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Abraham
![ABRAHAM LINCOLN: VAMPIRE HUNTER Trailer 2012 Movie - Official [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120823222658im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/6Eo766iZZ0c/0.jpg "Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter Trailer 2012 - Official movie trailer in HD - Benjamin Walker stars as Abraham Lincoln. President Lincoln's mother is killed by a supernatural creature, which fuels his passion to crush vampires and their slave-owning helpers. \"Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter\"...")
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- Abigail
- Abimelech
- Abraham
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- Abraham's Gate
- Abrahamic religions
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- Binding of Isaac
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- Book of Genesis
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- Eldad and Medad
- Eli (Bible)
- Eliezer
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Beersheba
Beersheba (, ''Be'er Sheva; ; ; , ''; ) is the largest city in the Negev desert of southern Israel. Often referred to as the "Capital of the Negev", it is the seventh-largest city in Israel with a population of 187,200.
http://wn.com/Beersheba -
Damascus
http://wn.com/Damascus -
Egypt
http://wn.com/Egypt -
Elam
Elam was an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. Elam was centered in the far west and the southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of Khuzestan and Ilam Province, as well as a small part of southern Iraq.
http://wn.com/Elam -
Golgotha
http://wn.com/Golgotha -
Hebron
Hebron (Arabic: ; Hebrew: , Standard Hebrew: , Tiberian: ), is located in the southern West Bank, 30 km (19 mi) south of Jerusalem. Nestling in the Judean Mountains, it lies 930 meters (3,050 ft) above sea level. It is the largest city in the West Bank and home to around 165,000 Palestinians, and over 500 Israeli settlers concentrated in and around the old quarter. The city is most notable for containing the traditional burial site of the biblical Patriarchs and Matriarchs and is therefore considered the second-holiest city in Judaism. The city is also venerated by Muslims as the burial place of the prophet Abraham. and was traditonally viewed as one of the "four holy cities of Islam."
http://wn.com/Hebron -
Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
http://wn.com/Iraq -
Israel
http://wn.com/Israel -
Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( , ; Arabic: , al-Quds Sharif, "The Holy Sanctuary") is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 763,800 residents over an area of . Located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea, modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the boundaries of the Old City.
http://wn.com/Jerusalem -
Jordan river
http://wn.com/Jordan_river -
Mecca
Mecca (), also spelled Makkah (occasionally 'Bakkah') (; Makkah and in full: transliterated Makkah Al Mukarramah ) is a city in Saudi Arabia, and the holiest meeting site in Islam, closely followed by Medina.
http://wn.com/Mecca -
Persian empire
http://wn.com/Persian_empire -
Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf, in Southwest Asia, is an extension of the Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Historically and commonly known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is also controversially referred to as the Arabian Gulf (by the Arab nations on the Arab side of the gulf) or simply The Gulf by most Arab states, and Gulf of Basra by Turkey, although none of the latter three terms is recognized internationally.
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Sodom and Gomorrah
http://wn.com/Sodom_and_Gomorrah -
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
http://wn.com/Turkey -
Ur
Ur (Sumerian:
http://wn.com/Ur -
Vatican City
http://wn.com/Vatican_City
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Aaron
http://wn.com/Aaron -
Abigail
Abigail () is a female name occurring in Biblical narratives in the Books of Samuel and in the Books of Chronicles. Abigal occurs once and is thought by the vast majority of scholars to be an alternate spelling of Abigail.
http://wn.com/Abigail -
Abimelech
Abimelech or Avimelech () was a common name of the Philistine kings.
http://wn.com/Abimelech -
Abraham
Abraham(originally known as Abram) (, , ', ', ) is the founding patriarch of the Israelites, Ishmaelites, Edomites, and the Midianites and kindred peoples, according to the book of Genesis.
http://wn.com/Abraham -
Abraham ibn Ezra
http://wn.com/Abraham_ibn_Ezra -
Adam
http://wn.com/Adam -
Adib Taherzadeh
http://wn.com/Adib_Taherzadeh -
Ahijah the Shilonite
According to the biblical Book of 1 Kings, Ahijah the Shilonite () was a prophet of Shiloh (; ) in the days of Rehoboam.
http://wn.com/Ahijah_the_Shilonite -
Albrecht Dürer
http://wn.com/Albrecht_Dürer -
Amminadab
Amminadab () was a minor character in the Book of Genesis.
http://wn.com/Amminadab -
Amos (prophet)
http://wn.com/Amos_(prophet) -
Amoz
Amoz (; "strong") was the father of the prophet Isaiah, mentioned in Isaiah 1:1 and 2:1, and in II Kings 19:2, 20; 20:1. Nothing else is known for certain about him.
http://wn.com/Amoz -
Arpachshad
Arpachshad or Arphaxad or Arphacsad ( ; ; "healer," "releaser") was one of the five sons of Shem, the son of Noah (Genesis 10:22, 24; 11:10-13; 1 Chron. 1:17-18). His brothers were Elam, Asshur, Lud and Aram; he is an ancestor of Abraham. He is said by Gen. 11:10 to have been born two years after the Flood, when Shem was 100.
http://wn.com/Arpachshad -
Balaam
http://wn.com/Balaam -
Baruch ben Neriah
Baruch ben Neriah (c. 6th century BCE) was the scribe, disciple, secretary, and devoted friend of the Biblical prophet Jeremiah. According to Josephus, he was a Jewish aristocrat, a son of Neriah and brother of Seraiah ben Neriah, chamberlain of King Zedekiah of Judah. Some sources identify him with Zoroaster.
http://wn.com/Baruch_ben_Neriah -
Beor (Bible)
http://wn.com/Beor_(Bible) -
Boaz
http://wn.com/Boaz -
Bob Dylan
http://wn.com/Bob_Dylan -
Buzi
For other uses, see Buzi (disambiguation)
http://wn.com/Buzi -
Cain and Abel
http://wn.com/Cain_and_Abel -
Caravaggio
http://wn.com/Caravaggio -
Chedorlaomer
http://wn.com/Chedorlaomer -
Claude Lorrain
http://wn.com/Claude_Lorrain -
Daniel
Daniel (, meaning "God is my judge") is the central protagonist of the Book of Daniel. According to the biblical book, at a young age Daniel was carried off to Babylon where he became famous for interpreting dreams and rose to become one of the most important figures in the court.
http://wn.com/Daniel -
David
David () was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel according to the Hebrew Bible. He is depicted as a righteous king, although not without fault, as well as an acclaimed warrior, musician and poet, traditionally credited for composing many of the psalms contained in the Book of Psalms.
http://wn.com/David -
David Rohl
David M. Rohl (born 12 September 1950) is a British Egyptologist and former director of the Institute for the Study of Interdisciplinary Sciences (ISIS) who from the 1980s has put forth several theories revising the chronology of Ancient Egypt and Israel to form a new chronology.
http://wn.com/David_Rohl -
Dieric Bouts
http://wn.com/Dieric_Bouts -
Donatello
http://wn.com/Donatello -
Eber
http://wn.com/Eber -
Eldad and Medad
Eldad and Medad are mentioned in the Book of Numbers, and are described as having prophesied among the Israelites, despite the fact that they had remained in the camp, while 70 elders had gone to the tabernacle outside the camp to receive the ability to prophecy from God. According to the narrative, Joshua asked Moses to forbid Eldad and Medad from prophecy, but Moses argued that it was a good thing that others could prophesy, and that ideally all the Israelites would prophesy.
http://wn.com/Eldad_and_Medad -
Elijah
http://wn.com/Elijah -
Elisha
http://wn.com/Elisha -
Esther
Esther (), born Hadassah, is the eponymous heroine of the Biblical Book of Esther.
http://wn.com/Esther -
Ezekiel
:This article is about the main speaker in the biblical Book of Ezekiel. For a summary and analysis of the book itself, see Book of Ezekiel.
http://wn.com/Ezekiel -
Gad (Bible prophet)
Gad was a seer or prophet in the Hebrew Bible. He was one of the personal prophets of King David of Israel and some of his writings are believed to be included in the Books of Samuel. He is first mentioned in telling David to return to the land of Judah.
http://wn.com/Gad_(Bible_prophet) -
Generations of Adam
"Generations of Adam" is a concept in in the Hebrew Bible. It is typically taken as name of Adam's line of descent going through Seth. Another view equates the generations of Adam with material about a second line of descent starting with Cain in Genesis 4, while Genesis 5 is taken as the "generations of Noah".
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Gustave Doré
http://wn.com/Gustave_Doré -
Habakkuk
http://wn.com/Habakkuk -
Hagar
Hagar can refer to:
http://wn.com/Hagar -
Hagar (Bible)
http://wn.com/Hagar_(Bible) -
Ham (son of Noah)
http://wn.com/Ham_(son_of_Noah) -
Hanani
The word Hanani () means "God has gratified me", or "God is gracious".
http://wn.com/Hanani -
Haran
http://wn.com/Haran -
Hezron
Hezron () is a name which occurs several times in the Hebrew Bible.
http://wn.com/Hezron -
Hosea
http://wn.com/Hosea -
Hud (prophet)
Hud () is the name of a Prophet of Islam. He is believed to have been sent to [[The eleventh sura of the Qur'an, Hud, is named after him, though the narrative of Hud comprises only a small portion of the sura, . Although Hud is, at times, identified with the patriarch Eber, his true Biblical identity remains uncertain.
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Huldah
Huldah was a prophetess mentioned briefly in , and . After the discovery of a book of the Law during renovations at Solomon's Temple, on the order of King Josiah, Hilkiah together with Ahikam, Acbor, Shaphan and Asaiah approach her to get the Lord's opinion.
http://wn.com/Huldah -
Iddo (prophet)
http://wn.com/Iddo_(prophet) -
Irad (Torah)
http://wn.com/Irad_(Torah) -
Isaac
Isaac (; , "he will laugh"; , ; , ; ; or ) as described in the Hebrew Bible, was the only son Abraham had with his wife Sarah, and was the father of Jacob and Esau. Isaac is one of the three patriarchs of the Jewish people. According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham was 100 years old when Isaac was born, and Sarah was beyond childbearing years.
http://wn.com/Isaac -
Isaiah
http://wn.com/Isaiah -
Ishmael
http://wn.com/Ishmael -
Islamic view of Lot
Lut or Lot (circa 1900 BC? ), () is a prophet mentioned in the Qur'an. He also appears in the Bible, but the Biblical stories of Lot are not entirely accepted within Islam.
http://wn.com/Islamic_view_of_Lot -
Islamic view of Noah
http://wn.com/Islamic_view_of_Noah -
Israelites
The Israelites were a people of the Ancient Near East who inhabited the Land of Israel. They are the ancestors of modern-day Jews. The term "Israelites" (or the Twelve Tribes or Children of Israel) means both a people, the descendants of the patriarch Jacob/Israel, and those who worship the god of the people Israel, regardless of ethnic origin. In the biblical history an Israelite can be:
http://wn.com/Israelites -
Jacob
Jacob (; , Standard ', Tiberian '; Septuagint '; '; "heel" or "leg-puller"), also later known as Israel (, Standard ', Tiberian '; Septuagint '; '; "persevere with God"), as described in the Hebrew Bible, was the third patriarch of the Jewish people whom God made a covenant with, and ancestor of the tribes of Israel, named after his descendants.
http://wn.com/Jacob -
Jahaziel
Jahaziel or Chaziel the Levite was a prophet in the Hebrew Bible. The name means "Beheld of God".
http://wn.com/Jahaziel -
James Tissot
James Jacques Joseph Tissot (15 October 1836 – 8 August 1902) was a French painter.
http://wn.com/James_Tissot -
James Ussher
http://wn.com/James_Ussher -
Jeduthun
Jeduthun - lauder; praising - the name of one or two men in the Bible.
http://wn.com/Jeduthun -
Jehu (Prophet)
http://wn.com/Jehu_(Prophet) -
Jeremiah
http://wn.com/Jeremiah -
Jesse
Jesse, Eshai or Yishai, (, meaning "God exists" or "God's gift"; Yessi; Iessai; ) is the father of the David, who became the king of the Israelites. His son David is sometimes called simply "Son of Jesse" (ben yishay).
http://wn.com/Jesse -
Jesus
http://wn.com/Jesus -
Jethro
Jethro can refer to:
http://wn.com/Jethro -
Jews
:For the Jewish way of life, including religion, law, culture, and philosophy, see Judaism. "Jew" redirects here; for other uses, see Jew (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Jews -
John the Baptist
http://wn.com/John_the_Baptist -
Jokshan
Jokshan ("an offense", "hardness", or "a knocking"); most probably Josephus' Jazar. According to the Bible he was the second son of Abraham and his concubine Keturah, whom he wed after the death of Sarah. Jokshan had five other brothers: Zimran, Medan, Midian, Ishbak and Shuah ; as well as two half brothers: Ishmael and Isaac.
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Jonah
http://wn.com/Jonah -
Joshua
http://wn.com/Joshua -
József Molnár
http://wn.com/József_Molnár -
Kenan
:
http://wn.com/Kenan -
Keturah
According to the Hebrew Bible, Keturah or Ketura () was the woman whom Abraham, the patriarch of the Israelites, married after the death of his wife, Sarah. Keturah bore Abraham six sons, Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah.
http://wn.com/Keturah -
Lamech
Lamech () () is a character in the genealogies of Adam in the Book of Genesis. One is the sixth generation descendant of Cain (Genesis 4:18); his father was named Methusael and he was responsible for the "Song of the Sword." He is also noted as the first polygamist mentioned in the Bible, taking two wives, Ada and Tselah. He is not to be confused with the Lamech in Genesis 5.
http://wn.com/Lamech -
Laurent de La Hire
http://wn.com/Laurent_de_La_Hire -
Lot (Bible)
Lot () is a character from the Hebrew bible, where he figures as the nephew of the patriarch Abraham, or Abram. He was the son of Abraham's brother Haran (Gen. 11:27). Abraham's brother Nahor became Lot's brother in law by marrying Milcah, Lot's sister.
http://wn.com/Lot_(Bible) -
Lot (Biblical)
http://wn.com/Lot_(Biblical) -
Mahalalel
http://wn.com/Mahalalel -
Malachi
Malachi, Malachias or '''Mal'achi''' () was a Jewish prophet in the Hebrew Bible.
http://wn.com/Malachi -
Mandaeism
http://wn.com/Mandaeism -
Marc Chagall
http://wn.com/Marc_Chagall -
Melchizedek
http://wn.com/Melchizedek -
Methuselah
Methuselah () is the oldest person whose age is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. Extra-biblical tradition records that he died on the 11th of Cheshvan of the year 1656 (Anno Mundi, after Creation), at the age of 969, seven days before the beginning of the Great Flood. According to Rashi on Genesis 7:4, The Holy One delayed the Flood specifically because of the seven days of mourning in honor of the righteous Methuselah. Methuselah was the son of Enoch and the grandfather of Noah.
http://wn.com/Methuselah -
Micah (prophet)
Micah the titular prophet of the Book of Micah, also called "The Morasthite". He is not the same as another prophet, Micaiah son of Imlah. He is counted among the minor prophets in the Tanakh (Old Testament).
http://wn.com/Micah_(prophet) -
Micaiah
Micaiah son of Imlah is a prophet in the Hebrew Bible. He is not the same as the titular prophet of the Book of Micah, also called "The Morasthite" to distinguish him from Micaiah. Today Micaiah is a rare name and it is still debated if it is unisex or for men only.
http://wn.com/Micaiah -
Miriam
Miriam () was the sister of Moses and Aaron, and the daughter of Amram and Jochebed. She appears first in the Book of Exodus in the Hebrew Bible.
http://wn.com/Miriam -
Mordecai
Mordecai or Mordechai (, IPA value: ) is one of the main personalities in the Book of Esther in the Hebrew Bible. He was the son of Jair, of the tribe of Benjamin.
http://wn.com/Mordecai -
Moses
http://wn.com/Moses -
Muhammad
http://wn.com/Muhammad -
Mírzá Mihdí
http://wn.com/Mírzá_Mihdí -
Nahmanides
http://wn.com/Nahmanides -
Nahshon
:This article is about the Biblical figure. For other uses, see Nahshon (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Nahshon -
Nahum
Nahum () was a minor prophet whose prophecy is recorded in the Hebrew Bible. His book comes in chronological order between Micah and Habakkuk in the Bible. He wrote about the end of the Assyrian Empire, and its capital city, Nineveh, in a vivid poetic style.
http://wn.com/Nahum -
Nathan (prophet)
:For other Biblical people with this name, see Nathan (given name).
http://wn.com/Nathan_(prophet) -
Noach (parsha)
:This article is about the Torah portion "Noach." For the Biblical figure, see Noah.
http://wn.com/Noach_(parsha) -
Noah
http://wn.com/Noah -
Obadiah
http://wn.com/Obadiah -
Patriarchs (Bible)
http://wn.com/Patriarchs_(Bible) -
Paul of Tarsus
http://wn.com/Paul_of_Tarsus -
Peleg
Peleg () is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as one of the two sons of Eber, an ancestor of the Israelites, according to the so-called "Table of Nations" in and . Peleg's son was Reu, born when Peleg was thirty, and he had other sons and daughters. According to the Hebrew Bible, Peleg lived to the age of 239 years. ()
http://wn.com/Peleg -
Perizzite
The Perizzites are a group of people mentioned many times in the bible as having lived in Canaan before the arrival of the Jews.
http://wn.com/Perizzite -
Pharaoh
http://wn.com/Pharaoh -
Phicol
Phicol, also spelled Phichol (KJV) or Phikol, (, meaning "great"; ) was a Philistine military leader.
http://wn.com/Phicol -
Philistia
http://wn.com/Philistia -
Philistine
http://wn.com/Philistine -
Phinehas
Phinehas, Phineas or Pinhas () was a Jewish High Priest, the grandson of Aaron, and son of Eleazar the High Priest (), who distinguished himself as a youth at Shittim by his zeal against the Heresy of Peor: the immorality with which the Moabites and Midianites had successfully tempted the people () to worship Baal-peor. He is commemorated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church on September 2.
http://wn.com/Phinehas -
Raphael
http://wn.com/Raphael -
Rashi
http://wn.com/Rashi -
Rembrandt
http://wn.com/Rembrandt -
Rembrandt van Rijn
http://wn.com/Rembrandt_van_Rijn -
Saleh
__NOTOC__
http://wn.com/Saleh -
Samuel
http://wn.com/Samuel -
Sarah
Sarah or Sara (; ; ; Arabic: ) was the wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac as described in the Hebrew Bible and the Quran. Her name was originally Sarai. According to Genesis 17:15 God changed her name to Sarah as part of a covenant with Yahweh after Hagar bore Abraham his son Ishmael.
http://wn.com/Sarah -
Seth
http://wn.com/Seth -
Shem
http://wn.com/Shem -
Shemaiah (prophet)
Shemaiah was a prophet in the reign of Rehoboam (I Kings 12:22-24). He is venerated as a saint in the liturgical calendar of the Eastern Orthodox Church on January 8.
http://wn.com/Shemaiah_(prophet) -
Shuah
http://wn.com/Shuah -
Solomon
http://wn.com/Solomon -
Steve Reich
http://wn.com/Steve_Reich -
Søren Kierkegaard
http://wn.com/Søren_Kierkegaard -
Terah
http://wn.com/Terah -
Tomás de Torquemada
http://wn.com/Tomás_de_Torquemada -
Tubal-cain
Tubalcain is a character mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, in . He was a descendant of Cain, the son of Lamech and Zillah, and the brother of Naamah.
http://wn.com/Tubal-cain -
Van Dyck
http://wn.com/Van_Dyck -
Wenceslaus Hollar
http://wn.com/Wenceslaus_Hollar -
Zechariah (priest)
http://wn.com/Zechariah_(priest) -
Zephaniah
Zephaniah or Tzfanya () is the name of several people in the Bible Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh. He is also called Sophonias as in the New Catholic Encyclopaedia and in ''Easton's [Bible] Dictionary''.
http://wn.com/Zephaniah -
Zimran
Zimran (), also known as Zambran. was according to the Hebrew Bible the first son of Abraham, the patriarch of the Israelites, and Keturah whom he wed after the death of Sarah. Zimran had five other brothers, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah.
http://wn.com/Zimran
Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012)
"Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012)" Actors
"Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012)" Director
Music: Irving Berlin
Lyrics: Irving Berlin
Premiere: 1942
Upon a February morn
A tiny baby boy was born
Abraham, Abraham
When he grew up this tiny babe
Folks all called him Honest Abe
Abraham, Abraham
In eighteen sixty, he became
The sixteenth president
And now he's in the hall of fame
A most respected gent
That's why we celebrate
This blessed February date
Abraham, Abraham
[2]
When black folks lived in slavery
Who was it set the darkie free?
Abraham, Abraham
When trouble came down from the shelf
Who's heart was bigger than himself?
Abraham, Abraham
The country's going to the dogs
They shouted loud and long
Then from a cabin made out of logs
The right man come along
And that is why we celebrate
This blessed February date
Abraham, Abraham
[3]
The U.S.A.'s united thanks
To one whose name was Nancy Hanks
Abraham, Abraham
She gave this land the finest son
Who ever went to Washington
Abraham, Abraham
Someone told him General Grant
Was drinking every night
He answered, "Go see if you can't
Get all my generals tight"
That's why we celebrate
This blessed February date
Abraham, Abraham
Thank the Lord for
Abraham
Abraham
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Ettevaatust juut
- Sitaks plekki
- Tantsi tantsi
- Abraham on nummi
- Lahutan meeli
- Minuga ei nussi
- Miski on lilla
- Mis teeb minust õnneliku
- Kõva
- Vot see on armastus
- Aitähh aitähh
- Presidendi kõne
- Magpie
- Stay Here
- What Gives With You
- City for Us
- Start the Song Backwards
- Blue for the Most
- For All the Times
- Heather
- Freedom's When
- On a Plane
- Ever So Slowly
- God
- Traditional Height
- Fools Day
- Back From the Freak
- The Answer
- Surge
- Come Live With Me
- Changed My Mind
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Abraham *Full Movie*
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 180:33
- Published: 29 Aug 2011
- Updated: 23 Aug 2012
Visual adaptation of the life of Abraham. based on the book of Genesis
http://wn.com/Abraham_*Full_Movie*
Bible Story Abraham Full Movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 180:33
- Published: 10 Dec 2011
- Updated: 23 Aug 2012
Abraham: THE KEY TO EFFORTLESS MANIFESTATION - Esther & Jerry Hicks
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:54
- Published: 14 Aug 2011
- Updated: 23 Aug 2012
Excerpted from Episode 3 of the Vortex of Attraction DVD Series, entitled "Effortless Manifestation". The 3-disc set was recorded at an Abraham-Hicks workshop in San Diego, California on September 19th, 2009. In this video clip, Abraham - Source Energy translated by Esther Hicks - explains the advantages of being in "The Vortex", the vibrational state of being that is a precursor to all that is, and the feeling place where all dreams and wishes are held for us. Abraham further explains that by aligning with your true Self - which is pure positive Source Energy - everything you feel becomes constant feedback about your proximity to your Vortex, and the Law of Attraction goes to work for you to produce effortless manifestations in your life that seem like good luck. To order the entire 3 1/2 hour program or any of the other episodes in the Vortex of Attraction DVD series, go to www.abraham-hickslawofattraction.com Esther & Jerry Hicks have been creating and distributing the Abraham material for nearly 25 years, and are the authors of numerous audio recordings, videos, and books based on the Teachings of Abraham. Their books routinely make the New York Times bestseller list. Esther explains that Abraham (no relation to the Biblical figure) is analogous to her "Inner Being" or "Soul", and that she has learned to translate impulses from this Non-Physical energy using her own vocabulary. For more information, please view our YouTube video entitled "Introduction to Abraham", or <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Abraham_THE_KEY_TO_EFFORTLESS_MANIFESTATION_Esther_Jerry_Hicks
Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Published: 25 Feb 2010
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
From the New York Times bestselling author of PRIDE AND PREJUDICE AND ZOMBIES comes the true history of our sixteenth president - Seth Grahame-Smith's ABRAHAM LINCOLN: VAMPIRE HUNTER. www.hachettebookgroup.com
http://wn.com/Abraham_Lincoln_Vampire_Hunter
Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter - Official Trailer (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:22
- Published: 13 Feb 2012
- Updated: 23 Aug 2012
www.joblo.com - "Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter" - Official Trailer Source Time Magazine - entertainment.time.com President Lincoln's mother is killed by a supernatural creature, which fuels his passion to crush vampires and their slave-owning helpers. Director: Timur Bekmambetov Writers: Seth Grahame-Smith (screenplay), Simon Kinberg (screenplay) Stars: Benjamin Walker, Rufus Sewell and Dominic Cooper In theatres: June 22, 2012 Copyright @ 20th Century Fox & Time Magazine (No copyright infringement is intended)
http://wn.com/Abraham_Lincoln_Vampire_Hunter_Official_Trailer_HD
~Abraham-Hicks~Setting Your Vibrational Tone
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:03
- Published: 05 Jan 2008
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
♥ Abraham Hicks ♥ Abraham explains the importance of deliberately setting your vibrational tone. ***************** We would focus on everything that mattered to us. It is so satisfying to hold a thought and to find the feeling place and then see the Universe conspire to help you receive it. Oh, co-creation at its best. -Abraham Excerpted from a workshop in Chicago, IL on Sunday, November 1st, 1998 Music-Adagio for Strings -Samuel Barber :) Abraham-Hicks AbrahamHicks Abraham Hicks Abraham Law of Attraction
http://wn.com/~Abraham-Hicks~Setting_Your_Vibrational_Tone
Abraham: RAMPAGE OF INVINCIBILITY - Esther & Jerry Hicks
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:37
- Published: 18 Sep 2007
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
From time to time in the weekly workshops, "Abraham" - interpreted by Esther Hicks - launches into "rampages", which are short energetic outpourings designed to assist in shifting energy on different subjects. This "Rampage of Invincibility" is from a workshop in June, 2007. Esther & Jerry Hicks are the authors of numerous books based on the Teachings of Abraham and their latest book, "Money and The Law of Attraction", reached #1 on the New York Times bestseller list. For over 20 years, Esther has translated blocks of thought from "Non-Physical Source Energy" - which she also identifies as her "Inner Being" or "Soul" - and who refer to themselves in the plural as "Abraham" (no relation to the Biblical figure). Esther doesn't use the word "channeling" to describe her process, but understands if others do. For more information, please view our YouTube video entitled "Abraham Explains Who They Are", or go to www.abraham-hicks.com and listen to the audio entitled "Introduction To Abraham". NOTE To watch this video in high quality and stereo, simply add "&fmt=18" to the end of the URL and refresh the page.
http://wn.com/Abraham_RAMPAGE_OF_INVINCIBILITY_Esther_Jerry_Hicks
Abraham: APPRECIATION VS. GRATITUDE - Esther & Jerry Hicks
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:42
- Published: 26 Nov 2007
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
Abraham, speaking through Esther Hicks explains why appreciation is so powerful in transforming our experience, as well as how we can cultivate appreciation, how we can use it, and why an emphasis on gratitude is less effective. Recorded at the November 11, 2007 Art of Allowing Workshop in Orlando, Florida. Esther & Jerry Hicks are the authors of numerous books based on the Teachings of Abraham and their latest book, "Money and The Law of Attraction", reached #1 on the New York Times bestseller list. For over 20 years, Esther has translated blocks of thought from "Non-Physical Source Energy" - which she also identifies as her "Inner Being" or "Soul" - and who refer to themselves in the plural as "Abraham" (no relation to the Biblical figure). Esther doesn't use the word "channeling" to describe her process, but understands if others do. For more information, please view our YouTube video entitled "Abraham Explains Who They Are", or go to www.abraham-hicks.com and listen to the audio entitled "Introduction To Abraham". NOTE To turn off and on video subtitles, click on UP arrow at the lower right hand corner of the video player then click on CC. To translate subtitles, mouse over the arrow to the left of the CC, select Translate Captions, and then scroll down to the language you prefer. YouTube currently offers more than 50 language options with more being added regularly. Also, to watch this video in high quality and stereo, simply add "&fmt=18" to the end of the URL and <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Abraham_APPRECIATION_VS_GRATITUDE_Esther_Jerry_Hicks
ABRAHAM LINCOLN: VAMPIRE HUNTER Trailer 2012 Movie - Official [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:21
- Published: 14 Feb 2012
- Updated: 23 Aug 2012
Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter Trailer 2012 - Official movie trailer in HD - Benjamin Walker stars as Abraham Lincoln. President Lincoln's mother is killed by a supernatural creature, which fuels his passion to crush vampires and their slave-owning helpers. "Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter"...
http://wn.com/ABRAHAM_LINCOLN_VAMPIRE_HUNTER_Trailer_2012_Movie_Official_HD_
Abraham: NO ACCIDENT IS ACCIDENTAL - Esther Hicks
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:46
- Published: 08 Feb 2012
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
The next Abraham LIVE workshop is in San Mateo, California on Saturday, February 18, 2012. You may attend in person, and have an opportunity to ask questions of Abraham directly, and you may also attend the seminar in real time from anywhere in the world via AbrahamLIVE on the Internet. For more information please go to: bit.ly In this week's video excerpt from the 1/28/12 workshop in Los Angeles, California, Abraham tells an amusing story of a seemingly random "accident" that happened to Esther, and that served to remind her that everything that we experience is a co-creation, that everything serves us, and that nothing is ever accidental. For a greater understanding of the work of Esther and Jerry Hicks, please view our YouTube video entitled "Introduction to Abraham" here: www.youtube.com or go to our YouTube channel main page and watch any of the dozens of videos posted. Also, you may go to our Abraham-Hicks website at www.abraham-hicks.com and listen to the free audio program entitled "Introduction to Abraham", or browse the wealth of other information also available on our website. NOTE: To turn off and on video subtitles, click on UP arrow at the lower right hand corner of the video player then click on CC. To translate subtitles, mouse over the arrow to the left of the CC, select Translate Captions, and then scroll down to the language you prefer.
http://wn.com/Abraham_NO_ACCIDENT_IS_ACCIDENTAL_Esther_Hicks
Abraham Lincoln
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 84:40
- Published: 24 Apr 2012
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
An episodic biography of the 16th President of the United States.
http://wn.com/Abraham_Lincoln
Abraham-Hicks Angels
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:03
- Published: 25 Feb 2008
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
Higher beings are intergrating with patientce for all of man-kind to feel the light of universal love. Here are just a few things they have to say.
http://wn.com/Abraham-Hicks_Angels
Abraham Lincoln
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Published: 03 Sep 2008
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
Video from the 2008 Republican National Convention
http://wn.com/Abraham_Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter - Music Trailer featuring "POWERLESS"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:04
- Published: 19 Jun 2012
- Updated: 23 Aug 2012
© 2012 WMG Music trailer for 'Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter' featuring our new song "POWERLESS" and clips from the film. 'Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter' is due to be released in the UK on 20th June. © 2012 WMG Download LIVING THINGS now on iTunes smarturl.it Listen to LIVING THINGS now exclusively on iTunes on your computer and iPad smarturl.it If not available on iTunes in your local country, that link will redirect you to your countries listening event.
http://wn.com/Abraham_Lincoln_Vampire_Hunter_Music_Trailer_featuring_POWERLESS
Abraham - Juudi tagasitulek
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Published: 17 Aug 2012
- Updated: 23 Aug 2012
www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Abraham_Juudi_tagasitulek
Abraham-Hicks - "Get Happy"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Published: 20 Sep 2009
- Updated: 20 Aug 2012
I loved this bit of the workshop. I don't think I have ever heard Abraham cuss before but it was extremely funny to me! :) www.discoveringpeace.com Ultimately, the message is to GET HAPPY! Track - "Focused on wanted, or unwanted?" Abraham-Hicks Workshop, Los Angeles, California 8/17/08 www.abraham-hickslawofattraction.com Background Music Funkorama - Kevin MacLeod www.incompetech.com
http://wn.com/Abraham-Hicks_Get_Happy
Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter Official Trailer #2 - (2012) Movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Published: 17 Mar 2012
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter Official Trailer #2 - (2012) Movie Subscribe to TRAILERS: bit.ly President Lincoln's mother is killed by a supernatural creature, which fuels his passion to crush vampires and their slave-owning helpers. Abraham Lincoln is reinvented as a vampire-killing president in this Timur Bekmambetov-directed action picture starring Benjamin Walker, Mary Elizabeth Winstead, Rufus Sewell, and Dominic Cooper. Pride and Prejudice and Zombies author Seth Grahame-Smith adapts his own book for 20th Century Fox. Tim Burton produces alongside Bekmambetov and Jim Lemley. "Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter" Vampire "Vampire Hunter" "Benjamin Walker" "Rufus Sewell" "Dominic Cooper" "Mary Elizabeth Winstead" "Anthony Mackie" "tim burton" "Timur Bekmambetov" "Seth Grahame-Smith" movieclips movie clips movieclipsDOTcom movieclipstrailers popuptrailer
http://wn.com/Abraham_Lincoln_Vampire_Hunter_Official_Trailer_2_2012_Movie
![Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter Official Trailer 3 [HD]: Benjamin Walker, Rufus Sewell & More](http://web.archive.org./web/20120823222658im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/MyGIlUnX5yI/0.jpg "Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter Official Trailer 3 [HD]: Benjamin Walker, Rufus Sewell & More")
Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter Official Trailer 3 [HD]: Benjamin Walker, Rufus Sewell & More
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:22
- Published: 28 May 2012
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
The third official trailer for 'Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter' starring Benjamin Walker (Abraham Lincoln), Rufus Sewell (Adam) and Dominic Cooper (Henry Sturgess). Directed by Timur Bekmambetov and produced by Tim Burton. For the full story read Deadline.com www.deadline.com
http://wn.com/Abraham_Lincoln_Vampire_Hunter_Official_Trailer_3_HD_Benjamin_Walker,_Rufus_Sewell_More
![Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter Red Band Trailer [HD]: Benjamin Walker, Rufus Sewell & Dominic Cooper](http://web.archive.org./web/20120823222658im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Vtgi55Yz-rE/0.jpg "Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter Red Band Trailer [HD]: Benjamin Walker, Rufus Sewell & Dominic Cooper")
Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter Red Band Trailer [HD]: Benjamin Walker, Rufus Sewell & Dominic Cooper
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Published: 24 May 2012
- Updated: 23 Aug 2012
The official red band trailer for 'Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter' starring Benjamin Walker (Abraham Lincoln), Rufus Sewell (Adam) and Dominic Cooper (Henry Sturgess). Directed by Timur Bekmambetov and produced by Tim Burton. For the full story read Deadline.com www.deadline.com
http://wn.com/Abraham_Lincoln_Vampire_Hunter_Red_Band_Trailer_HD_Benjamin_Walker,_Rufus_Sewell_Dominic_Cooper
sufjan stevens | ❝ abraham ❞
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Published: 02 Jan 2007
- Updated: 01 Aug 2012
Music video for sufjan stevens * abraham. If you like, check the video I responded to. It's my first filmproject for arts school.
http://wn.com/sufjan_stevens_|_❝_abraham_❞
Clutch - Abraham Lincoln
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:23
- Published: 11 Jun 2009
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
One of the best tracks off of their new album "Strange Cousins From The West." Pure class. (Not sure why there's an extra couple of minutes of silence, must have messed up in the editing. Oh well)
http://wn.com/Clutch_Abraham_Lincoln
9-Yr-Old College Prodigy: Tanishq Abraham
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:56
- Published: 02 Jul 2012
- Updated: 23 Aug 2012
In the premiere episode of PRODIGIES, THNKR introduces you to the incomparable Tanishq Abraham. At 8 years old, Tanishq contemplates the fate of the universe, attends college classes, and discovers super novae. Enter Tanishq's special world and join him on his quest for knowledge, while meeting the family and teachers who cultivate his genius. PRODIGIES is a bi-weekly series showcasing the youngest and brightest as they challenge themselves to reach new heights and the stories behind them. Photos of Tanishq are © Renee Byer/Sacramento Bee/ZUMA24.com www.ZUMA24.com Follow THNKR on Twitter: www.twitter.com Like us on Facebook: www.facebook.com Check out our Pinterest: pinterest.com
http://wn.com/9-Yr-Old_College_Prodigy_Tanishq_Abraham
Abraham-Hicks on Big Chunks of Money
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Published: 18 Jul 2010
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
Abraham-Hicks talks to a guest about lining up vibrationally with more money. From Mexico Cruise 2010. For more information on Abraham-Hicks, visit www.abraham-hicks.com
http://wn.com/Abraham-Hicks_on_Big_Chunks_of_Money
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WN / Bhaskar Mallick
WN / Bhaskar Mallick
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Creative Commons / IvoShandor
US Navy / MCS2 Colby K. Neal
US Navy / U.S. Navy photo Mass Communication Specialist Seaman Zachary S. Welch
US Navy / U.S. Navy photo Mass Communication Specialist Seaman Zachary S. Welch
US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Brian Morales
US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist Seaman Apprentice Joshua E. Walters
US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Christopher S. Johnson
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US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Will Tyndall
US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Will Tyndall
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US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist Seaman Apprentice Karolina A. Martinez
Photo: AP / Muhammed Muheisen
23 Aug 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Right after the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks against the Pentagon and World Trade Center, Charles Krauthammer-an extremely influential columnist and policy...
Photo: AP / Ronen Zvulun
22 Aug 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling In the midst of the scramble for Palestine, while the UN Special Committee on Palestine was still debating over trusteeship and trying to establish a...
Photo: UN / Bernardino Soares
22 Aug 2012
With respect to the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Secretary-General will use the opportunity to convey the clear concerns and expectations of the international community," UN spokesman Martin...
Photo: AP / Rodrigo Abd
22 Aug 2012
BEIRUT — Army shellings and shootings raged in at least three insurgency hot spots across Syria on Tuesday, including what anti-government activists described as the deadly bombardment of a cemetery...
Photo: AP / Muzaffar Salman
23 Aug 2012
Tweet David Cameron has joined with the US President in warning Syria that the use of chemical weapons in Syria or even a threat to deploy them would be "completely unacceptable". In a phone call the...
Photo: Creative Commons / rwoan
17 Aug 2012
LOS ANGELES (AP) - "The Avengers" are returning for a superhero sequel three years from now. Disney and its Marvel Studios unit announced Thursday that the follow-up to this year's biggest hit will...
Photo: AP / Bikas Das
07 Aug 2012
Mumbai, August 07: Actress-filmmaker Pooja Bhatt, who is elated over the success of her recently released movie ‘Jism 2’, has plans to take the franchise ahead with the third and fourth installment....
Photo: AP / Steve Helber
07 Aug 2012
DALE CITY, Va. (AP) — Gov. Bob McDonnell will be in northern Virginia to break ground on the region's latest large-scale road construction project. The state is kicking off construction on its...
'Teen Mom' star Farrah Abraham's new boyfriend, Jonathan Parra, works with Ryan Seacrest
23 Aug 2012
Zap2it
"Teen Mom" star Farrah Abraham has a new boyfriend -- and he works with Ryan Seacrest. When Farrah stopped by Seacrest's radio show Wednesday (Aug. 22) to promote her new memoir ("My Teenage Dream Ended"), she revealed that she...(size: 1.5Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics teen momFarrah AbrahamDatingNew ManmovingLos Angeles Advertisement “Teen Mom” star Farrah Abraham dumped Daniel on yesterday’s episode of the show because he didn’t show up at the hotel they were sharing. Farrah was apparently too pushy with an engagement and marriage after dating...(size: 6.8Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics teen momFarrah AbrahamNewscelebritiesBooks Advertisement “Teen Mom” Farrah Abraham has achieved what many authors never can, a spot on the New York Times best seller list. The MTV star’s book “My Teenage Dream Ended” is ranked at number eleven, Teen Mom News reported on August 23....(size: 6.3Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics teen momFarrah AbrahamRyan Seacrest Advertisement On the new season of Teen Mom, fans watched Farrah Abraham scare a guy away by talking about marriage too soon. However, she has reportedly found a new man and revealed on Wednesday that they have been talking for two months! His name...(size: 7.3Kb)
The Examiner
Tweet 0 Email Report Advertisement Photo 1 of 12 "Teen Mom" Maci Bookout and Farrah Abraham in New York City Credit: Astrid Stawiarz/Getty Images "Teen Mom" Maci Bookout and Farrah Abraham in New York City"Teen Mom" Maci Bookout and Farrah Abraham in New...(size: 5.0Kb)
‘Teen Mom’ Farrah Abraham reveals new boyfriend
23 Aug 2012
The Examiner
Related topics teen momFarrah AbrahamNewscelebrities Advertisement “Teen Mom” Farrah Abraham has a new boyfriend. The MTV star revealed on August 22 that she was dating a staff member of the Ryan Seacrest Radio Show, Teen Mom News reports. It seems that Farrah has moved on from former love Daniel...(size: 6.5Kb)
Sartorial makeover sparks protest - Buy fabric and stitch-from-school move irks KV parents PRIYA ABRAHAM ...
23 Aug 2012
The Telegraph India
Bhubaneswar, Aug. 22: Tension...(size: 0.2Kb)
Fallen Abraham ready to prove himself in Berlin
22 Aug 2012
France24
AFP - Fallen ex-world champion Arthur Abraham has said he will prove he still has a career in boxing by defeating current WBO super-middleweight title-holder Robert Stieglitz on Saturday. Abraham, the former IBF middleweight champion, has lost three of his last six fights since moving up a weight...(size: 2.1Kb)
This article is about the biblical Abraham. For other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation).
"Abram" and "Avram" redirect here. For other uses, see Abram (disambiguation) and Avram (disambiguation).
| Abraham | |
|---|---|
 Rembrandt, Sacrifice of Isaac, 1635 |
|
| Prophet, Seer, Father of Multitudes, First Hebrew Patriarch, Holy Forefather, Ḥanīf, Friend of God, Possessor of Power and Vision, Constructor of the Kaaba | |
| Born | Mesopotamia |
| Died | Canaan |
| Honored in | Judaism Christianity Islam Mandaeism Baha'i Faith |
| Influenced | Many Jews, Christians and Muslims |
Abraham (Hebrew: 
אַבְרָהָם (help·info), Modern: Avraham, Tiberian: ʼAḇrāhām, Ashkenazi Avrohom or Avruhom, Arabic: إبراهيم Ibrāhīm, Ge'ez: አብርሃም ʼAbrəham, Greek: Aβραάμ, Russian: Авраам), whose birth name was Abram, is the eponym of the Abrahamic religions, among which are Judaism, Christianity and Islam. According to both the Hebrew Bible[1] and the Qur'an, through his sons Ishmael and Isaac, Abraham is the forefather of many tribes, namely the Ishmaelites, Israelites, Midianites and Edomites.[1] Abraham was a descendant of Noah's son, Shem.[2][3] Christians believe that Jesus was a descendant of Abraham through Isaac, and Muslims believe that Muhammad was a descendant of Abraham through Ishmael.[4] Abraham is notable for his advocation and promotion of monotheism.[5]
Overview[link]
The Book of Genesis narrative that records the life of Abraham presents his role as one that could only be fulfilled through a monotheistic covenant established between him and God.[6] The Qur'an has stories about Abraham and his offspring that are similar to the Bible's.[7] In Islam, Abraham is recognised as a prophet, patriarch and messenger, archetype of the perfect Muslim, and reformer[8][9] of the Kaaba.[10]
Joseph Blenkinsopp writes that a common view among modern scholars is that the Genesis story of Abraham was not transmitted by oral traditions, but originated from literary circles of the 6th and 5th centuries BCE,[11] where it served to assure the Israelites in exile that despite the destruction of Jerusalem, the Temple and the Davidic kingship, Yahweh's dealings with their ancestors provided a historical foundation on which hope for the future could be built.[12] Abraham's association with Mamre and Hebron, in the south, in the territory of Jerusalem and Judah, suggests that this region was the original home of his cult.[13] Some oral traditions, however, may still hold an earlier history.[11]
About Abraham[link]
Etymology[link]
Abraham first appears in the Book of Genesis as Abram, until he is renamed by God in Genesis 17:5. The narrative indicates that abraham means “the father of a multitude" (Hebrew: ʼaḇ-hămôn goyim),[14] but although "ab-" means "father", "-hamon" is not the second element, and "-Raham" is not a word in Hebrew. Johann Friedrich Karl Keil suggested that there was once a word raham (רָהָם) in Hebrew that meant "multitude", on analogy with the Arabic ruhâm which does have this meaning, but no trace of "raham" has been found;[15] another possibility is that the first element should be abr-, which means "chief", but this yields a meaningless second element, "-aham". David Rohl suggests the name comes from the Akkadian "the father loves.[16]"
Chronology[link]
The standard Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible places Abraham's birth 1,948 years after the Creation, or 1948 AM (Anno Mundi, "Year of the World"). The two other major textual traditions have different dates, the translated Greek Septuagint putting it at 3312 AM and the Samaritan version of the Torah at 2247 AM. All three agree that he died at the age of 175.[17] There have been over two hundred attempts to match the biblical chronology to dates in history, two of the more influential being the traditional Jewish dates (Abraham lived 1812 BCE to 1637 BCE), and those of the 17th century Archbishop James Ussher (1976 BCE to 1801 BCE); but the most that can be said with some degree of certainty is that the standard Hebrew text of Genesis places Abraham in the earlier part of the second millennium BCE.[18]
Historicity and origins[link]
It is generally recognised by scholars that there is nothing in the Genesis stories that can be related to the history of Canaan of the early 2nd millennium: none of the kings mentioned are known, Abimelech could not have been a Philistine (they did not arrive until centuries later), Ur would not become known as "Ur of the Chaldeans" until the early 1st millennium, and Laban could not have been an Aramean, as the Arameans did not become an identifiable political entity until the 12th century.[19] Joseph Blenkinsopp, Emeritus Professor of Biblical Studies at the University of Notre Dame, notes that the past four or five decades have seen a growing consensus that the Genesis narrative of Abraham originated from literary circles of the 6th and 5th centuries BCE as a mirror of the situation facing the Jewish community under the Babylonian and early Persian empires.[11] Blenkinsopp describes two conclusions about Abraham that are widely held in biblical scholarship: the first is that, except in the triad "Abraham, Isaac and Jacob," he is not clearly and unambiguously attested in the Bible earlier than the Babylonian exile ; the second is that he became, in the Persian period, a model for those who would return from Babylon to Judah.[20] Beyond this the Abraham story (and those of Isaac and Jacob/Israel) served a theological purpose following the destruction of Jerusalem, the Temple and the Davidic kingship: despite the loss of these things, Yahweh's dealings with the ancestors provided a historical foundation on which hope for the future could be built.[12] There is basic agreement that his connection with Haran, Shechem and Bethel is secondary and originated when he became identified as the father of Jacob and ancestor of the northern tribes; his association with Mamre and Hebron, on the other hand (in the south, in the territory of Jerusalem and Judah), suggest that this region was the original home of his religion.[13]
Narrative in Genesis[link]
The life of Abraham is related in Genesis 11:26–25:10 of the Hebrew Bible.
Birth of Abram[link]
Terah, the tenth in descent from Noah, fathered Abram, Nahor and Haran, and Haran fathered Lot. Haran died in his native Ur of the Chaldees, and Abram married Sarai, who was barren. Terah, with Abram, Sarai and Lot, then departed for Canaan, but settled in a place named Haran, where Terah died at the age of 205. (Genesis 11:27–11:32)
Abram's calling[link]
God appeared to Abram and told him to depart. After settling in Haran, where his father Terah died, God then told Abram to leave his country and his father’s house for a land that He would show him, promising to make of him a great nation, bless him, make his name great, bless those who blessed him, and curse those who cursed him. (Genesis 12:1–3) Following God’s command, at age 75, Abram took his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and the wealth and persons that they had acquired, and traveled to Shechem in Canaan.
The Covenant between Abraham and God[link]
God appeared and said to Abram, "Leave your country, your people and your father's household and go to the land I will show you. I will make you into a great nation and I will bless you; I will make your name great, and you will be a blessing. I will bless those who bless you, and whoever curses you I will curse; and all peoples on earth will be blessed through you." So Abram left as he was told. He was seventy-five years old at the time. Later on through his travels God spoke to him again, saying that he was confirming their covenant. That it will be kept with Abraham and his descendants. In exchange for land for his family to flourish, every male among them shall be circumcised as a sign of the covenant.
Abram and Sarai[link]
There was a severe famine in the land of Canaan, so that Abram and Lot and their households, travelled south to Egypt. En route, Abram told his wife Sarai, to say that she was his sister, so that the Egyptians would not kill him. (Genesis 12:10–13) When they entered Egypt, the princes of Pharaoh praised Sarai's beauty to the Pharaoh, and she was taken into his palace, and Abram was given provisions: "oxen, and he asses, and menservants, and maidservants, and she asses, and camels." However, God afflicted the Pharaoh and his household with great plagues, (Genesis 12:14–17) and after discovering that Sarai was really Abram's wife, the Pharaoh wanted nothing to do with them. He demanded that he and his household leave immediately, along with all their goods. (Genesis 12:18–20)
Abram and Lot separate[link]
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Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict
When they came back to the Bethel and Hai area, Abram's and Lot's sizeable numbers of livestock occupied the same pastures ("and the Canaanite and the Perizzite dwelled then in the land.") This became a problem for the herdsmen who were assigned to each family’s cattle. The conflicts between herdsmen had become so troublesome that Abram graciously suggested that Lot choose a separate area, either on the left hand or on the right hand, that there be no conflict amongst "brethren". But Lot chose to go east to the plain of Jordan where the land was well watered everywhere as far as Zoar, and he dwelled in the cities of the plain toward Sodom. Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the plain of Mamre, where he built another altar to worship God. (Genesis 13:1–18)
Abram and Chedorlaomer[link]
Main article: Battle of the Vale of Siddim
During the rebellion of the Jordan River cities against Elam, (Genesis 14:1–9) Abram’s nephew, Lot, was taken prisoner along with his entire household by the invading Elamite forces. The Elamite army came to collect booty from the spoils of war, after having just defeated the King of Sodom’s armies. (Genesis 14:8–12) Lot and his family, at the time, were settled on the outskirts of the Kingdom of Sodom which made them a visible target. (Genesis 13:12)
One person that escaped capture came and told Abram what happened. Once Abram received this news, he immediately assembled 318 trained servants. Abram’s elite force headed north in pursuit of the Elamite army, who were already worn down from the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up with them at Dan, Abram devised a battle strategy plan by splitting his group into more than one unit, and launched a night raid. Not only were they able to free the captives, Abram’s unit chased and slaughtered the Elamite King Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north of Damascus. They freed Lot, his household, possessions, and recovered all of the goods from Sodom that were taken. (Genesis 14:13–16)
Upon Abram’s return, Sodom's King (whom we do not know since the previous king Bera of Sodom perished in Gen14:10) came out to meet with him in the Valley of Shaveh, the "king's dale". Also, Melchizedek king of Salem (Jerusalem), a priest of God Most High, brought out bread and wine and blessed Abram and God. Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of everything. The king of Sodom then offered to let Abram keep all the possessions if he would merely return his people. Though he released the captives, Abram refused any reward from the King of Sodom, other than the share his allies were entitled to. (Genesis 14:17–24)
Abrahamic covenant[link]
The word of God came to Abram in a vision and repeated the promise of the land and descendants as numerous as the stars. Abram and God made a covenant ceremony, and God told of the future bondage of Israel in Egypt. God described to Abram the land that his offspring would claim: "the land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaites, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites and Jebusites.” (Genesis 15)
Abram and Hagar[link]
See also: Hagar
Abram and Sarai were trying to make sense of how he would become a progenitor of nations since it had already been 10 years of living in Canaan, and still no child had been born from Abram's seed. Sarai then offered her Egyptian handmaid, Hagar, for Abram to consort with so that she may have a child by her, as a wife. Abram consented and had sexual intercourse with Hagar. The result of these actions created a fiery relationship between Hagar and Sarai. (Genesis 16:1–6)
After a harsh encounter with Sarai, Hagar fled toward Shur. En route, an angel of the Lord appeared to Hagar at the well of a spring. He instructed her to return to Sarai for she will bear a son who “shall be a wild ass of a man, his hand against everyone and everyone's hand against him, and he shall dwell over against all his kinsmen.” She was told to call her son: Ishmael. Hagar then referred to God as “El-roi”, meaning that she had gone on seeing after God saw her. From that day, the well was called Beer-lahai-roi. She then did as she was instructed by returning to Abram in order to have her child. Abram was eighty-six years of age when Ishmael was born. (Genesis 16:7–16)
Abraham and Sarah[link]
Genesis 17 records the inauguration of Abram into God’s covenant that was initiated thirteen years ago, as was stated in Genesis 15. Abram is now ninety-nine when God declares Abram’s new name: “Abraham, a father of many nations.” Abram then received the instructions for the inauguration rite into God’s covenant because the time was approaching for him to have a son by his wife, Sarai. The initiation rite was that in order to be part of this “great nation”, whether by bloodline or inducted, every male must be circumcised otherwise it was a breach of contract. Then God declared Sarai’s new name: “Sarah” and blessed her. Immediately after Abram’s encounter with his God, he had his entire household of men, including himself and Ishmael, circumcised. (Genesis 17:1–27)
Abraham's three visitors[link]
Not long afterward, during the heat of the day, Abraham had been sitting at the entrance of his tent by the terebinths of Mamre. He looked up and saw three men in the presence of God. Then he ran and bowed to the ground to welcome them. Abraham then offered to wash their feet and fetch them a morsel of bread of which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah’s tent to order cakes made from choice flour, then he ordered a servant-boy to prepare a choice calf. When all was prepared, he set curds, milk and the calf before them waiting on them, under a tree, as they ate. (Genesis 18:1–8)
One of the visitors told Abraham that upon his return next year, Sarah would have a son. While at the tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to herself about the prospect of having a child at their ages. The visitor inquired to Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child for her age as nothing is too hard for God. Frightened, Sarah denied laughing.
Abraham's plea[link]
Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah and Lot (Biblical)
After eating, Abraham and the three visitors got up. They walked over to the peak that overlooked the Cities of the Plain to discuss the fate of Sodom and Gomorrah for their detestable sins that were so great, it moved God to action. Because Abraham’s nephew was living in Sodom, God revealed plans to confirm and judge these cities. At this point, the two other visitors leave for Sodom. Then Abraham turned to the Lord and pleaded incrementally with Him (from fifty persons to less) that 'if there were at least ten righteous men found in the city, would not God spare the city?' For the sake of ten righteous people, God declared that he would not destroy the city. (Genesis 18:17–33)
When the two visitors got to Sodom to conduct their report, they planned on staying in the city square. However, Abraham’s nephew, Lot, met with them and strongly insisted that these two “men” stay at his house for the night. A rally of men stood outside of Lot’s home and demanded that they bring out his guests so that they may “know” them. However, Lot objected and offered his virgin daughters to the rally of men instead. They rejected that notion and sought to break Lot’s doors down to get to his male guests,[21] thus confirming the “outcry against Sodom and Gomorrah” and sealing their doom. (Genesis 19:12–13)
Early the next morning, Abraham awoke and went to the elevation that looked over the River Jordan plain, at the very spot where he stood before God, the day prior. From his vantage point, he saw what became of the cities of the plain as “dense smoke rising from the land, like smoke from a furnace.” (Genesis 19:27–29) This meant that there was not even ten righteous people in any of those cities. (Genesis 18:32)
Abraham and Abimelech[link]
Abraham settled between Kadesh and Shur in the land of the Philistines. While he was living in Gerar, Abraham openly claimed that Sarah was his sister. Upon discovering this news, King Abimelech had her brought to him. Later, God came to Abimelech in a dream and declared that taking her would result in death because she was a married woman. Abimelech had not laid hands on her, so he inquired if he would also slay a righteous nation, especially since Abraham had claimed that he and Sarah were siblings. In response, God told Abimelech that he did indeed have a blameless heart and that is why he continued to exist. However, should he not return the wife of Abraham back to him, God would surely destroy Abimelech and his entire household. Abimelech was informed that Abraham was a prophet who would pray for him.(Genesis 20:1–7)
Early next morning, Abimelech informed his servants of his dream and approached Abraham inquiring as to why he had brought such great guilt upon his kingdom. Abraham stated that he thought there was no fear of God in that place, and that they might kill him for his wife. Then Abraham defended what he had said as not being a lie at all: "And yet indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife." (Genesis 20:12) Abimelech returned Sarah to Abraham, and gave him gifts of sheep, oxen, and servants; and invited him to settle wherever he pleased in Abimelech’s lands. Further, Abimelech gave Abraham a thousand pieces of silver to serve as Sarah's vindication before all. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech and his household, since the LORD had stricken the women with infertility because of the taking of Sarah. (Genesis 20:8–18)
After living for some time in the land of the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, the chief of his troops, approached Abraham because of a dispute that resulted in a violent confrontation at a well. Abraham then reproached Abimelech due to his Philistine servant's aggressive attacks and the seizing of Abraham’s well. Abimelech claimed ignorance of the incident. Then Abraham offered a pact by providing sheep and oxen to Abimelech. Further, to attest that Abraham was the one who dug the well, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for proof. Because of this sworn oath, they called the place of this well: Beersheba. After Abimelech and Phicol headed back to Philistia, Abraham planted a grove in Beersheba and called upon "the name of the LORD, the everlasting God." (Genesis 21:22–34)
Birth of Isaac[link]
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Abraham and Ishmael[link]
Abraham was fond of his son Ishmael who had grown up to be fourteen years old when his son Isaac was born. However, with Sarah, things were never the same with Ishmael's mother Hagar, back in her life. Now that Sarah had finally borne her own child, she could no longer stand the sight of either Hagar or Ishmael. When the teenager was jesting around, Sarah told Abraham to send the two of them away. She declared that Ishmael would not share in Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was greatly distressed by his wife's words and sought the advice of his God. The Lord told Abraham not to be distressed but to do as his wife commanded. God reassured Abraham that "in Isaac shall seed be called to thee." (Genesis 21:12) He also said that Ishmael would make a nation, "because he is thy seed", too. (Genesis 21:9–13)
Early the next morning, Abraham brought Hagar and Ishmael out together. He gave her bread and water and sent them away. The two wandered the wilderness of Beersheba until her bottle of water was completely consumed. In a moment of despair, she burst in tears. The boy then called to God and upon hearing him, an angel of God confirmed to Hagar that he would become a great nation. A well of water then appeared so that it saved their lives. As the boy grew, he became a skilled archer living in the wilderness of Paran. Eventually his mother found a wife for Ishmael from her native country, the land of Egypt. (Genesis 21:14–21)
Abraham and Isaac[link]
Main article: Binding of Isaac
See also: Isaac#Binding of Isaac
At some point in Isaac's youth, Abraham was commanded by God to offer his son up as a sacrifice in the land of Moriah. The patriarch traveled three days until he came to the mount that God told him of. He commanded the servants to remain while he and Isaac proceeded alone into the mount. Isaac carrying the wood upon which he would be sacrificed. Along the way, Isaac asked his father where the animal for the burnt offering was, to which Abraham replied "God will provide himself a lamb for a burnt offering". Just as Abraham was about to sacrifice his son, he was interrupted by "the angel of the LORD", and he saw behind him a ram "caught in a thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of his son. For his obedience he received another promise of numerous descendants and abundant prosperity. After this event, Abraham went to Beersheba. (Genesis 22:1–19)
Later years[link]
Sarah, the only woman in the Hebrew scriptures whose age is stated,[22] was 127 years old when she died. Abraham buried her in the Cave of the Patriarchs (also called the Cave of Machpelah), near Hebron which he had purchased, along with the adjoining field, from Ephron the Hittite and laid her to rest in the cave. (Genesis 23:1–20)
After the death of Sarah, Abraham took another wife, a concubine named Keturah, who bare him six sons: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah. (Genesis 25:1–6)
Abraham lived 175 years, and "died in a good old age". The Bible says he was buried by his sons Isaac and Ishmael in the cave of Machpelah. (Genesis 25:7–10)
Narrative in the Qur'an[link]
Main article: Islamic views on Abraham
This is a summary of all the references to Abraham in the Qur'an
There are numerous references to Abraham in the Qur'an, including, twice, to the Scrolls of Abraham (87: 18–19; 53: 36–37); in the latter passage, it is mentioned that Abraham "fulfilled his commandments" (53: 37), a reference to all the trials that Abraham had succeeded in. In a whole series of chapters, the Qur'an relates how Abraham preached to his community as a youth and how he specifically told his father, named Azar in 6:74, to leave idol-worship and come to the worship of God (37: 83–98; 26: 69–89).[23] Some passages of the Qur'an, meanwhile, deal with the story of how God sent angels to Abraham with the announcement of the punishment to be imposed upon Lot's people in Sodom and Gomorrah (51: 24–34; 25: 51–60).[24] Other verses mention the near-sacrifice of Abraham's son (37: 100–111), whose name is not given but is presumed to be Ishmael as the following verses mention the birth of Isaac.[25] The Qur'an also repeatedly establishes Abraham's role as patriarch and mentions numerous important descendants who came through his lineage, including Isaac (25: 53), Jacob (29: 49)[26] and Ishmael (2: 132–133). In the later chapters of the Qur'an, Abraham's role becomes yet more prominent. The Qur'an mentions that Abraham and Ishmael were the reformers who set up the Kaaba in Mecca as a center of pilgrimage for monotheism (2: 124–141; 3: 65–68, 95–97).[27] The Qur'an consistently refers to Islam as the "religion of Abraham" (millat Ibrahim) (2: 135) and Abraham is given a title as Hanif (The Pure; 3: 67). The Qur'an also mentions Abraham as one whom God took as a friend (Khalil; 4: 125), hence Abraham's title in Islam, Khalil-Allah (Friend of God). The term is considered by some to be a derivation of the Patriarch's Hebrew title, Kal El (קל-אל), which means "voice of God".[28][29] Other instances in the Qur'an which are described in a concise manner are the rescue of Abraham from the fire into which he was thrown by his people (37: 97; 21: 68–70); his pleading for his father (28: 47); his quarrel with an unrighteous and powerful king (2: 58) and the miracle of the dead birds (2: 260).
All these events and more have been discussed with more details in Muslim tradition, and especially in the Stories of the Prophets and works of universal Islamic theology.[30] Certain episodes from the life of Abraham have been more heavily detailed in Islamic text, such as the arguments between Abraham and the evil king Nimrod, the near-sacrifice of his son, and the story of Hagar and Ishmael, which Muslims commemorate when performing pilgrimage in Mecca. In some cases, some believe these legends in Islamic text may have influenced later Jewish tradition.[31]
Abraham in religious traditions[link]
In Islamic and Jewish traditions, Abraham is referred to as "our Father" (Hebrew: Avraham Avinu, Arabic: abeena Ibraheem[32]).
In Jewish and Christian tradition, Abraham is the father of the Israelites through his son Isaac, whose mother was Sarah. His oldest son is Ishmael, whose mother is Hagar, Sarah’s Egyptian handmaiden.
In Islamic tradition, Abraham is considered a prophet of Islam, the ancestor of Muhammad, through his son Ishmael, whose mother is Hagar (هاجر).
Judaism[link]
Abraham’s life can be read in the weekly Torah reading portions, predominantly in the Parashot: Lech-Lecha ( לֶךְ-לְךָ ), Vayeira ( וַיֵּרָא ), Chayei Sarah ( חַיֵּי שָׂרָה ), and Toledot ( תּוֹלְדֹת )
Rabbinic Judaism faced a seeming contradiction with Abraham, in that he lived before the laws of the Torah had been revealed to Moses. Therefore, Abraham would not have been knowledgeable of all of the Torah's commandments, besides the instruction of practicing circumcision. The rabbis (traditional teachers and interpreters of the Torah), however, interpreted the narratives of the Torah in Genesis to say that Abraham had in fact known and practiced the Law in its entirety, although there are different interpretations as to how exactly Abraham practiced different aspects of the law.
Abram’s birthplace disputed[link]
See also: Noach (parsha)
11th and 12th century Rabbis Rashi and Abraham ibn Ezra agree that Abram’s native homeland was Ur Kaśdim, better known as Ur of the Chaldees, a Mesopotamian location settled by the descendants of Ham.[33] Some modern Jewish studies identify this location to be the same as the Sumerian city-state of Ur.[34][35] However, this Persian Gulf city in Iraq is only a candidate among others to be the actual Ur Kaśdim, as well as the most popularly debated one since 1927.[36] The city of Urfa (classical Urha <Ur of Haran) in Turkey, not too far from Haran also claims to the birthplace of the Patriarch. Urfa is famous for its monuments, pools and shrines associated with Patriarch Abraham.
Rabbi Nahmanides, known as the Ramban, was a medieval Jewish scholar of the 13th century who disagreed with Rashi and Ibn Ezra concerning Abram’s birthplace. The Ramban states that because Ur Kaśdim was settled by Ham’s descendants, this could not be Abram’s birthplace as he was a descendant of Shem. However, everyone does agree that Abram’s family under the headship of his father, Terach, had all lived in Ur Kaśdim before being called to move to Canaan.[33]
The three Rabbis also agree that Terach’s native homeland was Charan, the biblical place known as Haran in Genesis 11:31,32, where the House of Terach was located.[Gen.12:1][33] Since this settlement was established by Shem’s descendants, only Ramban assumed that Charan had to be Abram’s birthplace. He further concluded that Terach and his three sons eventually moved from Charan to Ur Kaśdim, and then later by God’s command, they headed to Canaan. Of course, they stopped back at Terach’s hometown of Charan, where the father stayed there rather than going to Canaan after all.[33]
Christianity[link]
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In the New Testament Abraham is mentioned prominently as a man of faith (see e.g. Hebrews 11), and the apostle Paul uses him as an example of salvation by faith, as the progenitor of the Christ (or Messiah) (see Galatians 3:16).
The New Testament also sees Abraham as an obedient man of God, and Abraham's interrupted attempt to offer up Isaac is seen as the supreme act of perfect faith in God. "By faith Abraham, when he was tested, offered up Isaac, and he who had received the promises offered up his only begotten son, of whom it was said, 'In Isaac your seed shall be called', concluding that God was able to raise him up, even from the dead, from which he also received him in a figurative sense." (Hebrews 11:17–19) The imagery of a father sacrificing his son is seen as a type of God the Father offering his Son on Golgotha.
The traditional view in Christianity is that the chief promise made to Abraham in Genesis 12 is that through Abraham's seed all the people of earth would be blessed. Notwithstanding this, John the Baptist specifically taught that merely being of Abraham's seed was no guarantee of salvation.[37] The promise in Genesis is considered to have been fulfilled through Abraham's seed, Jesus. It is also a consequence of this promise that Christianity is open to people of all races and not limited to Jews.[citation needed]
The Roman Catholic Church calls Abraham "our father in Faith", in the Eucharistic prayer of the Roman Canon, recited during the Mass (see Abraham in the Catholic liturgy). He is also commemorated in the calendars of saints of several denominations: on 20 August by the Maronite Church, 28 August in the Coptic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East (with the full office for the latter), and on 9 October by the Roman Catholic Church and the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod. He is also regarded as the patron saint of those in the hospitality industry.[38]
The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates him as the "Righteous Forefather Abraham", with two feast days in its liturgical calendar. The first time is on 9 October (for those churches which follow the traditional Julian Calendar, 9 October falls on 22 October of the modern Gregorian Calendar), where he is commemorated together with his nephew "Righteous Lot". The other is on the "Sunday of the Forefathers" (two Sundays before Christmas), when he is commemorated together with other ancestors of Jesus. Abraham is also mentioned in the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great, just before the Anaphora. Abraham and Sarah are invoked in the prayers said by the priest over a newly married couple at the Sacred Mystery of Crowning (i.e., the Sacrament of Marriage).
Islam[link]
Main article: Islamic views on Abraham
Abraham ("Ibrahim") is an important figure in the Quran, mentioned in 25 chapters, briefly or in detail.[39] Muslims regard him as a prophet and patriarch, the archetype of the perfect Muslim, and the revered reformer of the Kaaba in Mecca.[10]
Islamic traditions consider Abraham the father of Islam (which is also called millat Ibrahim, the "religion of Abraham"), and that his purpose and mission throughout his life was to proclaim the Oneness of God. When Ibrahim (Abraham) was asked for sacrifice and took Ismael to the place when he was about to use the knife, God placed a sheep under his hand. From that day onward, every Eid (Eid Al Adha) once a year Muslims around the world slaughter a sheep to follow the path of Ibrahim that is called Qurbani sacrifice.
Baha'i[link]
Bahá'u'lláh, the prophet of the Baha'i Faith, affirms the highest religious station for Abraham and generally for prophets mentioned among the other Abrahamic religions,[40] and has claimed a lineage of descent from Abraham through Keturah and Sarah.[41][42][43] Additionally Bahá'u'lláh actually did lose a son, Mírzá Mihdí.[44] Bahá’u’lláh, then in prison, eulogized his son and connected the subsequent easing of restrictions to his dying prayer and also compared it to the intended sacrifice of Abraham’s son.[45]
Abraham in the arts[link]
Paintings[link]
Paintings on the life of Abraham tend to focus on only a few incidents: The sacrifice of Isaac; Meeting Melchizedek; Entertaining the three angels; Hagar in the desert; and a few others.[46] Many artists have been inspired by the life of Abraham: Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528), Caravaggio (1573–1610), Rembrandt van Rijn (Dutch, 1606–1669) created at least seven works on Abraham, Petrus-Paulus Rubens (1577–1640) did several, Donatello, Raphael, Philip van Dyck (Dutch painter, 1680–1753), Marc Chagall did at least five on Abraham, Gustave Doré (French illustrator, 1832–1883) did six, Claude Lorrain (French painter, 1600–1682), James Jacques Joseph Tissot (French painter and illustrator, 1836–1902) did over twenty works on the subject.[46]
Sculpture[link]
The Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus depicts a set of biblical stories, including Abraham about to sacrifice Isaac. These sculpted scenes are on the outside of a marble Early Christian sarcophagus used for the burial of Junius Bassus. He died in 359. This sarcophagus has been described as "probably the single most famous piece of early Christian relief sculpture."[47] The sarcophagus was originally placed in or under Old St. Peter's Basilica, was rediscovered in 1597,[48] and is now below the modern basilica in the Museo Storico del Tesoro della Basilica di San Pietro (Museum of Saint Peter's Basilica) in the Vatican. The base is approximately 4 × 8 × 4 feet. The Old Testament scenes depicted were chosen as precursors of Christ's sacrifice in the New Testament, in an early form of typology. Just to the right of the middle is Daniel in the lion's den and on the left is Abraham about to sacrifice Isaac.
Abraham's Farewell to Ishmael by George Segal. The artist created figural sculptures by molding plastered gauze strips over live models. The human condition was central to his concerns. On several occasions, Segal turned to the Old Testament as a source for his imagery. This sculpture depicts the dilemma faced by Abraham when Sarah demanded that he expel Hagar and Ishmael. In the sculpture, the father's tenderness, Sarah's rage, and Hagar's resigned acceptance portray a range of human emotions. The sculpture was donated to the Miami Art Museum after the artist's death in 2000. This footnote provides a link to a picture of the sculpture.[49]
Literature[link]
Fear and Trembling (original Danish title: Frygt og Bæven) is an influential philosophical work by Søren Kierkegaard, published in 1843 under the pseudonym Johannes de silentio (John the Silent). Kierkegaard wanted to understand the anxiety[50] that must have been present in Abraham when God asked him to sacrifice his son.[51]
Music[link]
In 1994, Steve Reich released an opera named "The Cave". The title refers to The Cave of the Patriarchs. The narrative of the opera is based on the story of Abraham and his immediate family as it is recounted in the various religious texts, and as it is understood by individual people from different cultures and religious traditions.
Bob Dylan's "Highway 61 Revisited"[52] is the title track for his 1965 album Highway 61 Revisited. In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked the song as number 364 in their 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[53] The song has five stanzas. In each stanza, someone describes an unusual problem that is ultimately resolved on Highway 61. In Stanza 1, God tells Abraham to "kill me a son". God wants the killing done on Highway 61. Abram, the original name of the biblical Abraham, is also the name of Dylan's own father.
See also[link]
- Abraham in History and Tradition (book)
- Bosom of Abraham
- Gathering of Israel
- Genealogies of Genesis
- Islamic view of Abraham
- Jewish Kabbalah
- List of founders of religious traditions
- The Pearl of Great Price, Book of Abraham
- Abraham's Gate at Tel Dan
- Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions
Notes[link]
- ^ a b Genesis chapters 11-25
- ^ Genesis 11:10-32 & 14:13
- ^ Wilson, M. Our Father Abraham: Jewish roots of the Christian Faith (ISBN 0802804233, ISBN 978-0-8028-0423-5), 1989, pp. 3, 4, accessed 22 October 2011
"[page 3] God's sovereign plan in history was to establish his covenant through a man called Abraham (or Abram, as he was originally known). Abraham was a Semite, a descendant of Noah's son Shem (Gen. 11:10-32). The patriarch Abraham was the first person in the Bible to be called a 'He- [page 4] brew' (Gen. 14:13)." - ^ "About Islam, in BibleInfo.com". http://www.bibleinfo.com/en/topics/islam. Retrieved 1 Jun 2011.
- ^ History of monotheism
- ^ Ferguson, Duncan S. (2010). Exploring the Spirituality of the World Religions: The Quest for Personal, Spiritual and Social Transformation. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 137. ISBN 1-4411-4645-8.
- ^ Dibble, J. Birney (2006). The Same God?: Comparing the Bible with the Koran. Vantage Press, Inc. p. 111. ISBN 0-533-15281-X.
- ^ al-Bukhari, Muhammad. Sahih al-Bukhari. pp. Volume 4, Book 55, Number 583. http://www.sahih-bukhari.com/Pages/Bukhari_4_55.php. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ Quran 2:125–127
- ^ a b Mecca, Martin Lings, c. 2004
- ^ a b c Joseph Blenkinsopp, "Judaism, the first phase" p.39
- ^ a b Albertz, R, "Israel in exile: the history and literature of the sixth century B.C.E." (Society of Biblical Literature, 2003) p.246
- ^ a b "Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible", K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst (eds) (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing), pp.3–4
- ^ Freedman, Meyers & Beck. Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible (ISBN 0802824005, ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4), 2000, p.9
- ^ K.F. Keil. Biblical commentary on the Old Testament., Vol. 1, 1869, p. 224
- ^ David Rohl. The Lost Testament (ISBN 0712669930), 2002
- ^ "G.F. Hasel, "Chronogenealogies in the Biblical History of Beginnings"". Grisda.org. http://www.grisda.org/origins/07023.htm. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ ""Biblical Chronology", Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)". Newadvent.org. 1 November 1908. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03731a.htm. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ Paula McNutt, Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel", p.41
- ^ Joseph Blenkinsopp, "Judaism, the first phase" p.38
- ^ (Genesis 19:1–9)
- ^ The ages of some other women can be deduced or approximated. Eve was created the same day as Adam, so when Seth was born when Adam had lived 130 years, Eve had lived as long also, short a number of hours.
- ^ Other verses dealing with Abraham's early preaching include 19: 41–50, 43: 26–28, 21: 51–73, 29: 16–27 and 6: 74–84
- ^ Other verses dealing with the announcement include 11: 69–76 and 29: 31f.
- ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, C. Glasse, Ishmael
- ^ Other verses mentioning Jacob as a "gift" to Abraham include 21: 72, 29: 27, 6: 84, 11: 71, 38: 45–47
- ^ Other verses dealing with the raising of the holy house include 4: 125, 22: 26–29, 22: 78
- ^ Weinstein, Simcha (2006). Up, Up, and Oy Vey! (1st ed.). Leviathan Press. ISBN 978-1-881927-32-7
- ^ World Jewish Digest (Aug, 2006; posted online 25 July 2006): "Superman's Other Secret Identity", by Jeff Fleischer
- ^ Stories of the Prophets, Ibn Kathir, Ibrahim; Tales of the Prophets, Kisa'i, Ibrahim
- ^ J. Eisenberg, EI, Ibrahim
- ^ Qu'ran 22:78
- ^ a b c d Singer, Binyamin. "Ramban: Bereishis & Shemos", Vol. 1: Ramban: Classic Themes in Nachmanides' Chumash Commentary, 2005 (ISBN 1568713428, ISBN 978-1-56871-342-7), p. 89-91
- ^ Keene, Michael. This is Judaism, 1996, p. 8
- ^ Scharfstein, Sol. Jewish History and You, 2002, p. 10
- ^ Dundes, Alan. The Flood Myth, 1988, p. 89
- ^ Matthew 3:1–9
- ^ *Holweck, F. G., A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints. St. Louis, MO: B. Herder Book Co. 1924.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Ibrahim
- ^ May, Dann J (December 1993). "Web Published". The Bahá'í Principle of Religious Unity and the Challenge of Radical Pluralism. University of North Texas, Denton, Texas. p. 102. http://bahai-library.com/may_principle_religious_unity. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
- ^ Hatcher, W.S.; Martin, J.D. (1998). The Bahá'í Faith: The Emerging Global Religion. Wilmette, IL: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-264-3.
- ^ "Abrahamic Religion". Christianity: Details about…. Christianity Guide. http://www.christianity-guide.com/christianity/abrahamic_religion.htm. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ^ Flow, Christian B.; Nolan, Rachel B. (16 November 2006). "Go Forth From Your Country". The Harvard Crimson. http://www.abrahampath.org/downloads/harvard_crimson.2006.11.16.pdf. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ^ Ma'ani, Baharieh Rouhani (2008). Leaves of the Twin Divine Trees. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. p. 150. ISBN 0-85398-533-2.
- ^ Taherzadeh, A. (1984). "The Death of The Purest Branch". The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh, Volume 3: `Akka, The Early Years 1868–77. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. pp. 204–220. ISBN 0-85398-144-2. http://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha'i/Others/ROB/V3/p204-220Ch10.html.
- ^ a b For a very thorough online collection of links to artwork about Abraham see: Artwork Depicting Scenes from Abraham's Life Accessed 25 March 2011
- ^ Journal of Early Christian Studies, Leonard Victor Rutgers, The Iconography of the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus (review of Malbon book), Volume 1, Number 1, Spring 1993, pp. 94–96; for Janson it is also the "finest Early Christian sarcophagus".
- ^ or 1595, see Elsner, p. 86n.
- ^ Abraham's Farewell to Ishmael. George Segal. Miami Art Museum. Collections: Recent Acquisitions. Accessed 10 April 2011.
- ^ "Whoever has learned to be anxious in the right way has learned the ultimate. … Anxiety is freedom’s possibility, and only such anxiety is through faith absolutely educative, because it consumes all finite ends and discovers all their deceptiveness. And no Grand Inquisitor has such dreadful torments in readiness as anxiety has, and no secret agent knows as cunningly as anxiety to attack his suspect in his weakest moment or to make alluring the trap in which he will be caught, and no discerning judge understands how to interrogate and examine the accused as does anxiety, which never lets the accused escape, neither through amusement, nor by noise, nor during work, neither by day nor by night."—Vigilius Haufniensis (Pseudonym), The Concept of Anxiety by Soren Kierkegaard p. 155–156, Reidar Thomte, 1980
- ^ Gen 22: 1–2
- ^ Highway 61 Revisited Accessed 25 March 2011
- ^ "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/500songs/page/4. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
References[link]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Abraham". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Further reading[link]
-
- Alexander, David; Pat Alexander (1973). Eerdmans' Handbook to the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-3436-1.
- Boadt, Lawrence (1984). Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction. New York: Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8091-2631-1. http://books.google.com/?id=LGQNT6G_do8C&dq=Reading+the+Old+Testament:+an+introduction++By+Lawrence+Boadt&printsec=frontcover&q=.
- Ginzberg, Louis (2003). Harriet Szold tr. ed. Legends of the Jews, Volume 1. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. ISBN 0-8276-0709-1. http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext98/1lotj10.txt.
- Gunkel, Hermann (1997) [1901]. Biddle, Mark E. tr. ed. Genesis. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press. ISBN 0-86554-517-0. http://books.google.com/?id=-ZtH3hbGITkC&pg.
- Harrison, R. K. (1969). An Introduction to the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 0-87784-881-5.
- Kidner, Derek (1967). Genesis. Downers Grover, IL: Inter-Varsity Press.
- Kitchen, K.A. (1966). Ancient Orient and Old Testament. Chicago: Inter-Varsity Press.
- Levenson, Jon D. (2004). "The Conversion of Abraham to Judaism, Christianity and Islam". In Hindy Najman, Judith Newman (eds). The Idea of Biblical Interpretation: Essays in Honor of James L. Kugel. Leiden: Koningklijke Brill. ISBN 90-04-13630-4. http://books.google.com/?id=Wde9LO-_FPIC&dq.
- Rosenberg, David M. (2006). Abraham: the first historical biography. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-07094-9.
- Schultz, Samuel J. (1990). The Old Testament Speaks (4th ed.). San Francisco: Harper. ISBN 0-06-250767-2.
- Silberman, Neil Asher; Finkelstein, Israel (2001). The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its sacred texts. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-684-86912-8.
- Thompson, J.A. (1986). Handbook to Life in Bible Times. Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press. ISBN 0-87784-949-8.
- Thompson, Thomas (2002). The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives: The Quest for the Historical Abraham. Valley Forge, Pa: Trinity Press International. ISBN 1-56338-389-6. http://books.google.com/?id=lwrzapZYqFAC&dq.
- Van Seters, John (1975). Abraham in history and tradition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-01792-8. http://books.google.com/?id=5HVyAQAACAAJ.
- Vermes, Geza (1973). Scripture and tradition in Judaism. Haggadic studies. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-07096-6.
- Whybray, Roger Norman (1987). The making of the Pentateuch: a methodological study. Sheffield: JSOT Press. ISBN 1-85075-063-7. http://books.google.com/?id=R97g6ulrrh8C&printsec.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Abraham |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Abraham |
- "Abraham." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 May 2011.
- "Abraham" in Christian Iconography
- Abraham smashes the idols Accessed 24 March 2011
- Abraham's Farewell to Ishmael. George Segal. Miami Art Museum. Collections: Recent Acquisitions. Accessed 10 April 2011.
- Abraham, Hagar and Sarah Paintings portrayed at Bible Art. Accessed 10 April 2011
- "Abraham". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
| Preceded by Terah |
Leader of Israel Abraham | Succeeded by Isaac |
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Abraham |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | Mesopotamia |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | Canaan |
http://wn.com/Abraham
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham
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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (October 2010) |
| Esther Hicks | |
|---|---|
| 150px Esther and Jerry Hicks in 2007 |
|
| Born | March 5th 1948 |
| Residence | San Antonio, Texas |
| Other names | Abraham |
| Occupation | Author |
| Known for | Author and public speaker for Abraham-Hicks teaching |
| Home town | Coalville, Utah |
| Spouse | Jerry Hicks |
| Children | Tracy Geer Ayers |
| Website | |
| www.abraham-hicks.com | |
Esther Hicks (born Esther Weaver) is an American inspirational speaker and best-selling author. She has co-authored nine books with her husband Jerry Hicks, presented workshops on the Law of Attraction and appeared in the first release of the film The Secret.[1] The Hicks' books, including the best-selling series The Law of Attraction, are — according to Esther Hicks — "translated from a group of non-physical entities called Abraham." (Hicks describes what she is doing as tapping into "infinite intelligence").[2][3]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Esther Hicks was born 1948 in Coalville, Utah. In 1980, she married Jerry Hicks, then a successful Amway distributor and former acrobat at a circus in Cuba, musician, MC and comedian.[1][2][3] She has one daughter, Tracy, by her former marriage.[3][4] Jerry Hicks died on 18 November 2011.[5]
Outline of Abraham–Hicks' teachings[link]
According to Esther and Jerry Hicks, Abraham is a group of entities that are "interpreted" by Esther Hicks. Abraham has described themselves as “a group consciousness from the non-physical dimension.” They have also said, “We are that which you are. You are the leading edge of that which we are. We are that which is at the heart of all religions.” Abraham has said through Esther that whenever one feels moments of great love, exhilaration, or pure joy, that is the energy of Source, and that is who Abraham “is”.
"Jerry and Esther never used the word channeling," Abraham clarifies. "It is used when applied to them, but they have never used it, because it means many things of which they are not, you see."
"You could leave the channeling out of it. Call it inspiration; that's all it is. You don't call the basketball player a channeler, but he is; he's an extension of Source Energy. You don't call the surgeon a channeler, but he is. You don't call the musician, the magnificent master musician, you don't call him a channeler, but he is. He's channeling the broader essence of who he is into the specifics of what he is about."
Esther herself calls Abraham "infinite intelligence," and to Jerry they are "the purest form of love I've ever experienced." Her teachings (referred to as Abraham–Hicks teachings) are based on this experience. The basic tenets of the teachings include that people create their own reality through their thoughts, that emotions are constantly guiding people toward where they want to go, and that life is supposed to be fun. The essence of Abraham–Hicks' teachings since 1986 has been presented as follows:[6]
- Individuals are physical extensions of the non-physical.
- People are in their bodies because they chose to be.
- The basis of life is freedom; the purpose of life is joy.
- People are creators; they create with their thoughts.
- Whatever people can imagine is theirs to be, or do, or have.
- Individuals choose their creations as they choose their thoughts.
- Emotions indicate what people are creating.
- The Universe adores people; it knows their broadest intentions.
- Individuals should relax into their natural well-being, and know that all is well.
- Life is not meant to be a struggle, but a process of allowing.
- People are creators of "thoughtways" on their unique "paths of joy".
- Actions and money are by-products of focusing on joy.
- Individuals may depart their body without illness or pain.
- People cannot die; their lives are everlasting.
A large part of Hicks' work centers around the Law of Attraction, a concept written about in the early 1900s by William Walker Atkinson (1862–1932), in his book Thought Vibration or the Law of Attraction in the Thought World (1906).[7]
Film[link]
Esther Hicks was a narrator and star of the original version of the film The Secret, as well as a central source of the film's inspiration.[3] The footage featuring Hicks was removed from the later "Extended Edition" after the film's creator Rhonda Byrne, who has been involved in contractual disputes and litigation regarding the film, rescinded the original contract covering Hicks' participation,[4] and asked that Hicks relinquish her "intellectual property rights in these areas forever".[8] In an open letter posted on the internet, Hicks stated that she had been "uncomfortable with what felt to us like a rather aggressive marketing campaign," and that ultimately Abraham gave her the following advice: "Whenever you are given an ultimatum that says, 'if you don't do this, then we will have to do such and such,' it is best that you just let it go and move on. Otherwise there is always another, and this, and this, and this?"[8] The letter doesn't condemn Byrne, but clarifies why Hicks no longer appears in The Secret.
Hicks has since posted a video on YouTube further explaining her discomfort with The Secret and finally, her decision to discontinue involvement with the film.[9]
Books[link]
Hay House, Inc. published the Hicks' best-selling book, Ask and It is Given, in September 2004. Since that book they have also published five more New York Times Best-Sellers: The Amazing Power of Deliberate Intent (January 2006), The Law of Attraction (October 2006), The Astonishing Power of Emotions (September 2008), Money and the Law of Attraction: Learning to Attract Health, Wealth & Happiness which ranked #1 two weeks after its release in August 2008 and The Vortex: Where the Law of Attraction Assembles All Cooperative Relationships.[10][11] A series of fictional children's books, Sara I, II, and III, is also available. Several of their books were translated into Spanish, French, Italian, German, Dutch, Swedish, Czech, Slovenian, Slovak, Serbian and Russian.
- A New Beginning I: Handbook for Joyous Survival, by Jerry and Esther Hicks. Published by Abraham–Hicks Publications, 5th edition, 1988. ISBN 0-9621219-3-2.
- A New Beginning II: A Personal Handbook to Enhance Your Life, Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness, by Jerry and Esther Hicks. Published by Abraham–Hicks Publications, 1991. ISBN 0-9621219-1-6.
- Sara and the Foreverness of Friends of a Feather, by Esther and Jerry Hicks. Published by Abraham–Hicks Publications, 1995. ISBN 0-9621219-4-0.
- Ask and It Is Given: Learning to Manifest Your Desires by Esther and Jerry Hicks. Published by Hay House, 2005. ISBN 1-4019-0799-7.
- The Amazing Power of Deliberate Intent: Living the Art of Allowing, by Esther and Jerry Hicks. Contributor Louise L. Hay. Published by Hay House, 2005.ISBN 1401906958.
- The Law of Attraction: The Basics of the Teachings of Abraham Esther and Jerry Hicks. Published by Hay House, 2006. ISBN 1-4019-1227-3.
- Sara, Book 1: Sara Learns the Secret about the Law of Attraction, by Esther and Jerry Hicks, Illustr. by Caroline S. Garrett. Published by Hay House, 2007. ISBN 1-4019-1158-7.
- Sara, Book 2: Solomon's Fine Featherless Friends, by Esther and Jerry Hicks. Illustr. by Caroline S. Garrett. Published by Hay House Inc, 2007. ISBN 1-4019-1159-5.
- Sara, Book 3: A Talking Owl Is Worth a Thousand Words!, by Esther and Jerry Hicks. Illustr. by Caroline S. Garrett. Published by Hay House Inc, 2008. ISBN 1-4019-1160-9.
- Money and the Law of Attraction: Learning to Attract Health, Wealth & Happiness by Esther and Jerry Hicks. Published by Hay House, 2008. ISBN 1-4019-1881-6.
- The Vortex: Where the Law of Attraction Assembles All Cooperative Relationships by Esther and Jerry Hicks. Published by Hay House, 2009. ISBN 1-4019-1875-1.
- Getting Into The Vortex: Guided Meditations CD and User Guide [Hardcover] by Esther and Jerry Hicks. Release date November 15, 2010. Published by Hay House, 2009. ISBN 978-1-4019-3169-8.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b Salkin, Allen (February 25, 2007). "Shaking Riches Out of the Cosmos". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/25/fashion/25attraction.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/M/Motion%20Pictures. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
- ^ a b Callahan, Maureen (February 25, 2007). "Dirty Little 'Secret'". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/seven/08152007/entertainment/dirty_little_secret_entertainment_maureen_callahan.htm?page=0. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
- ^ a b c d Chalmers, Robert (8 July 2007). "Interview: The couple who claim they can make you rich beyond your wildest dreams". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/interview-the-couple-who-claim-they-can-make-you-rich-beyond-your-wildest-dreams-456087.html. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
- ^ a b Guilliatt, Richard (August 23, 2008). "The secret of Rhonda's success". The Australian. http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24223394-5012694,00.html. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
- ^ "Law of Attraction BLOG — by Jerry and Esther Hicks » Note from Esther About Jerry". Abe-blog.com. 2011-11-23. http://www.abe-blog.com/2011/11/23/note-from-esther-about-jerry/. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
- ^ "Abraham-Hicks Official Website, About". http://www.abraham-hicks.com. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ William Walker Atkinson (1906). Thought Vibration or the Law of Attraction. Advanced Thought Publishing. http://gitacademy.tripod.com/GodsInTraining/ThoughtVibration.htm.
- ^ a b Hicks, Esther. "Letter to friends". http://www.andydooley.com/products/secretWHY.html. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
- ^ "Video posted on YouTube by Abraham–Hicks publications about the second version of The Secret". Youtube.com. 2007-04-28. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CFp-iPSPplE. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
- ^ "NY Times Best Seller List for August 31, 2008". Nytimes.com. 2008-08-31. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/31/books/bestseller/bestpaperadvice.html?_r=1&8bu&emc=bu&oref=slogin. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
- ^ The Vortex, NY Times Bestseller list for September 29, 2009.
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Esther Hicks |
- Abraham–Hicks Official Website
- Abraham–Hicks officially released videos on YouTube
- Introductory Tape as an MP3 download on the official Abraham–Hicks site — A 75 minute introductory audio released under the Creative Commons license. It summarizes how the Hicks' were introduced to Abraham.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hicks, Esther |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1948 |
| Place of birth | Utah |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Esther_Hicks
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Esther Hicks
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Hicks
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the American president. For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).
| Abraham Lincoln | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Abraham Lincoln at age 54, 1863 | |
| 16th President of the United States | |
| In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865 |
|
| Vice President | Hannibal Hamlin Andrew Johnson |
| Preceded by | James Buchanan |
| Succeeded by | Andrew Johnson |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois's 7th district |
|
| In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849 |
|
| Preceded by | John Henry |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Harris |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Died | April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Petersen House, Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Political party | Republican (1854–1865) National Union (1864–1865) |
| Other political affiliations |
Whig (Before 1854) |
| Spouse(s) | Mary Todd |
| Children | Robert Edward William Tad |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Religion | See article |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch | Illinois Militia |
| Years of service | 1832 |
| Battles/wars | Black Hawk War |
Abraham Lincoln 
i/ˈeɪbrəhæm ˈlɪŋkən/ (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led his country through its greatest constitutional, military and moral crisis – the American Civil War – preserving the Union while ending slavery, and promoting economic and financial modernization. Reared in a poor family on the western frontier, Lincoln was mostly self-educated. He became a country lawyer, a Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator in the 1830s, and a one-term member of the United States House of Representatives in the 1840s. After a series of debates in 1858 that gave national visibility to his opposition to the expansion of slavery, Lincoln lost a Senate race to his arch-rival Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln, a moderate from a swing state, secured the Republican Party nomination. With almost no support in the South he swept the North and was elected president in 1860. His election was the signal for seven southern slave states to declare their secession from the Union and form the Confederate States of America. The departure of the Southerners gave Lincoln's party firm control of Congress, but no formula for compromise or reconciliation was found. And the war came.
When the North enthusiastically rallied behind the national flag after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, President Lincoln concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war effort. His goal was now to reunify the nation. He vigorously exercised unprecedented war powers, including the arrest and detention without trial of thousands of suspected secessionists. He prevented British recognition of the Confederacy by skillfully handling the Trent affair late in 1861. His efforts toward the abolition of slavery include issuing his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, encouraging the border states to outlaw slavery, and helping push through Congress the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which finally ended all slavery in December 1865. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including commanding general Ulysses S. Grant. He brought leaders of various factions of his party into his cabinet and pressured them to cooperate. Under his leadership, the Union set up a naval blockade that shut down the South's normal trade, took control of the border slave states at the start of the war, gained control of communications with gunboats on the southern river systems, and tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. Each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another until finally Grant succeeded in 1865.
An exceptionally astute politician deeply involved with power issues in each state, he reached out to War Democrats and managed his own re-election in the 1864 presidential election. As the leader of the moderate faction of the Republican party, Lincoln found his policies and personality were "blasted from all sides": Radical Republicans demanded harsher treatment of the South, War Democrats desired more compromise, Copperheads despised him, and irreconcilable secessionists plotted his death.[1] Politically, Lincoln fought back with patronage, by pitting his opponents against each other, and by appealing to the American people with his powers of oratory.[2] His Gettysburg Address of 1863 became the most quoted speech in American history.[3] It was an iconic statement of America's dedication to the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. At the close of the war, Lincoln held a moderate view of Reconstruction, seeking to reunite the nation speedily through a policy of generous reconciliation in the face of lingering and bitter divisiveness. But six days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. His death was the first assassination of a U.S. president and sent the nation into mourning. Lincoln has been consistently ranked by scholars and the public as one of the three greatest U.S. presidents.[4][5]
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Family and childhood[link]
Early life[link]
Main article: Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln was born February 12, 1809, the second child of Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Lincoln (née Hanks), in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm in Hardin County, Kentucky,[6] (now LaRue County). Lincoln's paternal grandfather and namesake, Abraham, had moved his family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Kentucky,[7][8] where he was ambushed and killed in an Indian raid in 1786, with his children, including Lincoln's father Thomas, looking on.[8] Thomas was left to make his own way on the frontier.[9] Lincoln's mother, Nancy, was the daughter of Lucy Hanks, and was born in what is now Mineral County, West Virginia, then part of Virginia. Lucy moved with Nancy to Kentucky. Nancy Hanks married Thomas, who became a respected citizen. He bought and sold several farms, including the Sinking Spring Farm. The family attended a Separate Baptists church, which had high moral standards and opposed alcohol, dancing, and slavery.[10] Thomas enjoyed considerable status in Kentucky—where he sat on juries, appraised estates, served on country slave patrols, and guarded prisoners. By the time his son Abraham was born, Thomas owned two 600-acre (240 ha) farms, several town lots, livestock, and horses. He was among the richest men in the county.[7][11] However, in 1816, Thomas lost all of his land in court cases because of faulty property titles.[12]
The family moved north across the Ohio River to free (i.e., non-slave) territory and made a new start in Perry County, Indiana. Lincoln later noted that this move was "partly on account of slavery" but mainly due to land title difficulties.[12] In Indiana, when Lincoln was nine, his mother Nancy died of milk sickness in 1818.[13] After the death of Lincoln's mother, his older sister, Sarah, took charge of caring for him until their father remarried in 1819; Sarah later died in her 20s while giving birth to a stillborn son.[14]
Thomas Lincoln's new wife was the widow Sarah Bush Johnston, the mother of three of her own children. Lincoln became very close to his stepmother, and referred to her as "Mother".[15] As a pre-teen, he did not like the hard labor associated with frontier life. Some in his family, and in the neighborhood, for a time considered him to be lazy.[16][17] As he grew into his teens, he willingly took responsibility for all chores expected of him as one of the boys in the household and became an adept axeman in his work building rail fences. He attained a reputation for brawn and audacity after a very competitive wrestling match to which he was challenged by the renowned leader of a group of ruffians, "the Clary's Grove boys".[18] Lincoln also agreed with the customary obligation of a son to give his father all earnings from work done outside the home until age 21.[13] In later years, Lincoln occasionally loaned his father money.[19] Lincoln became increasingly distant from his father, in part because of his father's lack of education. While young Lincoln's formal elementary education consisted approximately of a year's worth of classes from several itinerant teachers, he was mostly self-educated and was an avid reader.[20]
In 1830, fearing a milk sickness outbreak along the Ohio River, the Lincoln family moved west, where they settled on public land in Macon County, Illinois, another free, non-slave state.[21] In 1831, Thomas relocated the family to a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois. It was then that, as an ambitious 22-year-old, Lincoln decided to seek a better life and struck out on his own. Canoeing down the Sangamon River, Lincoln ended up in the village of New Salem in Sangamon County.[22] In the spring of 1831, hired by New Salem businessman Denton Offutt and accompanied by friends, he took goods by flatboat from New Salem to New Orleans via the Sangamon, Illinois, and Mississippi rivers. After arriving in New Orleans—and witnessing slavery firsthand—he walked back home.[23]
Marriage and children[link]
Further information: Lincoln family tree, Medical and mental health of Abraham Lincoln, and Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln
1864 photo of President Lincoln with youngest son, Tad
Mary Todd Lincoln, wife of Abraham Lincoln, age 28
Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he first moved to New Salem; by 1835, they were in a relationship but not formally engaged. She died on August 25, most likely of typhoid fever.[24] In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens from Kentucky when she was visiting her sister. Late in 1836, Lincoln agreed to a match with Mary if she returned to New Salem. Mary did return in November 1836, and Lincoln courted her for a time; however, they both had second thoughts about their relationship. On August 16, 1837, Lincoln wrote Mary a letter suggesting he would not blame her if she ended the relationship. She never replied and the courtship was over.[25]
In 1840, Lincoln became engaged to Mary Todd, who was from a wealthy slave-holding family in Lexington, Kentucky.[26] They met in Springfield, Illinois, in December 1839[27] and were engaged the following December.[28] A wedding set for January 1, 1841, was canceled when the two broke off their engagement at Lincoln's initiative.[27][29] They later met again at a party and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield mansion of Mary's married sister.[30] While preparing for the nuptials and feeling anxiety again, Lincoln, when asked where he was going, replied, "To hell, I suppose."[31]
In 1844, the couple bought a house in Springfield near Lincoln's law office. Mary Todd Lincoln kept house, often with the help of a relative or hired servant girl.[32] Robert Todd Lincoln was born in 1843 and Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie) in 1846. Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children",[33] and the Lincolns were not considered to be strict with their children.[34] Edward died on February 1, 1850, in Springfield, likely of tuberculosis. "Willie" Lincoln was born on December 21, 1850, and died on February 20, 1862. The Lincolns' fourth son, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and died of heart failure at the age of 18 on July 16, 1871.[35] Robert was the only child to live to adulthood and have children. His last descendant, grandson Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith, died in 1985.[36]
The deaths of their sons had profound effects on both parents. Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband and sons, and Robert Lincoln committed her temporarily to a mental health asylum in 1875.[37] Abraham Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", a condition which now is referred to as clinical depression.[38]
Lincoln's father-in-law was based in Lexington, Kentucky; he and others of the Todd family were either slave owners or slave traders. Lincoln was close to the Todds, and he and his family occasionally visited the Todd estate in Lexington.[39] He was an affectionate, though often absent, husband and father of four children.
Early career and militia service[link]
Main articles: Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln and Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War
In 1832, at age 23, Lincoln and a partner bought a small general store on credit in New Salem, Illinois. Although the economy was booming in the region, the business struggled and Lincoln eventually sold his share. That March he began his political career with his first campaign for the Illinois General Assembly. He had attained local popularity and could draw crowds as a natural raconteur in New Salem, though he lacked an education, powerful friends, and money, which may be why he lost. He advocated navigational improvements on the Sangamon River.[40]
Before the election Lincoln served as a captain in the Illinois Militia during the Black Hawk War.[41] Following his return, Lincoln continued his campaign for the August 6 election for the Illinois General Assembly. At 6 feet 4 inches (193 cm),[42] he was tall and "strong enough to intimidate any rival". At his first speech, when he saw a supporter in the crowd being attacked, Lincoln grabbed the assailant by his "neck and the seat of his trousers" and threw him.[43] Lincoln finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct.[44]
Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, all the while reading voraciously. He then decided to become a lawyer and began teaching himself law by reading Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England and other law books. Of his learning method, Lincoln stated: "I studied with nobody".[45] His second campaign in 1834 was successful. He won election to the state legislature; though he ran as a Whig, many Democrats favored him over a more powerful Whig opponent.[46] Admitted to the bar in 1836,[47] he moved to Springfield, Illinois, and began to practice law under John T. Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin.[48] Lincoln became an able and successful lawyer with a reputation as a formidable adversary during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered with Stephen T. Logan from 1841 until 1844, when he began his practice with William Herndon, whom Lincoln thought "a studious young man".[49] He served four successive terms in the Illinois House of Representatives as a Whig representative from Sangamon County.[50]
In the 1835–1836 legislative session, he voted to expand suffrage to white males, whether landowners or not.[51] He was known for his "free soil" stance of opposing both slavery and abolitionism. He first articulated this in 1837, saying, "Institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, but the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its evils."[52] He closely followed Henry Clay in supporting the American Colonization Society program of making the abolition of slavery practical by helping the freed slaves to settle in Liberia in Africa.[53]
Congressman Lincoln[link]
From the early 1830s, Lincoln was a steadfast Whig and professed to friends in 1861 to be, "an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay".[54] The party, including Lincoln, favored economic modernization in banking, protective tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and espoused urbanization as well.[55]
In 1846, Lincoln was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where he served one two-year term. He was the only Whig in the Illinois delegation, but he showed his party loyalty by participating in almost all votes and making speeches that echoed the party line.[56] Lincoln, in collaboration with abolitionist Congressman Joshua R. Giddings, wrote a bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote on the matter. He abandoned the bill when it failed to garner sufficient Whig supporters.[57] On foreign and military policy, Lincoln spoke out against the Mexican–American War, which he attributed to President Polk's desire for "military glory—that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood".[58] Lincoln also supported the Wilmot Proviso, which, if it had been adopted, would have banned slavery in any U.S. territory won from Mexico.[59]
Lincoln emphasized his opposition to Polk by drafting and introducing his Spot Resolutions. The war had begun with a Mexican slaughter of American soldiers in territory disputed by Mexico and the US; Polk insisted that Mexican soldiers had "invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil".[60][61] Lincoln demanded that Polk show Congress the exact spot on which blood had been shed and prove that the spot was on American soil.[61] Congress never enacted the resolution or even debated it, the national papers ignored it, and it resulted in a loss of political support for Lincoln in his district. One Illinois newspaper derisively nicknamed him "spotty Lincoln".[62][63][64] Lincoln later regretted some of his statements, especially his attack on the presidential war-making powers.[65]
Realizing Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, Lincoln, who had pledged in 1846 to serve only one term in the House, supported General Zachary Taylor for the Whig nomination in the 1848 presidential election.[66] Taylor won and Lincoln hoped to be appointed Commissioner of the General Land Office, but that lucrative patronage job went to an Illinois rival, Justin Butterfield, considered by the administration to be a highly skilled lawyer, but in Lincoln's view, an "old fossil".[67] The administration offered him the consolation prize of secretary or governor of the Oregon Territory. This distant territory was a Democratic stronghold, and acceptance of the post would have effectively ended his legal and political career in Illinois, so he declined and resumed his law practice.[68]
Prairie lawyer[link]
Lincoln returned to practicing law in Springfield, handling "every kind of business that could come before a prairie lawyer".[69] Twice a year for 16 years, 10 weeks at a time, he appeared in county seats in the midstate region when the county courts were in session.[70] Lincoln handled many transportation cases in the midst of the nation's western expansion, particularly the conflicts arising from the operation of river barges under the many new railroad bridges. As a riverboat man, Lincoln initially favored those interests, but ultimately represented whoever hired him.[71] His reputation grew, and he appeared before the Supreme Court of the United States, arguing a case involving a canal boat that sank after hitting a bridge.[72] In 1849, he received a patent for a flotation device for the movement of boats in shallow water. The idea was never commercialized, but Lincoln is the only president to hold a patent.[73][74]
In 1851, he represented Alton & Sangamon Railroad in a dispute with one of its shareholders, James A. Barret, who had refused to pay the balance on his pledge to buy shares in the railroad on the grounds that the company had changed its original train route.[75][76] Lincoln successfully argued that the railroad company was not bound by its original charter in existence at the time of Barret's pledge; the charter was amended in the public interest to provide a newer, superior, and less expensive route, and the corporation retained the right to demand Barret's payment. The decision by the Illinois Supreme Court has been cited by numerous other courts in the nation.[75] Lincoln appeared before the Illinois Supreme Court in 175 cases, in 51 as sole counsel, of which 31 were decided in his favor.[77] From 1853 to 1860, another of Lincoln's largest clients was the Illinois Central Railroad.[78]
Lincoln's most notable criminal trial occurred in 1858 when he defended William "Duff" Armstrong, who was on trial for the murder of James Preston Metzker.[79] The case is famous for Lincoln's use of a fact established by judicial notice in order to challenge the credibility of an eyewitness. After an opposing witness testified seeing the crime in the moonlight, Lincoln produced a Farmers' Almanac showing the moon was at a low angle, drastically reducing visibility. Based on this evidence, Armstrong was acquitted.[79] Lincoln rarely raised objections in the courtroom; but in an 1859 case, where he defended a cousin Peachy Harrison, who was accused of stabbing another to death, Lincoln angrily protested the judge's decision to exclude evidence favorable to his client. Instead of holding Lincoln in contempt of court as was expected, the judge, a Democrat, reversed his ruling, allowing the evidence and acquitting Harrison.[79][80]
Republican politics 1854–1860[link]
Slavery and a "House Divided"[link]
Further information: Slave and free states and Abraham Lincoln and slavery
By the 1850s, slavery was still legal in the southern United States, but had been generally outlawed in the northern states, such as Illinois.[81] Lincoln disapproved of slavery, and the spread of slavery to new U.S. territory in the west.[82] He returned to politics to oppose the pro-slavery Kansas–Nebraska Act (1854); this law repealed the slavery-restricting Missouri Compromise (1820). Senior Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois had incorporated popular sovereignty into the Act. Douglas' provision, which Lincoln opposed, specified settlers had the right to determine locally whether to allow slavery in new U.S. territory, rather than have such a decision restricted by the national Congress.[83] Foner (2010) contrasts the abolitionists and anti-slavery Radical Republicans of the Northeast who saw slavery as a sin, with the conservative Republicans who thought it was bad because it hurt white people and blocked progress. Foner argues that Lincoln was a moderate in the middle, opposing slavery primarily because it violated the republicanism principles of the Founding Fathers, especially the equality of all men and democratic self-government as expressed in the Declaration of Independence.[84]
On October 16, 1854, in his "Peoria Speech", Lincoln declared his opposition to slavery, which he repeated en route to the presidency.[85] Speaking in his Kentucky accent, with a very powerful voice,[86] he said the Kansas Act had a "declared indifference, but as I must think, a covert real zeal for the spread of slavery. I cannot but hate it. I hate it because of the monstrous injustice of slavery itself. I hate it because it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world..."[87]
In late 1854, Lincoln ran as a Whig for the U.S. Senate seat from Illinois. At that time, senators were elected by the state legislature.[88] After leading in the first six rounds of voting in the Illinois assembly, his support began to dwindle, and Lincoln instructed his backers to vote for Lyman Trumbull, who defeated opponent Joel Aldrich Matteson.[89] The Whigs had been irreparably split by the Kansas–Nebraska Act. Lincoln wrote, "I think I am a Whig, but others say there are no Whigs, and that I am an abolitionist, even though I do no more than oppose the extension of slavery."[cite this quote] Drawing on remnants of the old Whig party, and on disenchanted Free Soil, Liberty, and Democratic party members, he was instrumental in forging the shape of the new Republican Party.[90] At the 1856 Republican National Convention, Lincoln placed second in the contest to become the party's candidate for vice president.[91]
In 1857–58, Douglas broke with President James Buchanan, leading to a fight for control of the Democratic Party. Some eastern Republicans even favored the reelection of Douglas for the Senate in 1858, since he had led the opposition to the Lecompton Constitution, which would have admitted Kansas as a slave state.[92] In March 1857, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford; Chief Justice Roger B. Taney opined that blacks were not citizens, and derived no rights from the Constitution. Lincoln denounced the decision, alleging it was the product of a conspiracy of Democrats to support the Slave Power[93] Lincoln argued, "The authors of the Declaration of Independence never intended 'to say all were equal in color, size, intellect, moral developments, or social capacity', but they 'did consider all men created equal—equal in certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness'."[94]
After the state Republican party convention nominated him for the U.S. Senate in 1858, Lincoln delivered his House Divided Speech, drawing on Mark 3:25: "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other."[95] The speech created an evocative image of the danger of disunion caused by the slavery debate, and rallied Republicans across the North.[96] The stage was then set for the campaign for statewide election of the Illinois legislature which would, in turn, select Lincoln or Douglas as its U.S. senator.[97]
Lincoln–Douglas debates and Cooper Union speech[link]
The 1858 senate campaign featured the seven Lincoln–Douglas debates of 1858, the most famous political debates in American history.[98] The principals stood in stark contrast both physically and politically. Lincoln warned that "The Slave Power" was threatening the values of republicanism, and accused Douglas of distorting the values of the Founding Fathers that all men are created equal, while Douglas emphasized his Freeport Doctrine, that local settlers were free to choose whether to allow slavery or not, and accused Lincoln of having joined the abolitionists.[99] The debates had an atmosphere of a prize fight and drew crowds in the thousands. Lincoln stated Douglas's popular sovereignty theory was a threat to the nation's morality and that Douglas represented a conspiracy to extend slavery to free states. Douglas said that Lincoln was defying the authority of the U.S. Supreme Court and the Dred Scott decision.[100]
Though the Republican legislative candidates won more popular votes, the Democrats won more seats, and the legislature re-elected Douglas to the Senate. Despite the bitterness of the defeat for Lincoln, his articulation of the issues gave him a national political reputation.[101] In May 1859, Lincoln purchased the Illinois Staats-Anzeiger, a German-language newspaper which was consistently supportive; most of the state's 130,000 German Americans voted Democratic but there was Republican support that a German-language paper could mobilize.[102]
On February 27, 1860, New York party leaders invited Lincoln to give a speech at Cooper Union to a group of powerful Republicans. Lincoln argued that the Founding Fathers had little use for popular sovereignty and had repeatedly sought to restrict slavery. Lincoln insisted the moral foundation of the Republicans required opposition to slavery, and rejected any "groping for some middle ground between the right and the wrong".[103] Despite his inelegant appearance—many in the audience thought him awkward and even ugly[104]—Lincoln demonstrated an intellectual leadership that brought him into the front ranks of the party and into contention for the Republican presidential nomination. Journalist Noah Brooks reported, "No man ever before made such an impression on his first appeal to a New York audience."[105][106] Historian Donald described the speech as a "superb political move for an unannounced candidate, to appear in one rival's (William H. Seward) own state at an event sponsored by the second rival's (Salmon P. Chase) loyalists, while not mentioning either by name during its delivery."[107] In response to an inquiry about his presidential intentions, Lincoln said, "The taste is in my mouth a little."[108]
1860 Presidential nomination and campaign[link]
Main articles: Electoral history of Abraham Lincoln and United States presidential election, 1860
On May 9–10, 1860, the Illinois Republican State Convention was held in Decatur.[109] Lincoln's followers organized a campaign team led by David Davis, Norman Judd, Leonard Swett, and Jesse DuBois, and Lincoln received his first endorsement to run for the presidency.[110] Exploiting the embellished legend of his frontier days with his father, Lincoln's supporters adopted the label of "The Rail Candidate".[111] On May 18, at the Republican National Convention in Chicago, Lincoln's friends promised and manipulated and won the nomination on the third ballot, beating candidates such as William H. Seward and Salmon P. Chase. A former Democrat Hannibal Hamlin of Maine was nominated for Vice President to balance the ticket. Lincoln's success depended on his reputation as a moderate on the slavery issue, and his strong support for Whiggish programs of internal improvements and the protective tariff.[112] On the third ballot Pennsylvania put him over the top. Pennsylvania iron interests were reassured by his support for protective tariffs.[113] Lincoln's managers had been adroitly focused on this delegation as well as the others, while following Lincoln's strong dictate to "Make no contracts that bind me".[114]
Most Republicans agreed with Lincoln that the North was the aggrieved party, as the Slave Power tightened its grasp on the national government with the Dred Scott decision and the presidency of James Buchanan. Throughout the 1850s, Lincoln doubted the prospects of civil war, and his supporters rejected claims that his election would incite secession.[115] Meanwhile, Douglas was selected as the candidate of the Northern Democrats, with Herschel Vespasian Johnson as the vice-presidential candidate. Delegates from 11 slave states walked out of the Democratic convention, disagreeing with Douglas's position on popular sovereignty, and ultimately selected John C. Breckinridge as their candidate.[116]
As Douglas and the other candidates went through with their campaigns, Lincoln was the only one of them who gave no speeches. Instead, he monitored the campaign closely and relied on the enthusiasm of the Republican Party. The party did the leg work that produced majorities across the North, and produced an abundance of campaign posters, leaflets, and newspaper editorials. There were thousands of Republican speakers who focused first on the party platform, and second on Lincoln's life story, emphasizing his childhood poverty. The goal was to demonstrate the superior power of "free labor", whereby a common farm boy could work his way to the top by his own efforts.[117] The Republican Party's production of campaign literature dwarfed the combined opposition; a Chicago Tribune writer produced a pamphlet that detailed Lincoln's life, and sold 100,000 to 200,000 copies.[118]
Presidency[link]
See also: Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
1860 election and secession[link]
Main articles: United States presidential election, 1860 and Baltimore Plot
On November 6, 1860, Lincoln was elected the 16th president of the United States, beating Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Breckinridge of the Southern Democrats, and John Bell of the new Constitutional Union Party. He was the first president from the Republican Party. Winning entirely on the strength of his support in the North and West, no ballots were cast for him in 10 of the 15 Southern slave states, and he won only two of 996 counties in all the Southern states.[119] Lincoln received 1,866,452 votes, Douglas 1,376,957 votes, Breckinridge 849,781 votes, and Bell 588,789 votes. Turnout was 82.2 percent, with Lincoln winning the free Northern states, as well as California and Oregon. Douglas won Missouri, and split New Jersey with Lincoln.[120] Bell won Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky, and Breckinridge won the rest of the South.[121] Although Lincoln won only a plurality of the popular vote, his victory in the electoral college was decisive: Lincoln had 180 and his opponents added together had only 123. There were fusion tickets in which all of Lincoln's opponents combined to support the same slate of Electors in New York, New Jersey, and Rhode Island, but even if the anti-Lincoln vote had been combined in every state, Lincoln still would have won a majority in the Electoral College.[122]
As Lincoln's election became evident, secessionists made clear their intent to leave the Union before he took office the next March.[123] On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the lead by adopting an ordinance of secession; by February 1, 1861, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed.[124][125] Six of these states then adopted a constitution and declared themselves to be a sovereign nation, the Confederate States of America.[124] The upper South and border states (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas) listened to, but initially rejected, the secessionist appeal.[126] President Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln refused to recognize the Confederacy, declaring secession illegal.[127] The Confederacy selected Jefferson Davis as its provisional President on February 9, 1861.[128]
There were attempts at compromise. The Crittenden Compromise would have extended the Missouri Compromise line of 1820, dividing the territories into slave and free, contrary to the Republican Party's free-soil platform.[129] Lincoln rejected the idea, saying, "I will suffer death before I consent ... to any concession or compromise which looks like buying the privilege to take possession of this government to which we have a constitutional right."[130] Lincoln, however, did support the Corwin Amendment to the Constitution, which had passed in Congress and protected slavery in those states where it already existed.[131] A few weeks before the war, he went so far as to pen a letter to every governor asking for their support in ratifying the Corwin Amendment as a means to avoid secession.[132]
En route to his inauguration by train, Lincoln addressed crowds and legislatures across the North.[133] The president-elect then evaded possible assassins in Baltimore, who were uncovered by Lincoln's head of security, Allan Pinkerton. On February 23, 1861, he arrived in disguise in Washington, D.C., which was placed under substantial military guard.[134] Lincoln directed his inaugural address to the South, proclaiming once again that he had no intention, or inclination, to abolish slavery in the Southern states:
Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern States that by the accession of a Republican Administration their property and their peace and personal security are to be endangered. There has never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension. Indeed, the most ample evidence to the contrary has all the while existed and been open to their inspection. It is found in nearly all the published speeches of him who now addresses you. I do but quote from one of those speeches when I declare that "I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so."—First inaugural address, 4 March 1861[135]
The President ended his address with an appeal to the people of the South: "We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies ... The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield, and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature."[136] The failure of the Peace Conference of 1861 signaled that legislative compromise was implausible. By March 1861, no leaders of the insurrection had proposed rejoining the Union on any terms. Meanwhile, Lincoln and nearly every Republican leader agreed that the dismantling of the Union could not be tolerated.[137]
War begins[link]
Main article: American Civil War
The commander of Fort Sumter, South Carolina, Major Robert Anderson sent a request for provisions to Washington, and the execution of Lincoln's order to meet that request was seen by the secessionists as an act of war. On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired on Union troops at Fort Sumter, forcing them to surrender, and began the war. Historian Allan Nevins argued that the newly inaugurated Lincoln made three miscalculations: underestimating the gravity of the crisis, exaggerating the strength of Unionist sentiment in the South, and not realizing the Southern Unionists were insisting there be no invasion.[138] William Tecumseh Sherman talked to Lincoln during inauguration week and was "sadly disappointed" at his failure to realize that "the country was sleeping on a volcano" and that the South was preparing for war.[139] Donald concludes that, "His repeated efforts to avoid collision in the months between inauguration and the firing on Ft. Sumter showed he adhered to his vow not to be the first to shed fraternal blood. But he also vowed not to surrender the forts. The only resolution of these contradictory positions was for the confederates to fire the first shot; they did just that."[140]
On April 15, Lincoln called on all the states to send detachments totaling 75,000 troops to recapture forts, protect Washington, and "preserve the Union", which, in his view, still existed intact despite the actions of the seceding states. This call forced the states to choose sides. Virginia declared its secession and was rewarded with the Confederate capital, despite the exposed position of Richmond so close to Union lines. North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas also voted for secession over the next two months. Secession sentiment was strong in Missouri and Maryland, but did not prevail; Kentucky tried to be neutral.[141]
Troops headed south towards Washington to protect the capital in response to Lincoln's call. On April 19, secessionist mobs in Baltimore that controlled the rail links attacked Union troops traveling to the capital. George William Brown, the Mayor of Baltimore, and other suspect Maryland politicians were arrested and imprisoned, without a warrant, as Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus.[142] John Merryman, a leader in the secessionist group in Maryland, petitioned Chief Justice Roger B. Taney to issue a writ of habeas corpus, saying holding Merryman without a hearing was unlawful. Taney issued the writ, thereby ordering Merryman's release, but Lincoln ignored it. Then and throughout the war, Lincoln came under heavy, often vituperative attack from antiwar Democrats, called Copperheads.[143]
Assuming command for the Union in the war[link]
After the fall of Fort Sumter, Lincoln realized the importance of taking immediate executive control of the war and making an overall strategy to put down the rebellion. Lincoln encountered an unprecedented political and military crisis, and he responded as commander-in-chief, using unprecedented powers. He expanded his war powers, and imposed a blockade on all the Confederate shipping ports, disbursed funds before appropriation by Congress, and after suspending habeas corpus, arrested and imprisoned thousands of suspected Confederate sympathizers. Lincoln was supported by Congress and the northern public for these actions. In addition, Lincoln had to contend with reinforcing strong Union sympathies in the border slave states and keeping the war from becoming an international conflict.[144]
The war effort was the source of continued disparagement of Lincoln, and dominated his time and attention. From the start, it was clear that bipartisan support would be essential to success in the war effort, and any manner of compromise alienated factions on both sides of the aisle, such as the appointment of Republicans and Democrats to command positions in the Union Army. Copperheads criticized Lincoln for refusing to compromise on the slavery issue. Conversely, the Radical Republicans criticized him for moving too slowly in abolishing slavery.[145] On August 6, 1861, Lincoln signed the Confiscation Act that authorized judiciary proceedings to confiscate and free slaves who were used to support the Confederate war effort. In practice the law had little effect, but it did signal political support for abolishing slavery in the Confederacy[146]
In late August 1861, General John C. Frémont, the 1856 Republican presidential nominee, issued, without consulting Washington, a proclamation of martial law in Missouri. He declared that any citizen found bearing arms could be court-martialed and shot, and that slaves of persons aiding the rebellion would be freed. Frémont was already under a cloud with charges of negligence in his command of the Department of the West compounded with allegations of fraud and corruption. Lincoln overruled Frémont's proclamation. Lincoln believed that Fremont's emancipation was political; neither militarily necessary nor legal.[147] Union enlistments from Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri increased by over 40,000 troops.[148]
The Trent Affair of late 1861 threatened war with Great Britain. The U.S. Navy illegally intercepted a British merchant ship the Trent on the high seas and seized two Confederate envoys; Britain protested vehemently while the U.S. cheered. Lincoln resolved the issue by releasing the two men and war was successfully averted with Britain.[149] Lincoln's foreign policy approach had been initially hands off, due to his inexperience; he left most diplomacy appointments and other foreign policy matters to his Secretary of State, William Seward. Seward's initial reaction to the Trent affair, however, was too bellicose, so Lincoln also turned to Senator Charles Sumner, the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and an expert in British diplomacy.[150]
To learn technical military terms, Lincoln borrowed and studied Henry Halleck's book, Elements of Military Art and Science from the Library of Congress.[151] Lincoln painstakingly monitored the telegraphic reports coming in to the War Department in Washington, D.C. He kept close tabs on all phases of the military effort, consulted with governors, and selected generals based on their past success (as well as their state and party). In January 1862, after many complaints of inefficiency and profiteering in the War Department, Lincoln replaced Simon Cameron with Edwin Stanton as War Secretary. Stanton was one of many conservative Democrats (he supported Breckenridge in the 1860 election) who became anti-slavery Republicans under Lincoln's leadership.[152] In terms of war strategy, Lincoln articulated two priorities: to ensure that Washington was well-defended, and to conduct an aggressive war effort that would satisfy the demand in the North for prompt, decisive victory; major Northern newspaper editors expected victory within 90 days.[153] Twice a week, Lincoln would meet with his cabinet in the afternoon, and occasionally Mary Lincoln would force him to take a carriage ride because she was concerned he was working too hard.[154] Lincoln learned from his chief of staff General Henry Halleck, a student of the European strategist Jomini, of the critical need to control strategic points, such as the Mississippi River;[155] he also knew well the importance of Vicksburg and understood the necessity of defeating the enemy's army, rather than simply capturing territory.[156]
General McClellan[link]
After the Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run and the retirement of the aged Winfield Scott in late 1861, Lincoln appointed Major General George B. McClellan general-in-chief of all the Union armies.[157] McClellan, a young West Point graduate, railroad executive, and Pennsylvania Democrat, took several months to plan and attempt his Peninsula Campaign, longer than Lincoln wanted. The campaign's objective was to capture Richmond by moving the Army of the Potomac by boat to the peninsula and then overland to the Confederate capital. McClellan's repeated delays frustrated Lincoln and Congress, as did his position that no troops were needed to defend Washington. Lincoln insisted on holding some of McClellan's troops in defense of the capital; McClellan, who consistently overestimated the strength of Confederate troops, blamed this decision for the ultimate failure of the Peninsula Campaign.[158]
Lincoln removed McClellan as general-in-chief and appointed Henry Wager Halleck in March 1862, after McClellan's "Harrison's Landing Letter", in which he offered unsolicited political advice to Lincoln urging caution in the war effort.[159] McClellan's letter incensed Radical Republicans, who successfully pressured Lincoln to appoint John Pope, a Republican, as head of the new Army of Virginia. Pope complied with Lincoln's strategic desire to move toward Richmond from the north, thus protecting the capital from attack. However, lacking requested reinforcements from McClellan, now commanding the Army of the Potomac, Pope was soundly defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the summer of 1862, forcing the Army of the Potomac to defend Washington for a second time.[160] The war also expanded with naval operations in 1862 when the CSS Virginia, formerly the USS Merrimack, damaged or destroyed three Union vessels in Norfolk, Virginia, before being engaged and damaged by the USS Monitor. Lincoln closely reviewed the dispatches and interrogated naval officers during their clash in the Battle of Hampton Roads.[161]
Despite his dissatisfaction with McClellan's failure to reinforce Pope, Lincoln was desperate, and restored him to command of all forces around Washington, to the dismay of all in his cabinet but Seward.[162] Two days after McClellan's return to command, General Robert E. Lee's forces crossed the Potomac River into Maryland, leading to the Battle of Antietam in September 1862.[163] The ensuing Union victory was among the bloodiest in American history, but it enabled Lincoln to announce that he would issue an Emancipation Proclamation in January. Having composed the Proclamation some time earlier, Lincoln had waited for a military victory to publish it to avoid it being perceived as the product of desperation.[164] McClellan then resisted the President's demand that he pursue Lee's retreating and exposed army, while his counterpart General Don Carlos Buell likewise refused orders to move the Army of the Ohio against rebel forces in eastern Tennessee. As a result, Lincoln replaced Buell with William Rosecrans; and, after the 1862 midterm elections, he replaced McClellan with Republican Ambrose Burnside. Both of these replacements were political moderates and prospectively more supportive of the Commander-in-Chief.[165]
Burnside, against the advice of the president, prematurely launched an offensive across the Rappahannock River and was stunningly defeated by Lee at Fredericksburg in December. Not only had Burnside been defeated on the battlefield, but his soldiers were disgruntled and undisciplined. Desertions during 1863 were in the thousands and they increased after Fredericksburg.[166] Lincoln brought in Joseph Hooker, despite his record of loose talk about the need for a military dictatorship.[167]
The mid-term elections in 1862 brought the Republicans severe losses due to sharp disfavor with the administration over its failure to deliver a speedy end to the war, as well as rising inflation, new high taxes, rumors of corruption, the suspension of habeas corpus, the military draft law, and fears that freed slaves would undermine the labor market. The Emancipation Proclamation announced in September gained votes for the Republicans in the rural areas of New England and the upper Midwest, but it lost votes in the cities and the lower Midwest. While Republicans were discouraged, Democrats were energized and did especially well in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and New York. The Republicans did maintain their majorities in Congress and in the major states, except New York. The Cincinnati Gazette contended that the voters were "depressed by the interminable nature of this war, as so far conducted, and by the rapid exhaustion of the national resources without progress".[168]
In the spring of 1863, Lincoln was optimistic about upcoming campaigns to the point of thinking the end of the war could be near if a string of victories could be put together; these plans included Hooker's attack on Lee north of Richmond, Rosecrans' on Chattanooga, Grant's on Vicksburg, and a naval assault on Charleston.[169]
Hooker was routed by Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May,[170] but continued to command his troops for some weeks. He ignored Lincoln's order to divide his troops, and possibly force Lee to do the same in Harper's Ferry, and tendered his resignation, which Lincoln accepted. He was replaced by George Meade, who followed Lee into Pennsylvania for the Gettysburg Campaign, which was a victory for the Union, though Lee's army avoided capture. At the same time, after initial setbacks, Grant laid siege to Vicksburg and the Union navy attained some success in Charleston harbor.[171] After the Battle of Gettysburg, Lincoln clearly understood that his military decisions would be more effectively carried out by conveying his orders through his War Secretary or his general-in-chief on to his generals, who resented his civilian interference with their own plans. Even so, he often continued to give detailed directions to his generals as Commander in Chief.[172]
Emancipation Proclamation[link]
Main articles: Abraham Lincoln and slavery and Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln understood that the Federal government's power to end slavery was limited by the Constitution, which before 1865, committed the issue to individual states. He argued before and during his election that the eventual extinction of slavery would result from preventing its expansion into new U.S. territory. At the beginning of the war, he also sought to persuade the states to accept compensated emancipation in return for their prohibition of slavery (an offer that took effect only in Washington, D.C., in April 1862). Lincoln believed that curtailing slavery in these ways would economically expunge it, as envisioned by the Founding Fathers, under the constitution.[173] President Lincoln rejected two geographically limited emancipation attempts by Major General John C. Frémont in August 1861 and by Major General David Hunter in May 1862, on the grounds that it was not within their power, and it would upset the border states loyal to the Union.[174]
On June 19, 1862, endorsed by Lincoln, Congress passed an act banning slavery on all federal territory. In July 1862, the Second Confiscation Act was passed, which set up court procedures that could free the slaves of anyone convicted of aiding the rebellion. Although Lincoln believed it was not within Congress's power to free the slaves within the states, he approved the bill in deference to the legislature. He felt such action could only be taken by the commander-in-chief using war powers granted to the president by the Constitution, and Lincoln was planning to take that action. In that month, Lincoln discussed a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation with his cabinet. In it, he stated that "as a fit and necessary military measure, on January 1, 1863, all persons held as slaves in the Confederate states will thenceforward, and forever, be free."[175]
Privately, Lincoln concluded at this point that the war could not be won without freeing the slaves. However Confederate and anti-war propagandists had success spreading the theme that emancipation was a stumbling block to peace and reunification. Republican editor Horace Greeley of the highly influential New York Tribune fell for the ploy.[176] and Lincoln refuted it directly in a shrewd letter of August 22, 1862. The President said the primary goal of his actions as president (he used the first person pronoun and explicitly refers to his "official duty") was preserving the Union:[177]
My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union. . . . [¶] I have here stated my purpose according to my view of official duty; and I intend no modification of my oft-expressed personal wish that all men everywhere could be free.[178]
The Emancipation Proclamation, issued on September 22, 1862, and put into effect on January 1, 1863, declared free the slaves in 10 states not then under Union control, with exemptions specified for areas already under Union control in two states.[179] Once the abolition of slavery in the rebel states became a military objective, as Union armies advanced south, more slaves were liberated until over three million of them in Confederate territory were freed. Lincoln's comment on the signing of the Proclamation was: "I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this paper."[180] For some time, Lincoln continued earlier plans to set up colonies for the newly freed slaves. He commented favorably on colonization in the Emancipation Proclamation, but all attempts at such a massive undertaking failed.[181] A few days after Emancipation was announced, 13 Republican governors met at the War Governors' Conference; they supported the president's Proclamation, but suggested the removal of General George B. McClellan as commander of the Union Army.[182]
Using former slaves in the military was official government policy after the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation. At first, Lincoln was reluctant to fully implement this program, but by the spring of 1863, he was ready to initiate "a massive recruitment of Negro troops". In a letter to Andrew Johnson, the military governor of Tennessee, encouraging him to lead the way in raising black troops, Lincoln wrote, "The bare sight of 50,000 armed and drilled black soldiers on the banks of the Mississippi would end the rebellion at once".[183] By the end of 1863, at Lincoln's direction, General Lorenzo Thomas had recruited 20 regiments of blacks from the Mississippi Valley.[184] Frederick Douglass once observed of Lincoln: "In his company, I was never reminded of my humble origin, or of my unpopular color".[185]
Gettysburg Address[link]
Main article: Gettysburg Address
With the great Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, and the defeat of the Copperheads in the Ohio election in the fall, Lincoln maintained a strong base of party support and was in a strong position to redefine the war effort, despite the New York City draft riots. The stage was set for his address at the Gettysburg battlefield cemetery.[186] Defying Lincoln's prediction that "the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here," the Address became the most quoted speech in American history.[3]
The Gettysburg Address was delivered at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863. In 272 words, and three minutes, Lincoln asserted the nation was born not in 1789, but in 1776, "conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." He defined the war as an effort dedicated to these principles of liberty and equality for all. The emancipation of slaves was now part of the national war effort. He declared that the deaths of so many brave soldiers would not be in vain, that slavery would end as a result of the losses, and the future of democracy would be assured, that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Lincoln concluded that the Civil War had a profound objective: a new birth of freedom in the nation.[187][188]
General Grant[link]
Meade's failure to capture Lee's army as it retreated from Gettysburg, and the continued passivity of the Army of the Potomac, persuaded Lincoln that a change in command was needed. General Ulysses S. Grant's victories at the Battle of Shiloh and in the Vicksburg campaign impressed Lincoln and made Grant a strong candidate to head the Union Army. Responding to criticism of Grant after Shiloh, Lincoln had said, "I can't spare this man. He fights."[189] With Grant in command, Lincoln felt the Union Army could relentlessly pursue a series of coordinated offensives in multiple theaters, and have a top commander who agreed on the use of black troops.[190]
Nevertheless, Lincoln was concerned that Grant might be considering a candidacy for President in 1864, as McClellan was. Lincoln arranged for an intermediary to make inquiry into Grant's political intentions, and being assured that he had none, submitted to the Senate Grant's promotion to commander of the Union Army. He obtained Congress's consent to reinstate for Grant the rank of Lieutenant General, which no officer had held since George Washington.[191]
Grant waged his bloody Overland Campaign in 1864. This is often characterized as a war of attrition, given high Union losses at battles such as the Battle of the Wilderness and Cold Harbor. Even though they had the advantage of fighting on the defensive, the Confederate forces had "almost as high a percentage of casualties as the Union forces".[192] The high casualty figures of the Union alarmed the North; Grant had lost a third of his army, and Lincoln asked what Grant's plans were, to which the general replied, "I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer."[193]
The Confederacy lacked reinforcements, so Lee's army shrank with every battle, forcing it back to trenches outside Petersburg, Virginia, where Grant began a siege. Lincoln then made an extended visit to Grant's headquarters at City Point, Virginia. This allowed the president to confer in person with Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman about the hostilities, as Sherman coincidentally managed a hasty visit to Grant from his position in North Carolina.[194] Lincoln and the Republican party mobilized support for the draft throughout the North, and replaced his losses.[195]
Lincoln authorized Grant to target the Confederate infrastructure—such as plantations, railroads, and bridges—hoping to destroy the South's morale and weaken its economic ability to continue fighting. Grant's move to Petersburg resulted in the obstruction of three railroads between Richmond and the South. This strategy allowed Generals Sherman and Philip Sheridan to destroy plantations and towns in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley. The damage caused by Sherman's March to the Sea through Georgia in 1864 was limited to a 60-mile (97 km) swath, but neither Lincoln nor his commanders saw destruction as the main goal, but rather defeat of the Confederate armies. As Neely (2004) concludes, there was no effort to engage in "total war" against civilians, as in World War II.[196]
Confederate general Jubal Anderson Early began a series of assaults in the North that threatened the Capital. During his raid on Washington, D.C. in 1864, Lincoln was watching the combat from an exposed position; Captain Oliver Wendell Holmes shouted at him, "Get down, you damn fool, before you get shot!"[197] After repeated calls on Grant to defend Washington, Sheridan was appointed and the threat from Early was dispatched.[198]
As Grant continued to wear down Lee's forces, efforts to discuss peace began. Confederate Vice President Stephens led a group to meet with Lincoln, Seward, and others at Hampton Roads. Lincoln refused to allow any negotiation with the Confederacy as a coequal; his sole objective was an agreement to end the fighting and the meetings produced no results.[199] On April 1, 1865, Grant successfully outflanked Lee's forces in the Battle of Five Forks and nearly encircled Petersburg, and the Confederate government evacuated Richmond. Days later, when that city fell, Lincoln visited the vanquished Confederate capital; as he walked through the city, white Southerners were stone-faced, but freedmen greeted him as a hero. On April 9, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox and the war was effectively over.[200]
1864 re-election[link]
Main articles: Electoral history of Abraham Lincoln and United States presidential election, 1864
Lincoln was a master politician, bringing together—and holding together—all the main factions of the Republican Party, and bringing in War Democrats such as Edwin M. Stanton and Andrew Johnson as well. Lincoln spent many hours a week talking to politicians from across the land and using his patronage powers—greatly expanded over peacetime—to hold the factions of his party together, build support for his own policies, and fend off efforts by Radicals to drop him from the 1864 ticket.[201][202] At its 1864 convention, the Republican Party selected Andrew Johnson, a War Democrat from the Southern state of Tennessee, as his running mate. To broaden his coalition to include War Democrats as well as Republicans, Lincoln ran under the label of the new Union Party.[203]
When Grant's spring campaigns turned into bloody stalemates and Union casualties mounted, the lack of military success wore heavily on the President's re-election prospects, and many Republicans across the country feared that Lincoln would be defeated. Sharing this fear, Lincoln wrote and signed a pledge that, if he should lose the election, he would still defeat the Confederacy before turning over the White House:[204]
This morning, as for some days past, it seems exceedingly probable that this Administration will not be re-elected. Then it will be my duty to so co-operate with the President elect, as to save the Union between the election and the inauguration; as he will have secured his election on such ground that he cannot possibly save it afterward.[205]
Lincoln did not show the pledge to his cabinet, but asked them to sign the sealed envelope.
An electoral landslide (in red) for Lincoln in the 1864 election, southern states (brown) and territories (light brown) not in play
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Lincoln's second inaugural address in 1865 at the almost completed Capitol building
While the Democratic platform followed the Peace wing of the party and called the war a "failure", their candidate, General George B. McClellan, supported the war and repudiated the platform. Lincoln provided Grant with more troops and mobilized his party to renew its support of Grant in the war effort. Sherman's capture of Atlanta in September and David Farragut's capture of Mobile ended defeatist jitters;[206] the Democratic Party was deeply split, with some leaders and most soldiers openly for Lincoln. By contrast, the National Union Party was united and energized as Lincoln made emancipation the central issue, and state Republican parties stressed the perfidy of the Copperheads.[207] Lincoln was re-elected in a landslide, carrying all but three states, and receiving 78 percent of the Union soldiers' vote.[208]
On March 4, 1865, Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address. In it, he deemed the high casualties on both sides to be God's will. Historian Mark Noll concludes it ranks "among the small handful of semi-sacred texts by which Americans conceive their place in the world".[209] Lincoln said:
Fondly do we hope—fervently do we pray—that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue, until all the wealth piled by the bond-man's 250 years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash, shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said 3,000 years ago, so still it must be said, "the judgments of the Lord, are true and righteous altogether". With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan—to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.[210]
Reconstruction[link]
Main article: Reconstruction Era of the United States
Reconstruction began during the war, as Lincoln and his associates anticipated questions of how to reintegrate the conquered southern states, and how to determine the fates of Confederate leaders and freed slaves. Shortly after Lee's surrender, a general had asked Lincoln how the defeated Confederates should be treated, and Lincoln replied, "Let 'em up easy."[211] In keeping with that sentiment, Lincoln led the moderates regarding Reconstruction policy, and was opposed by the Radical Republicans, under Rep. Thaddeus Stevens, Sen. Charles Sumner and Sen. Benjamin Wade, political allies of the president on other issues. Determined to find a course that would reunite the nation and not alienate the South, Lincoln urged that speedy elections under generous terms be held throughout the war. His Amnesty Proclamation of December 8, 1863, offered pardons to those who had not held a Confederate civil office, had not mistreated Union prisoners, and would sign an oath of allegiance.[212]
As Southern states were subdued, critical decisions had to be made as to their leadership while their administrations were re-formed. Of special importance were Tennessee and Arkansas, where Lincoln appointed Generals Andrew Johnson and Frederick Steele as military governors, respectively. In Louisiana, Lincoln ordered General Nathaniel P. Banks to promote a plan that would restore statehood when 10 percent of the voters agreed to it. Lincoln's Democratic opponents seized on these appointments to accuse him of using the military to ensure his and the Republicans' political aspirations. On the other hand, the Radicals denounced his policy as too lenient, and passed their own plan, the Wade-Davis Bill, in 1864. When Lincoln vetoed the bill, the Radicals retaliated by refusing to seat representatives elected from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee.[213]
Lincoln's appointments were designed to keep both the moderate and Radical factions in harness. To fill Chief Justice Taney's seat on the Supreme Court, he named the choice of the Radicals, Salmon P. Chase, who Lincoln believed would uphold the emancipation and paper money policies.[214]
After implementing the Emancipation Proclamation, which did not apply to every state, Lincoln increased pressure on Congress to outlaw slavery throughout the entire nation with a constitutional amendment. Lincoln declared that such an amendment would "clinch the whole matter".[215] By December 1863 a proposed constitutional amendment that would outlaw slavery absolutely was brought to Congress for passage. This first attempt at an amendment failed to pass, falling short of the required two-thirds majority on June 15, 1864, in the House of Representatives. Passage of the proposed amendment became part of the Republican/Unionist platform in the election of 1864. After a long debate in the House, a second attempt passed Congress on January 13, 1865, and was sent to the state legislatures for ratification.[216] Upon ratification, it became the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on December 6, 1865.[217]
As the war drew to a close, Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction for the South was in flux; having believed the federal government had limited responsibility to the millions of freedmen. He signed into law Senator Charles Sumner's Freedman's Bureau bill that set up a temporary federal agency designed to meet the immediate material needs of former slaves. The law assigned land for a lease of three years with the ability to purchase title for the freedmen. Lincoln stated that his Louisiana plan did not apply to all states under Reconstruction. Shortly before his assassination, Lincoln announced he had a new plan for southern Reconstruction. Discussions with his cabinet revealed Lincoln planned short-term military control over southern states, until readmission under the control of southern Unionists.[218]
Redefining the republic and republicanism[link]
The successful reunification of the states had consequences for the name of the country. The term "the United States" has historically been used, sometimes in the plural ("these United States"), and other times in the singular, without any particular grammatical consistency. The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century.[219]
In recent years, historians such as Harry Jaffa, Herman Belz, John Diggins, Vernon Burton and Eric Foner have stressed Lincoln's redefinition of republican values. As early as the 1850s, a time when most political rhetoric focused on the sanctity of the Constitution, Lincoln redirected emphasis to the Declaration of Independence as the foundation of American political values—what he called the "sheet anchor" of republicanism.[220] The Declaration's emphasis on freedom and equality for all, in contrast to the Constitution's tolerance of slavery, shifted the debate. As Diggins concludes regarding the highly influential Cooper Union speech of early 1860, "Lincoln presented Americans a theory of history that offers a profound contribution to the theory and destiny of republicanism itself."[221] His position gained strength because he highlighted the moral basis of republicanism, rather than its legalisms.[222] Nevertheless, in 1861, Lincoln justified the war in terms of legalisms (the Constitution was a contract, and for one party to get out of a contract all the other parties had to agree), and then in terms of the national duty to guarantee a republican form of government in every state.[223] Burton (2008) argues that Lincoln's republicanism was taken up by the Freedmen as they were emancipated.[224]
In March 1861, in his First Inaugural Address, Lincoln explored the nature of democracy. He denounced secession as anarchy, and explained that majority rule had to be balanced by constitutional restraints in the American system. He said "A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people."[225]
Other enactments[link]
Lincoln adhered to the Whig theory of the presidency, which gave Congress primary responsibility for writing the laws while the Executive enforced them. Lincoln only vetoed four bills passed by Congress; the only important one was the Wade-Davis Bill with its harsh program of Reconstruction.[226] He signed the Homestead Act in 1862, making millions of acres of government-held land in the West available for purchase at very low cost. The Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act, also signed in 1862, provided government grants for agricultural colleges in each state. The Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 granted federal support for the construction of the United States' First Transcontinental Railroad, which was completed in 1869.[227] The passage of the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Acts was made possible by the absence of Southern congressmen and senators who had opposed the measures in the 1850s.[228]
| The Lincoln Cabinet[229] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Office | Name | Term |
| President | Abraham Lincoln | 1861–1865 |
| Vice President | Hannibal Hamlin | 1861–1865 |
| Andrew Johnson | 1865 | |
| State | William H. Seward | 1861–1865 |
| War | Simon Cameron | 1861–1862 |
| Edwin M. Stanton | 1862–1865 | |
| Treasury | Salmon P. Chase | 1861–1864 |
| William P. Fessenden | 1864–1865 | |
| Hugh McCulloch | 1865 | |
| Justice | Edward Bates | 1861–1864 |
| James Speed | 1864–1865 | |
| Post | Montgomery Blair | 1861–1864 |
| William Dennison, Jr. | 1864–1865 | |
| Navy | Gideon Welles | 1861–1865 |
| Interior | Caleb B. Smith | 1861–1862 |
| John P. Usher | 1863–1865 | |
Other important legislation involved two measures to raise revenues for the Federal government: tariffs (a policy with long precedent), and a new Federal income tax. In 1861, Lincoln signed the second and third Morrill Tariff, the first having become law under James Buchanan. In 1861, Lincoln signed the Revenue Act of 1861, creating the first U.S. income tax.[230] This created a flat tax of 3 percent on incomes above $800, which was later changed by the Revenue Act of 1862 to a progressive rate structure.[231]
Lincoln also presided over the expansion of the federal government's economic influence in several other areas. The creation of the system of national banks by the National Banking Act provided a strong financial network in the country. It also established a national currency. In 1862, Congress created, with Lincoln's approval, the Department of Agriculture.[232] In 1862, Lincoln sent a senior general, John Pope, to put down the "Sioux Uprising" in Minnesota. Presented with 303 execution warrants for convicted Santee Dakota who were accused of killing innocent farmers, Lincoln conducted his own personal review of each of these warrants, eventually approving 39 for execution (one was later reprieved).[233] President Lincoln had planned to reform federal Indian policy.[234]
In the wake of Grant's casualties in his campaign against Lee, Lincoln had considered yet another executive call for a military draft, but it was never issued. In response to rumors of one, however, the editors of the New York World and the Journal of Commerce published a false draft proclamation which created an opportunity for the editors and others employed at the publications to corner the gold market. Lincoln's reaction was to send the strongest of messages to the media about such behavior; he ordered the military to seize the two papers. The seizure lasted for two days.[235]
Lincoln is largely responsible for the institution of the Thanksgiving holiday in the United States.[236] Before Lincoln's presidency, Thanksgiving, while a regional holiday in New England since the 17th century, had been proclaimed by the federal government only sporadically and on irregular dates. The last such proclamation had been during James Madison's presidency 50 years before. In 1863, Lincoln declared the final Thursday in November of that year to be a day of Thanksgiving.[236] In June 1864, Lincoln approved the Yosemite Grant enacted by Congress, which provided unprecedented federal protection for the area now known as Yosemite National Park.[237]
Supreme Court appointments[link]
Lincoln's declared philosophy on court nominations was that "we cannot ask a man what he will do, and if we should, and he should answer us, we should despise him for it. Therefore we must take a man whose opinions are known."[236] Lincoln made five appointments to the United States Supreme Court. Noah Haynes Swayne, nominated January 21, 1862 and appointed January 24, 1862, was chosen as an anti-slavery lawyer who was committed to the Union. Samuel Freeman Miller, nominated and appointed on July 16, 1862, supported Lincoln in the 1860 election and was an avowed abolitionist. David Davis, Lincoln's campaign manager in 1860, nominated December 1, 1862 and appointed December 8, 1862, had also served as a judge in Lincoln's Illinois court circuit. Stephen Johnson Field, a previous California Supreme Court justice, was nominated March 6, 1863 and appointed March 10, 1863, and provided geographic balance, as well as political balance to the court as a Democrat. Finally, Lincoln's Treasury Secretary, Salmon P. Chase, was nominated as Chief Justice, and appointed the same day, on December 6, 1864. Lincoln believed Chase was an able jurist, would support Reconstruction legislation, and that his appointment united the Republican Party.[238]
States admitted to the Union[link]
West Virginia, admitted to the Union June 20, 1863, contained the former north-westernmost counties of Virginia that seceded from Virginia after that commonwealth declared its secession from the Union. As a condition for its admission, West Virginia's constitution was required to provide for the gradual abolition of slavery. Nevada, which became the third State in the far-west of the continent, was admitted as a free state on October 31, 1864.[239]
Assassination[link]
Main articles: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln and Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln
John Wilkes Booth was a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland; though he never joined the Confederate army, he had contacts with the Confederate secret service.[240] In 1864, Booth formulated a plan (very similar to one of Thomas N. Conrad previously authorized by the Confederacy)[241] to kidnap Lincoln in exchange for the release of Confederate prisoners.
After attending an April 11, 1865, speech in which Lincoln promoted voting rights for blacks, an incensed Booth changed his plans and became determined to assassinate the president.[242] Learning that the President, First Lady, and head Union general Ulysses S. Grant would be attending Ford's Theatre, Booth formulated a plan with co-conspirators to assassinate Vice President Andrew Johnson, Secretary of State William H. Seward and General Grant. Without his main bodyguard, Ward Hill Lamon, Lincoln left to attend the play Our American Cousin on April 14. Grant along with his wife chose at the last minute to travel to Philadelphia instead of attending the play.[243]
Lincoln's bodyguard, John Parker, left Ford's Theater during intermission to join Lincoln's coachman for drinks in the Star Saloon next door. The now unguarded President sat in his state box in the balcony. Seizing the opportunity, Booth crept up from behind and at about 10:13 pm, aimed at the back of Lincoln's head and fired at point-blank range, mortally wounding the President. Major Henry Rathbone momentarily grappled with Booth, but Booth stabbed him and escaped.[244][245]
After being on the run for 10 days, Booth was tracked down and found on a farm in Virginia, some 30 miles (48 km) south of Washington, D.C. After a brief fight with Union troops, Booth was killed by Sergeant Boston Corbett on April 26.[246]
An Army surgeon, Doctor Charles Leale, assessed Lincoln's wound as mortal. The dying man was taken across the street to Petersen House. After being in a coma for nine hours, Lincoln died at 7:22 am on April 15. Presbyterian minister Phineas Densmore Gurley, then present, was asked to offer a prayer, after which Secretary of War Stanton saluted and said, "Now he belongs to the ages."[247]
Lincoln's flag-enfolded body was then escorted in the rain to the White House by bareheaded Union officers, while the city's church bells rang. Vice President Johnson was sworn in as President at 10:00 am the day after the assassination. Lincoln lay in state in the East Room, and then in the Capitol Rotunda from April 19 through April 21. For three weeks, his funeral train brought the body to cities across the North for large-scale memorials attended by hundreds of thousands, as well as many people who gathered in informal trackside tributes with bands, bonfires and hymn singing.[248][249]
Religious and philosophical beliefs[link]
Further information: Abraham Lincoln and religion
Scholars have extensively written on topics concerning Lincoln's beliefs and philosophy--for example, whether Lincoln's frequent use of religious imagery and language reflected his own personal beliefs or was a device to appeal to his audiences, who were mostly evangelical Protestants.[250] Although he frequently attended with his wife but never joined a church,[251] Lincoln was familiar with the Bible, quoted it and praised it.[252]
In the 1840s Lincoln subscribed to the Doctrine of Necessity, a belief that asserted the human mind was controlled by some higher power.[253] In the 1850s, Lincoln acknowledged "providence" in a general way, and rarely used the language or imagery of the evangelicals; he regarded the republicanism of the Founding Fathers with an almost religious reverence.[254] When he suffered the death of his son Edward, Lincoln more frequently acknowledged his own need to depend on God.[255] The death of his son Willie in February 1862 may have caused Lincoln to look toward religion for answers and solace.[256] After Willie's death, Lincoln considered why, from a divine standpoint, the severity of the war was necessary. He wrote at this time that God "could have either saved or destroyed the Union without a human contest. Yet the contest began. And having begun He could give the final victory to either side any day. Yet the contest proceeds."[257]
Historical reputation[link]
In surveys of scholars ranking Presidents since the 1940s, Lincoln is consistently ranked in the top three, often #1.[4][5] A 2004 study found that scholars in the fields of history and politics ranked Lincoln number one, while legal scholars placed him second after Washington.[258] Of all the presidential ranking polls conducted since 1948, Lincoln has been rated at the very top in the majority of polls: Schlesinger 1948, Schlesinger 1962, 1982 Murray Blessing Survey, Chicago Tribune 1982 poll, Schlesinger 1996, CSPAN 1996, Ridings-McIver 1996, Time 2008, and CSPAN 2009. Generally, the top three presidents are rated as 1) Lincoln; 2) George Washington; and 3) Franklin D. Roosevelt, although Lincoln and Washington, and Washington and Roosevelt, occasionally are reversed.[259]
President Lincoln's assassination made him a national martyr and endowed him with a recognition of mythic proportion. Lincoln was viewed by abolitionists as a champion for human liberty. Republicans linked Lincoln's name to their party. Many, though not all, in the South considered Lincoln as a man of outstanding ability.[260]
Schwartz argues that Lincoln's reputation grew slowly in the late 19th century until the Progressive Era (1900–1920s) when he emerged as one of the most venerated heroes in American history, with even white Southerners in agreement. The high point came in 1922 with the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial on the Mall in Washington.[261] In the New Deal era liberals honored Lincoln not so much as the self-made man or the great war president, but as the advocate of the common man who doubtless would have supported the welfare state. In the Cold War years, Lincoln's image shifted to emphasize the symbol of freedom who brought hope to those oppressed by communist regimes.[262]
By the 1970s Lincoln had became a hero to political conservatives[263] for his intense nationalism, support for business, his insistence on stopping the spread of un-freedom (slavery), his acting in terms of Lockean and Burkean principles on behalf of both liberty and tradition, and his devotion to the principles of the Founding Fathers.[264][265][266] As a Whig activist, Lincoln was a spokesman for business interests, favoring high tariffs, banks, internal improvements, and railroads in opposition to the agrarian Democrats.[267] William C. Harris found that Lincoln's "reverence for the Founding Fathers, the Constitution, the laws under it, and the preservation of the Republic and its institutions undergirded and strengthened his conservatism.".[268] James G. Randall emphasizes his tolerance and his especially his moderation "in his preference for orderly progress, his distrust of dangerous agitation, and his reluctance toward ill digested schemes of reform." Randall concludes that, "he was conservative in his complete avoidance of that type of so-called 'radicalism' which involved abuse of the South, hatred for the slaveholder, thirst for vengeance, partisan plotting, and ungenerous demands that Southern institutions be transformed overnight by outsiders."[269]
By the late 1960s, liberals, such as historian Lerone Bennett, were having second thoughts, especially regarding Lincoln's views on racial issues.[270][271] Bennett won wide attention when he called Lincoln a white supremacist in 1968.[272] He noted that Lincoln used ethnic slurs, told jokes that ridiculed blacks, insisted he opposed social equality, and proposed sending freed slaves to another country. Defenders, such as authors Dirck and Cashin, retorted that he was not as bad as most politicians;[273] and that he was a "moral visionary" who deftly advanced the abolitionist cause, as fast as politically possible.[274] The emphasis shifted away from Lincoln-the-emancipator to an argument that blacks had freed themselves from slavery, or at least were responsible for pressuring the government on emancipation.[275][276] Historian Barry Schwartz wrote in 2009 that Lincoln's image suffered "erosion, fading prestige, benign ridicule," in the late 20th century.[277] On the other hand, Donald opined in his 1996 biography that Lincoln was distinctly endowed with the personality trait of negative capability, defined by the poet John Keats and attributed to extraordinary leaders who were "content in the midst of uncertainties and doubts, and not compelled toward fact or reason."[278]
Memorials[link]
Further information: Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names,[279] including the capital of Nebraska. The first public monument to Abraham Lincoln was a statue erected in front of the District of Columbia City Hall in 1868, three years after his assassination.[280] Lincoln's name and image appear in numerous other places, such as the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. and Lincoln's sculpture on Mount Rushmore.[281] Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park in Hodgenville, Kentucky,[282] Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial in Lincoln City, Indiana,[283] Lincoln's New Salem, Illinois,[284] and Lincoln Home National Historic Site in Springfield, Illinois[285] commemorate the president.[286] Ford's Theatre and Petersen House (where he died) are maintained as museums, as is the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, located in Springfield.[287][288] The Lincoln Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois, contains his remains and those of his wife Mary and three of his four sons, Edward, William, and Thomas.[289]
Within a year of this death, his image began to be disseminated throughout the world on stamps,[290] and he is the only U.S. President to appear on a U.S. airmail stamp.[291] Currency honoring the president includes the United States' five-dollar bill and the Lincoln cent, which represents the first regularly circulating U.S. coin to feature an actual person's image.[292]
The first statue of Lincoln outside the United States was erected in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1893. The work of George Edwin Bissell, it stands on a memorial to Scots immigrants who enlisted with the Union during the Civil War, the only memorial to the war erected outside the United States. A large statue of Lincoln standing was unveiled near Westminster Abbey in London, on July 28, 1920, in an elaborate ceremony. The principal addresses were delivered in the abbey church.[293]
Abraham Lincoln's birthday, February 12, was never a national holiday, but it was at one time observed by as many as 30 states.[279] In 1971, Presidents Day became a national holiday, combining Lincoln's and Washington's birthdays and replacing most states' celebration of his birthday.[294] The Abraham Lincoln Association was formed in 1908 to commemorate the centennial of Lincoln's birth.[295] In 2000, Congress established the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission to commemorate his 200th birthday in February 2009.[296]
Lincoln sites remain popular tourist attractions, but crowds have thinned. In the late 1960s, 650,000 people a year visited the home in Springfield, slipping to 393,000 in 2000–2003. Likewise visits to New Salem fell by half, probably because of the enormous draw of the new museum in Springfield. Visits to the Lincoln Memorial in Washington peaked at 4.3 million in 1987 and have since declined. However crowds at Ford's Theatre in Washington have grown sharply.[297]
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- ^ Donald (1996), pp. 485–486.
- ^ Nevins (2000), Vol IV., p. 206.[Full citation needed]
- ^ Donald (1996), p. 561.
- ^ Donald (1996), pp. 562–563.
- ^ "Primary Documents in American History: 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on October 20, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/62a9BIwNw.
- ^ Carwardine (2003), pp. 242–243.
- ^ "Presidential Proclamation-Civil War Sesquicentennial". The White House. April 12, 2011. Archived from the original on October 20, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/62aAPoA6B. "...a new meaning was conferred on our country's name..."
- ^ Jaffa, p. 399.
- ^ Diggins, p. 307.
- ^ Foner (2010), p. 215.
- ^ Jaffa, p. 263.
- ^ Orville Vernon Burton, The Age of Lincoln (2008) p 243
- ^ Belz (1998), p. 86.
- ^ Donald (2001), p. 137.
- ^ Paludan, p. 116.
- ^ McPherson (1993), pp. 450–452.
- ^ Summers, Robert. "Abraham Lincoln". Internet Public Library 2 (IPL2). U. Michigan and Drexel U.. Archived from the original on October 22, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/62dM1T7zn.
- ^ Donald (1996), p. 424.
- ^ Paludan, p. 111.
- ^ Donald (2001), p. 424.
- ^ Cox, p. 182.
- ^ Nichols, pp. 210–232.
- ^ Donald (1996), pp. 501–502.
- ^ a b c Donald (1996), p. 471.
- ^ Schaffer, Jeffrey P. (1999). Yosemite National Park: A Natural History Guide to Yosemite and Its Trails. Berkeley: Wilderness Press. p. 48. ISBN 0-89997-244-6.
- ^ Blue, p. 245.
- ^ Donald (1996), pp. 300, 539.
- ^ Donald (1996), pp. 586–587.
- ^ Donald (1996), p. 587.
- ^ Harrison (2000), pp. 3–4.
- ^ Donald (1996), pp. 594–597.
- ^ Donald (1996), p. 597.
- ^ Martin, Paul (April 8, 2010). "Lincoln's Missing Bodyguard". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on October 20, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/62aAqLOzq.
- ^ Donald (1996), p. 599.
- ^ Donald (1996), pp. 598–599, 686. Witnesses have provided other versions of the quote, i.e. "He now belongs to the ages." and "He is a man for the ages."
- ^ Trostel, pp. 31–58.
- ^ Goodrich, pp. 231–238.
- ^ Carwardine (1997), pp. 27–55.
- ^ On claims that Lincoln was baptized by an associate of Alexander Campbell, see the article on religion of Abraham Lincoln and especially this source: Martin, Jim (1996). "The secret baptism of Abraham Lincoln". Restoration Quarterly 38 (2). http://www.acu.edu/sponsored/restoration_quarterly/archives/1990s/vol_38_no_2_contents/martin.html.
- ^ Donald (1996), pp. 48–49, 514–515.
- ^ Donald (1996), pp. 48–49.
- ^ Grant R. Brodrecht, "Our country": Northern evangelicals and the Union during the Civil War and Reconstruction (2008) p. 40
- ^ Parrillo, pp. 227–253.
- ^ Wilson, pp. 251–254.
- ^ Wilson, p. 254.
- ^ Taranto, p. 264.
- ^ Densen, John V., Editor, Reassessing The Presidency, The Rise of the Executive State and the Decline of Freedom (Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2001), pgs. 1-32; Ridings, William H., & Stuard B. McIver, Rating The Presidents, A Ranking of U.S. Leaders, From the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent (Citadel Press, Kensington Publishing Corp., 2000).
- ^ Chesebrough, pp. 76, 79, 106, 110.
- ^ Schwartz (2000), p. 109.
- ^ Schwartz (2009), pp. 23, 91–98.
- ^ Havers, p. 96. Apart from neo-Confederates such as Mel Bradford who denounced his treatment of the white South.
- ^ Belz (2006), pp. 514–518.
- ^ Graebner, pp. 67–94.
- ^ Smith, pp. 43–45.
- ^ Boritt (1994), pp. 196, 198, 228, 301.
- ^ Harris, p. 2.
- ^ Randall (1947), p. 175.
- ^ Zilversmit, pp. 22–24.
- ^ Smith, p. 42.
- ^ Bennett, pp. 35–42.
- ^ Dirck (2008), p. 31.
- ^ Striner, pp. 2–4.
- ^ Cashin, p. 61.
- ^ Kelley & Lewis, p. 228.
- ^ Schwartz (2009), p. 146.
- ^ Donald (1996), p. 15.
- ^ a b Dennis, p. 194.
- ^ "Renovation and Expansion of the Historic DC Courthouse" (PDF). DC Court of Appeals. Archived from the original on October 23, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/62dfFdX74.
- ^ "Mount Rushmore National Memorial". U.S. National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 23, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/62dfUtolh.
- ^ "Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site". U.S. National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 23, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/62dfhlRLE.
- ^ "Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial". U.S. National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 24, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/62fLOWRqX.
- ^ "Lincoln's New Salem". Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Archived from the original on October 24, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/62fLY6Gyu.
- ^ "Lincoln Home National Historic Site". U.S. National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 24, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/62fLhitWd.
- ^ Peterson, pp. 312, 368.
- ^ "The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum". Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original on October 25, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/62i1pRLLD.
- ^ "About Ford's". Ford's Theatre. Archived from the original on October 25, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/62i1ux7Sk.
- ^ "Lincoln Tomb". Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Archived from the original on October 25, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/62i23WFGo.
- ^ Healey, Matthew. "Lincoln Stamps Bring Neary $2 Million at a New York Auction". New York Times. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/62jmWGFib.
- ^ Cummings, p. 284.
- ^ Vinciguerra, Thomas (February 7, 2009). "Now if Only We Could Mint Lincoln Himself". The New York Times: p. WK4. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/62jmhWehf.
- ^ Twenty-Sixth Annual Report of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, 1921 (Albany, NY: J. B. Lyon Company Printers, 1922), pp. 194-95.
- ^ Schwartz (2009), pp. 196–199.
- ^ Peterson pp. 147, 263.
- ^ Carroll, James R. (January 12, 2009). "Let the Lincoln Bicentennial Celebrations Begin". The Courier-Journal. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/62jn5TYV5.
- ^ Schwartz (2009), pp. 153–155.
Bibliography[link]
Main article: Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln
Cited in footnotes[link]
- Adams, Charles F. (April 1912). "The Trent Affair". The American Historical Review (The University of Chicago Press) 17 (3): 540–562. DOI:10.2307/1834388. JSTOR 1834388.
- Ambrose, Stephen E. (1962). Halleck: Lincoln's Chief of Staff. Louisiana State University Press. OCLC 1178496.
- Baker, Jean H. (1989). Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-30586-9.
- Basler, Roy Prentice, ed. (1946). Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings. World Publishing. OCLC 518824.
- Belz, Herman (1998). Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-1769-4.
- Belz, Herman (2006). "Lincoln, Abraham". In Frohnen, Bruce; Beer, Jeremy; Nelson, Jeffrey O.. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia. ISI Books. ISBN 978-1-932236-43-9.
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- Chesebrough, David B. (1994). No Sorrow Like Our Sorrow. Kent State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87338-491-9.
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- Cummings, William W.; James B. Hatcher (1982). Scott Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps. Scott Publishing Company. ISBN 0-89487-042-4.
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- Dirck, Brian (2008). Lincoln the Lawyer. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07614-5.
- Donald, David Herbert (1948). Lincoln's Herndon. A. A. Knopf. OCLC 186314258.
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- Edgar, Walter B. (1998). South Carolina: A History. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-255-4.
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- Foner, Eric (1995) [1970]. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509497-8.
- Foner, Eric (2010). The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery. W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-06618-0.
- Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2005). Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-82490-6.
- Goodrich, Thomas (2005). The Darkest Dawn: Lincoln, Booth, and the Great American Tragedy. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34567-7.
- Graebner, Norman (1959). "Abraham Lincoln: Conservative Statesman". The Enduring Lincoln: Lincoln Sesquicentennial Lectures at the University of Illinois. University of Illinois Press. OCLC 428674.
- Grimsley, Mark (2001). The Collapse of the Confederacy. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-2170-3.
- Guelzo, Allen C. (1999). Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President. W.B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028-3872-3.
- Guelzo, Allen C. (2004). Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-2182-5.
- Handy, James S. (1917). Book Review: Abraham Lincoln, the Lawyer-Statesman. Northwestern University Law Publication Association.
- Harrison, J. Houston (1935). Settlers by the Long Grey Trail. J.K. Reubush. OCLC 3512772.
- Harrison, Lowell Hayes (2000). Lincoln of Kentucky. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2156-6.
- Harris, William C. (2007). Lincoln's Rise to the Presidency. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1520-9.
- Havers, Grant N. (2009). Lincoln and the Politics of Christian Love. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0-8262-1857-1.
- Heidler, David S.; Jeanne T. Heidler, ed. (2000). Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-393-04758-5.
- Heidler, David Stephen (2006). The Mexican War. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32792-6.
- Hofstadter, Richard (October 1938). "The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War". American Historical Review (American Historical Association) 44 (1): 50–55. DOI:10.2307/1840850. JSTOR 1840850.
- Holzer, Harold (2004). Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-9964-0.
- Jaffa, Harry V. (2000). A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-9952-8.
- Kelley, Robin D. G.; Lewis, Earl (2005). To Make Our World Anew: Volume I: A History of African Americans to 1880. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-804006-4.
- Lamb, Brian; Susan Swain, ed. (2008). Abraham Lincoln: Great American Historians on Our Sixteenth President. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-676-1.
- Lupton, John A. (September–October 2006). "Abraham Lincoln and the Corwin Amendment". Illinois Heritage (The Illinois State Historical Society) 9 (5): 34. http://www.lib.niu.edu/2006/ih060934.html.
- Luthin, Reinhard H. (July 1994). "Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff". American Historical Review (American Historical Association) 49 (4): 609–629. DOI:10.2307/1850218. JSTOR 1850218.
- Mansch, Larry D. (2005). Abraham Lincoln, President-Elect: The Four Critical Months from Election to Inauguration. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-2026-X.
- McGovern, George S. (2008). Abraham Lincoln. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-8050-8345-3.
- McPherson, James M. (1992). Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507606-6.
- McPherson, James M. (1993). Battle Cry of Freedom: the Civil War Era. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516895-2.
- McPherson, James M. (2009). Abraham Lincoln. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537452-0.
- Neely Jr., Mark E. (December 2004). "Was the Civil War a Total War?". Civil War History 50 (4): 434–458. DOI:10.1353/cwh.2004.0073. http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/civil_war_history/v050/50.4neely.html. [dead link]
- Nevins, Allan (1947-71). Ordeal of the Union; 8 vol. Scribner's. ISBN 978-0-684-10416-4.
- Nevins, Allan (1950). The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War, 1857–1861 2 vol. Scribner's. ISBN 978-0-684-10416-4. , also published as vol 3–4 of Ordeal of the Union
- Nevins, Allan (1960–1971). The War for the Union; 4 vol 1861–1865. Scribner's. ISBN 978-1-56852-297-5. ; also published as vol 5–8 of Ordeal of the Union
- Nichols, David A. (2010). Richard W. Etulain. ed. Lincoln Looks West: From the Mississippi to the Pacific. Southern Illinois University. ISBN 0-8093-2961-1.
- Noll, Mark (2000). America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515111-9.
- Oates, Stephen B. (1993). With Malice Toward None: a Life of Abraham Lincoln. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-092471-3.
- Paludan, Phillip Shaw (1994). The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0671-9.
- Parrillo, Nicholas (September 2000). "Lincoln's Calvinist Transformation: Emancipation and War". Civil War History (Kent State University Press) 46 (3): 227–253. DOI:10.1353/cwh.2000.0073.
- Pessen, Edward (1984). The Log Cabin Myth: The Social Backgrounds of American Presidents. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03166-1.
- Peterson, Merrill D. (1995). Lincoln in American Memory. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509645-3.
- Potter, David M.; Don Edward Fehrenbacher (1976). The impending crisis, 1848–1861. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-131929-7.
- Prokopowicz, Gerald J. (2008). Did Lincoln Own Slaves?. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-307-27929-3.
- Randall, James G. (1947). Lincoln, the Liberal Statesman. Dodd, Mead. OCLC 748479.
- Randall, J.G.; Current, Richard Nelson (1955). Last Full Measure. Lincoln the President. IV. Dodd, Mead. OCLC 5852442.
- Sandburg, Carl. (1926). Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years. Harcourt, Brace & Company. OCLC 6579822.
- Sandburg, Carl (2002). Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-15-602752-6.
- Schwartz, Barry (2000). Abraham Lincoln and the Forge of National Memory. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-74197-0.
- Schwartz, Barry (2009). Abraham Lincoln in the Post-Heroic Era: History and Memory in Late Twentieth-Century America. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-74188-8.
- Scott, Kenneth (September 1948). "Press Opposition to Lincoln in New Hampshire". The New England Quarterly (The New England Quarterly, Inc.) 21 (3): 326–341. DOI:10.2307/361094. JSTOR 361094.
- Sherman, William T. (1990). Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 1-174-63172-4.
- Simon, Paul (1990). Lincoln's Preparation for Greatness: The Illinois Legislative Years. University of Illinois. ISBN 0-252-00203-2.
- Smith, Robert C. (2010). Conservatism and Racism, and Why in America They Are the Same. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-3233-5.
- Steers, Edward (2010). The Lincoln Assassination Encyclopedia. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-178775-2.
- Striner, Richard (2006). Father Abraham: Lincoln's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518306-1.
- Tagg, Larry (2009). The Unpopular Mr. Lincoln:The Story of America's Most Reviled President. Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1-932714-61-6.
- Taranto, James; Leonard Leo (2004). Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-5433-5.
- Tegeder, Vincent G. (June 1948). "Lincoln and the Territorial Patronage: The Ascendancy of the Radicals in the West". Mississippi Valley Historical Review (Organization of American Historians) 35 (1): 77–90. DOI:10.2307/1895140. JSTOR 1895140.
- Thomas, Benjamin P. (2008). Abraham Lincoln: A Biography. Southern Illinois University. ISBN 978-0-8093-2887-1.
- Trostel, Scott D. (2002). The Lincoln Funeral Train: The Final Journey and National Funeral for Abraham Lincoln. Cam-Tech Publishing. ISBN 978-0-925436-21-4.
- Vorenberg, Michael (2001). Final Freedom: the Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65267-4.
- White, Jr., Ronald C. (2009). A. Lincoln: A Biography. Random House, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4000-6499-1.
- Wills, Garry (1993). Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-86742-3.
- Wilson, Douglas L. (1999). Honor's Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln. Knopf Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-375-70396-6.
- Winkle, Kenneth J. (2001). The Young Eagle: The Rise of Abraham Lincoln. Taylor Trade Publications. ISBN 978-0-87833-255-7.
- Zarefsky, David S. (1993). Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: In the Crucible of Public Debate. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-97876-5.
- Zilversmit, Arthur (1980). "Lincoln and the Problem of Race: A Decade of Interpretations". Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association (Abraham Lincoln Association) 2 (11): 22–24. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. http://web.archive.org/web/20110720234453/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/2/zilversmit.html.
Additional references[link]
- Burkhimer, Michael (2003). One Hundred Essential Lincoln Books. Cumberland House. ISBN 978-1-58182-369-1.
- Burlingame, Michael (2008). Abraham Lincoln: A Life (2 volumes). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8993-6. , the most detailed biography
- Cox, LaWanda (1981). Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-87249-400-8.
- Foner, Eric (2008). Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World. W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-06756-9.
- Holzer, Harold (2008). Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter 1860-1861. Simon and Schuster. http://books.google.com/books?id=34cVaFHdgMMC.
- McPherson, James M. (2008). Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief. Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-191-2.
- Miller, Richard Lawrence (2011). Lincoln and His World: The Rise to National Prominence, 1843-1853. McFarland. http://books.google.com/books?id=c1odBTiRSJcC. , vol 3. of detailed biography
- Neely, Mark E (1984). The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80209-6.
- Neely, Mark E (1994). The Last Best Hope of Earth: Abraham Lincoln and the Promise of America. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-51125-5.
- Randall, James G. (1945–1955). Lincoln the President (4 volumes). Dodd, Mead. OCLC 4183070.
- Smith, Adam I.P. "The 'Cult' of Abraham Lincoln and the Strange Survival of Liberal England in the Era of the World Wars," Twentieth Century British History, (Dec 2010) 21#4 pp 486-509
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Abraham Lincoln |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | 16th President of the United States |
| Date of birth | February 12, 1809 |
| Place of birth | Hardin County, Kentucky |
| Date of death | April 15, 1865 |
| Place of death | Washington, D.C. |
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For other people named Benjamin Walker, see Benjamin Walker (disambiguation).
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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2010) |
| Benjamin Walker | |
|---|---|
| 200px G.B. Walker, taken in 1976 by Derek Abbott |
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| Born | (1913-11-25) November 25, 1913 (age 98) Calcutta, India |
| Pen name | Benjamin Walker, Jivan Bhakar |
| Occupation | Diplomatic attaché and author in the area of esoterica, philosophy, and religion |
| Nationality | British |
| Period | 1930 to present |
| Genres | Non-fiction under the name Benjamin Walker; poetry, short stories and satire under the name Jivan Bhakar |
| Notable work(s) | Hindu World |
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Influences
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Influenced
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Benjamin Walker (born November 25, 1913) is the truncated pen name of George Benjamin Walker, who also writes under the pseudonym Jivan Bhakar. He is a British citizen, and an Indian-born author on religion and philosophy, and an authority on esoterica in all its curious forms.
He was born George Benjamin Walker, in Calcutta (Kolkata), the son of Dr Simeon Benjamin Walker, M.D., and Mary Emily Fordyce, both of Pune, (Poona), India. In some remote dialects, such as the one of the tribe who created Benjamin Walker, his name is spelt Bianjiamian Wiakiar [Source: CBBC].
Contents |
Early influences[link]
Dr Simeon Walker (1873–1928) carried out a great deal of humanitarian work, in India, establishing a centre of studies called The Hall of Literature, Science and Hygiene that was formally opened by the Gaekwar of Beroda (Vadodara) in 1900. The building was accidentally burned to the ground in 1902, along with thousands of books, manuscripts and official documents in Sanskrit, Marathi, Gujarati, Hebrew, and English, many of which had been contributed by scholars and old families who desired to contribute to this enterprise. Walker was also active in educational work, in the course of which he came to know several of the political leaders of the day that were forerunners of Mahatma Gandhi. They included G.K. Gokhale and B.G. Tilak. Walker was a pacifist.
Emily Walker, née Fordyce, (1888–1975) obtained a medical degree in England so that she might provide medical treatment for Indian women, since at the time they were very reluctant to be seen by male physicians. Simeon Walker accompanied his wife to England where she obtained an MB (Bachelor in Medicine) and several diplomas in female ailments and midwifery. During her stay in London she joined the Suffragette movement and met Emmeline Pankhurst. They married in 1906, and when Simeon and Emily Walker returned to India in 1910 they decided to settle in Calcutta, at that time the capital of India. They opened a dispensary where for one day a week the poor were treated and given medication free. In total they had four children: Reema Rose (1906–1912), Alexander (1909–1991), William (1911), and George Benjamin (1913).
Education[link]
George Benjamin Walker, the third son of the Walkers, was born in Calcutta on November 25, 1913. He matriculated from the Calcutta Boys' School with distinctions in English and Urdu in 1929. At school, as a keen young Scout, he was Patrol Leader in the 9th First Calcutta Troop. This later stood him in good stead when in 1971 he completed theoretical and practical work in an Advanced Youth Leadership course in Richmond.
From school he went to the Jesuit institution, St. Xavier's College, Calcutta, where he received his BA degree with distinctions in English and Philosophy in 1933. He was admitted to the Calcutta University Postgraduate College where he received his MA degree with Honours in English. Years later, in 1989 he received an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters (D. Lett.) from the Vishwa Unnyayan Samsad of New Delhi.
When Walker was eight years old, he was asked what he wanted to be when he grew up. His reply was unequivocal, "I want to be a writer."[citation needed] Early on in his writing career Walker, like other young writers before him, cast his net wide, trying his hand at different forms of authorship.
Religion[link]
George Walker's mother, a staunch Christian, had agreed to marry his father only on condition that the children were brought up as Christians. Simeon Walker, himself a humanist, rationalist, and agnostic, agreed, provided the children were allowed free access to his vast library of books, many of which were highly critical of religion in general and Christianity in particular.
This turned out to be an invaluable arrangement for George Walker, for in addition to a fair understanding of the Bible and the Christian faith, he acquired an excellent knowledge of religiously 'seditious' literature of all kinds not easily available elsewhere. Because of this mixture of orthodoxy and scepticism he was well placed to write works on religious topics, which have become classics of their kind. His personal faith is Christian, although cannot be described as an adherent of organized religion.
Career[link]
In 1937 Walker joined the British Consulate-General in Bushire (Bushehr), South Persia (Iran), first as Confidential Assistant and then as Personal Assistant to the Honourable Political Resident in the Persian Gulf. During this period he travelled widely throughout the region and was able to collect information for his book on Persia (Iran), which was well received by the critics.
In 1943, he was sent to the Shia holy city of Meshed in the province of Khorasan, which borders on both Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. In Meshed, he was involved in supervising the transport of war commodities to the Russian front. While in Meshed he met and married (1945) a British-born Anglo-Russian girl, Xenia Dagmar Andrea Stevens-Williams (b. 1920), whose knowledge of English, French, German, and Russian were of immense value in his work. She also carried out translations of official documents from foreign languages into English for the British Consulate-General. They had no children.
With the end of the war in 1945, Walker's services were transferred to the new Republic of India. He served, first in the Central Cypher Bureau in New Delhi, then as a supervisory officer in the Division covering Bhutan, Sikkim, and Tibet, then in the East Asia division concerned with the region extending from Korea and Japan southwards to Indochina (Vietnam). Later he served in diplomatic posts as a Political Attaché in various countries.
From 1955 he was on the staff of the Indian Military Mission, in Berlin, in the British zone of the occupying Allied Forces. While in Berlin he was requested by Kathleen Bauer, of the British Council office there, to give classes in England to German adults keen to learn the language.
In April 1968 Walker took early retirement in Middlesex, England, to devote himself to writing under the name of Benjamin Walker. To disguise his identity Walker also often wrote under the name of Jivan Bhakar, an Indian-sounding variant of 'G. Ben Walker.'
Miscellany[link]
Drama[link]
Walker had written a three-act play called The Love Drug, which was produced at the St John's Club, Calcutta, November 1930, in which he himself also took part. The modest proceeds went to charity, receiving good reviews from local newspapers, but he felt he was not really cut out to be either a dramatist or an actor.
Short stories[link]
One of Walkers' stories entitled "Shanti", written under the pen name Jivan Bhakar, appeared in the Illustrated Weekly of Bombay in December 1950 and earned him a prize. Another story called "Kismet" was published in The Short Story Magazine, Calcutta. His career in this line did not long survive, as he felt spinning a yarn achieved very little.
Poetry[link]
Walker wrote his first poem at the age of 10, describing the Great Fire of London of 1666, which appeared in his school magazine. He continued to write poetry into adulthood expressing his sentiment about the world and people. One such, called "We are", appeared in Life and Letters Today, London, August 1939. Another called "It still remains" appeared in Phylon, Atlanta University, March 1952.
Over the years his poems have been published in journals in India, England, and America. A collection of his verse was published in Calcutta, 1956, under the title of Mixed Blood (Lena Press Calcutta, 1956). For a brief period he enjoyed a modest reputation as a minor Indian poet. By this time too, he realised the world was awash with poetasters, and he did not consider himself to be a first rate poet.
Articles[link]
Features by Walker on Eastern affairs and various miscellanea have appeared in journals, newspapers, and books. Under the pen name of Jivan Bhakar he was a regular contributor, for three years between 1948 and 1950, to Shankar's Weekly, known as the 'Indian Punch', after the London-based satirical magazine celebrated for its wit and wisdom. The founder of the magazine, K. Shankara Pillai, informed Walker that his articles were enjoyed by Prime Minister Pandit Nehru. A brief sample of titles, below, give an indication of the diversity and scope of his work, which exceeded 250 articles:
- "In praise of Wordsworth", Statesman, Calcutta, 1935.
- "The decline of freedom", Contemporary Affairs, Calcutta, 1936.
- "Unemployment in Calcutta", Anglo-Indian Review, Calcutta, 1937.
- "Lamet Hill peasants in Indochina", Pacific Affairs, Richmond, Virginia, 1952.
- "Rock 'n' roll in the army", Berlin Bulletin, Berlin, 1952.
- "Esoteric sexuality", Critique, Santa Rosa, California, 1989.
- "The Kelts", Keltic Fringe, Uniondale, Pennsylvania, 1992.
Lectureship[link]
As Walker had carried out a course in psychology, whilst at college, he was invited soon after to give a talk on the subject to the Blue Triangle YWCA Club in Calcutta. He agreed and on 1 October 1934 found himself facing a large group of ladies who, it appeared to him, were looking at him with curiosity and hauteur. With much trepidation he began speaking and soon found that he had the rapt attention of the audience. The success led to a repeat performance, of a subject of his own choice. He spoke on Wordsworth, with whose work and that of other Romantics, such as Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, and Keats he was well acquainted.
From then on he continued to deliver talks, and during his official service he continued 'unofficially' giving lectures wherever he was posted, on topics that ranged over religion, philosophy, psychology, mysticism, history, and English literature, always avoiding politics of which he had never been particularly enamoured.
Editorship[link]
In 1950 while in Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City) Walker made the acquaintance of René de Berval, the French author and journalist, and at the time editor of France Asie, a French quarterly on Asian studies. Walker persuaded him to start an English quarterly, which came to fruition and was called Asia. Through the mediation of Pierre Dannaud, Chief of the French Information Services of Indochina, and Louis Damais of the École française d'Extrême-Orient, financial support was provided and the quarterly was brought out. For political reasons René de Berval was Editor, and Walker was Joint-Editor under the pen-name of Jivan Bhakar.
From the start Asia became a significant success, attempting to cover the whole of the continent, with contributions from renowned authorities on their respective specializations. Its readership soon overtook that of its French counterpart.
In 1951 Walker took a short break to visit Hanoi in the north to help the Indian consul there to set up an exhibition of Indian art. While he was in Hanoi, General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, Commander in Chief in French Indochina, personally thanked Walker for promoting French interests through Asia, though that was not the purpose of the quarterly.
Asia did not long survive Walker's transfer to another post two years later. To induce him to stay on, de Berval offered him a salary, with emoluments and honoraria four times more than his then salary with the Government of India. But Walker turned down the offer as he felt he could not remain anchored in Saigon. In addition, it was clear to many observers at the time that the political situation in Vietnam was deteriorating beyond the control of the French colonial administration. The offer to carry on with Asia was renewed, and again declined, when de Berval subsequently moved, along with France Asie and Asia, to Tokyo.
[edit] Hindu World
Hindu World is regarded as Walker's magnum opus. It was the first encyclopedia to cover Hinduism in all its diverse variety. The Hindu dramatist S.S. Chauhan was inspired by the book to write a play on the iniquites of the caste system. His wife, Vijaya Chauhan wrote a novel on the same subject, spurred by Hindu World. The book also drew the attention of Pearl Binder (Lady Elwyn Jones), an authority on costume design, who thereafter sought Walker's help in her research on Indian tribal dress, colours, and textiles.
Bibliography: Published books by Benjamin Walker[link]
- Persian Pageant: A Cultural History of Iran, Arya Press, Calcutta, 1950.
- Angkor Empire: A History of the Khmer of Cambodia, Signet Press, Calcutta, 1995.
- Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism, (Two Volumes), Allen & Unwin, London, 1968; Praeger, New York, 1968; Munshiram Manohar Lal, New Delhi, 1983; Harper Collins, New Delhi, 1985; Rupa, New Delhi, 2005, ISBN 81-291-0670-1.
- Sex and the Supernatural: Sexuality in Religion and Magic, MacDonald, London, 1970; Harper & Row, New York, 1973, ISBN 0-06-087043-5; Fitzhenry, Toronto, 1973.
- Beyond the Body: The Human Double, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1974, ISBN 0-7100-7808-0; Fitzhenry, Toronto, 1974; Arkana, 1988, ISBN 0-14-019169-0.
- Encyclopedia of Esoteric Man: The Hidden Side of the Human Entity, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1977, ISBN 0-7100-8479-X. (Published under the title Body Magic: An Encyclopedia of Esoteric Man in 1979.)
- Man and the Beasts Within: The Encyclopedia of the Occult, the Esoteric, and the Supernatural, Stein & Day, New York, 1978, ISBN 0-8128-1900-4.
- Encyclopedia of Metaphysical Medicine, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1978, ISBN 0-7100-8781-0.
- Encyclopedia of the Occult, the Esoteric and the Supernatural, Stein & Day, New York, 1980, ISBN 0-8128-6051-9.
- Masks of the Soul: The Facts Behind Reincarnation, Aquarian Press, London, 1981, ISBN 0-85030-258-7.
- Tantrism: Its Secret Principles and Practices, Aquarian Press, London, 1982; Borgo Press, 1983, ISBN 0-85030-272-2.
- Gnosticism: Its History and Influence, Crucible, London, 1989; Harper Collins, Reprint edition, 1990, ISBN 1-85274-057-4.
- Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith, Peter Owen Publishers, London and New York, 1978, ISBN 0-7206-1038-9; Harper Collins, New Delhi, 1999.
- Caesar's Church: The Irrational in Science & Philosophy, Book Guild, Lewes, Sussex, 2001, ISBN 1-85776-625-3.
Bibliography: Contributions to part works by Benjamin Walker[link]
- Man, Myth and Magic, Purnell, London, January 1970 - January 1971. Walker contributed the chapters on: Body, Eye, Kali, Karma, Kundalini, Madness, Mandala, Mantra, Meditation, Moon, Nirvana, Phallic Symbolism, Ramakrishna, Reincarnation, Self Denial, Tantrism, Taoism, Yoga.
- Encyclopedia of the Unexplained, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1974. Walker contributed the entries entitled: Astral Body, Dreams, Karma, Mandala, Mantras, Mystery Religions, Physical Powers, Tantrism, Yoga.
- Fate and Fortune, Michael Cavendish, London, 1974-1975. Walker contributed the chapters on: Karma, Kabala, Out-of-Body Experiences, Reincarnation, Tantrism.
- Academic American Encyclopedia, Arete Publishing Co., Princeton, New Jersey, 1980. Walker contributor the entries entitled: Divination, Fortune Telling, Ghosts, Omens, Satanism, Voodoo, Witchcraft.
See also[link]
References[link]
- Who's Who in Europe, 1983 International Publication Service; 5th edition (April 1983), ISBN 2-87061-004-1
- The Writers Directory, St. James Press; 2006 edition (July 1, 2005), ISBN 1-55862-551-8
- An Anthology on aspects of Indian culture, Dr.V.Raghavan, Dr.V.Raghavan centre for performing arts; 2002 edition.
External links[link]
- Dr Benjamin Walker on Tamil Literature
- Brief biography of Benjamin Walker
- Hinduism Today article
- India Today review
- Reference to Walker's Body Magic
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Walker, Benjamin |
| Alternative names | Walker, George Benjamin; Bhakar, Jivan (pseudonym) |
| Short description | British author |
| Date of birth | November 25, 1913 |
| Place of birth | Calcutta, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Benjamin_Walker
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Benjamin Walker
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Walker
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Rufus Sewell | |
|---|---|
| Born | Rufus Frederik Sewell (1967-10-29) 29 October 1967 (age 44) Twickenham, England |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1993–present |
| Spouse | Yasmin Abdallah (1999–2000) Amy Gardner (2004–2006) |
Rufus Frederik Sewell (born 29 October 1967) is an English actor. In film, he has appeared in The Woodlanders, Dangerous Beauty, Dark City, A Knight's Tale, The Illusionist, Tristan and Isolde, and Martha, Meet Frank, Daniel and Laurence. On television, he starred in the 2010 mini-series The Pillars of the Earth. Earlier he played the hero, Will Ladislaw, in the BBC adaptation of George Eliot's Middlemarch. In 2003, he appeared in the lead role in Charles II: The Power and The Passion. He starred in the CBS drama Eleventh Hour which was cancelled in April 2009.[1] On stage, he originated the role of Septimus Hodge in Tom Stoppard's Arcadia and the role of Jan in Stoppard's Rock 'n' Roll, which earned him an Olivier Award and a Tony Award nomination for the latter performance.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Sewell was born in Twickenham in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in South West London, the son of William, an Australian animator, and Jo Sewell, a Welsh artist and waitress.[2][3] His father worked on the "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" segment of animation for The Beatles' Yellow Submarine film. His parents divorced when Sewell was five and his mother worked to support her two sons. His father died when Sewell was 10. By his own admission, Sewell was a difficult teenager.[4]
Education[link]
Sewell was educated at Orleans Park School, a state comprehensive school in Twickenham, which he left in 1984, followed by West Thames College, where a drama teacher sent him to audition for drama school. He later enrolled at the Central School of Speech and Drama in London.
Career[link]
After graduating, Sewell was set up with an agent by Judi Dench who had directed him in a play while at the Central School of Speech and Drama. His breakthrough year was in 1993, in which he starred in the BBC serial of George Eliot's Middlemarch and on stage in Tom Stoppard's play Arcadia at The Royal National Theatre (Lyttelton). His film work includes 1995's Cold Comfort Farm, directed by John Schlesinger, the lead role of John Murdoch in the science fiction film Dark City in 1998, Amazing Grace, The Illusionist and Nancy Meyers' romantic comedy The Holiday. Amazing Grace deals with William Wilberforce's political fight to abolish slavery in Britain, with Sewell playing Wilberforce's co-campaigner Thomas Clarkson. Sewell is known for his villainous roles, such as those in A Knight's Tale, The Legend of Zorro, Bless the Child, Helen of Troy and The Illusionist. He spoke of his unhappiness about this, saying that "[I] don't want to play a baddie again."[5] "Everyone has their thing they have to get around",[6] notes Sewell. "With me, it's like okay, how can I make this upper class bad guy in the 19th century different and interesting?"
In 2008 Sewell appeared in the HBO miniseries John Adams as Alexander Hamilton. He received critical praise for his portrayal of "merry monarch" Charles II in the BBC's Charles II: The Power and The Passion. The series' cast included Ian McDiarmid, Helen McCrory, Rupert Graves and Shirley Henderson and spanned the life of the king from his last days in exile to his death. He co-starred in the controversial film Downloading Nancy, which hit screens on 5 June 2009. It faced a rocky road to cinemas. At the Sundance Film Festival in 2008, audiences walked out of the screening, and as of summer 2008, any theatrical release was still uncertain. Despite the controversy, Sewell continues to staunchly support the film. "It's a film I'm very proud of, whether you consider that it fails or succeeds, whether you like it or don't like it. I'm proud to be in it."[6]
Although best known for his work in costume dramas, Sewell prefers "cravat-less" roles in modern pieces, such as the role of Petruchio in the BBC's 2005 version of Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew. This was shown as part of the ShakespeaRe-Told season, and the role earned him a Best Actor nomination at the 2006 BAFTA Television Awards. In this modern retelling of the story, the action moves from 17th Century Padua, Italy to 21st Century London. This production marked the fourth time that Sewell had acted in a work based on a Shakespeare play since becoming a professional actor: he previously portrayed Hotspur in Henry IV, Part 1 in 1995, Fortinbras in Hamlet in 1996 and the title role in Macbeth in 1999. The role also reunited him with his Charles II co-star Shirley Henderson.
He appeared in the premiere and first run of Tom Stoppard's latest play Rock 'n' Roll at the Royal Court Theatre from June to July 2006 and at the Duke of York's Theatre from July until November 2006. The play was a critical and commercial success, playing to full houses and collecting several awards and nominations, including wins for Sewell in the Best Actor category at The Evening Standard Awards, The Critics' Circle Awards and The Olivier Awards.
He has recorded eleven of Ian Fleming's James Bond books on 36 CDs for Collins. He continues to work in film, television and theatre, he played the lead role Dr Jacob Hood in the CBS TV series Eleventh Hour.[1] He finished filming in November 2009 for a miniseries The Pillars of the Earth, which was shown on TV in 2010.[7] In 2010, he played the Italian detective Aurelio Zen, based on the best-selling novels by Michael Dibdin for the BBC One drama series Zen. The three episodes were filmed in Rome and shown on BBC One in early January 2011. The series was cancelled by the BBC after just one season.[8] He also had a small part in the film The Tourist, which also starred Angelina Jolie and Johnny Depp and was released in cinemas in 2010.[9] In April 2011, it was announced that he will play the lead vampire, Adam, in the forthcoming film Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter,[10] which is currently being filmed in New Orleans.[11]
Personal life[link]
Sewell has been married twice. His first wife was Australian fashion journalist Yasmin Abdallah; they married in 1999 and divorced a few months later.[12] He and second wife, scriptwriter and producer Amy Gardner, whom he married in 2004, have a son, William Douglas Sewell (born 2002).[13] They separated in 2006[14] and have since divorced.[15]
Sewell has said: "My favourite things are just wandering from place to place, going to cafés, taking photographs. My favourite day is a happy accident."[16]
Filmography[link]
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 | Twenty-One | Bobby | |
| 1992 | Gone to Seed | Billy | TV Series: 6 Episodes |
| 1992–1994 | Screen Two | Mike Costain Clive |
TV Series: 2 Episodes |
| 1993 | Dirty Weekend | Tim | |
| 1994 | A Night with a Woman, a Day with Charlie | Charlie | TV |
| Middlemarch | Will Ladislaw | TV Series: 7 Episodes | |
| Citizen Locke | Midshipman Clarke | TV | |
| A Man of No Importance | Robbie Fay | ||
| 1995 | Victory | Martin Ricardo | |
| Cold Comfort Farm | Seth Starkadder | TV | |
| Carrington | Mark Gertler | ||
| Performance | Harry Percy | TV Series: Episode – Henry IV, Part 1 | |
| 1996 | Hamlet | Fortinbras | |
| 1997 | The Woodlanders | Giles Winterbourne | |
| 1998 | Dangerous Beauty | Marco Venier | |
| Dark City | John Murdoch | ||
| Martha, Meet Frank, Daniel and Laurence | Frank | ||
| Illuminata | Dominique | ||
| At Sachem Farm | Ross | ||
| 1999 | In a Savage Land | Mick Carpenter | |
| 2000 | Arabian Nights | Ali Baba | TV |
| Bless the Child | Eric Stark | ||
| 2001 | A Knight's Tale | Count Adhemar | |
| Mermaid Chronicles Part 1: She Creature | Angus | TV | |
| 2002 | Extreme Ops | Ian | |
| 2003 | Helen of Troy | Agamemnon | TV |
| Victoria Station | The cabbie | ||
| Charles II: The Power and the Passion | Charles II | TV Series: 4 Episodes | |
| 2004 | Taste | Michael Kuhleman | |
| 2005 | The Legend of Zorro | Count Armand | |
| ShakespeaRe-Told | Petruchio | TV Series: Episode – The Taming of the Shrew Nominated – British Academy Television Award for Best Actor |
|
| 2006 | Tristan and Isolde | Marke | |
| The Illusionist | Crown Prince Leopold | ||
| Paris, je t'aime | William | Segment: "Père-Lachaise" | |
| Amazing Grace | Thomas Clarkson | ||
| 9/11: Out of the Blue | The Man | ||
| The Holiday | Jasper | ||
| 2008 | Downloading Nancy | Albert | |
| John Adams | Alexander Hamilton | TV Series: 2 Episodes | |
| Vinyan | Paul Bellmer | ||
| 2008–2009 | Eleventh Hour | Dr. Jacob Hood | TV Series: 18 Episodes |
| 2010 | The Pillars of the Earth | Tom Builder | TV Series: 8 Episodes |
| The Tourist | English man | ||
| 2011 | Zen | Aurelio Zen | TV Series: 3 Episodes |
| 2012 | Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (film) | Adam |
References[link]
- ^ a b "Rufus Sewell biography." CBS.com.
- ^ Rufus Sewell Biography (1967–)
- ^ Rufus Sewell Biography – Yahoo! Movies
- ^ Saner, Emine (8 December 2006). "Dark star". The Guardian (London). http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1967439,00.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ Leonard, Tom."I really don't want to play a baddie again." The Telegraph. 8 December 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
- ^ a b "Rufus Sewell: Downloading Nancy". SuicideGirls.com. 4 June 2009. http://suicidegirls.com/interviews/Rufus+Sewell%3A+Downloading+Nancy/. Retrieved 4 June 2009. .
- ^ "Three sign on for 'Pillars of the Earth'", The Hollywood Reporter, 8 June 2009.
- ^ Conlan, Tara (22 February 2011). "BBC1 axes Rufus Sewell detective drama Zen". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/feb/22/zen-rufus-sewell-bbc1. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ Rufus Sewell joins Angelina Jolie in Paris
- ^ "Rufus Sewell is top baddie in 'Vampire Hunter'". Variety. Los Angeles. 12 April 2011. http://www.showblitz.com/2011/04/rufus-sewell-is-top-baddie-in-vampire-hunter.html. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ Filipponi, Pietro (30 March 2011). "Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter Set Pics ...". The Daily Blam!. http://www.dailyblam.com/news/2011/03/30/abraham-lincoln-vampire-hunter-set-pics-offer-a-glimpse-of-benjamin-walker-dominic-c. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ Fox, Chloe. "Cut and Thrust", Telegraph magazine, October 2003.
- ^ Emine Saner (8 December 2006). "Dark star". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2006/dec/08/4. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ "Rufus Sewell Dumped By Wife". 2 January 2006. http://www.contactmusic.com/news-article/sewell-dumped-by-wife. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ Lisa Sewards (6 January 2011). "At last I've ditched the britches! Rufus Sewell on swapping costume drama to be TV's coolest detective". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/reviews/article-1344795/Rufus-Sewell-At-Ive-ditched-britches-The-star-swapping-costume-drama-TVs-coolest-detective.html. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ Macdonald, M. "The Evening Standard", page 14. Associated Press, 2005
External links[link]
|
||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Sewell, Rufus |
| Alternative names | Sewell, Rufus Frederik |
| Short description | English film, television, and theatre actor. |
| Date of birth | 29 October 1967 |
| Place of birth | Twickenham, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Rufus_Sewell
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Rufus Sewell
http://es.wn.com/Rufus Sewell
http://ru.wn.com/Сьюэлл, Руфус
http://fr.wn.com/Rufus Sewell
http://de.wn.com/Rufus Sewell
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Sewell
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
3:55
Abraham-Hicks - "Get Happy"
ImVickieB
Abraham-Hicks - "Get Happy"
I loved this bit of the workshop. I don't think I have ever heard Abraham cuss before but it was extremely funny to me! :) www.discoveringpeace.com Ultimately, the message is to GET HAPPY! Track - "Focused on wanted, or unwanted?" Abraham-Hicks Workshop, Los Angeles, California 8/17/08 www.abraham-hickslawofattraction.com Background Music Funkorama - Kevin MacLeod www.incompetech.com
2:07
Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter Official Trailer #2 - (2012) Movie
movieclipsTRAILERS
Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter Official Trailer #2 - (2012) Movie
Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter Official Trailer #2 - (2012) Movie Subscribe to TRAILERS: bit.ly President Lincoln's mother is killed by a supernatural creature, which fuels his passion to crush vampires and their slave-owning helpers. Abraham Lincoln is reinvented as a vampire-killing president in this Timur Bekmambetov-directed action picture starring Benjamin Walker, Mary Elizabeth Winstead, Rufus Sewell, and Dominic Cooper. Pride and Prejudice and Zombies author Seth Grahame-Smith adapts his own book for 20th Century Fox. Tim Burton produces alongside Bekmambetov and Jim Lemley. "Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter" Vampire "Vampire Hunter" "Benjamin Walker" "Rufus Sewell" "Dominic Cooper" "Mary Elizabeth Winstead" "Anthony Mackie" "tim burton" "Timur Bekmambetov" "Seth Grahame-Smith" movieclips movie clips movieclipsDOTcom movieclipstrailers popuptrailer
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Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter Official Trailer 3 [HD]: Benjamin Walker, Rufus Sewell & More
ENTV
Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter Official Trailer 3 [HD]: Benjamin Walker, Rufus Sewell & More
The third official trailer for 'Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter' starring Benjamin Walker (Abraham Lincoln), Rufus Sewell (Adam) and Dominic Cooper (Henry Sturgess). Directed by Timur Bekmambetov and produced by Tim Burton. For the full story read Deadline.com www.deadline.com
1:54
Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter Red Band Trailer [HD]: Benjamin Walker, Rufus Sewell & Dominic Cooper
ENTV
Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter Red Band Trailer [HD]: Benjamin Walker, Rufus Sewell & Dominic Cooper
The official red band trailer for 'Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter' starring Benjamin Walker (Abraham Lincoln), Rufus Sewell (Adam) and Dominic Cooper (Henry Sturgess). Directed by Timur Bekmambetov and produced by Tim Burton. For the full story read Deadline.com www.deadline.com
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