The Honourable Umberto Bossi
Italian Minister of Federal Reforms
In office May 8, 2008 – November 16, 2011
Prime Minister	Silvio Berlusconi
Preceded by	Vannino Chiti
Italian Minister for Institutional Reforms and Devolution
In office June 11, 2001 – July 19, 2004
Prime Minister	Silvio Berlusconi
Preceded by	Antonio Maccanico
Succeeded by	Roberto Calderoli
Personal details
Born	(1941-09-19) 19 September 1941 (age 70) Cassano Magnago, Italy
Nationality	Italian
Political party	Lega Nord
Spouse(s)	Manuela Marrone

Umberto Bossi (born September 19, 1941) is an Italian politician, former leader of the Northern League, a party seeking autonomy or independence for Northern Italy or Padania. He is married to Manuela Marrone^[1] and has four sons (one of which was from his first wife).

Birth and education[link]

Umberto Bossi was born in 1941 in Cassano Magnago, in the province of Varese, Lombardy. He graduated from scientific high school (liceo scientifico) and later began studying medicine at the University of Pavia, though he did not get a degree. While there, in February 1979 he met Bruno Salvadori, leader of the Valdotanian Union.

Politics[link]

See also: Ideology of the Northern League

Before becoming a politician, Bossi was a sympathiser of the Italian Communist Party in his early years. After the death of Salvadori in a car accident during the summer of 1980, Bossi began focusing more on Lombardy. After two years, the autonomist Lega Lombarda was born. In that period Bossi met his second wife, Manuela Marrone.

The Lega Lombarda would later seek alliances with similar movements in Veneto and Piedmont, forming the Northern League, of which he is still the federal secretary. He became the undisputed and unchallenged leader of the party, a position that he has maintained to this day, even after a serious stroke.

When the scandals of Tangentopoli were unveiled from 1992 on, Bossi rode the wave, presenting himself as the new man in politics, and set out to sweep away corruption and incompetence. Bossi himself, however, received an eight-month suspended prison sentence, along with Lega Nord's treasurer at the time of the events Alessandro Patelli, for receiving a 200-million lire bribe in a trial that also convicted many of the politicians he routinely attacked, such as Bettino Craxi, Arnaldo Forlani and others.^[2] Bossi's sentence was upheld on appeal.^[3]

In 1998, Bossi received a one-year suspended prison sentence for incitement of violence after he uttered the following sentence at a Lega Nord meeting: "We must hunt down these rascals [neo-fascists], and if they take votes from us, then let's comb the area house by house, because we kicked the fascists out of here once before after the war."^[4]

While being Reforms minister in 2003 Bossi ordered the Navy to fire live rounds on boats holding illegal immigrants, stating "After the second or third warning, bang... we fire the cannon". [1]

Bossi was critical of the European Union, and once described it as a "nest of communist bankers".^[5]

Bossi gave his last two sons unusual, politically charged names: "Roberto Libertà" (libertà means freedom, and it is a feminine noun in Italian) and "Eridano Sirio" (Eridano being the name of an ancient god of the Po river). The other son, Renzo, became the center of a controversy when, on May 2012, it was identified as the holder of a degree issued by a private Albanian university. Renzo Bossi apparently graduated within one year instead of three (although previously it took to him three years to pass the high school maturity exam), "gave" all the exams in Albanian (a language he does not master), without visiting Albania even once (according to the Albanian border police system). Both Italian and Albanian prosecution offices investigated the case.

Institutional experience[link]

Bossi began his institutional career in 1987 as the only senator of the Lega Nord, of which he was the leader. He was then given the nickname Senatur (pron. [sena'tu:r]), senator in Lombard, which stuck even when he was later elected as a MP in the Italian Chamber of Deputies.

He was instrumental in the unexpected victory of Silvio Berlusconi's coalition in 1994, but he broke the alliance after just a few months, with the first Berlusconi cabinet collapsing before Christmas 1994.

Bossi agreed to return to an alliance with Berlusconi, which ultimately led to the (this time, easily predicted) 2001 electoral victory.

He then served in Silvio Berlusconi's second cabinet as Reforms Minister. However, after suffering a stroke on March 11, 2004, which seriously impaired his speech, he quit on July 19, 2004 to take up a seat as a member of the European Parliament, where he registered an attendance to 9 per cent of the plenary sessions in his last mandate.^[6] Bossi later slowly returned to active politics.

Return to political activity[link]

On 11 January 2005 Bossi appeared on the political scene at the last house of the Lombard federalist politician Carlo Cattaneo at Lugano after 306 days from the accident. During that day, he met the Minister of Economy Giulio Tremonti (Forza Italia) with whom he constituted the political agreement called the "Alliance of the North" (Asse del Nord). He also met a representative of the Lega dei Ticinesi, a Swiss localist Movement led by the Luganese enterpreneur Giuliano Bignasca. During his speech Bossi spoke against the "Europe of Masons".

During the national elections of 2006 he signed a political agreement with "Movimento per l'Autonomia" of the Sicilian politician Raffaele Lombardo.

On 17 September 2006 he returned in Venice for the 10th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence of Padania. He declarated that the Parliament of the North must be opened again.

On 2 February 2007, in Vicenza, he officially opened the first monthly meeting of the Parliament of the North.^{[citation needed]} In the 2000 year, Umberto Bossi and Lega Nord have abandoned the idea of independence for Padania, proposed in 1996.

In September 2007, Bossi accepted an invitation by Father Florian Abrahamowicz to his celebration of a Tridentine Mass and said there were affinities between the Lega Nord and the followers of Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre.^[7] Father Abrahamowicz is seen as unofficial chaplain of the party.^[8]

Fourth Berlusconi cabinet[link]

On May 8, 2008, he became Minister for Institutional Reforms again, in Silvio Berlusconi's fourth cabinet. He held the position until November 16, 2011.

Resignation as leader of Lega Nord[link]

On April 5, 2012, when news broke of the alleged appropriation of party funds for the private affairs of his family, Umberto Bossi resigned as Lega Nord's federal secretary. Italian prosecutors have alleged that Bossi used the money earmarked for his party on his house renovations and on favours for his family.^[9] Following the resignation, the Lega Nord instantly gave him the honorary position of party President.^[5] Leadership of the Lega Nord is currently entrusted to a so-called "triumvirate" composed by Roberto Maroni, Roberto Calderoli and Manuela Dal Lago.

Interviews[link]

• "An Interview with Umberto Bossi". TELOS 109 (Fall 1996). New York: Telos Press

See also[link]

• Padania
• Lega Nord

References[link]

Umberto Bossi v t e Berlusconi II Cabinet (2001–2005) Berlusconi | Fini | Follini | La Loggia | Pisanu | Scajola | Frattini | Mazzella | Baccini | Stanca | Tremaglia | Prestigiacomo | Buttiglione | Bossi | Calderoli | Giovanardi | Ruggiero | Castelli | Tremonti | Siniscalco | Marzano | Moratti | Maroni | Martino | Alemanno | Lunardi | Sirchia | Urbani | Gasparri | Matteoli  v t e Berlusconi IV Cabinet (2008–2011) Berlusconi | Tremonti | Maroni | Alfano | Palma | Frattini | Sacconi | Fazio | Gelmini | La Russa | Scajola | Romani | Zaia | Romano | Prestigiacomo | Matteoli | Bondi | Galan | Bossi | Ronchi | Bernini | Vito | Brunetta | Calderoli | Fitto | Meloni | Carfagna | Rotondi | Brambilla | Brancher  v t e Leaders of Lega Nord Federal Secretary Umberto Bossi (1991–2012) Federal President Franco Rocchetta (1991–1994) Stefano Stefani (1995–2002) Luciano Gasperini (2002–2005) Angelo Alessandri (2005–2012) Umberto Bossi (2012–present) Chamber of Deputies Marco Formentini (1992–1994) Pierluigi Petrini (1994–1995) Vito Gnutti (1995–1996) Domenico Comino (1996–1999) Giancarlo Pagliarini (1999–2001) Alessandro Cè (2001–2005) Andrea Gibelli (2005–2006) Roberto Maroni (2006–2008) Roberto Cota (2008–2010) Marco Reguzzoni (2010–2012) Gianpaolo Dozzo (2012–present) Senate Francesco Speroni (1992–1994) Francesco Tabladini (1994–1996) Francesco Speroni (1996–1999) Luciano Gasperini (1999–2000) Roberto Castelli (2000–2001) Francesco Moro (2001–2004) Ettore Pirovano (2004–2006) Roberto Castelli (2006–2008) Federico Bricolo (2008–present) European Parliament Francesco Speroni (1989–1992) Luigi Moretti (1992–1999) Francesco Speroni (1999–2004) Mario Borghezio (2004–2009) Francesco Speroni (2009–present)

External links[link]

• Official biography from the Web site of Lega Nord. (Italian)
• The League, Bossi and what comes after, biography of Bossi and storyline of the League by the conservative magazine Ideazione. (Italian)
• Padanian poker's last hand, biography by the left-wing newspaper L'Unità. (Italian)

Corrado Guzzanti
Born	May 17, 1965 Rome
Nationality	Italian
Occupation	Actor, director, writer and satirist

Guzzanti and the cast of Fascisti su marte.

Corrado Guzzanti (born May 17, 1965) is an Italian actor, director, writer and satirist. He has been described as "the most interesting satirical author and actor today"^[1] and "among the comedians best loved by the Italian public."^[2]

Biography[link]

Born in Rome, he is the son of journalist and Senator Paolo Guzzanti, great-nephew of former Minister of Health Elio Guzzanti, and brother of Sabina and Caterina, both also Italian television personalities and satirical actresses.

After beginning his career as writer for his sister Sabina, he debuted with roles for himself in Avanzi, hosted by Serena Dandini, with whom he collaborated in almost all his subsequent TV shows. These include Tunnel, Maddecheaò, Pippo Chennedy Show and L'ottavo nano.

He is famous for his corrosive imitations of Italian politicians and personalities: an incomplete list include Emilio Fede, Antonello Venditti, Francesco Rutelli, Romano Prodi, Fausto Bertinotti, Gianfranco Funari, Gianni Baget Bozzo, Giulio Tremonti and many others. He has also notoriously sent up Berlusconi's lauding of "freedom," which he and other critics of the Prime Minister view cynically, in a sketch in which he urinated on a couch.^[3][4]

Guzzanti has also created characters of his own, including avantgarde cinema director Rokko Smithersons (who appeared more like a leather-clad biker); Quelo, a comedic version of a new age guru with a number of catchphrases; Vulvia, the linkwoman of the Discovery Channel-like Re-Educational Channel; Lorenzo, a spoof of the "typical" late 1980s teenager, obsessed with Mtv, heavy metal, playing football and getting stoned; and the poet Brunello Robertetti, a satire of a typical Italian selfish and pseudo-profound intellectual. His latest character is Don Florestano Pizzarro, a powerful priest, in 2008.

In 2006 he debuted as movie director with Fascisti su Marte ("Fascists on Mars"), which features an anachronistic and heavily satirical plot about a group of Fascist militiamen attempting to colonize Mars (the red Bolshevik planet) during the Fascist era.

References[link]

External links[link]

Media related to Corrado Guzzanti at Wikimedia Commons

• Homepage (Currently offline)
• Fascisti su Marte at the Internet Movie Database

Roberto Benigni
Benigni receiving a prize, February 2006
Born	Roberto Remigio Benigni (1952-10-27) 27 October 1952 (age 59) Manciano, Castiglion Fiorentino, Italy
Spouse	Nicoletta Braschi (1991–present)

Roberto Remigio Benigni, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI^[1] (Italian pronunciation: [roˈbɛrto beˈniɲi];^[2] born 27 October 1952) is an Academy Award winning Italian actor, comedian, screenwriter and director of film, theatre and television.

Early years[link]

Benigni was born in Manciano La Misericordia (a frazione of Castiglion Fiorentino), Italy, the son of Isolina Papini, a fabric inspector, and Remigio Benigni, a bricklayer, carpenter, and farmer.^[3] He was raised Catholic and served as an altar boy.^[4][5] His first experiences as a theatre actor took place in 1971, in Prato. During that autumn he moved to Rome where he took part in some experimental theatre shows, some of which he also directed. In 1975, Benigni had his first theatrical success with Cioni Mario di Gaspare fu Giulia, written by Giuseppe Bertolucci.

Benigni became famous in Italy in the 1970s for a shocking TV series called Onda Libera, on RAI2, by Renzo Arbore, in which he interpreted the satirical piece "anthem of the nimble body" (L'inno del corpo sciolto, a hymn to defecation).^{[citation needed]} A great scandal for the time, the series was suspended due to censorship. His first film was 1977's Berlinguer ti voglio bene, also by Bertolucci.

Afterwards, he appeared during a public political demonstration by the Italian Communist Party, with which he was a sympathiser, and on this occasion he lifted and cradled the national leader Enrico Berlinguer, a very serious figure. It was an unprecedented act, given that until that moment Italian politicians were proverbially serious and formal. It represented a breaking point, after which politicians experimented with newer habits and "public manners", attended fewer formal events and, generally speaking, modified their lifestyle in order to exhibit a more popular behaviour. Benigni was censored again in the 1980s for calling the Pope John Paul II something impolite during an important live TV show ("Wojtylaccio", meaning "Bad Wojtyla" in Italian).

His popularity increased with L'altra domenica (1976/9), another TV show by Arbore in which Benigni portrays a lazy film critic who never watches the films he's asked to review. Then Bernardo Bertolucci cast him in a small speechless role as a window upholsterer in the film La Luna which evaded American distribution due to its subject matter.

1980s[link]

In 1980 he met Cesenate actress Nicoletta Braschi, who was to become his wife and who has starred in most of the films he directed.

Benigni's first film as director was Tu mi turbi (You upset me, 1983). This film was also his first collaboration with Nicoletta Braschi.

In 1984, he played in Non ci resta che piangere ("Nothing left to do but cry") with the very popular comic actor Massimo Troisi. The story was a fable in which the protagonists are suddenly thrown back in time to the 15th century, just a little before 1492. They start looking for Columbus in order to stop him from discovering the Americas (although for very personal love reasons), but are not able to reach him.

Benigni in America and his collaboration with Cerami[link]

Beginning in 1986, Benigni starred in three films by American director Jim Jarmusch. In Down By Law (1986) (which in Italy had its title spelled "Daunbailò", in Italian phonetics) he played Bob, the innocent abroad, convicted for manslaughter, whose irrepressible good humour and optimism help him escape and find love (also starring Braschi as his beloved.) In Night on Earth, (1991) he plays a cabbie in Rome, causing his passenger, a priest, great discomfort and a heart attack by confessing his bizarre sexual experiences. Later, he also starred in the first of Jarmusch's series of short films, Coffee and Cigarettes (2003).

In 1990, he was a member of the Jury at the 40th Berlin International Film Festival.^[6]

In 1993, he starred in Son of the Pink Panther, directed by veteran Blake Edwards. There, he played Peter Sellers' Inspector Clouseau's illegitimate son who is assigned to save the Princess of Lugash. The film bombed in the US, but was a hit in Italy, his home country.

A serious role was in Federico Fellini's last film, La voce della luna (1989). In earlier years Benigni had started a long-lasting collaboration with screenwriter Vincenzo Cerami, for a series of films which scored great success in Italy: Il piccolo diavolo ("The little devil", with Walter Matthau), Johnny Stecchino ("Johnny Toothpick"), and Il mostro ("The Monster").

[edit] Life Is Beautiful and beyond

Benigni and wife Nicoletta Braschi at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival.

Benigni is probably best known outside Italy for his 1997 tragicomedy Life Is Beautiful (La vita è bella), filmed in Arezzo, also written by Cerami. The film is about an Italian Jewish man who tries to protect his son's innocence during his internment at a Nazi concentration camp, by telling him that the Holocaust is an elaborate game and he must adhere very carefully to the rules to win. Benigni's father had spent three years in a concentration camp in Bergen-Belsen,^[7] and La vita è bella is based in part on his father's experiences. Although the story and presentation of the film had been discussed during production with different Jewish groups to limit the offense it might cause, the film was attacked by many critics who accused it of presenting the Holocaust without much suffering, and some who considered that "laughing at everything" was not remotely appropriate, let alone credible. More favorable critics praised Benigni's artistic daring and skill to create a sensitive comedy involving the tragedy, a challenge that Charles Chaplin confessed he would not have done with The Great Dictator had he been aware of the horrors of the Holocaust.

In 1998, the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards. At the 1999 ceremony Benigni received the award for Best Actor (the first for a male performer in a non-English-speaking role, and only the third overall acting Oscar for non-English-speaking roles), the score by Nicola Piovani won Best Original Dramatic Score, and the film was awarded the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film, which Benigni accepted as the film's director.

Famously, in the midst of being so giddy with delight after Life Is Beautiful was announced as the Best Foreign Film, Benigni climbed over and then stood on the backs of the seats in front of him and applauded the audience before proceeding to the stage. And after winning his Best Actor Oscar later in the evening, he said in his acceptance speech, "There must be some terrible mistake, I used up all my English!" As well, to close his speech, Benigni quoted the closing lines of Dante's Divine Comedy, referencing "the love that moves the sun and all the stars." At the following year's ceremony, when he read the nominees for Best Actress (won by Hilary Swank for Boys Don't Cry), host Billy Crystal playfully appeared behind him with a large net to restrain Benigni if he got excessive with his antics again.

Benigni played one of the main characters in Asterix and Obelix vs Caesar as Detritus, a corrupted Roman tax collector who wants to kill Julius Caesar, thereby seizing control of the Roman Republic.

As a director, his 2002 film Pinocchio, one of the costliest films in Italian cinema, performed well in Italy, but it bombed in North America, with a 0% critics' score at Rotten Tomatoes. He was also named as the Worst Actor for his role as Pinocchio, in the 23rd Golden Raspberry Awards.

That same year, he gave a typically energetic and revealing interview to Canadian filmmaker Damian Pettigrew for Fellini: I'm a Born Liar (2002), a cinematic portrait of the maestro that was nominated for Best Documentary at the European Film Awards, Europe's equivalent of the Oscars. The film went on to win the prestigious Rockie Award for Best Arts Documentary at the Banff World Television Festival (2002) and the Coup de Coeur at the International Sunnyside of the Doc Marseille (2002).

In 2003, Benigni was honored by the National Italian American Foundation (NIAF), receiving the Foundation's NIAF Special Achievement Award in Entertainment.

Benigni's latest film is La tigre e la neve (The Tiger and the Snow, 2005), a love story set during the initial stage of the Iraq War.

On 15 October 2005, he performed an impromptu strip tease on Italy's most watched evening news program, removing his shirt and draping it over the newscaster's shoulders. Prior to removing his shirt, Benigni had already hijacked the opening credits of the news program, jumping behind the newscaster and announcing: "Berlusconi has resigned!" (Benigni is an outspoken critic of media tycoon and then former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi.) The previous day, he had led a crowd of thousands in Rome on Friday in protest at the center-right government's decision to cut state arts funding by 35 percent.

On 2 February 2007, he was awarded the degree of Doctor Honoris Causa by the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium. On 22 April 2008, the degree of Doctor Honoris Causa was conferred on him by the University of Malta, celebrated by a Settimana Dantesca including Benigni's first stage appearance at a university and the premiere of his performing with Dante scholar Robert Hollander.

Benigni has reportedly received offers to bring his Dante show to Broadway, all of which he has turned down.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] TuttoDante

Benigni is an improvisatory poet (poesia estemporanea is a form of art popularly followed and practiced in Tuscany), appreciated for his explanation and recitations of Dante's Divina Commedia by memory. He has reached over 45% Italian households with his lectures on the Divine Comedy.

During 2006 and 2007, Benigni had a lot of success touring Italy with his 90-minute "one man show" show TuttoDante ("Everything About Dante"). Combining current events and memories of his past narrated with an ironic tone, Benigni then begins a journey of poetry and passion through the world of the Divine Comedy.

TuttoDante has been performed in numerous Italian piazzas, arenas, and stadiums for a total of 130 shows, with an estimated audience of about one million spectators. Over 10 million more spectators watched the TV show, Il V° canto dell’Inferno ("The 5th of Hell"), broadcast by Rai Uno on 29 November 2007, with re-runs on Rai International.

Benigni began North American presentations of TuttoDante with an announcement that he learned English to bring the gift of Dante's work to English speakers. The English performance incorporates dialectic discussion of language and verse and is a celebration of modernity and the concept of human consciousness as created by language.

In 2009, Benigni brought "TuttoDante" to the United States with performances in San Francisco, Boston and Chicago. Following his U.S. premiere in San Francsico on May 26, 2009, Benigni was feted at a special reception held by the National Italian American Foundation (NIAF) in his honor.

Other media[link]

Roberto Benigni is also a singer-songwriter. Among his recorded performances are versions of Paolo Conte's songs.

Honorary degrees[link]

Besides receiving many film awards, Benigni has received many honorary degrees from many universities around the world.

• 1999 – Honorary Doctorate in Philosophy from the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.
• 2002 – Honorary Doctorate in Letters from the University of Bologna, Italy.
• 2003 – Honorary Degree in Psychology from the Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
• 2007 – Honorary Doctorate in Letters from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
• 2007 – Honorary Degree in Modern Philology from the University of Florence, Italy.
• 2008 – Honorary Doctorate in Letters from the University of Malta.
• 2008 – Honorary Degree in Communication Arts from the Touro University Rome, Zagarolo, Italy.
• 2012 – Honorary Degree in Modern Philology from the University of Calabria, Italy.
• 2012 – Honorary Doctorate in Letters from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.

Filmography (director)[link]

Filmography[link]

Books[link]

• E l'alluce fu... monologhi e gags (1996)

References[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Roberto Benigni

External links[link]

• Roberto Benigni – A Biography
• The Official Site of the Tour TuttoDante
• Roberto Benigni at the Internet Movie Database