thumb|Diagram of a copper cathode in a galvanic cell (e.g., a battery). A positive current ''i'' flows out of the cathode (CCD mnemonic: Cathode Current Departs). A cathode is an electrode through which electric current flows ''out of'' a polarized electrical device. Mnemonic: CCD (Cathode Current Departs). Cathode polarity is not always negative. Although positively charged cations always move towards the cathode (hence their name) and/or negatively charged anions move away from it, cathode polarity depends on the device type, and can even vary according to the operating mode. In a device which consumes power, the cathode is negative, and in a device which provides power, the cathode is positive:

In a discharging battery or a galvanic cell the cathode is the positive terminal since that is where the current flows out of the device (see drawing). This outward current is carried internally by positive ions moving from the electrolyte to the positive cathode (chemical energy is responsible for this "uphill" motion). It is continued externally by electrons moving inwards, negative charge moving one way constituting positive current flowing the other way. For example, the Daniell galvanic cell's copper electrode is the positive terminal and the cathode.

In a recharging battery, or an electrolytic cell, the cathode is the negative terminal, which sends current back to the external generator. For example, reversing the current direction in a Daniell galvanic cell would produce an electrolytic cell, where the copper electrode is the positive terminal and the anode.

In a diode, it is the negative terminal at the pointed end of the arrow symbol, where current flows out of the device. Note: electrode naming for diodes is always based on the direction of the forward current (that of the arrow, in which the current flows "most easily"), even for types such as Zener diodes or solar cells where the current of interest is the reverse current.

In vacuum tubes (including cathode ray tubes) it is the negative terminal where electrons flow in from the wiring and through the tube's near vacuum, constituting a positive current flowing out of the device.

An electrode through which current flows the other way (into the device) is termed an anode.

Etymology

The word was coined in 1834 from the Greek κάθοδος (''kathodos''), 'descent' or 'way down', by William Whewell, who had been consulted by Michael Faraday over some new names needed to complete a paper on the recently discovered process of electrolysis. In that paper Faraday explained that when an electrolytic cell is oriented so that electric current traverses the "decomposing body" (electrolyte) in a direction "from East to West, or, which will strengthen this help to the memory, that in which the sun appears to move", the cathode is where the current leaves the electrolyte, on the West side: "''kata'' downwards, ''`odos'' a way ; the way which the sun sets".

The use of 'West' to mean the 'out' direction (actually 'out' → 'West' → 'sunset' → 'down', i.e. 'out of view') may appear unnecessarily contrived. Previously, as related in the first reference cited above, Faraday had used the more straightforward term "exode" (the doorway where the current exits). His motivation for changing it to something meaning 'the West electrode' (other candidates had been "westode", "occiode" and "dysiode") was to make it immune to a possible later change in the direction convention for current, whose exact nature was not known at the time. The reference he used to this effect was the Earth's magnetic field direction, which at that time was believed to be invariant. He fundamentally defined his arbitrary orientation for the cell as being that in which the internal current would run parallel to and in the same direction as a hypothetical magnetizing current loop around the local line of latitude which would induce a magnetic dipole field oriented like the Earth's. This made the internal current East to West as previously mentioned, but in the event of a later convention change it would have become West to East, so that the West electrode would not have been the 'way out' any more. Therefore "exode" would have become inappropriate, whereas "cathode" meaning 'West electrode' would have remained correct with respect to the unchanged direction of the actual phenomenon underlying the current, then unknown but, he thought, unambiguously defined by the magnetic reference. In retrospect the name change was unfortunate, not only because the Greek roots alone do not reveal the cathode's function any more, but more importantly because, as we now know, the Earth's magnetic field direction on which the "cathode" term is based is subject to reversals whereas the current direction convention on which the "exode" term was based has no reason to change in the future.

Since the later discovery of the electron, an easier to remember, and more durably technically correct (although historically false), etymology has been suggested: cathode, from the Greek ''kathodos'', 'way down', 'the way (down) into the cell (or other device) for electrons'.

Flow of electrons

The flow of electrons is always from anode to cathode outside of the cell or device, regardless of the cell or device type and operating mode, with the exception of diodes where electrode naming always assumes current flows in the forward direction (that of the arrow symbol), i.e., electrons flow in the opposite direction, even when the diode reverse-conducts either by accident (breakdown of a normal diode) or by design (breakdown of a Zener diode, photo-current of a photodiode or solar cell).

Chemistry cathode

In chemistry, a cathode is the electrode of an electrochemical cell at which reduction occurs; a useful mnemonic to remember this is AnOx RedCat. The cathode can be negative as when the cell is electrolytic (where electrical energy provided to the cell is being used to decompose chemical compounds); or positive as when the cell is galvanic (where chemical reactions are used to generate electrical energy). The cathode supplies electrons to the positively charged cations which flow to it from the electrolyte (even if the cell is galvanic, i.e., when the cathode is positive and therefore would be expected to repel the positively charged cations; this is due to electrode potential relative to the electrolyte solution being different for the anode and cathode metal/electrolyte systems in a galvanic cell).

The cathodic current, in electrochemistry, is the flow of electrons from the cathode interface to a species in solution. The anodic current is the flow of electrons into the anode from a species in solution.

Electrolytic cell

In an electrolytic cell, the cathode is where the negative polarity is applied to drive the cell. Common results of reduction at the cathode are hydrogen gas or pure metal from metal ions. When discussing the relative reducing power of two redox agents, the couple for generating the more reducing species is said to be more "cathodic" with respect to the more easily reduced reagent.

Galvanic cell

In a galvanic cell, the cathode is where the positive pole is connected to allow the circuit to be completed: as the anode of the galvanic cell gives off electrons, they return from the circuit into the cell through the cathode.

Electroplating metal cathode

When metal ions are reduced from ionic solution, they form a pure metal surface on the cathode. Items to be plated with pure metal are attached to and become part of the cathode in the electrolytic solution.

Electronics and physics cathode

In physics or electronics, a cathode is an electrode that emits electrons into the device.

Vacuum tubes

In a vacuum tube or electronic vacuum system, the cathode emits free electrons. Electrons are extracted from metal electrodes either by heating the electrode, causing thermionic emission, or by applying a strong electric field and causing field electron emission. Electrons can also be emitted from the electrodes of certain metals when light of frequency greater than the threshold frequency falls on it. This effect is called photoelectric emission.

Cold cathodes and hot cathodes

Cathodes used for field electron emission in vacuum tubes are called cold cathodes. Heated electrodes or hot cathodes, frequently called filaments, are much more common. Most radios and television sets prior to the 1970s used filament-heated-cathode electron tubes for signal selection and processing; to this day, a hot cathode forms the source of the electron beam(s) in cathode ray tubes in many television sets and computer monitors. Hot electron emitters are also used as the electrodes in fluorescent lamps and in the source tubes of X-ray machines.

Diodes

In a semiconductor diode, the cathode is the N–doped layer of the PN junction with a high density of free electrons as a result of doping, and an equal density of fixed positive charges, which are the dopants that have been thermally ionized. In the anode, the converse applies: It features a high density of free "holes" and consequently fixed negative dopants which have captured an electron (hence the origin of the holes).

When P and N-doped layers are placed in contact, diffusion ensures that electrons flow from high to low density areas: That is, from the N to the P side. They leave behind the fixed positively charged dopants near the junction. Similarly, holes diffuse from P to N leaving behind fixed negative ionised dopants near the junction. These layers of fixed positive and negative charges, collectively known as the depletion layer because they are depleted of free electrons and holes. The depletion layer at the junction is at the origin of the diode's rectifying properties. This is due to the resulting internal field and corresponding potential barrier which inhibit current flow in reverse applied bias which increases the internal depletion layer field. Conversely, they allow it in forwards applied bias where the applied bias reduces the built in potential barrier.

Electrons which diffuse from the cathode into the P-doped layer, or anode, become what is termed "minority carriers" and tend to recombine there with the majority carriers, which are holes, on a timescale characteristic of the material which is the p-type minority carrier lifetime. Similarly, holes diffusing into the N-doped layer become minority carriers and tend to recombine with electrons. In equilibrium, with no applied bias, thermally assisted diffusion of electrons and holes in opposite directions across the depletion layer ensure a zero net current with electrons flowing from cathode to anode and recombining, and holes flowing from anode to cathode across the junction or depletion layer and recombining.

Like a typical diode, there is a fixed anode and cathode in a zener diode, but it will conduct current in the reverse direction (electrons from anode to cathode) if its breakdown voltage or "Zener voltage" is exceeded.

See also

Anode

Battery

Cathode bias

Electrode

Electrolysis

Electrolytic cell

Electron tube

Oxidation-reduction

PEDOT

References

External links

The Cathode Ray Tube site

How to define anode and cathode

Category:Electrodes

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name	Sir George Martin
background	non_performing_personnel
birth name	George Henry Martin
birth date	January 03, 1926
origin	Highbury, London, England
instrument	Oboe, piano, keyboards
genre	Rock, pop, classical
occupation	Record producer, arranger, composer, musician
years active	1950–present
label	EMI, Parlophone
associated acts	The Beatles, Wings, America, Cilla Black, Jeff Beck
website	}}

Sir George Henry Martin CBE (born 3 January 1926) is an English record producer, arranger, composer and musician. He is sometimes referred to as "the Fifth Beatle"—a title that he owes to his work as producer of all but one of The Beatles' original albums. He is considered one of the greatest record producers of all time, with 30 number one hit singles in the UK and 23 number one hits in the USA.

At six-years-old, Martin's family bought a piano that sparked their son's musical interest. Two years later he persuaded his parents to pay for piano lessons. He listened to a wide range of musical styles, encompassing Cole Porter, and Johnny Dankworth, attending the Guildhall School of Music and Drama from 1947 to 1950, studying piano and oboe. While still at the Academy, Martin married Sheena Chisholm, with whom he had two children, Alexis and Gregory. He later married Judy Lockhart-Smith on 24 June 1966, and they also had two children, Lucy and Giles Martin. Following his graduation, he worked for the BBC's classical music department, then joined EMI in 1950. Martin produced numerous comedy and novelty records. In the early 1950s, he worked with Peter Sellers, and Spike Milligan.

In 1965, he established the Associated Independent Recording (AIR) Studios. Although officially retired, he is still the chairman of the AIR board. In recognition of his services to the music industry and popular culture, he was made a Knight Bachelor in 1996. He is the father of producer Giles Martin and writer, producer and actor Gregory Paul Martin.

Early years

When he was six, Martin's family acquired a piano that sparked his interest in music. At eight years of age, Martin persuaded his parents that he should take piano lessons, but those ended after only eight lessons because of a disagreement between his mother and the teacher. After that, Martin explained that he had just picked it up by himself. As a child he attended several schools, including a "convent school in Holloway", St. Joseph's elementary school in Highgate, and St Ignatius' College in Stamford Hill, to which he won a scholarship. When war broke out and St. Ignatius College students were evacuated to Welwyn Garden City, his family left London and he was enrolled at Bromley Grammar School.

Despite Martin's continued interest in music, and "fantasies about being the next Rachmaninov", he did not initially choose music as a career. He worked briefly as a quantity surveyor and then for the War Office as a Temporary Clerk (Grade Three) which meant filing paperwork and making tea. In 1943, when he was seventeen, he joined the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy and became a pilot and a commissioned officer. The war ended before Martin was involved in any combat, and he left the service in 1947. Encouraged by Sidney Harrison (a member of the Committee for the Promotion of New Music) Martin used his veteran's grant to attend the Guildhall School of Music and Drama from 1947 to 1950, where he studied piano and oboe, and was interested in the music of Rachmaninov and Ravel, as well as Porter and Dankworth. Martin's oboe teacher was Margaret Eliot (the mother of Jane Asher, who would later have a relationship with Paul McCartney). On 3 January 1948—while still at the Academy—Martin married Sheena Chisholm, with whom he had two children, Alexis and Gregory. He later married Judy Lockhart-Smith on 24 June 1966, and they also had two children, Lucy and Giles.

Parlophone

Following his graduation, he worked for the BBC's classical music department, then joined EMI in 1950, as an assistant to Oscar Preuss, the head of EMI's Parlophone Records from 1950 to 1955. Although having been regarded by EMI as a vital German imprint in the past, it was then seen as a joke and only used for EMI's insignificant acts. After taking over Parlophone when Preuss retired in 1955, Martin spent his first years with the record label recording classical and Baroque music, original cast recordings of hit plays, and regional music from around the British Isles.

Martin also produced numerous comedy and novelty records. In the early 1950s, he worked with Sellers, and thus came to know Milligan, with whom he became a firm friend, and best man at Milligan's second marriage: "I loved the Goon Show, and issued an album of it on my label Parlophone, which is how I got to know Spike." The album was ''Bridge On The River Wye''. It was a spoof of the film ''The Bridge on the River Kwai'', being based on the 1957 Goon Show ''An African Incident''. It was intended to have the same name as the film, but shortly before its release, the film company threatened legal action if the name was used. Martin edited out the 'K' every time the word 'Kwai' was spoken, with ''Bridge on the River Wye'' being the result. The album included Milligan, Sellers, Jonathan Miller, and Peter Cook, playing various characters.

Other comedians Martin worked with included Joan Sims, Rolf Harris, Flanders and Swann and Shirley Abicair. Martin worked with the Vipers Skiffle Group, with whom he had a number of hits. In early 1962, under the pseudonym "Ray Cathode", Martin released an early electronic dance single, "Time Beat"—recorded at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop—in much the same style as the ''Doctor Who'' theme tune. As Martin wanted to add rock and roll to Parlophone's repertoire, he struggled to find a "fireproof", hit-making pop artist or group.

As a producer Martin recorded the two-man show featuring Michael Flanders and Donald Swann called At the Drop of a Hat, which sold steadily for twenty-five years, although Martin's breakthrough as a producer came with the Beyond the Fringe show, which starred Peter Cook, Dudley Moore, Alan Bennett and Jonathan Miller. Martin's work transformed the profile of Parlophone from a "sad little company" to a very profitable business.

The Beatles

Martin was contacted by Sid Coleman of Ardmore & Beechwood, who told him about Brian Epstein, the manager of a rock band he had met. He thought Martin might be interested in the group, even though they had been turned down by Decca Records among other major British labels. Until that time Martin had had only minor success with pop music, such as "''Who Could Be Bluer''" by Jerry Lordan, and singles with Shane Fenton. After the telephone call by Coleman, Martin arranged a meeting on 13 February 1962 with Brian Epstein. Martin listened to a tape recorded at Decca, and thought that Epstein's group was "rather unpromising", but liked the sound of Lennon and McCartney's vocals.

After another meeting with Epstein on 9 May at the Abbey Road studios, Martin was impressed with Epstein's enthusiasm and agreed to sign the unknown Beatles to a recording contract without having met them or seen them play live. The contract was not what it seemed, however, as Martin would not sign it himself until he had heard an audition, and later said that EMI had "nothing to lose," as it offered one penny for each record sold, which was split amongst the four members. Martin suggested to EMI (after the release of "From Me to You") that the royalty rate should be doubled without asking for anything in return, which led to Martin being thought of as a "traitor in EMI".

The Beatles auditioned for Martin on 6 June 1962, in studio three at the Abbey Road studios. Ron Richards and his engineer Norman Smith recorded four songs, which Martin (who was not present during the recording) listened to at the end of the session. The verdict was not promising, however, as Richards complained about Pete Best's drumming, and Martin thought their original songs were simply not good enough. Martin asked the individual Beatles if there was anything they personally did not like, to which George Harrison replied, "Well, there's your tie, for a start." That was the turning point, according to Smith, as John Lennon and Paul McCartney joined in with jokes and comic wordplay that made Martin think that he should sign them to a contract for their wit alone.

The Beatles' first recording session with Martin was on 4 September, when they recorded "How Do You Do It", which Martin thought was a sure-fire hit even though Lennon and McCartney hated it. (He was correct: Gerry & the Pacemakers's version, which Martin produced, spent three weeks at #1 in April 1963 before being displaced by "From Me to You".) Richards complained about new-member Ringo Starr's drumming on the next song, "Love Me Do", and so on 11 September, they re-recorded "Love Me Do" with Andy White. Starr was asked to play tambourine and maracas, and although he complied, he was definitely "not pleased". (Martin would later praise Starr's drumming, calling him "probably ... the finest rock drummer in the world today.") "Love Me Do" peaked at number 17 in the British charts, so on 26 November 1962 Martin recorded "Please Please Me", which he only did after Lennon and McCartney had almost begged him to record another of their original songs. Martin's crucial contribution here was to tell them to speed up what was initially a slow ballad. After the recording Martin looked over the mixing desk and said, "Gentlemen, you have just made your first number one record". Martin directed Epstein to find a good publisher—as Ardmore & Beechwood had done nothing to promote "Love Me Do"—telling Epstein about three publishers who, in Martin's opinion, would be fair and honest, which led them to Dick James.

As arranger

Martin's musical expertise helped fill the gaps between The Beatles' raw talent and the sound they wanted to achieve. Most of The Beatles' orchestral arrangements and instrumentation (as well as frequent keyboard parts on the early records) were written or performed by Martin in collaboration with the band. It was Martin's idea to put a string quartet on "Yesterday", against McCartney's initial reluctance. Martin played the song in the style of Bach to show McCartney the voicings that were available. Another example is the song "Penny Lane", which featured a piccolo trumpet solo. McCartney hummed the melody he wanted, and Martin wrote it down in music notation for David Mason, the classically trained trumpeter.

Martin's distinctive arranging work appears on multiple Beatles' recordings. For "Eleanor Rigby" he scored and conducted a strings-only accompaniment inspired by Bernard Herrmann. On a Canadian speaking tour in 2007, Martin said his "Eleanor Rigby" score was influenced by Herrmann's score for the Alfred Hitchcock thriller, ''Psycho''. For "Strawberry Fields Forever", he and recording engineer Geoff Emerick turned two very different takes into a single master through careful use of vari-speed and editing. For "I Am the Walrus", he provided a quirky and original arrangement for brass, violins, cellos, and the Mike Sammes Singers vocal ensemble. On "In My Life", he played a sped-up Baroque piano solo. He worked with McCartney to implement the orchestral 'climax' in "A Day in the Life" and he and McCartney shared conducting duties the day it was recorded.

He contributed less-noted but integral parts to other songs, including the piano in "Lovely Rita", the circus instrumentation in "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" (both Martin and Lennon played organ parts for this song), and the orchestration in "Good Night". The first song that Martin did not arrange was "She's Leaving Home", as he had a prior engagement to produce a Cilla Black session, so McCartney contacted arranger Mike Leander to do it. Martin was reportedly hurt by this, but still produced the recording and conducted the orchestra himself. Martin was in demand as an independent arranger and producer by the time of ''The White Album'', so The Beatles were left to produce various tracks by themselves.

Martin arranged the score for The Beatles' film ''Yellow Submarine'' and the James Bond film ''Live and Let Die'', for which Paul McCartney wrote and sang the title song.

As composer

Martin has composed film scores since the early 1960s, as well as being a producer and arranger. He composed the instrumental score of the film ''Yellow Submarine'' and ''Live and Let Die''. Martin composed ''Adagietto for Harmonica & Strings'' for Tommy Reilly, ''Theme One'' for BBC Radio 1, and ''Magic Carpet'' for The Dakotas.

The Beatles Anthology

Martin oversaw post-production on ''The Beatles Anthology'' (which was originally entitled "The Long and Winding Road") in 1994 and 1995, working again with Geoff Emerick. Martin decided to use an old 8-track analogue deck to mix the songs for the project—which EMI found out an engineer still had—instead of a modern digital deck. He explained this by saying that the old deck created a completely different sound, which a new deck could not recreate. He also said the whole project was a strange experience for him (with which McCartney agreed) as they had to listen to themselves chatting in the studio, 25–30 years previously.

Martin stepped down when it came to producing the two new singles reuniting McCartney, Harrison and Starr, who wanted to overdub two old Lennon demos. Martin had suffered a hearing loss, and left the work to writer/producer Jeff Lynne of ELO fame.

Cirque du Soleil and ''Love''

In 2006, Martin and his son, Giles Martin, remixed 90 minutes of Beatles music for the Las Vegas stage performance ''Love'', a joint venture between Cirque du Soleil and The Beatles' Apple Corps Ltd. A soundtrack album from the show was released that same year.

Other artists

Martin has produced recordings for many other artists, including contemporaries of The Beatles, such as Matt Monro, Cilla Black, and Gerry & The Pacemakers, as well as The King's Singers, the band America, guitarist Jeff Beck, sixties duo Edwards Hand, Ultravox, country-singer Kenny Rogers, Cheap Trick and Yoshiki Hayashi of X Japan.

Martin also worked with the Mahavishnu Orchestra and Gary Glitter. He worked with Glitter before he was famous, and recorded several songs with him in the 1960s under the name of "Paul Raven". He also produced the 1974 album ''The Man In The Bowler Hat'' for the eccentric British folk-rock group Stackridge. Martin worked with Paul Winter on his (1972) ''Icarus'' album, which was recorded in a rented house by the sea in Marblehead, Massachusetts. Winter said that Martin taught him "how to use the studio as a tool", and allowed him to record the album in a relaxed atmosphere, which was different from the pressurised control in a professional studio. In 2010, Martin was the executive producer of the hard rock debut of Arms of the Sun, an all-star project featuring Rex Brown (Pantera, Down), John Luke Hebert (King Diamond), Lance Harvill, and Ben Bunker.

Associated Independent Recording (AIR)

Within the recording industry, Martin is noted for going independent at a time when many producers were still salaried staff—which he was until The Beatles' success gave him the leverage to start, in 1965, Associated Independent Recording, and hire out his own services to artists who requested him. This arrangement not only demonstrated how important Martin's talents were considered to be by his artists, but it allowed him a share in record royalties on his hits. Today, Martin's Associated Independent Recording (AIR) remains one of the world's pre-eminent recording studios. Martin later opened a studio on the Caribbean island of Montserrat, in 1979. This studio was destroyed by Hurricane Hugo ten years later.

Music from James Bond series

Martin has also directly and indirectly contributed to the main themes of three films in the James Bond series. Although Martin did not produce the theme for the second Bond film, ''From Russia with Love'', he was responsible for the signing of Matt Monro to EMI just months prior to his recording of the song of the same title.

Martin also produced two of the most well-known James Bond themes. The first was "Goldfinger" by Shirley Bassey in 1964. The second was "Live and Let Die" by Paul McCartney and Wings for the film of the same name. He also composed and produced the film's score''.

Books and audio retrospective

In 1979, he published a memoir, ''All You Need is Ears'' (co-written with Jeremy Hornsby), that described his work with The Beatles and other artists (including Peter Sellers, Sophia Loren, Shirley Bassey, Flanders and Swann, Matt Monro, and Dudley Moore), and gave an informal introduction to the art and science of sound recording. In 1993 Martin published ''Summer of Love: The Making of Sgt Pepper'' (published in the USA as ''With a Little Help from My Friends: The Making of Sgt Pepper'', co-authored with William Pearson), which also included interview quotations from a 1992 ''South Bank Show'' episode discussing the album. Martin also edited a 1983 book called ''Making Music: The Guide to Writing, Performing and Recording''.

In 2001, Martin released ''Produced by George Martin: 50 Years In Recording'', a six-CD retrospective of his entire studio career, and in 2002, Martin launched ''Playback'', his limited-edition illustrated autobiography, published by Genesis Publications.

Awards and recognition

Academy Award 1964 – Nomination Scoring of Music (for ''A Hard Day's Night'') Grammy Award 1967 – Best Contemporary Album (as producer of ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'') Grammy Award 1967 – Album Of The Year (as producer of ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'') Grammy Award 1973 – Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s) (as arranger of "Live and Let Die") BRIT Awards 1977 – Best British Producer (of the past 25 years) BRIT Awards 1984 – Outstanding Contribution To Music Grammy Award 1993 – Best Musical Show Album (as producer of ''The Who's Tommy'') Grammy Award 2007 – Best Compilation Soundtrack Album For Motion Picture, Television Or Other Visual Media, producer together with Giles Martin, of The Beatles album ''Love'' Grammy Award 2007 – Best Surround Sound Album, producer together with Giles Martin, of The Beatles album ''Love''

Martin was named the British Phonographic Industry's "Man of the Year" for 1998.

In April 1989, he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in Music by Berklee College of Music of Boston, Massachusetts, USA He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 15 March 1999 and into the UK Music Hall of Fame on 14 November 2006.

In 2002, he was given the Lifetime Achievement Award for Services to Film by the World Soundtrack Academy at Belgium's Flanders International Film Festival.

He was granted his own Coat of Arms in March 2004 by the College of Arms. His shield features three beetles. In November 2006, he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in Music by Leeds Metropolitan University In September 2008, he was awarded the James Joyce Award by the Literary and Historical Society of University College Dublin.

Martin has also been honoured with a Gold Medal for Services to the Arts from the CISAC (the International Confederation of Societies of Authors and Composers).

On 25 May 2010 he was given an honorary membership in the Audio Engineering Society at the 128th AES Convention in London.

On 29 June 2011 he was given an honorary degree, Doctor of Music, from the University of Oxford.

Selected non-Beatles hit records produced or co-produced by George Martin

Records produced by Martin have achieved 30 number one singles and 16 number one albums in the UK—plus 23 number one singles and 19 number one albums in North America.

"You're Driving Me Crazy", The Temperance Seven (25/5/61, #1)

“My Kind of Girl,” Matt Monro (31/7/61, #18)

“My Boomerang Won’t Come Back,” Charlie Drake (17/3/62, #21)

“Sun Arise,” Rolf Harris (25/10/62, #3)

“Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport,” Rolf Harris (13/7/63, #3)

“Little Children,” Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas (19/3/64, #1)

“Bad to Me,” Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas (27/6/64, #9)

“Don’t Let the Sun Catch You Crying,” Gerry & The Pacemakers (4/7/64, #4)

“You’re My World,” Cilla Black (1/8/64, #UK1)

“How Do You Do It?,” Gerry & The Pacemakers (5/9/64, #9)

“I Like It,” Gerry & The Pacemakers (7/11/64, #17)

“Walk Away,” Matt Monro (9/1/65, #23)

“I’ll Be There,” Gerry & The Pacemakers (30/1/65, #14)

“Ferry Cross the Mersey,” Gerry & The Pacemakers (20/3/65, #6)

“Goldfinger,” Shirley Bassey (27/3/65, #8)

“You'll Never Walk Alone,” Gerry & The Pacemakers (3/7/65, #48)

“Trains and Boats and Planes,” Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas (31/7/65, #47)

“Alfie,” Cilla Black (10/9/66,#UK6 #95)

“Girl on a Swing,” Gerry & The Pacemakers (22/10/66, #28)

“Tin Man,” America (9/11/74, #4)

“Lonely People,” America (8/3/75, #5)

“Sister Golden Hair,” America (14/6/75, #1)

“Got to Get You into My Life,” Earth, Wind and Fire (16/9/78, #9)

“Oh! Darling,” Robin Gibb (7/10/78, #15)

"Ebony and Ivory" Paul McCartney & Stevie Wonder (29/3/82 US #1)

"Say, Say, Say," Paul McCartney & Michael Jackson (10/12/83, #1)

"No More Lonely Nights", Paul McCartney (8/12/84, #6)

"Candle in the Wind 1997", Elton John (11/10/97, #1)

"Pure" 2003, Hayley Westenra (#1 UK classical charts, #8 UK pop charts)

Discography

''A Hard Day's Night: Instrumental Versions of the Motion Picture Score'' (1964)

''Off the Beatle Track'' (1964)

''Help!'' (1965)

''George Martin Instrumentally Salutes The Beatle Girls'' (1966)

''Yellow Submarine'' (side one: The Beatles, side two: The George Martin Orchestra) (1969)

''Live and Let Die'' (producer for Paul McCartney's song and composer of musical score) (1973)

''In My Life'' (1998)

''Produced by George Martin'' (2001)

''The Family Way'' (2003)

Selected discography (as producer)

Flanders and Swann – ''At the Drop of a Hat'' (1960)

Joan Sims "Oh Not Again Ken" (1963)

Joan Sims "Spring Song" (1963)

Flanders and Swann – ''At the Drop of Another Hat'' (1964)

Gerry & The Pacemakers – ''Ferry Cross the Mersey'' (1965)

Edwards Hand – ''Edwards Hand'' (1969)

Ringo Starr – ''Sentimental Journey'' (1970)

The King's Singers "The King's Singers Collection" (1972)

Paul Winter Consort – ''Icarus'' (1972)

The King's Singers "A French Collection" (1973)

The King's Singers "Deck the Hall" (1973)

Stackridge – ''The Man In The Bowler Hat'' (released as ''Pinafore Days'' in the U.S. and Canada) (1974)

Mahavishnu Orchestra – ''Apocalypse'' (1974)

America – ''Holiday'' (1974)

Jeff Beck – ''Blow by Blow'' (1975)

America – ''Hearts'' (1975)

America – ''Hideaway'' (1976)

American Flyer – ''American Flyer'' (1976)

Jeff Beck – ''Wired'' (1976)

Jimmy Webb – ''El Mirage'' (1977)

America – ''Harbor'' (1977)

Cheap Trick – ''All Shook Up'' (1980)

UFO – ''No Place to Run'' (1980)

Little River Band – ''Time Exposure'' (1981)

Ultravox – ''Quartet'' (1982)

Paul McCartney – ''Tug of War'' (1982)

Paul McCartney – ''Pipes of Peace'' (1983)

Paul McCartney – ''Give My Regards to Broad Street'' (1984)

Andy Leek – ''Say Something'' (1988)

Yoshiki – ''Eternal Melody'' (1993)

''Tommy'' (Original Cast Recording) (1993)

Celine Dion – ''Let's Talk About Love'' (1997)

George Martin – ''In My Life'' (1998)

The Beatles – ''Love'' (2006)

Notes

References

}} }} }} }} }} }} }}

External links

Management biography

Sir George Martin

College of Arms. The Arms of Sir George Martin, Kt., C.B.E.

Category:1926 births Category:Living people Category:A&R; people Category:Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Category:Echo Records artists Category:English record producers Category:Fleet Air Arm aviators Category:BRIT Award winners Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Knights Bachelor Category:Old Ignatians Category:Parlophone employees Category:People associated with The Beatles Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Category:Royal Navy officers Category:Royal Navy personnel of World War II Category:Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music Category:Fellows of the Zoological Society of London

ca:George Martin cs:George Martin da:George Martin de:George Martin es:George Martin fa:جورج مارتین fr:George Martin ga:George Martin ko:조지 마틴 hr:George Martin id:George Martin it:George Martin he:ג'ורג' מרטין (מפיק) lv:Džordžs Mārtins hu:George Martin nl:George Martin (producer) ja:ジョージ・マーティン no:George Martin nn:George Martin pl:George Martin (producent) pt:George Martin ru:Мартин, Джордж Генри scn:George Martin simple:George Martin sk:George Martin sr:Џорџ Мартин sh:George Martin fi:George Martin sv:George Martin th:จอร์จ มาร์ติน tr:George Martin

The Atom is a name shared by several fictional comic book superheroes from the DC Comics universe.

There have been five characters who have shared the Atom codename. The original Golden Age Atom, Al Pratt, was created by Ben Flinton and Bill O'Connor and first appeared in All-American Publications' ''All-American Comics'' #19 (Oct. 1940). The second Atom was the Silver Age Atom, Ray Palmer, who first appeared in 1961. The third Atom, Adam Cray, was a minor character present in Suicide Squad stories. The fourth Atom, Ryan Choi, debuted in a new ''Atom'' series in August 2006. The fifth Atom from the 853rd Century first appeared as part of Justice Legion Alpha in August 1999.

The Atom has been the star of multiple solo series, and four of the five have appeared as members of various superhero teams, such as the Justice Society of America, the Justice League, the Suicide Squad, and the Justice Legion Alpha.

Fictional character biographies

Al Pratt

The original Atom, Al Pratt, first appeared in ''All-American Comics'' #19 (Oct. 1940). He initially had no superpowers; instead, he was a diminutive college student and later a physicist who was depicted as a tough guy, a symbol of all the short kids who could still make a difference. Pratt was a founding member of the Justice Society of America, later gaining limited super-strength, and an energy charged 'atomic punch'. He died in the charge against Extant during the Zero Hour.

Ray Palmer

The Atom introduced during the Silver Age of comic books in ''Showcase'' #34 (1961) is physicist and university professor Ray Palmer (named for real-life science fiction writer Raymond A. Palmer, who was himself quite short). Using a mass of white dwarf star matter, he fashioned a lens which allowed him to shrink down to subatomic size. Originally, his size and molecular density abilities derived from the white dwarf star material of his costume, controlled by mechanisms in his belt, and later by controls in the palms of his gloves. Much later, he gained the innate equivalent powers within his own body. After the events of ''Identity Crisis'', Ray shrunk himself to microscopic size and disappeared. Finding him became a major theme of the Countdown year long series and crossover event.

Paul Hoben

Prior to Ray Palmer's fateful trip to the Amazon Jungle, he learns his wife Jean Loring had an affair with fellow lawyer Paul Hoben and the two divorce. Later, Palmer would offer his blessing to the couple who marry and offers Hoben his size-changing belt in order to protect Ivy Town (as Ray wished to remain with the Morlaidhans) which he accepts. His belt would later be stolen by Adam Cray. It should be noted, Hoben never takes up the costume or name of the Atom.

===Adam Cray===

Adam Cray, son of the murdered Senator Cray, first appeared as the Atom in the pages of ''Suicide Squad'' #44 by John Ostrander (August 1990). At first Cray was widely believed to be Ray Palmer in disguise (by both the fans and the characters). Actually Cray had been recruited by Palmer himself, who faked his death, in order to apprehend the Micro Squad (a group of villains that had been shrunk down) as well as uncover information about a shadowy government cabal, who were interested in Palmer's knowledge of the other heroes' secret identities (his own identity being no longer a secret).

While Palmer would infiltrate the Micro Squad, Cray would gather the attention of the Cabal as the new Atom, so that no one would notice Palmer assuming the identity of a fallen Micro Squad member.

Adam Cray ran with the Suicide Squad only for a short while, serving as a secret weapon most of the time, and his existence was for a while even unknown to others of the Squad. Cray even saves a wounded Amanda Waller from a group of assassins. At one point, Cray approaches Deadshot about the fact that Deadshot had murdered his father. Deadshot tells Cray that he would get one free shot at him. Soon after, on a mission, Cray is impaled through the chest by Blacksnake, a Micro Squad member who believes him to be Palmer.

After the murder of Cray (a move Palmer had not foreseen), Palmer reveals himself and defeats Cray's murderer. The ruse ended, Palmer explains himself to the Justice League, who had been searching for him, after hearing rumors of a new Atom.

During the events of ''Blackest Night'', Adam's corpse is reanimated as a member of the Black Lantern Corps alongside several other fallen Suicide Squad members. Following his reanimation, Adam and the other Black Lanterns travel to Belle Reve and attack Bane and Black Alice. Adam is apparently destroyed by the Manhunter's self destruct mechanism to unleashing an explosion of Green Lantern energy that eradicates the Black Lanterns.

===Ryan Choi=== Ryan Choi, as described by DC solicitations, is "a young hotshot professor who's filling the extra spot on Ivy University's teaching staff. .. and who inadvertently ends up filling the old Atom's super-heroic shoes". This new Atom is based on a redesign by Grant Morrison. He debuted in the ''Brave New World'' one-shot, a preview of upcoming projects, and then appeared in the series, ''The All-New Atom'', written by Gail Simone. He is later murdered by Deathstroke and his Titans.

Atom One Million

An unnamed scientist in the 853rd Century performed experiments in superstring theory that creates a singularity and whose radiation alters his physical make-up. When the singularity threatened to expand and destroy his universe, he enters it in an attempt to save the universe but instead finds himself on an interdimensional bridge to another universe as his own is wiped out, unable to stop it. At the end of the bridge, he finds Superman Prime who came to help but was too late. Stranded, he searches this universe for remnants of the one he lost, in time taking the name the Atom and joining the Justice Legion Alpha when he helped them defeat the Bizarro-Legion. This Atom's powers differ from his predecessors in that he doesn't shrink but breaks up into several smaller duplicates of himself divided amongst his mass. At atomic size, these duplicates can mimic elements such as gold and oxygen.

Other versions

Frank Miller portrayed Ray Palmer as a major player in ''Batman: The Dark Knight Strikes Again''. He was taken prisoner by Lex Luthor and made to live in one of his own petri dishes for a period of months until his rescue by Catgirl. He was then instrumental in the liberation of Kandor.

Tangent Comics

In the Tangent Comics print, The Atom is Arthur Harrison Thompson, a subject of radiation testing on human beings. The first hero in the Tangent timeline, he was succeeded by his son, who was killed by the Tangent Comics version of the Fatal Five, and a grandson named Adam, who, in ''Tangent: Superman's Reign'', is being held captive by Superman.

Elseworlds

Some other re-imaginings of the Atom include an appearance in ''League of Justice'', a story portraying the Justice League in a ''The Lord of the Rings''-type story where the Atom was recast as a wizard/fortune teller called "Atomus The Palmer".

Al Pratt as the Atom was one of the three heroes who chose to work at the side of Senator Thompson in ''The Golden Age''. When Al discovers that Thompson is really the Ultra-Humanite, he joins the other heroes against the villain and Dyna-Man.

The Al Pratt Atom appeared in ''JSA: The Unholy Three'' as a post-WW2 intelligence agent with transparent atomic flesh and a visible skeleton.

''JLA: Age of Wonder'' where Ray Palmer worked with a science consortium whose numbers at one point included Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla.

''JLA: Created Equal'', after Ray Palmer is killed in the cosmic storm that nearly wipes out the rest of the male population on Earth, a graduate student named Jill Athron is given a research grant to study Palmer's white-dwarf-star-belt. She becomes the Atom and joins the Justice League.

Atom evolved from a hawkman that had evolved from Robin in the ''Just Imagine...'' comic book.

52 Multiverse

In the final issue of ''52'', a new Multiverse is revealed, originally consisting of 52 identical realities. Among the parallel realities shown is one designated "Earth-2". As a result of Mister Mind "eating" aspects of this reality, it takes on visual aspects similar to the pre-Crisis Earth-2, including the Atom among other Justice Society of America characters. The names of the characters and the team are not mentioned in the panel in which they appear, but the Atom is visually similar to the Al Pratt Atom. Based on comments by Grant Morrison, this alternate universe is not the pre-Crisis Earth-2.

In ''Countdown'' #30, the Challengers from Beyond encountered Earth-15, a world where the sidekicks had taken their mentor's places. On this Earth, the Atom is Jessica Palmer, a genius who graduated from MIT at age eight. ''The Search for Ray Palmer - Red Son'' features the Ray Palmer of Earth-30, an American captured by the Superman of a communist Russia. ''Countdown: Arena'' also depicts the Ray Palmer of Earth-6, who through unknown circumstances now has the powers and title of the Ray. ''The Search For Ray Palmer: Superwoman/Batwoman'' briefly features a female version of The Atom.

In the first issue of the 2010 ''Batman Beyond'' limited series, a future African-American version of the Atom known as Micron appears as one of the heroes of Earth-12.

Collected Editions

''Ray Palmer''

Title	Material collected	Pages	ISBN#
''The Atom'' Archives, Vol. 1	''Showcase'' #34-36, ''The Atom'' #1-5		208		ISBN 1563897172
''The Atom'' Archives, Vol. 2	''The Atom'' #6-13		208		ISBN 1401200141
''Sword of the Atom''	''Sword of the Atom'' #1-4 and ''Sword of the Atom Special'' #1-3		232		ISBN 140121553X
''DC Comics Presents: The Atom''	''Legends of the DC Universe'' #28-29 and 40-41		96

''Ryan Choi''

Title	Material collected	Pages	ISBN#
My Life in Miniature	''The All-New Atom'' #1-6		160		ISBN 1401213251
Future/Past	''The All-New Atom'' #7-11		128		ISBN 1401215688
The Hunt for Ray Palmer	''The All-New Atom'' #12-16		128		ISBN 9781401217822
Small Wonder	''The All-New Atom'' #17-18 and 20-25		192

In other media

Television

Ray Palmer (voiced by Pat Harrington, Jr.) appeared in his own episodes in ''The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure.''

Ray Palmer appears with the ''SuperFriends'' in ''The All-New Super Friends Hour'' and ''The Super Friends Hour'' voiced by Wally Burr.

The Atom also makes an appearance with a slightly different color scheme costume in the live action 1979 TV special "Legends of the Superheroes", specifically "The Roast" episode.

A future version of the Atom called Micron appeared as a Justice League Unlimited member in the ''Batman Beyond'' two part episode "The Call" voiced by Wayne Brady. Unlike the Atom, Micron can grow as well as shrink, and similar to Atom Smasher with strength and flight.

In an early ''Justice League'' episode, "Legends," the League team up with the Justice Society pastiche the Justice Guild of America. JGA member Tom Turbine is a cross between Golden Age Atom and the Golden Age Superman. The Atom is later mentioned by name in "Hereafter," as a future Vandal Savage describes how he stole technology from Ray Palmer and destroyed the world.

The Atom (Ray Palmer) later appeared in ''Justice League Unlimited'' in both "Dark Heart" and "The Return" as a nanotechnology expert, voiced by John C. McGinley.

The Atom (Ray Palmer) also appeared in the 1997 live action made-for-TV movie pilot, ''Justice League of America'' played by John Kassir.

The Ryan Choi version of the Atom appears in the series ''Batman: The Brave and the Bold'', voiced by James Sie. The Atom helps Batman stop evil sorcerer Felix Faust from opening Pandora's Box in "Evil Under the Sea!". He re-appeared along with Aquaman to save Batman from a virus created by Chemo in "Journey to the Center of the Bat!". Atom has a Crime Syndicate counterpart called Dyna-Mite, also voiced by James Sie. A mind-controlled Ryan Choi appears in "The Siege of Starro! Part One", demonstrating the ability to grow to giant sizes, which he uses to prevent Batman from destroying a signal leading Starro to Earth. He also appears in the teaser for "The Criss Cross Conspiracy!", where he, Batman, and Aquaman battle the Bug-Eyed Bandit.

Video Game

The Atom (Ray Palmer) appears in DC Universe Online.

See Also

Molecule

References

External links

Index to the Atom's Earth-1 adventures

Article on the history/legacy of The Atom from the Comics 101 article series by Scott Tipton

THE SIMONE FILES II: THE ALL NEW ATOM

COUNTING DOWN TO COUNTDOWN IV: THE GREAT DISASTER AND THE ATOM

Category:DC Comics superheroes Atom Category:Fictional American people of Chinese descent Category:Fictional Hong Kong people Category:Fictional schoolteachers Category:DC Comics martial artists Category:Fictional professors Category:Comics characters introduced in 1990 Category:Comics characters introduced in 2006 Category:Size change in fiction

da:Atomet de:The Atom es:Atom (DC Comics) fr:Atom (comics) it:Atomo (fumetto) nl:Atom (DC Comics) pt:Eléktron sc:Atomo (fumettu) fi:Atomi (sarjakuvahahmo) sv:Atom (serier)