiming he was one of Labour's "strongest supporters".^[5] In 1998 he was caught on tape along with Derek Draper boasting to Greg Palast, an undercover reporter posing as a businessman, about how they could sell access to government ministers and create tax breaks for their clients^[6] in a scandal that was dubbed "Lobbygate".^[7] Draper denied the allegations.^[8] In the same incident Mendelsohn was approached by an undercover journalist posing as a representative of American energy companies who were seeking to ignore environmental laws. Despite LLM's claim that "we believe that there will be a new breed of 'ethical winners' who will demonstrate that businesses no longer operate in a moral vacuum",^[9] Mendelsohn went on to advise the reporter to rephrase their plans into language that sounded "Earth-Friendly" going on to say "Tony [Blair] is very anxious to be seen as green. Everything has to be couched in environmental language - even if it's slightly Orwellian."^[10]

He donated money to the Peter Hain Labour Party deputy leadership campaign.^[11]

According to the Daily Telegraph, "Mr Mendelsohn is steeped in the north London Jewish community. He is a close friend of Lord Levy, who was at the heart of Labour’s cash for peerages affair."^[1]

He is married with four children. His wife, Nicola, was formerly deputy chairman of the advertising agency Grey London, he is also known to be well respected within his community and is generally a very liked man .^[1]

References[link]

Sarah Howells is a British singer-songwriter and trance vocalist. She is also one half of the folk/indie band Paper Aeroplanes.

Biography[link]

Howells set up her first band in West Wales when she was 10 years old, with friend Nia George. They later formed a four-piece band, JYLT, with two other school friends.^[1] JYLT was disbanded in 2004 when George died aged 21, from leukaemia.^[2]

She came to trance music by chance. When Lange, a DJ and record producer, moved to Cardiff and was looking for a female vocalist for his album Better Late Than Never, he met Howells, who lived there at the time.^[3][4] They together produced the single "Out of the Sky". The song became a trance hit and was remixed by Kyau & Albert, and Aly & Fila. Armin van Buuren picked the song for his year compilation A State of Trance 2008.^[5] Armin van Buuren also selected the song in his ASOT 500 broadcast.

After the success with her debut single, Howells worked with other trance musicians in 2009 such as First State, John O'Callaghan and Dash Berlin. Most successful was the single "Find Yourself", a collaboration with John O'Callaghan. The song made it on numerous compilations and the Cosmic Gate remix was also on the year compilation A State of Trance 2009.^[6] In 2010 two of her songs each appeared on the album Changing Lanes of First State and Harmonic Motion of Lange.^[7][8]

Howells main musical project, together with co-writer and producer Richard Llewellyn, also from Wales, is the band Paper Aeroplanes. Formed in 2008, they have had national radio airplay on BBC Radio 2 and BBC 6 Music as well as touring Germany with Ron Sexsmith and several releases since.^[9] They released their debut album The Day We Ran into the Sea in 2009.^[10]

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• 2009: The Day We Ran into the Sea (with Paper Aeroplanes)
• 2011: We Are Ghosts (with Paper Aeroplanes)
• 2011: A Comfortable Sleep EP (with Paper Aeroplanes)
• 2012: Queeph Joos (with Vexare)

Collaborations[link]

• 2008: Lange feat. Sarah Howells - "Out of the Sky"
• 2009: First State feat. Sarah Howells - "Brave"
• 2009: John O'Callaghan feat. Sarah Howells - "Find Yourself"
• 2009: Lange feat. Sarah Howells - "Let It All Out"
• 2009: Dash Berlin feat. Sarah Howells & Secede - "Believe in You"
• 2010: Lange feat. Sarah Howells - "Fireworks"
• 2011: Al Lewis - "In the Wake" (vocals and co-writing)
• 2011: First State feat. Sarah Howells - "Reverie"
• 2011: First State feat. Sarah Howells - "Skies on Fire"
• 2011: Daz Bailey feat. Sarah Howells - "In My Veins"
• 2011: tyDi feat. Sarah Howells - "Acting Crazy"
• 2012: Paper Aeroplanes - "Winter Never Comes" (Mark Eteson Remix)
• 2012: Vexare(a young dubstep music producer) feat. Sarah Howells - "Lanterns"
• 2012: Dash Berlin feat. Sarah Howells - "Go It Alone"

References[link]

External links[link]

• Sarah Howells on Myspace
• Sarah Howells discography at Discogs

Baek Ji-Young (Hangul: 백지영, born March 25, 1976) is a South Korean pop and ballad singer.

Career[link]

Baek began her music career in 1999, entering the Korean dance scene with her first album Sorrow. The first single, "선택" (Choice), was unusual in that it was one of the first Korean pop songs to feature Latin beats. However, this single proved to be popular and charted very well. She quickly followed this album with a second, Rouge, which came out in April 2000, selling 360,000 copies^[1] and cementing her status as one of Korea's most popular female dance artists.

Two years after the release of Tres, Baek released her fourth album Smile in September 2003. Although not a runaway success, it managed to sell a decent number of copies, placing 46th for the year.^[2] However, her real comeback occurred in 2006, when Baek released her fifth album Smile Again in March. "사랑 안해" (I Won't Love), her first single from the album, was a ballad, unlike the rest of her Latin-style singles. Although this was a significant change, it proved to be a very popular song, getting to the top spot on certain performance show charts. This change was not a permanent one, as there were many Latin/dance tracks on the album. In fact, the second single has seen Baek going back to her musical roots, as Ez Do Dance is a sexy Latin number. She performed this single until the end of summer 2006, at which point she finished promotional activities for the album. In November 2006, Baek won an award for "Best Female Solo Singer" from the MKMF Awards and was one of the candidates for the "Overseas Viewer" award as well.^[3]

On September 7, 2007, Baek's sixth album, The Sixth Miracle, was released, with the lead single "사랑 하나면 돼" ("I Only Need One Love"). She won an award for the album at the Seoul Music Awards in January 2008.^[4]

Baek underwent vocal cord surgery to remove a cyst some time in February 2008. Although there were fears that her singing voice may change, the fear of losing her voice entirely is what prompted her to go ahead with the operation.^[5]

After recuperating from her surgery, Baek returned with her seventh album, Sensibility, released on November 14, 2008. It was reported that she would come back with a dance single to showcase her strengthened voice,^[6] but instead came back with "총 맞은 것처럼" ("Like a Bullet Hit Me"), a mid-tempo ballad. The single hit #1 on various online music sites^[7] and hit #1 on Korean Broadcasting System's music program Music Bank.^[8]

On August 9, 2009, Baek signified her comeback by announcing a collaboration with 2PM member Taecyeon for the title track of her mini-album EGO called "내 귀에 캔디" ("My Ear Candy"). Unlike her previous songs, My Ear Candyis a pop-dance track that includes techno beats. They first performed the song on Kim Jung Eun's Chocolate, although the episode did not air until a week later after her official comeback on Music Core.

EGO was released on August 14, 2009. On October 13, 2009, she contributed to the original soundtrack of popular drama IRIS with a single "잊지 말아요" (Don't Forget).

On November 21, 2009, Baek won the Daesang at MNet Asian Music Awards for Best Female Solo Artist.

She collaborated with Mighty Mouth for their comeback single "사랑이 올까요" ("Will Love Come"), released on March 12, 2010 along with a music video. This is her second collaboration with the group, where she featured on their mini-album "Love Class" in the track "Miss U", released on August 6, 2009.

In 2012, Baek Ji Young announced her comeback with her first dance title track in three years. On May 7 she released a ballad from the mini album, entitled "Voice" featuring Gary from Leessang. On the 17th her "Good Boy" mini album was released, including the dance title track of the same name featuring Yong Jun Hyung of BEAST.

Controversy[link]

In 2000, a sex tape featuring Baek and her manager at the time, Kim Shi Won, leaked out into the internet community.

The video was recorded secretly in the hotel room without Baek's knowledge.^[9] and was later used to threaten Baek when she attempted to change her contracted manager at the peak of her career. The former manager, who fled to the U.S., is currently serving time in a Los Angeles jail for charges of sex with a minor, which he recorded on video.^[10]

Man of Korea, a rights groups for men, filed an injunction against the 2012 song "Good Boy" as the song "berates men". The group says that the older girlfriend "suggests that her boyfriend is as stupid as a dog and needs to be tamed...the way that the boyfriend talks back is likened to barking and biting the owner." ^[11]

Discography[link]

References[link]