Branches of Mathematics

Pure mathematics

• Algebra
• Calculus
• Geometry
• Topology
• Trignometry
• Combinatorics
• Logic
• Number theory

Applied mathematics

• Dynamical systems and differential equations
• Mathematical physics
• Computing
• Information theory and signal processing
• Probability and statistics
• Game theory
• Operations research

Related Topics

• Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Linear Equations
• Applied Physics
• Nano Technology
• Engineering Sciences
• Mathematical Medicine
• Fluid dynamics
• Computational Mathematics
• Gamma Ray Optics
• Onfrared Optics
• Relative Velocity
• Iciam
• Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
• Biomedical Engineering
• Neuroscience Research
• Quantum Cosmology
• Brain Research

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• Acropolis of Athens
• Act utilitarianism
• Aegean Sea
• Aeolic Greek
• Aeolis
• Aeschylus
• Aesop
• Agora
• Alain de Botton
• Alcaeus of Mytilene
• Alcibiades
• Alexander the Great
• Alexandria
• Amafinius
• Anaxagoras
• Anaximander
• Ancient Corinth
• Ancient Greece
• Ancient Greek
• Ancient Greek law
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• Ancient philosophy
• Antioch
• Antisthenes
• Apella
• Aponia
• Aramaic
• Arcadocypriot Greek
• Archaic Greece
• Archilochus
• Archimedes
• Archon of Athens
• Archons of Athens
• Areopagus
• Aristippus of Cyrene
• Aristophanes
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• Aspasia
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• Atheist
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• Athens
• Atom
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• Attic Greek
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• Axial Age
• Bacchylides
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• Beyond Good and Evil
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• Carneades
• Carneiscus
• Category Hedonism
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• Channel 4
• Christian
• Christian hedonism
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• Clinamen
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• Consequentialism
• Crete
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• Cārvāka
• Dante Alighieri
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• De rerum natura
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• Demetrius Lacon
• Democritus
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• Determinism
• Diadochi
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• Diogenes Laërtius
• Diogenes of Oenoanda
• Diogenes of Sinope
• Diogenes of Tarsus
• Doctoral thesis
• Doric Greek
• Doris (Asia Minor)
• Egalitarianism
• Empedocles
• Epaminondas
• Ephebos
• Ephesus
• Epicurea
• Epicurean paradox
• Epicureanism
• Epicurus
• Epicurus the Sage
• Epikoros (Judaism)
• Epistemology
• Ethic of Reciprocity
• Euclid
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• Euripides
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• Flavius Philostratus
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• Freedom of will
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• Friedrich Nietzsche
• Game theory
• God in Judaism
• Gorgias
• Graphē paranómōn
• Greek alphabet
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• Greeks
• Hadrian
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• Hedone
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• Henry Sidgwick
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• Ionia
• Ionian Sea
• Ionic Greek
• Jeremy Bentham
• Jewish eschatology
• John Locke
• John Stuart Mill
• Karl Marx
• Kidney stone
• King of Athens
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• Lampsacus
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• Leonidas I
• Leontion
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• Linear A
• Linear B
• List of utilitarians
• Locrian Greek
• Louvre
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• Lucretius
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• Lysander
• Magna Graecia
• Margaret Cavendish
• Materialism
• Medieval Inquisition
• Menander
• Menoeceus
• Metakosmia
• Michel Foucault
• Michel Onfray
• Miletus
• Milo of Croton
• Mimnermus
• Minoan civilization
• Minuth
• Mishnah
• Monotheism
• Mycenaean Greece
• Mycenaean Greek
• Mytilene
• Nausiphanes
• Nuremberg Chronicle
• Olympia, Greece
• Olympiad
• On Nature (Epicurus)
• Outer space
• Paideia
• Pain
• Pamphylian Greek
• Paradox of hedonism
• Parmenides
• Parthenon
• Particle physics
• Patro the Epicurean
• Pausanias (general)
• Peloponnese
• Peltast
• Perdiccas
• Pergamon
• Pericles
• Peter Gast
• Peter Singer
• Pezhetairos
• Phalanx formation
• Philip II of Macedon
• Philodemus
• Pierre Gassendi
• Pindar
• Plato
• Platonic Academy
• Platonism
• Pleasure
• Plutarch
• Polybius
• Pontus
• Portal Politics
• Praise
• Problem of evil
• Protagoras
• Proto-Greek language
• Ptolemy
• PubMed Identifier
• Pyrrho
• Pyrrhus of Epirus
• Pythagoras
• Quantum physics
• Rabirius (Epicurean)
• Randomness
• Reinhold F. Glei
• Rhodes
• Richard Mervyn Hare
• Robert Drew Hicks
• Roman Empire
• Roman Greece
• Root (linguistics)
• Rule utilitarianism
• Sam Kieth
• Samos
• Sappho
• Sarissa
• Satire
• Science
• Scientific method
• Seleucid army
• Seneca the Younger
• Sextus Empiricus
• Simonides of Ceos
• Siro the Epicurean
• Social choice
• Socrates
• Solon
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• Soter
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• Sparta
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• Stesichorus
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• Stoics
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• Talmud
• Tannaic
• Template Hedonism
• Temple of Artemis
• Temple of Hephaestus
• Temple of Zeus
• Tetrapharmakos
• Thales of Miletus
• The Gay Science
• Themistocles
• Theognis of Megara
• Thermopylae
• Thomas Hobbes
• Thomas Jefferson
• Thucydides
• Timocreon
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• Troy
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• Utilitarianism
• Utility
• Utility monster
• Vatican Library
• Villa of the Papyri
• Vilna Gaon
• Wikipedia Persondata
• William Godwin
• Xenophon
• Xyston
• Zeno of Citium
• Zeno of Sidon
• 
  

• 
  Acropolis of Athens
  The Acropolis of Athens or Citadel of Athens is the best known acropolis (Gr. akros, akron, edge, extremity + polis, city, pl. acropoleis) in the world. Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as The Acropolis without qualification. The Acropolis was formally proclaimed as the pre-eminent monument on the European Cultural Heritage list of monuments on 26 March 2007. The Acropolis is a flat-topped rock that rises above sea level in the city of Athens, with a surface area of about 3 hectares. It was also known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man, Cecrops, the first Athenian king.
  http://wn.com/Acropolis_of_Athens
• 
  Aegean Sea
  The Aegean Sea (, Egeo Pelagos ; ) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey respectively. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus. The Aegean Islands are within the sea and some bound it on its southern periphery, including Crete and Rhodes. The Aegean Region consists of nine provinces in southwestern Turkey, in part bordering on the Aegean sea.
  http://wn.com/Aegean_Sea
• Alexandria
  http://wn.com/Alexandria
• Antioch
  http://wn.com/Antioch
• 
  Areopagus
  :This article concerns the place where a classical judicial body met. It is also the term for the judicial body which met there. For the 16th century literary movement, see Areopagus (poetry). For the regional government during the Greek War of Independence, see Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece. For the modern Greek Supreme Court, see Court of Cassation (Greece).
  http://wn.com/Areopagus
• Attalid dynasty
  The Attalid dynasty was a Hellenistic dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great. The Attalid kingdom was the rump state left after the collapse of the Lysimachian Empire. One of Lysimachus' officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city in 282 BC. The later Attalids were descended from his father, and they expanded the city into a kingdom. Attalus I proclaimed himself King in the 230s BC, following his victories over the Galatians. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis.
  http://wn.com/Attalid_dynasty
• 
  Classical Athens
  The city of Athens during the classical period of Ancient Greece (508-322 BC) was a notable polis (city-state) of Attica, Greece, leading the Delian League in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta and the Peloponnesian League. Athenian democracy was established in 508 BC under Cleisthenes following the tyranny of Hippias. This system remained remarkably stable, and with a few brief interruptions remained in place for 180 years, until 322 BC (aftermath of Lamian War) . The peak of Athenian hegemony was achieved in the 440s to 430s BC, known as the Age of Pericles.
  http://wn.com/Classical_Athens
• Crete
  http://wn.com/Crete
• Cyprus
  http://wn.com/Cyprus
• 
  Dardanelles
  The Dardanelles (, ), formerly known as the Hellespont
  http://wn.com/Dardanelles
• Ephesus
  http://wn.com/Ephesus
• 
  Ionian Sea
  The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. It is bounded by southern Italy including Calabria, Sicily and the Salento peninsula to the west, and by southwestern Albania, including Saranda and Himara, and a large number of Greek islands, including Corfu, Zante, Kephalonia, Ithaka, and Lefkas to the east. The islands are collectively referred to as the Ionian Islands, and other islands include the Strophades, Sphagia, Schiza, Sapientza and Kythira. The sea is one of the most seismic areas in the world.
  http://wn.com/Ionian_Sea
• Miletus
  http://wn.com/Miletus
• 
  Parthenon
  The Parthenon (Ancient Greek: ) is a temple in the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their protector. Its construction began in 447 BCE and was completed in 438 BCE, although decorations of the Parthenon continued until 431 BCE. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying out a programme of selective restoration and reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure.
  http://wn.com/Parthenon
• Peloponnese
  http://wn.com/Peloponnese
• Pergamon
  http://wn.com/Pergamon
• Platonic Academy
  http://wn.com/Platonic_Academy
• Samos
  http://wn.com/Samos
• Sparta
  http://wn.com/Sparta
• Temple of Hephaestus
  http://wn.com/Temple_of_Hephaestus
• 
  Temple of Zeus
  The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, was an ancient Greek temple in Olympia, Greece, dedicated to the chief of the gods, Zeus. It was the very model of the fully-developed classical Greek temple of the Doric order. The temple, built between 472 and 456 BC, stood in the most famous sanctuary of Greece, which had been dedicated to local and Pan-Hellenic deities and had probably been established towards the end of the Mycenaean period. The Altis, the enclosure with its sacred grove, open-air altars and the tumulus of Pelops, was first formed during the tenth and ninth centuries BCE, when the cult of Zeus was joined the already establish cult here of Hera.
  http://wn.com/Temple_of_Zeus
• Thermopylae
  http://wn.com/Thermopylae
• Troy
  http://wn.com/Troy
• 
  Vatican Library
  The Vatican Library () is the library of the Holy See, currently located in Vatican City. It is one of the oldest libraries in the world and contains one of the most significant collections of historical texts. Formally established in 1475, though in fact much older, it has 75,000 codices from throughout history. From July 2007, the library had been temporarily closed to the public for rebuilding, and reopened in September 2010.
  http://wn.com/Vatican_Library

• Aeschylus
  http://wn.com/Aeschylus
• Aesop
  http://wn.com/Aesop
• Alain de Botton
  http://wn.com/Alain_de_Botton
• Alcaeus of Mytilene
  http://wn.com/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene
• Alcibiades
  http://wn.com/Alcibiades
• Alexander the Great
  http://wn.com/Alexander_the_Great
• Amafinius
  C. (probably Gaius) Amafinius (or Amafanius) was one of the earliest Roman writers in favour of the Epicurean philosophy. He probably lived in the late 2nd century and early 1st century BC. He wrote several works, which are censured by Cicero as deficient in arrangement and style. He is mentioned by no other ancient writer but Cicero. In the Academica, Cicero reveals that Amafanius translated the Greek concept of atoms as "corpuscles" (corpusculi) in Latin.
  http://wn.com/Amafinius
• 
  Anaxagoras
  Anaxagoras (, "lord of the assembly"; c. 500 BC – 428 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Born in Clazomenae in Asia Minor, Anaxagoras was the first philosopher to bring philosophy from Ionia to Athens. He attempted to give a scientific account of eclipses, meteors, rainbows, and the sun, which he described as a fiery mass larger than the Peloponnese. He was accused of contravening the established religion and was forced to flee to Lampsacus.
  http://wn.com/Anaxagoras
• Anaximander
  http://wn.com/Anaximander
• 
  Antisthenes
  Antisthenes (; c. 445-c. 365 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and a pupil of Socrates. Antisthenes first learned rhetoric under Gorgias before becoming an ardent disciple of Socrates. He adopted and developed the ethical side of Socrates' teachings, advocating an ascetic life lived in accordance with virtue. Later writers regarded him as the founder of Cynic philosophy.
  http://wn.com/Antisthenes
• 
  Archilochus
  :For the hummingbird genus, see ''Archilochus.
  http://wn.com/Archilochus
• Archimedes
  http://wn.com/Archimedes
• Aristippus of Cyrene
  http://wn.com/Aristippus_of_Cyrene
• Aristophanes
  http://wn.com/Aristophanes
• Aristotle
  http://wn.com/Aristotle
• Arthur Schopenhauer
  http://wn.com/Arthur_Schopenhauer
• 
  Aspasia
  Aspasia (ca. 470 BC–ca. 400 BC, Greek: ) was a Milesian woman who was famous for her involvement with the Athenian statesman Pericles. Very little is known about the details of her life. She spent most of her adult life in Athens, and she may have influenced Pericles and Athenian politics. She is mentioned in the writings of Plato, Aristophanes, Xenophon, and other authors of the day.
  http://wn.com/Aspasia
• 
  Bacchylides
  Bacchylides () (5th century BC) was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. Later Greeks included him in the canonical list of nine lyric poets which included his uncle Simonides. The elegance and polished style of his lyrics have been a commonplace of Bacchylidean scholarship since at least Longinus (De Sublimitate 33,5). Some scholars however have associated these qualities with superficial charm. He has often been compared unfavourably with his contemporary, Pindar, as "a kind of Boccherini to Pindar's Haydn", yet the differences in their styles doesn't allow for easy comparison and "to blame Bacchylides for not being Pindar is as childish a judgement as to condemn...Marvel for missing the grandeur of Milton." His career coincided with the ascendency of dramatic styles of poetry, as embodied in the works of Aeschylus or Sophocles, and he is in fact one of the last poets of major significance within the more ancient tradition of purely lyric poetry. The most notable features of his lyrics are their clarity in expression and simplicity of thought, making them an ideal introduction to the study of Greek lyric poetry in general and to Pindar's verse in particular.
  http://wn.com/Bacchylides
• Batis of Lampsacus
  Batis (or Bates) of Lampsacus, was a student of Epicurus at Lampsacus in the early 3rd century BC. She was the sister of Metrodorus and wife of Idomeneus. When her son died, Metrodorus wrote to his sister offering comfort, telling her that "all the Good of mortals is mortal," and "that there is a certain pleasure akin to sadness, and that one should give chase thereto at such times as these." Epicurus, for his part, wrote a letter to Batis on the death of Metrodorus in 277 BC.
  http://wn.com/Batis_of_Lampsacus
• 
  Carneades
  Carneades (, "of Carnea"; 214/3-129/8 BC) was an Academic skeptic born in Cyrene and the first of the philosophers to pronounce the failure of metaphysicians who endeavored to discover rational meanings in religious beliefs. By the time of 159 BC he had started to refute all previous dogmatic doctrines, especially Stoicism, and even the Epicureans whom previous skeptics had spared. As head of the Academy, he was one of three philosophers sent to Rome in 155 BC where his lectures on the uncertainty of justice caused consternation among the leading politicians. He left no writings and many of his opinions are known only via his successor Clitomachus. He seems to have doubted the ability, not just of the senses but of reason too, in acquiring truth. His skepticism was, however, moderated by the belief that we can, nevertheless, ascertain probabilities of truth, to enable us to live and act correctly.
  http://wn.com/Carneades
• 
  Cicero
  Marcus Tullius Cicero (; Classical Latin: ; January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC; sometimes anglicized as "Tully"), was a Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and Roman constitutionalist. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the equestrian order, and is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.
  http://wn.com/Cicero
• Colotes
  http://wn.com/Colotes
• 
  Dante Alighieri
  Dante Alighieri (May/June c.1265September 14, 1321), commonly known as Dante, was an Italian poet of the Middle Ages. He was born in Florence; he died and is buried in Ravenna.
  http://wn.com/Dante_Alighieri
• David Hume
  http://wn.com/David_Hume
• Democritus
  http://wn.com/Democritus
• Demosthenes
  http://wn.com/Demosthenes
• Diogenes Laertius
  http://wn.com/Diogenes_Laertius
• Diogenes Laërtius
  Diogenes Laertius (ancient Greek: , Diogenes Laertios; fl. c. 3rd century) was a biographer of the Greek philosophers. Nothing is known about his life, but his surviving Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers is one of the principal surviving sources for the history of Greek philosophy.
  http://wn.com/Diogenes_Laërtius
• 
  Diogenes of Sinope
  Diogenes of Sinope ( Diogenes ho Sinopeus), was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy. Also known as Diogenes the Cynic, he was born in Sinope (modern-day Sinop, Turkey) in 412 or 404 BCE
  http://wn.com/Diogenes_of_Sinope
• Diogenes of Tarsus
  Diogenes of Tarsus (2nd century BCE) was an Epicurean philosopher, who is described by Strabo as a person clever in composing improvised tragedies. He was the author of several works, which, however, are lost. Among them are:
  http://wn.com/Diogenes_of_Tarsus
• Empedocles
  http://wn.com/Empedocles
• 
  Epaminondas
  Epaminondas (Greek: ) (ca. 410 BC – 362 BC) or Epameinondas was a Theban general and statesman of the 4th century BC who transformed the Ancient Greek city-state of Thebes, leading it out of Spartan subjugation into a preeminent position in Greek politics. In the process he broke Spartan military power with his victory at Leuctra and liberated the Messenian helots, a group of Peloponnesian Greeks who had been enslaved under Spartan rule for some 230 years, having been defeated in the Messenian War ending in 600 BC. Epaminondas reshaped the political map of Greece, fragmented old alliances, created new ones, and supervised the construction of entire cities. He was militarily influential as well, inventing and implementing several major battlefield tactics.
  http://wn.com/Epaminondas
• Epicurus
  http://wn.com/Epicurus
• Euclid
  http://wn.com/Euclid
• Euripides
  http://wn.com/Euripides
• 
  Friedrich Nietzsche
  Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (; in English , ) (October 15, 1844 August 25, 1900) was a 19th-century German philosopher and classical philologist. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy and science, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and aphorism.
  http://wn.com/Friedrich_Nietzsche
• Gorgias
  Gorgias (, ca. 485-c.380 BCE) "the Nihilist", Greek sophist, pre-socratic philosopher and rhetorician, was a native of Leontini in Sicily. Along with Protagoras, he forms the first generation of Sophists. Several doxographers report that he was a pupil of Empedocles, although he would only have been a few years younger. "Like other Sophists he was an itinerant, practicing in various cities and giving public exhibitions of his skill at the great pan-Hellenic centers of Olympia and Delphi, and charged fees for his instruction and performances. A special feature of his displays was to invite miscellaneous questions from the audience and give impromptu replies."
  http://wn.com/Gorgias
• 
  Greeks
  Ethnic group
  http://wn.com/Greeks
• Hadrian
  http://wn.com/Hadrian
• Han Ryner
  http://wn.com/Han_Ryner
• Henry Sidgwick
  http://wn.com/Henry_Sidgwick
• 
  Heraclitus
  Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: — ; c. 535–c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure," and the "Weeping Philosopher."
  http://wn.com/Heraclitus
• 
  Hermann Usener
  Hermann Karl Usener (October 23, 1834 – October 21, 1905) was a German scholar in the fields of philology and comparative religion.
  http://wn.com/Hermann_Usener
• 
  Hermarchus
  Hermarchus or Hermarch (, "reign of Hermes"; c. 325-c. 250 BCE), sometimes incorrectly written Hermachus (), was an Epicurean philosopher. He was the disciple and successor of Epicurus as head of the school. None of his writings survive. He wrote works directed against Plato, Aristotle, and Empedocles. A fragment from his Against Empedocles, preserved by Porphyry, discusses the need for law in society. His views on the nature of the gods are quoted by Philodemus.
  http://wn.com/Hermarchus
• Herodotus
  http://wn.com/Herodotus
• Hesiod
  http://wn.com/Hesiod
• Hipparchus
  http://wn.com/Hipparchus
• Hippocrates
  http://wn.com/Hippocrates
• 
  Hipponax
  Hipponax of Ephesus was an Ancient Greek iambic poet.
  http://wn.com/Hipponax
• Homer
  http://wn.com/Homer
• Hypatia
  http://wn.com/Hypatia
• Ibycus
  Ibycus (Ancient Greek: ) (6th century BC), was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. He was included in the canonical list of nine lyric poets by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria. The extant fragments of his work contain the earliest-known example of the triadic choral lyric and epinician poetry.
  http://wn.com/Ibycus
• Immanuel Kant
  http://wn.com/Immanuel_Kant
• 
  Jeremy Bentham
  Jeremy Bentham ( or ; 15 February 1748 – 6 June 1832) was an English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He became a leading theorist in Anglo-American philosophy of law and a political radical whose ideas influenced the development of welfarism. He is best known for his advocacy of utilitarianism and the ethical treatment of animals, and the idea of the panopticon.
  http://wn.com/Jeremy_Bentham
• John Locke
  http://wn.com/John_Locke
• 
  John Stuart Mill
  John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was a British philosopher and civil servant. An influential contributor to social theory, political theory, and political economy, his conception of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control. He was a proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by Jeremy Bentham, although his conception of it was very different from Bentham's. Hoping to remedy the problems found in an inductive approach to science, such as confirmation bias, he clearly set forth the premises of falsification as the key component in the scientific method. Mill was also a Member of Parliament and an important figure in liberal political philosophy.
  http://wn.com/John_Stuart_Mill
• Karl Marx
  http://wn.com/Karl_Marx
• Leonidas I
  http://wn.com/Leonidas_I
• Leucippus
  http://wn.com/Leucippus
• Lucretius
  http://wn.com/Lucretius
• Lycurgus of Sparta
  http://wn.com/Lycurgus_of_Sparta
• Lysander
  http://wn.com/Lysander
• Michel Foucault
  http://wn.com/Michel_Foucault
• Milo of Croton
  http://wn.com/Milo_of_Croton
• Nausiphanes
  Nausiphanes (; lived c. 325 BC), a native of Teos, was attached to the philosophy of Democritus, and was a pupil of Pyrrho. He had a large number of pupils, and was particularly famous as a rhetorician. Epicurus was at one time one of his hearers, but was unsatisfied with him, and apparently abused him in his writings. He also argued that the study of natural philosophy (physics) was the best foundation for studying rhetoric or politics. There is a polemic in Philodemus' On Rhetoric against Nausiphanes' view that the natural philosopher is the best orator. Epicurus may also have derived his three criteria of truth in his Canon from the Tripod of Nausiphanes.
  http://wn.com/Nausiphanes
• 
  Parmenides
  Parmenides of Elea (Greek: ; fl. early 5th century BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Italy. He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. The single known work of Parmenides is a poem which has survived only in fragmentary form. In this poem, Parmenides describes two views of reality. In The Way of Truth (a part of the poem), he explains how reality is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, and unchanging. In The Way of Opinion, he explains the world of appearances, which is false and deceitful. These thoughts strongly influenced Plato, and through him, the whole of Western philosophy.
  http://wn.com/Parmenides
• Pausanias (general)
  http://wn.com/Pausanias_(general)
• Perdiccas
  Perdiccas (, Perdikkas; died 321 BC or 320 BC) was one of Alexander the Great's generals. After Alexander's death in 323 BC he became regent of all Alexander's empire.
  http://wn.com/Perdiccas
• Pericles
  http://wn.com/Pericles
• Peter Gast
  http://wn.com/Peter_Gast
• 
  Peter Singer
  Peter Albert David Singer (born 6 July 1946) is an Australian philosopher. He is the Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University, and laureate professor at the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics (CAPPE), University of Melbourne. He specialises in applied ethics, approaching ethical issues from a secular preference utilitarian perspective.
  http://wn.com/Peter_Singer
• Philip II of Macedon
  http://wn.com/Philip_II_of_Macedon
• Philodemus
  http://wn.com/Philodemus
• 
  Pierre Gassendi
  Pierre Gassendi (January 22, 1592 – October 24, 1655) was a French philosopher, priest, scientist, astronomer, and mathematician. With a church position in south-east France, he also spent much time in Paris, where he was a leader of a group of free-thinking intellectuals. He was also an active observational scientist, publishing the first data on the transit of Mercury in 1631. The lunar crater Gassendi is named after him.
  http://wn.com/Pierre_Gassendi
• Pindar
  http://wn.com/Pindar
• Plato
  :For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
  http://wn.com/Plato
• Plutarch
  http://wn.com/Plutarch
• Polybius
  http://wn.com/Polybius
• Protagoras
  Protagoras (Greek: ) (ca. 490– 420 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. In his dialogue Protagoras, Plato credits him with having invented the role of the professional sophist or teacher of virtue. He is also believed to have created a major controversy during ancient times through his statement that man is the measure of all things. This idea was very revolutionary for the time and contrasting to other philosophical doctrines that claimed the universe was based on something objective, outside the human influence.
  http://wn.com/Protagoras
• Ptolemy
  http://wn.com/Ptolemy
• 
  Pyrrho
  Pyrrho (ca. 360 BC - ca. 270 BC), a Greek philosopher of classical antiquity, is credited as being the first Skeptic philosopher, and the inspiration for the school known as Pyrrhonism founded by Aenesidemus in the 1st century BC.
  http://wn.com/Pyrrho
• 
  Pyrrhus of Epirus
  Pyrrhus or Pyrrhos (, Pyrros; 319-272 BC) was a Greek general of the Hellenistic era. He was king of the Greek tribe of Molossians, of the royal Aeacid house (from ca. 297 BC), and later he became King of Epirus (306-302, 297-272 BC) and Macedon (288-284, 273-272 BC). He was one of the strongest opponents of early Rome. Some of his battles, though successful, cost him heavy losses, from which the term "Pyrrhic victory" was coined. He is the subject of one of Plutarch's Parallel Lives.
  http://wn.com/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus
• 
  Pythagoras
  Pythagoras of Samos (, O Pythagoras o Samios, "Pythagoras the Samian", or simply ; c. 570-c. 495 BC) was an Ionian Greek philosopher and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. Most of our information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived, thus very little reliable information is known about him. He was born on the island of Samos, and may have travelled widely in his youth, visiting Egypt and other places seeking knowledge. Around 530 BC, he moved to Croton, a Greek colony in southern Italy, and there set up a religious sect. His followers pursued the religious rites and practices developed by Pythagoras, and studied his philosophical theories. The society took an active role in the politics of Croton, but this eventually led to their downfall. The Pythagorean meeting-places were burned, and Pythagoras was forced to flee the city. He is said to have ended his days in Metapontum.
  http://wn.com/Pythagoras
• Richard Mervyn Hare
  http://wn.com/Richard_Mervyn_Hare
• Robert Drew Hicks
  http://wn.com/Robert_Drew_Hicks
• Sam Kieth
  Sam Kieth (born January 11, 1963) is a New York Times best-selling American comic book writer and illustrator, best known as the creator of The Maxx and Zero Girl.
  http://wn.com/Sam_Kieth
• 
  Sappho
  Sappho ( in English; Attic Greek ' , Aeolic Greek ' ) was an Ancient Greek poet, born on the island of Lesbos. Later Greeks included her in the list of nine lyric poets. Her birth was sometime between 630 and 612 BC, and it is said that she died around 570 BC, but little is known for certain about her life. The bulk of her poetry, which was well-known and greatly admired throughout antiquity, has been lost, but her immense reputation has endured through surviving fragments.
  http://wn.com/Sappho
• 
  Seneca the Younger
  Lucius Annaeus Seneca (often known simply as Seneca, or Seneca the Younger) (c. 3 BC – 65 AD) was a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist, and in one work humorist, of the Silver Age of Latin literature. He was tutor and later advisor to emperor Nero. He was later forced to commit suicide for complicity in the Pisonian conspiracy to assassinate this last of the Julio-Claudian emperors; however, he may have been innocent. His father was Seneca the Elder and his older brother was Gallio.
  http://wn.com/Seneca_the_Younger
• Simonides of Ceos
  http://wn.com/Simonides_of_Ceos
• Socrates
  http://wn.com/Socrates
• 
  Solon
  Solon (ancient Greek: , c. 638 BC–558 BC) was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in archaic Athens. His reforms failed in the short term yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy.
  http://wn.com/Solon
• Sophocles
  http://wn.com/Sophocles
• 
  Stesichorus
  Stesichorus (Ancient Greek: , circa 640 - 555 BC) was the first great poet of the Greek West. He is best known for telling epic stories in lyric metres but he is also famous for some ancient traditions about his life, such as his opposition to the tyrant Phalaris, and the blindness he is said to have incurred and cured by composing verses first insulting and then flattering to Helen of Troy. He was ranked among the nine lyric poets esteemed by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria and yet his work attracted relatively little interest among ancient commentators, which in turn left a disproportionate number of gaps in the modern record as one scholar observed in 1967: "Time has dealt more harshly with Stesichorus than with any other major lyric poet." Recent discoveries, recorded on Egyptian papyrus (notably and controversially, the Lille papyrus, in 1974), have enhanced modern understanding of his work, confirming his role as a link between Homer's epic narrative and the lyric narrative of poets like Pindar.
  http://wn.com/Stesichorus
• Thales of Miletus
  http://wn.com/Thales_of_Miletus
• 
  Themistocles
  Themistocles (Greek: ; "Glory of the Law"); c. 524–459 BC, was an Athenian politician and general. He was one of a new breed of politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the Athenian democracy, along with his great rival Aristides. As a politician, Themistocles was a populist, having the support of lower class Athenians, and generally being at odds with the Athenian nobility. Elected archon in 493 BC, he took steps to increase the naval power of Athens, which would be a recurring theme in his political career. During the first Persian invasion of Greece, he fought at the Battle of Marathon, and was possibly one of the 10 Athenian strategoi (generals) in that battle.
  http://wn.com/Themistocles
• Thomas Hobbes
  http://wn.com/Thomas_Hobbes
• Thomas Jefferson
  :
  http://wn.com/Thomas_Jefferson
• Thucydides
  http://wn.com/Thucydides
• Timocreon
  Timocreon, of Ialysus in Rhodes, was a Greek lyric poet who flourished about 480 BC.
  http://wn.com/Timocreon
• 
  Vilna Gaon
  Elijah ben Shlomo Zalman, () known as the Vilna Gaon or Elijah of Vilna and simply by his Hebrew acronym Gra ("Gaon Rabbenu Eliyahu"), (b. Vilnius April 23, 1720, d. Vilaus October 9, 1797), was a Talmudist, halachist, kabbalist, and the foremost leader of non-hasidic Jewry of the past few centuries. He is commonly referred to in Hebrew as ''ha'Gaon ha'Chasid mi'Vilna'', "the saintly genius from Vilnius."
  http://wn.com/Vilna_Gaon
• 
  William Godwin
  William Godwin (3 March 1756 – 7 April 1836) was a British journalist, political philosopher and novelist. He is considered one of the first exponents of utilitarianism, and the first modern proponent of anarchism. Godwin is most famous for two books that he published within the space of a year: An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, an attack on political institutions, and Things as They Are or The Adventures of Caleb Williams, which attacks aristocratic privilege, but also is virtually the first mystery novel. Based on the success of both, Godwin featured prominently in the radical circles of London in the 1790s. In the ensuing conservative reaction to British radicalism, Godwin was attacked, in part because of his marriage to the pioneering feminist writer Mary Wollstonecraft in 1797 and his candid biography of her after her death; their child, Mary Godwin (later Mary Shelley) would go on to author Frankenstein and marry the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Godwin wrote prolifically in the genres of novels, history and demography throughout his lifetime. With his second wife, Mary Jane Clairmont, he wrote children's primers on Biblical and classical history, which he published along with such works as Charles and Mary Lamb's Tales from Shakespeare. Using the pseudonym Edward Baldwin, he wrote a variety of books for children, including a version of Jack and the Beanstalk. He also has had considerable influence on British literature and literary culture.
  http://wn.com/William_Godwin
• Xenophon
  http://wn.com/Xenophon
• Zeno of Citium
  http://wn.com/Zeno_of_Citium

• 
  Creative Commons
• 
  Creative Commons / Mvuijlst

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