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There were/are a number of Soviet Armed Forces military academies in the Soviet Union/Russia of different specialties.

Unlike Western military academies such as the United States Military Academy at West Point, Soviet, now Russian, military and police institutions referred to as "academy" (Russian: академия, akademiya) are post-graduate professional military schools for experienced commissioned officers who already have the equivalent of a Bachelor's degree. Upon graduation, these officers receive an equivalent of Master's degree and, if trained in military leadership, get appointed as battalion commanders or higher (from Lt. Colonel and up). Graduates having non-command profile are appointed to various staff positions that are normally equivalent in rank to Major or Lt. Colonel.

Also, military academies prepare commissioned officers on the Kandidat Nauk (Russian: кандидат наук) level, which is an equivalent of Ph.D. degree. This advanced research-oriented degree is required for filling faculty positions in military schools and defense research institutes. Carefully selected experienced researchers in military academies hold limited-term positions as senior scholars leading to the prestigious post-doctoral Doktor Nauk (Russian: доктор наук) degree which has no direct equivalent in the Western countries. This degree is normally a prerequisite for filling full professor positions in the institutions of higher learning.

There also are a number of officer commissioning schools for the various services known variously as Higher Military Schools or Institutes.

As of 2010 a major reorganization of Russian military officer education, spanning the entire range from the General Staff Academy down to the officer commissioning schools, is underway.

Military Academy of the General Staff[link]

Full and previous names include: Marshal Voroshilov Military Academy of the WPRA General Staff; General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR; General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

The current General Staff Academy was founded 1936 in Moscow by Leonid Govorov. It has been the senior Soviet and now Russian professional school for officers. The "best and the brightest" senior commissioned officers of all the Soviet Armed Forces were selected to attend this top-standing and most prestigious of all the Soviet military academies. Students were, and probably still are, admitted to the Academy in the ranks of lieutenant colonel, colonel, and Major General (one star). Most are colonels or newly promoted generals. Normally officers are admitted in their late 30s.

Military Academies and Schools of the central adminstration and Ground Forces[link]

M.V. Frunze Military Academy[link]

Combined Arms Academy entrance

The Frunze Military Academy (Russian: Военная академия им. М. В. Фрунзе) was established in 1918 as the academy of the General Staff. In 1921, it was transformed into the RKKA Military Academy. It is named after Mikhail Frunze who was the USSR Minister of Defence in mid-1920s and is located in Moscow. It is roughly the equivalent of the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, KS or the British Army's Staff College, Camberley. Officers usually enter when they are between late twenties and thirty-two years old with the rank of Captain or Major, depending on whether they pass the competitive entry examinations.

In the 1930s, Higher Academic Courses were added to the Frunze curriculum, as an advanced training program for earlier graduates. Later on, this program became the basis for the Voroshilov Academy. Following the creation of the Voroshilov General Staff Academy, the Frunze Academy refocused upon combined arms ground warfare training at the tactical level.

Scott and Scott (1979) noted that, as of 1979, ..within the Academy are 'chairs of operational-tactical disciplines, Marxism-Leninism, history of the CPSU and Party-political work, history of war and military art, foreign languages, and other subjects and scientific research sections'^[1] In the late 1970s the Scotts noted the Frunze library had about two million volumes.

The Frunze Academy and the Malinovsky Academy were amalgamated in September 1998 into the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (Russian: Общевойсковая академия Вооруженных сил Российской Федерации ), (ru:Общевойсковая академия Вооружённых Сил Российской Федерации) on the site of the former Frunze Academy.^[2] Since 2010, the title of Military Educational and Scientific Center as been applied to the academy.

Since the turn of the 21st century, the Combined Arms Academy has been the site of a number of Russian-Western joint military activities, including an IISS conference in February 2001, and U.S./Russian exercises.

After graduation from this academy, every graduate officer used to receive a diploma and a silver diamond-shaped badge on his uniform or civil suit which had to be worn on the right side of the chest above all other military or civil decorations or ribbon bars.

The Commandant, as of 2004, was Colonel General Vladimir I. Popov.^[3]

• About the Combined Arms Academy (on the official Ministry of Defence web site) (Russian)
• Frunze Academy graduation badge (at a numismatic site) (Russian)

[edit] Marshal Rodion Malinovsky Military Armored Forces Academy (formerly the WPRA Academy of Mechanized and Motorized Services)

Malinovsky Military Armored Forces Academy(Военная академия бронетанковых войск им. Р. Я. Малиновского) was established in 1932 in Moscow as the J.V. Stalin Academy of the WPRA Mechanization and Motorization Program. It was named after Marshal Rodion Malinovsky in 1967.

This military academy had the mission of training Soviet and Warsaw Pact commanders, staff officers, and engineers for armored and mechanized units. The best-qualified graduates were also selected for the centralized operations division of the General Staff. Students entered as captains and majors (with some lieutenant colonels), indicating it was about on an intermediate level with the Army's Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and the Air Command and Staff College at Maxwell AFB, Alabama. The program of instruction was three years for commanding and staff officers and four years for engineers.

As noted above, it was merged with the Frunze Academy in 1998 as the Combined Arms Academy.

Marshal Semyon Budyonny Military Signals and Communications Academy[link]

Budyonny Military Academy of Communications (Военная академия связи им. С. М. Буденного) was created in 1932 in Leningrad. It is named after Semyon Budyonny. It trains the Russian military's future signals and communications experts.

[edit] Mikhail Kalinin Military Artillery Academy/Military Artillery Academy "Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich"

Mikhailovskaya Artillery Military Academy (Russian: Михайловская военная артиллерийская академия) in Saint Petersburg dates back to 1698. It was given the name Mikhailovskaya in 1849 after Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich of Russia. Merged into the Red Army Military Technical Academy in 1925, it was restored in 1953 as Kalinin Artillery Military Academy (Военная артиллерийская академия им. М. И. Калинина) as a spin-off of the Dzerzhinsky Academy.

The Grand Duke's name for this academy was restored in 1995.

[edit] Khabarovsk Military Commanders Training Academy

Located in Khabarovsk, it serves as the training center for military officers stationed in the Eastern Military District with a study program designed to enhance their experience and command capability.

[edit] Sergei Kirov Military Medical Academy

The Kirov Military Medical Academy (Russian: Военно-медицинская академия им. С. М. Кирова) was established in 1798. Located in Saint-Petersburg, it trains senior medical staff for the Armed Forces and conducts research in the medical services area for the military. By contemporary standards, it is a full-scale medical school complete with a network of teaching and research clinics and hospitals affiliated to it. Upon graduation, its students are commissioned as officers with medical doctor credentials. The institution also provides advanced training for mid-career military medical doctors and trains graduate students on the Ph.D. level.

Kuybyshev Military Medical Academy[link]

A Military medical academy in Kuybyshev was established in 1939.

[edit] Valerian Kuybyshev Military Engineering Academy

Located in Moscow, this military academy trained medium-rank commissioned officers for the Engineering Troops, a counterpart of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. It's now called the Combined Arms Military Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation-Military Engineering Forces Institute after the 1998 merger with the Military Engineering University of St. Petersburg.

[edit] V.I. Lenin Political-Military Academy

Russian: Военно-политическая академия имени В. И. Ленина.

Specialized in training political officers for the entire Soviet Armed Forces, and until 1941, political commisars for the Armed Forces.

After a number of reorganisations, it was in 1994 merged with the Military Institute of Foreign Languages into the Military University of the Ministry of Defense of Russian Federation (Военный университет Министерства обороны Российской Федерации)^[4] and now also includes the Moscow Military Conservatoire and the Military Bandmasters Institute, the university's military music arms.

General of the Army A. V. Khruleva Military Academy of Rear Services and Transportation[link]

The Military Academy of Rear Services and Transportation (ru:Военная академия тыла и транспорта имени А. В. Хрулёва) was created in 1918 in Leningrad. It trains officers and NCO's for the various Armed Forces rear services and the Army Transportation Force, a part of the rear services. One of its graduates is the current Russian Minister of Transport, Igor Levitin.

[edit] Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov Moscow Military Music School

A spin-off of the Suvorov Military School, it teaches future Soviet Army and Russian Army military musicians and conductors and is famous for its Corps of Drums, a participant in the Moscow Victory Parade of 1945 and a regular participant in later Revolution Day (until 1990), Victory Day (1965, 1985, 1990, 1995–2008, 2012-), and, until 1966 May Day military parades. The Corps's instrumentation includes snare drums, fifes, trumpets, glockenspiels and during occasions, bass drums, tenor drums and fanfare bugles. A Turkish crescent from the school was used as its symbol in the Revolution Day and Victory Day parades from 1975 to 1990, later replaced in 1995 by the school's color guard squad carrying the school's Regimental Color. It also has its own nationally and internationally famous training band wing.

Moscow Military Commanders Training School[link]

Established on December 21, 1917 as the Moscow 1st Revolutionary High Composite School, this school trains the future officers of the Russian Army in strategy, tactics and command skills, with a four year study period for which graduates are commissioned Russian Army lieutenants.

The school's cadets are also known as the Kremlin Cadets or the Kremlovtsy, for in December 1919, the Red Army took over the school administration, with headquarters and campus then at the Moscow Kremlin, after just two years of operations. It later became the WPRA 1st Soviet High Military School "All-Russian Central Executive Committee" and from 1925 to 1935, mounted the guard at Lenin's Mausoleum, staying at the Kremlin as its campus until the same year when it moved to Moscow's Lefortovo District to give way to the Kremlin Regiment, nowadays the President of Russia's escort and historical regiment.

In 1937, the school became the "ACEC" Moscow Military School and later as the Moscow Military School of Infantry Training, and received the first of its 3 order medals, that of the Order of the Red Banner, in 1938. In joined the Battle of Khalkhin Gol, and in the Second World War's Eastern Front contributed to the defense of Moscow City and Region from Axis invasion, as well as in other wartime activities. In October 1945, 5 months after the allied victory in Europe, it moved to Kuzminki District, Moscow.

In 1958, it became the Moscow High Command Training School "Supreme Soviet of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic" and received its two other state orders in 1965 and 1978 respectively, the Order of Lenin and the Order of the October Revolution.

In 1998, it became the Moscow Military School and was transformed into its present name in 2003.

St. Petersburg Military Academy of Physical Fitness Culture and Sports[link]

Established in the 1930s as the Leningrad Military Academy of Physical Fitness "General Staff of the Armed Forces", the academy serves as the training hub for military sportsmen of the Russian Armed Forces. Its graduates include many medalists in the Olympic Games who were also active servicemen, and medalists in the World Military Games proudly representing Russia and the Russian Armed Forces.

[edit] Marshal Semyon Timoshenko Military Academy of Chemical Defence and Control

Timoshenko Military Academy of Chemical Defense (Военная академия химической защиты им. С. К. Тимошенко) was established in 1932 in Moscow. It is named after Semyon Timoshenko. Its duties are for the training of officers and NCOs in chemical warfare and defence. See ru:Военная академия РХБЗ и инженерных войск.

[edit] Marshal Alexander Vasilevsky Military Academy of the Army Air Defense Corps

The Vasilevsky Military Academy of the Army Air Defense (Военная академия войсковой противовоздушной обороны им. А. М. Василевского) was created in 1977 in Kiev as a spin-off of the Kalinin Artillery Military Academy.^[5] It was named after Aleksandr Vasilevsky. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, this institution evolved into the General Staff Academy of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

Volsk Military Rear Services Training School[link]

Located in Volsk, this trains the various personnel of the Russian Armed Forces' rear services.

St. Peterburg Military Engineering-Technical University[link]

In Soviet times this was named the Leningrad Nikolaevsky Military Engineering Technical Institute of the Armed Forces of the USSR.

Nikolaevsky Military Engineering-Technical Institute of the Armed Forces(Now the Military Engineering-Technical University) (Russian: Военный инженерно-технический университет) is in Saint Petersburg located in its own historical sites near to Engineers Castle, Summer Garden, the Suvorov Museum, Tauride Palace and Smolny Convent. This is one of Saint Petersburg's oldest Military Engineering schools, its history (as a Higher learning institution) began in 1810, training officers for service in the Navy, Russian Engineering Troops and other arms and services. This Engineering school trained and graduated Fyodor Dostoyevsky.

[edit] Yekaterinburg Force Command School of Artillery

Located in Yekaterinburg, it serves as the officer command traning center of the Russian Ground Forces Artillery and Rocket Forces. Its mandate is for the enhanced and improved training of artillery officers in command and control.

Military academies of the Rocket Forces[link]

[edit] Felix Dzerzhinsky Military Rocket Forces Academy

Dzerzhinsky Military Academy (Russian: Военная академия им. Ф. Э. Дзержинского) was created in 1932 in Leningrad as F.E. Dzerzhinsky Artillery Academy (Артиллерийская академия имени Ф. Э. Дзержинского) of the Red Army from the Artillery Department and the Powder and Explosives section of the Chemistry Department of the Military Technical Academy that was disbanded at the time. The Military Technical Academy itself was a descendant of Mikhailovskaya Artillery Academy (Михайловская артиллерийская академия) of Imperial Russia created in 1820 in St. Petersburg.

Dzerzhinsky Academy was moved from Leningrad to Moscow in 1958, the year before the Strategic Rocket Forces was formed. Now named the Dzerzhinsky Missile Force Academy, its main facility was located next to the Rossiya Hotel on the embankment near the Kremlin, in the historical building of the Moscow Orphanage. Officers in command positions in the Strategic Missile Troops would seek admission to this academy. All information about this academy was highly classified. Its two major faculties were "command" and "engineering."

The Academy was renamed after Peter the Great in 1997 (Военная Академия Ракетных Войск Стратегического Назначения имени Петра Великого), and its Commandant is now Colonel General (three star) Yuriy F. Kirillov.^[3]

See also:

• Peter the Great Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Force (official Web Site) (Russian)

Military academies of the Air Forces, Air Defence Forces and Space Forces[link]

Yuri Gagarin Military Air Academy[link]

The Gagarin Military Air Academy is located at Monino, northeast of Moscow, in an area closed to foreigners, nearby the Central Air Force Museum. Almost all the senior officers in the Soviet Air Force will have attended this academy. It is charged with the preparation of "command cadres of various aviation specialties and is a research center for working out problems of operational art of the Air Force and tactics of branches and types of aviation." Part of the mandate involves developing new techniques in the operational use of the military aircraft.

[edit] Marshal Leonid Govorov Air Defense and Radio Engineering Academy

The “Marshal of the Soviet Union L.A. Govorov Air Defense Radio Engineering Academy” (Russian: Военная инженерная радиотехническая академия им. Маршала Советского Союза Говорова Л.А.) was first established in Moscow in 1941 as a subsidiary of the “Frunze Military Academy” and then moved to Kharkiv (Russian: “Kharkov”) in 1946. This graduate school trained commissioned officers of the Air Defense Force in radars, aerospace defense and surface-to-air missile sites, and command and control and communications facilities. Its gradutaes were granted an equivalent of the Master of Electrical or Systems Engineering degree. Also about 50 officers were annually graduating with a Kandidat Nauk degree (an equivalent of a Ph.D.). Of the total of some 300 faculty members, more than 10 per cent held the prestigious post-doctoral Doktor Nauk degree. Faculty members were highly engaged in applied research; their textbooks and research publications were known throughout the Soviet Union.

This school was re-organized into the “Kharkiv Military University” of the Ukrainian Armed Forces in 1992, soon after the collapse of the USSR. According to the Ukrainian Cabinet of Ministers’ directive #433 (10.09.2003) the Military University and the Air Force Institute combined to become the Kharkiv National University of the Ukrainian Air Force.^[6]

[edit] Marshal Georgy Zhukov Command Academy of the Air Defense Forces

The Zhukov Military Command Academy of Air Defense is located on the banks of the Volga River in Kalinin (now Tver). In addition to its educational and training mandate, this academy is a research center for studying problems of operational art and tactics, as well as command, communications, and control (C3) on air defense matters.

[edit] Nikolai Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy

The Zhukovskyi Air Force Engineering Academy (Военно-воздушная инженерная академия имени профессора Н. Е. Жуковского) named after Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky was founded in Moscow in 1920 to train engineers for the Soviet Air Force as well as lecturers and scientists for military colleges and research institutions. The main facility of this academy is located on the Leningrad Prospekt immediately across from the Moscow Central Airfield. Course of instruction length is five years. In addition to being an institution of higher learning, it also is a scientific center for working out problems in the areas of aviation technology, its maintenance, and combat utilization. Since 2008, the Gagarin Air Academy is a part of the school apparatus, and both have become the Gagarin-Zhukovsky Military Combined Air Force Academy, with its Moscow main campus retained.

A. Mozhaysky Military Space Academy[link]

Also in St. Petersburg, this is the academy responsible for the training of the future officers and NCOs of the Russian Space Forces, the armed forces' youngest branch of service.

Military Air Combat Training Centers[link]

Russian: ЦБПиПЛС - Центры боевого применения и переучивания личного состава // Tsentry boyevogo primenyeniya i pereuchivaniya lichnogo sostava

These centers do a great deal of scientific and technical work in mastering new aircraft, equipment, and air combat tactics for the Russian Air Forces.

• Center of Frontline Aviation, Lipetsk Air Base
• Center of Air Defense Aviation, Savasleika( Саваслейка)
• Center of Naval Aviation of the Russian Navy Ostrov (air base), near Pskov
• Center of Long Range Aviation, Dyagilevo

Naval Educational Institutions[link]

As part of the ongoing military reform, the Defense Ministry has undertaken to create large consolidated educational entities within the Armed Forces. In the naval sphere the leading institution is the Military Educational and Scientific Center (Russ. ВУНЦ)- Fleet Admiral Of the Soviet Union N.G. Kuznetsov Naval Academy. This organization is responsible for the direct oversight of all naval training and educational institutions spanning students from grade school age through post-command senior officers destined to hold the highest positions in the Russian military.

Pre-commissioning Schools[link]

• Kronshtadt Naval Cadet Corps

Located in Kronshtadt on Kotlin Island this school is for upper grade school aged youths interested in eventually attending the Nakhimov Naval School, a preparatory school for the several officers' commissioning institutions of the Russian Navy.

• Admiral P.S. Nakhimov Naval School

Founded in 1944 and located in St. Petersburg in an impressive baroque building adjacent to the AURORA, the Navy's oldest commissioned warship and the ship that has been credited with signaling the beginning of the October Revolution, this institution can be considered a naval preparatory school. Successful graduates from its program can directly enter the officer commissioning schools without sitting for the competitive entrance examinations. Originally, the Nakhimov Schools and their army equivalents, the Suvorov Schools, were established to provide education for the sons of officers who perished during the war. There were three Nakhimov Schools (Leningrad-1944, Tbilisi-1944, and Riga-1945) but the Tbilisi and Riga schools were closed in 1955 and 1952, respectively. Only the school in St. Petersburg continues to function today.

Naval Officer Commissioning Institutions[link]

• Peter the Great Naval Corps - St. Petersburg Naval Institute

This is Russia's oldest naval officer commissioning school and institution of higher learning. Originally established as the School of Mathematics and Navigational Sciences in Moscow by Peter the Great the school was later moved to St. Petersburg. It is located on the embankment of the Neva River opposite the Admiralty Shipyard. In Soviet times it was known as the M.V. Frunze High Naval School. The great majority of Imperial Russia's and the Soviet Union's most outstanding naval officers and admiralty leadership are graduates of this school. Recently, the Leninskiy Komsomol Submarine Navigation High Naval School in St. Petersburg was absorbed by this institution.

• A.S. Popov Naval Radioelectronics Institute

This is the Russian Navy's officer commissioning school for specialists in naval electronics and computer technologies. It is located near the imperial summer palace in Peterhof, St. Petersburg.

• Naval Engineering Institute

This naval school commissions engineering officers, specializing in both conventional and nuclear propulsion and associated systems. This institute is located in Pushkin, St. Petersburg and now combines the F. Derzhinskiy Higher Naval Engineering School formerly located in the Admiralty building and the Higher Naval Engineering School which had been located in Pushkin near the lake of the imperial Catherine Palace.

• Admiral F.F. Ushakov Baltic Naval Institute

Located in Kaliningrad, this naval officer commissioning school educates general profile officers as well as specialists in communications and intelligence.

• S.O. Makarov Pacific Naval Institute

Located in Vladivostok, this naval officer commissioning school educates general profile officers for service in the Russian Navy's Pacific Fleet.

Advanced Officer Education[link]

• Advanced Special Officers' Courses

Located in St. Petersburg, this institution provides advanced education for prospective Executive and Commanding Officers as well as for officers going on to be "flag specialists" on the staffs of large naval formations and fleets

Naval Post-graduate Institutions[link]

• Fleet Admiral of the Soviet Union N.G. Kuznetsov Naval Academy (formerly - Marshal A.A. Grechko Naval Academy^[7]

The Kuznetsov Naval Academy located in St. Petersburg is the Soviet Navy's only senior service school. The students are lieutenants commander, commanders, and some captains, with ages from 30–35 years. All naval officers (including naval aviation) holding positions of Executive Officers, Commanding Officers, formation, fleet, or naval staff command positions are graduates of this academy.

• Beyond the Naval Academy

In order to qualify to command any naval or MOD operational-strategic or strategic formation (commend) senior naval officers must complete the course of study at the Military Academy of the General Staff.

Military academies of Non-MOD armed forces: MVD, EMERCOM and the FSS[link]

Ministry of the Interior of Russia High Command Academy[link]

This academy trains future officers of the Ministry of the Interior's various military forces. It was founded in 1932 as a training venue for the NKVD's future command officers, entitled as a post graduate school for the advanced officers in the interior services.

St. Petersburg MVD Internal Troops Military Institute[link]

Located in St. Petersburg, the ITMI serves as the training facility for personnel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Internal Troops Service, both officers, warrant officers and non-commissioned officers. It was established on September 4, 1947 as the MVD Central School and since then as gone on many transformations before acquiring its present title in 2000.

St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia[link]

As one of the premier post-graduate schools of Russia's Internal Affairs Ministry its purpose is for the enhancement and continued training for officers and NCOs of the Ministry's various arms and services, including the Internal Troops and the Tax Police. Both men and women study as advanced officers and NCOs in the university.

Ministry of Emergency Situations Civil Defence Academy[link]

As part of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, this academy trains troops (both officers and NCOs) for the service of the country's civil defense capabilities and disaster response services.

St. Petersburg Military Institute of Civil Defence of the Ministry of Emergency Situations[link]

This institute is the training center for improved training of all male and female MES personnel, and since St. Petersburg is the historic birthplace of the Russian civil defence services, many graduate here as professionals in civil defense, search and rescue skills, and fire prevention.

Moscow Felix Dzerzhinsky Federal Security Service Academy[link]

Established on December 25, 1921 and relaunched on August 24, 1992, this training academy of the Russian Federal Security Service is mandated for the enhanced education of all FSS personnel in various fields of law enforcement. Since 2007, Colonel General Victor Ostroukhov is its commandant.

Moscow City Council Border Protection and Security Institute of the FSS[link]

Established in the 1930s, the institute educates all service personnel of the Border Guard Service of Russia, officers and NCOs, on border security and policing in the wide Russian border.

Moscow Military Institute of the Russian FSS[link]

It trains the future officers and NCO's of the various service fields of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, especially in border protection and federal security.

Special Construction Agency Institute: see ru:Военно-технический университет при Федеральном агентстве специального строительства.

References[link]

1. ^ A.I. Radziyevskiy, 'The Military Academy named after M.V. Frunze', Soviet Military Encyclopaedia, Vol. 2, p.175, Moscow, Voyenizdat, 1976, cited in Scott and Scott, Armed Forces of the USSR, ibid.
2. ^ Scott and Scott, Russian Military Directory 2002, p.205
3. ^ ^{a b} Scott and Scott, Russian Military Directory 2004, p.195
4. ^ Military University - unofficial site
5. ^ Scott and Scott, The Armed Forces of the USSR, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 1979, p.367
6. ^ http://www.hups.mil.gov.ua/history_eng.html
7. ^ Voyennoy-Morskaya Akademiya, Leningrad, 1991, V.N. Ponikarovsky)

External links[link]

• Moscow Defense Brief, 1/2006, article on current status [1]
• History of GLITs (NII VVS) (automatic translation)
• Soviet Aviation Test Facilities
• Military Education (the list of military schools and academy at the official Ministry of Defence web site) (Russian)
• Scott, William F., and Harriet Fast Scott. "Education and Training of Soviet Air Forces Officers", Air University Review, November–December 1986.

Bishkek Бишкек
—  City  —
Kyrgyz transcription(s)
• ISO 9	biškek
• BGN/PCGN	bishkek
• ALA-LC	bishkek
Ala-Too Square
Flag Coat of arms
Bishkek Location in Kyrgyzstan
Coordinates: 42°52′29″N 74°36′44″E / 42.87472°N 74.61222°E / 42.87472; 74.61222
Country	Kyrgyzstan
Shaar	Bishkek[1] (It is, however, the capital of the Chuy Province)
Raion[2]	Districts Leninsky Oktyabrsky Pervomaysky Sverdlovsky
Government
• Mayor	Isa Omurkulov
Area[3]
• Total	127 km2 (49 sq mi)
Elevation	800 m (2,600 ft)
Population (2009)[3]
• Total	835,800
• Density	6,600/km2 (17,000/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+6 (UTC+6)
Area code(s)	312

Bishkek (in Kyrgyz and Russian: Бишкек), formerly Pishpek and Frunze, is the capital and the largest city of Kyrgyzstan. Bishkek is also the administrative centre of Chuy Province which surrounds the city, even though the city itself is not part of the province but rather a province-level unit of Kyrgyzstan.

The name is thought to derive from a Kyrgyz word for a churn used to make fermented mare's milk (kumis), the Kyrgyz national drink. Founded in 1825 as the Kyrgyz-Khokand fortress of "Bishkek", then, in 1862, named as the Russian fortress Pishpek (крепость Пишпек),^[4] in 1926 the city was renamed Frunze (Фрунзе), after the Bolshevik military leader Mikhail Frunze. In 1991, the Kyrgyz parliament restored the city's historical name.

Bishkek is situated at about 800 metres (2,600 ft) altitude just off the northern fringe of the Kyrgyz Ala-Too range, an extension of the Tian Shan mountain range, which rises up to 4,855 metres (15,928 ft) and provides a spectacular backdrop to the city. North of the city, a fertile and gently undulating steppe extends far north into neighboring Kazakhstan. The Chui River drains most of the area. Bishkek is connected to the Turkestan-Siberia Railway by a spur line.

Bishkek is a city of wide boulevards and marble-faced public buildings combined with numerous Soviet-style apartment blocks surrounding interior courtyards and, especially outside the city centre, thousands of smaller privately built houses. It is laid out on a grid pattern, with most streets flanked on both sides by narrow irrigation channels that water the innumerable trees which provide shade in the hot summers.

History[link]

Originally a caravan rest stop (possibly founded by the Sogdians) on one of the branches of the Silk Road through the Tian Shan range, the location was fortified in 1825 by the Uzbek khan of Kokhand with a mud fort.

In 1862, the fort was conquered and razed when Tsarist Russia annexed the area. The Russians rebuilt the town over the destroyed fort. The site became a Russian garrison and was redeveloped and named "Pishpek" from 1877 onward by the Russian government, which encouraged the settlement of Russian peasants by giving them fertile black soil farms to develop. In 1926, the city became the capital of the newly established Kirghiz ASSR and was renamed "Frunze" after Mikhail Frunze, Lenin's close associate who was born in Bishkek and played key roles during the 1905 and 1917 revolutions and during the Russian civil war of the early 1920s.

The early 1990s were tumultuous. In June 1990, a state of emergency was declared following severe riots in southern Kyrgyzstan which threatened to spread to the capital. The city was renamed Bishkek on 5 February 1991 and Kyrgyzstan achieved independence later that year during the breakup of the Soviet Union. Before independence, Bishkek was a "Russified" city, the majority of its population being ethnic Russians. In 2004, Russians made up approximately 20% of the city's population (about 7–8% in 2011 ).^[5]

Today, Bishkek is a modernizing city, with many restaurants and cafes and lots of second-hand European and Japanese cars and minibuses crowding its streets. But streets and sidewalks have fallen into disrepair since Russians started rapidly leaving this place from 1991. At the same time Bishkek still preserves its former Soviet feel, with Soviet-period buildings and gardens prevailing over newer structures.

Bishkek is also the country's financial centre, with all of the country's 21 commercial banks featuring offices in the city. During the Soviet era, the city was home to a large number of industrial plants, but most have been shut down after 1991 or operate today on a much reduced scale. One of Bishkek's largest employment centres today is Dordoy Bazaar, which is one of the major entrepôts for Chinese goods imported into CIS countries.

Geography[link]

Orientation[link]

Though the city is relatively young, the surrounding area has some sites of interest dating from prehistory, the Greco-Buddhist period, the period of Nestorian influence, the era of the Central Asian khanates, and the Soviet period.

Ala-Too Square, Bishkek's main square

Bishkek Orthodox Church

National Historical Museum

The central part of the city is primarily built on a rectangular grid plan. The city's main street is the east-west Chui Avenue (Chuy Prospekti), named after the region's main river. In the Soviet era, it was called Lenin Avenue. Along, or within a block or two from it, many of the most important government buildings, universities, the Academy of Sciences compound, and so on, are to be found. The westernmost section of the avenue is known as Deng Xiaoping Avenue.

The main north-south axis is Yusup Abdrakhmanov Street, still (2007) commonly referred to by its old name, Sovietskaya Street. Its northern and southern sections are called, respectively, Yelebesov and Baityk Batyr Streets. Several major shopping centres are located along it, and in the north it provides access to Dordoy Bazaar.

Erkindik ("Freedom") Boulevard runs north-south, from the main railroad station (Bishkek II) south of Chui Avenue to the museum quarter and sculpture park just north of Chui Avenue, and further north toward the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In the past, it was called Dzerzhinsky Boulevard—named after Communist revolutionary, Felix Dzerzhinsky—and its northern continuation is still called Dzerzhinsky Street.

An important east-west street is Jibek Jolu ('Silk Road'). It runs parallel to Chui Avenue about a mile north of it, and is part of the main east-west road of Chui Province. Both the Eastern and Western bus terminals are located along Jibek Jolu.

There is a Roman Catholic church located at ul. Vasiljeva 197 (near Rynok Bayat). This is the only Catholic Cathedral in Kyrgyzstan.^[6]

City centre[link]

• State Historical Museum, located in Ala-Too Square, the main city square
• State Museum of Applied Arts, containing examples of Kyrgyz traditional handicrafts
• Frunze House Museum
• Statue of Ivan Panfilov stands in the park near the White House.
• An equestrian statue of Mikhail Frunze still stands in a large park (Boulevard Erkindik) across from the train station.
• The train station itself was built in 1946 by German prisoners of war and has survived since then without further renovation or repairs; most of those who built it perished and were buried in unmarked pits near the station.
• The main government building, the White House, is a huge, seven story marble block and the former headquarters of the Communist Party of the Kirghiz SSR
• At Ala-Too Square, there is an Independence monument where the changing of the guards may be watched.
• Osh bazaar, west of the downtown area, is a large, picturesque produce market

Outer neighbourhoods[link]

The Dordoy Bazaar, just inside the bypass highway on the north-eastern edge of the city, is a major retail and wholesale market.

Outside the city[link]

The Kyrgyz Ala-Too mountain range, some 40 kilometres (25 mi) away, provides a spectacular backdrop to the city; the Ala Archa National Park is only a 30 to 45 minutes drive away.

Climate[link]

Bishkek has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dsa^[7]) averaging 322 clear days annually due to its mountainous location. Average precipitation is around 440 millimetres (17 in) per year. Average daily temperatures range from −3 °C (26.6 °F) in January to about 25 °C (77.0 °F) during July.^[8] The summer months are dominated by dry periods experiencing the occasional thunderstorm which produces strong gusty winds and rare dust storms. The mountains to the south provide a natural boundary to provide protection from much of the damaging weather along with the smaller chain which runs NW to SE. In the winter months, sparse snow storms and frequent heavy fog are the dominating features. When an inversion sets up, the fog can last for days at a time.

Demographics[link]

Bishkek is the most populated city in Kyrgyzstan. Its population, according to the Population and Housing Census of 2009, was 835,800.

Ecology and Environment[link]

Air Quality[link]

Emissions of air pollutants in Bishkek amounted to 21.9 thousand tons in 2008.^[19]

Responsibility for ambient air quality monitoring in Bishkek lies on Kyrgyz State Agency on Hydrometeorology. In total, there are 7 air quality monitoring stations in Bishkek, measuring levels of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, and ammonia.^[19]

Economy[link]

This section requires expansion.

Dordoy Bazaar

Bishkek uses the Kyrgystan currency, the som. The som's value fluctuates regularly, but averages around 47 som per U.S. Dollar as of March 2011. The economy in Bishkek is primarily agricultural with the mass amounts of fruits, vegetables and livestock providing a co-existing system of bartering in the outlying regions. The streets of Bishkek are regularly lined with produce vendors in a market style venue. In the major portions of downtown there is a more urban cityscape with banks, stores, markets and malls. The most sought after of the goods are the prevalent hand-crafted artisan pieces; these include statues, carvings, paintings and many nature based sculptures.

The Bishkek White House, seat of the Kyrgyzstan president and government.

Government[link]

Local government is administered by the Bishkek Mayor's Office. Askarbek Salymbekov was mayor until his resignation in August 2005, following which his deputy Arstanbek Nogoev took over the mayorship. Nogoev was in turn removed from his position in October 2007 through a decree of President Kurmanbek Bakiyev and replaced by businessman and former first deputy prime minister Daniar Usenov.^[20][21][22] In July 2008 former head of the Kyrgyz Railways Nariman Tuleyev was appointed mayor, who was dismissed by the interim government after 7 April 2010. Now interim mayor is Isa Omurkulov, also a former head of the Kyrgyz Railways.^[23]

Sports[link]

Bishkek is home to Spartak, the biggest football stadium in Kyrgyzstan and the only one eligible to host international matches.^[24] Several Bishkek-based football teams are playing on this pitch, including six-times Kyrgyzstan League champions Dordoi-Dynamo.

The city is home to the Bandy Federation of Kyrgyzstan^[25] which is a member of the IOC recognized^[26] Federation of International Bandy. Alex Kantrowitz (Russian man), originally from Bishkek, is a noted Olympic swimmer for the Czech Republic.

Education[link]

Educational institutions in Bishkek include:

Plato University of Management and Design

In addition, the following international schools serve the expatriate community in Bishkek:

Transportation[link]

A typical Bishkek passenger van passes by the East Bus Terminal

The electronic board in the main hall of Bishkek-2, the main train station, shows Bishkek and Moscow time

A diesel locomotive on an overpass (over the former Sovietskaya St.) just east of Bishkek-2, Bishkek's main train station.

Mass public transport[link]

There is public transportation available, including buses, electric trolley buses, and public vans (known in Russian as marshrutka). Taxi cabs can be found throughout the city.

There is no subway in Bishkek, but the city is considering designing and building a light rail system (Бишкекское лёгкое метро).

Commuter and long-distance buses[link]

There are two main bus stations in Bishkek. The smaller old Eastern Bus Station is primarily the terminal for minibuses to various destinations within or just beyond the eastern suburbs, such as Kant, Tokmok, Kemin, Issyk Ata, or the Korday border crossing.

Long-distance regular bus and minibus services to all parts of the country, as well as to Almaty (the largest city in neighboring Kazakhstan) and Kashgar, China, run mostly from the newer grand Western Bus Station; only a smaller minority of them runs from the Eastern Station.

The Dordoy Bazaar on the north-eastern outskirts of the city also contains makeshift terminals for frequent minibuses to suburban towns in all directions (from Sokuluk in the west to Tokmak in the east) and to some buses taking traders to Kazakhstan and Siberia.

Rail[link]

As of 2007, the Bishkek railway station sees only a few trains a day. It offers a popular three-day train service from Bishkek to Moscow.

There are also long-distance trains that leave for Siberia (Novosibirsk and Novokuznetsk), via Almaty, over the Turksib route, and to Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) in the Urals, via Astana. These services are remarkably slow (over 48 hours to Yekaterinburg), due to long stops at the border and the indirect route (the trains first have to go west for more than a 100 kilometres (62 mi) before they enter the main Turksib line and can continue to the east or north). For example, as of the fall of 2008, train No. 305 Bishkek-Yekaterinburg was scheduled to take 11 hours to reach the Shu junction—a distance of some 269 kilometres (167 mi) by rail, and less than half of that by road.^[38]

Air[link]

The city is served by Manas International Airport (IATA code FRU), located approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of the city centre, and readily reachable by taxi.

In 2002, the United States obtained the right to use Manas International Airport as an air base for its military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. Russia subsequently (2003) established an air base of its own (Kant Air Base) near Kant some 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Bishkek. It is based at a facility that used to be home to a major Soviet military pilot training school; one of its students, Hosni Mubarak, later became president of Egypt.

Noteable People[link]

• Roza Isakovna Otunbayeva (August 23, 1950 -) - 3rd President Of Kyrgyzstan.

Twinned cities[link]

Sister cities of Bishkek include:

• Almaty, Kazakhstan
• Astana, Kazakhstan
• Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States, since 1994
• Meriden, Connecticut, USA, since 2005
• Ankara, Turkey
• İzmir, Turkey
• Ürümqi, People's Republic of China
• Minsk, Belarus, since 2008

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bishkek

• Bishkek travel guide from Wikitravel
• The Spektator – Society, culture and travel articles on Kyrgyzstan and Bishkek city guide

v t e Districts (Raions) of Kyrgyzstan Capital: Bishkek (also four raions: Lenin, Oktyabr, Pervomay, Sverdlovsk) Batken Province Batken Kadamjay Leilek Chuy Province Alamudun Chuy Jaiyl Kemin Moskovsky Panfilov Sokuluk Ysyk-Ata City of Tokmok Issyk Kul Province Ak-Suu Jeti-Oguz Tong Tup Issyk Kul Jalal-Abad Province Aksy Ala-Buka Bazar-Korgon Chatkal Nooken Suzak Toguz-Toro Toktogul Naryn Province Ak-Talaa At-Bashi Jumgal Kochkor Naryn Osh Province Alay Aravan Chong-Alay Kara-Kulja Kara-Suu Nookat City of Osh Uzgen Talas Province Bakay-Ata Kara-Buura Manas Talas

v t e Provinces (Oblasts) of Kyrgyzstan Batken Bishkek (city) Chuy Issyk Kul Jalal-Abad Naryn Osh Osh (city) Talas

v t e Administrative seats of the provinces of Kyrgyzstan Batken Bishkek Jalal-Abad Karakol Naryn Osh Talas

Coordinates: 42°52′29″N 74°36′44″E / 42.87472°N 74.61222°E / 42.87472; 74.61222vep:Biškek

A military academy or service academy (in American English) is an educational institution which prepares candidates for service in the officer corps of the army, the navy, air force or coast guard, which normally provides education in a service environment, the exact definition depending on the country concerned.

Three types of academy exists: high school-level institutions awarding academic qualifications, university-level institutions awarding bachelor's degree level qualification, and those preparing officer cadets for commissioning into the armed services of the state.

Afghanistan[link]

• National Military Academy of Afghanistan
• Officer Candidate School, Kabul (OCS)

Albania[link]

• Skanderbeg Military University

Argentina[link]

Argentine Army

• Colegio Militar de la Nación (National Military College), located in El Palomar, Buenos Aires

Argentine Navy

• Escuela Naval Militar (Naval Military School), located in Río Santiago, Buenos Aires

Argentine Air Force

• Escuela de Aviación Militar (Military Aviation School), located in the city of Córdoba

Australia[link]

• Australian Defence Force Academy
• Royal Military College, Duntroon
• Officer Training School RAAF
• Royal Australian Naval College

Austria[link]

• Theresian Military Academy
• Landesverteidigungsakademie

Bangladesh[link]

• Bangladesh Military Academy
• Bangladesh Naval Academy
• Bangladesh Air Force Academy
• Military Institute of Science and Technology
• Armed Forces Medical College
• School of Infantry and Tactics
• Defence Services Command and Staff College
• National Defence College
• Armoured Corps Center & School
• Engineer Centre and School of Military Engineering
• Signal Training Centre and School
• Ordnance Corps Centre & School
• Bangladesh Institute of Peace Support Operation Training (BIPSOT)
• Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Centre and School
• Corps of Military Police Centre and School
• Army School of Education and Administration
• Army School of Physical Training and Sports
• Army School of Music
• Artillery Center and School
• School of Military Intelligence
• Army Computer Training School
• Non Commissioned Officers Academy

Belgium[link]

• Royal Military Academy (Belgium)

Bolivia[link]

• Military College of Bolivia (Colegio Militar del Ejército de Bolivia [1])
• Bolivian Military Naval Academy
• Bolivian Air Force Academy

Brazil[link]

Has several military academies:

• Army - The biggest Academy is Academia Militar de Agulhas Negras (AMAN) in the municipality of Resende, in state of Rio de Janeiro, in the southeast of that country. For high school level, The Sistema Colégio Militar do Brasil (SCMB) is composed for 12 military schools in Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Campo Grande, Curitiba, Fortaleza, Juiz de Fora (MG), Manaus, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador e Santa Maria (RS)
• Navy - Escola Naval (Navy School).
• Air Force - Academia da Força Aérea (AFA). (Air Force Academy).

Bulgaria[link]

Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy of the Bulgarian Navy

• Vasil Levski National Military University founded in 1878 as a military school in Plovdiv
  • Air force Faculty located in Dolna Mitropoliya
  • Artillery, Air Defence and CIS Faculty located in Shumen
  • All-Force Faculty faculty located in Veliko Tarnovo

• Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy located in Varna and founded in 1881 as Naval Machinery School in Rousse

• Rakovski Defence and Staff College located in Sofia. It was founded with an Act of the 15 th National Assembly of 1 st March, 1912 in Sofia

Canada[link]

Canada currently has one military-theme private boarding school open for students at the pre-university level, Robert Land Academy (RLA), which is located in West Lincoln, Ontario. Founded in 1978, it is an all-boys' institute whose funding arises solely from tuition fees. The Academy is an institute fully accredited by the province of Ontario, which accepts students from Grade 6 to Grade 12 (the Ontario Academic Credit level).

Canada formerly had three university level service academies, the Canadian Military Colleges. These included the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) in Kingston, Ontario, Royal Roads Military College (RRMC) in Victoria, British Columbia and the Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean (CMR) in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec. RMC was founded in 1876, RRMC in 1941 and CMR in 1954.^[1] By the 60s all three institutions were providing *military education to officer cadets of all three elements in the Canadian Forces; the navy, army and air force; and RMC received the authority to grant academic degrees in Arts, Science and Engineering.^[2]

Graduates of the Colleges are widely acknowledged to have had a disproportionate impact in the Canadian services and society, thanks to the solid foundations provided by their military education.^[3] In the modern era, emphasis was placed on a broad based, liberal education including core courses in the humanities, social, pure and applied sciences. Military discipline and training, as well as a focus on physical fitness and fluency in both of Canada's two official languages, English and French, provided cadets with ample challenges and a very fulfilling experience.^[4] In 1995 the Department of National Defence was forced to close Royal Roads Military College and Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean due to budget considerations, but Royal Military College of Canada continues to carry the proud tradition educating Canada's future leaders into the twenty-first century.^[5] Royal Roads reopened as a civilian university in the fall of 1995, and is maintained by the Government of British Columbia. In 2007, the Department of National Defence reopened Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean as a preparatory and first year college.

China, People's Republic of[link]

• PLA National Defense University

China, Republic of[link]

• Whampoa Military Academy
• Republic of China Military Academy
• R.O.C. Military Academy
• R.O.C. Naval Academy
• R.O.C. Air Force Academy
• National Defense University
• National Defense Medical Center

Colombia[link]

National Army of Colombia:

• José María Córdova Military School, located in Bogotá.

Colombian Air Force:

• Marco Fidel Suarez Military Aviation School, located in Cali.

Colombian Naval Infantry:

• Almirante Padilla Military Naval School, located in Cartagena de Indias.

National Police of Colombia:

• General Santander National Police Academy, located in Bogotá.

Czech Republic[link]

Univerzita Obrany (University of Defence)
http://www.unob.cz/en/

Denmark[link]

• Royal Danish Army Officers Academy
• Royal Danish Naval Academy
• Royal Danish Air Force Officers School

Egypt[link]

• Egyptian Air Academy
• Egyptian Military Academy
• Egyptian Naval Academy

El Salvador[link]

• Escuela Militar Capitan General Gerardo Barrios

Estonia[link]

• Estonian National Defence College
• Baltic Defence College, both in Tartu

Finland[link]

• Finnish National Defence University (Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu), located on Santahamina island, Helsinki
• Maanpuolustusopisto (defunct)

France[link]

High schools :

• Lycée militaire de Saint-Cyr
• Lycée militaire d'Autun
• Prytanée National Militaire
• Lycée militaire d'Aix en Provence
• Lycée naval de Brest
• L'Ecole des Pupilles de l'Air

Officer academies :

• École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr (ESM, literally the "Special Military School of St Cyr") is the French Military Academy. It is often referred to as "Saint-Cyr". Founded by Napoleon in 1802, and initially located in Fontainebleau, it was moved first to Saint-Cyr l'École in 1808, and then to Coëtquidan (Brittany) in 1945.
• École de l'Air: the French Air Force Academy
• École Navale: the French Naval Academy
• École des officiers de la gendarmerie nationale (EOGN) : gendarmerie commissioned officers academy
• ENSTA Bretagne: a French engineering grande école of military status. Only 1/4 of its students are actual officers-in-training.

Postgraduate academies :

• École d'état-major (Staff school) : first step of higher military studies, for officer of OF-2 rank.
• École de Guerre (War School) : second step of higher military studies, mainly for ranks OF-2 and OF-3 who want to continue the command track (e.g. to command battalion or regiment).
• Collège d'enseignement supérieur de l'armée de terre (Army Higher Education College) : second step of military education, but for officers whishing to achieve a high-level specialization.
  • Cours supérieur d'état-major (Advanced Staff Course)
  • Enseignement militaire supérieur scientifique et technique (Higher Technical and Scientific Education).
• Centre des hautes études militaire (Center for Advanced Military Studies) : final step of military education, for very few selected OF-5. Its students also attend the civilian institut des hautes études de défense nationale.

The Ecole Polytechnique, though its engineering students are enlisted in the military, is sometimes not considered a military academy, as very few of its graduates remain in the military after graduation.

Germany[link]

Main complex of the Naval Academy Mürwik of the German Navy with all-ranks-dining hall, historic assembly hall and tower

In Germany there exists a system which clearly differs from the common ones. The only true military academies are in fact the Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr where mainly future staff officers and general staff officers are further trained.

The standard education in military leadership is the task of the Offizierschulen (officer's schools) run by the three branches. The contents differ from branch to branch. In the army all officers are at least trained to lead a platoon. There they also have to pass an officer exam to become commissioned later on.

Moreover there exist so called Waffenschulen like infantry school or artillery school. There the officer's learn to deal with the typical tasks of their respective corps. A specialty of the German concept of officer formation is the academic education. Germany runs two own Universities of the German Federal Armed Forces where almost every future officer has to pass non-military studies and achieve a Bachelor's or Master's degree. During their studies (after at least three years of service) the candidates become commissioned Leutnant (second-lieutenant).

The three officer's schools are:

• The German Navy supervises:
  • Naval Academy at Mürwik, located in Flensburg
• The German Army supervises:
  • Offizierschule des Heeres, located in Dresden
• The Luftwaffe supervises:
  • Offizierschule der Luftwaffe, located in Fürstenfeldbruck

Academic and staff education:

• Universities of the German Federal Armed Forces
  • Helmut Schmidt University, located in Hamburg
  • Bundeswehr University Munich, located in Munich
• Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr, located in Hamburg

Greece[link]

The Hellenic Armed Forces have military academies supervised by each branch of the Armed Forces individually:

• The Hellenic Army supervises:
  • The Evelpidon Military Academy, located in Athens.
  • The Corps Officers Military Academy, located in Thessaloniki.

• The Hellenic Air Force supervises:
  • The Icarus Air Force Academy, located in Tatoi (Athens).

• The Hellenic Navy supervises:
  • The Hellenic Naval Cadets Academy, located in Piraeus.

Hungary[link]

• "Miklós ZRÍNYI" National Defence University, located in Budapest [2]

India[link]

• National Defence Academy (NDA)
• Indian Military Academy (IMA)
• Officers Training Academy (OTA)
• Indian Naval Academy (INA)
• Air Force Academy
• Air Force Technical College, Bangalore

Indonesia[link]

Akademi Angkatan Bersenjata Republic Indonesia (Indonesia Military Academy)[3] Founded in Yogyakarta, October 13, 1945 in order of General Staff Chief of Indonesia Army Lieutenant General Urip Sumohardjo with name Militaire Academie (MA) Yogyakarta. Currently, Tentara Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National Armed Forces), under supervision of Commandant General of National Armed Forces Academy (a three-star officer in billet) in the HQ Indonesian National Armed Forces, divided the academies into the respective services:

Indonesian Army

• Akademi Militer - AKMIL (Military Academy), located in Magelang, Province of Jawa Tengah, under supervision of Indonesian Army Chief of Staff.

Indonesian Air Force

• Akademi Angkatan Udara - AAU (Air Force Academy), located in Yogyakarta, Province of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, under supervision of Indonesian Air Force Chief of Staff. Following graduation, students who are selected as Pilot and Navigator conduct further training in the Pilot/Navigator Flight School prior bearing the Pilot/Navigator designation.

Indonesian Navy

• Akademi Angkatan Laut - AAL (Naval Academy), located in Surabaya, Province of Jawa Timur, under supervision of Indonesian Navy Chief of Staff. Indonesian Naval Academy also educates the Indonesian Marine Corps officer candidates.

Each service academy is headed by two-star officer and his/her deputy is one-star officer. All the students (cadets/midshipman) are recruited from senior high school graduates from all of Indonesia. Shortly after graduated, the are commissioned as Letnan Dua (Second Lieutenant) in their respective services and get the Diploma IV (Associate's Degree, 4th Grade) comparable to civil academies or universities. The length term is now 4 (four) years and is divided into 5 (five) grades of cadet's rank; starting from the lowest:

• Prajurit Taruna/Kadet/Karbol (Cadet Private), 1st year (4 months)
• Kopral Taruna/Kadet/Karbol (Cadet Corporal), 1st year (8 months)
• Sersan Taruna/Kadet/Karbol (Cadet Sergeant), 2nd year
• Sersan Mayor Dua Taruna/Kadet/Karbol (Cadet Second Sergeant Major), 3rd year
• Sersan Mayor Satu Taruna/Kadet/Karbol (Cadet First Sergeant Major), 4th year

Note: Taruna, Kadet and Karbol are official cadet designation in the Army (Military), Naval and Air Force academy, respectively.

Until 1999, before Indonesian National Police officially separated from the armed forces, Indonesian Police Academy also stood under the National Armed Forces Academy. Presently, the Police Academy, located in Semarang (Central Java), is supervised under Chief of Indonesian National Police.

Italy[link]

High School level institutions (only for Classical and Scientific Liceum, starting from grade 10):

• Scuola Militare Nunziatella, founded during the Borbonic Period in 1787, in Italian Army, Naples
• Scuola Militare Teulié, Italian Army, Milan
• Scuola Militare Navale Morosini, Italian Navy, Venice
• Scuola Militare Aeronautica Douhet, Italian Air Force, Florence

The 2009-2010 Schoolyear has been the first one with girls attending those schools.

University level institutions:

• Accademia Militare, Modena
• Scuola di Applicazione, Torino
• Accademia Navale, Livorno
• Accademia Aeronautica, Pozzuoli
• Scuola Ufficiali Carabinieri, Rome
• Accademia della Guardia di Finanza, Bergamo

Japan[link]

• National Defense Academy of Japan (University level)
• National Defense Medical College (Medical, university level)
• Officer Candidate Training Schools (for each of Ground, Maritime and Air Self-defense forces)

Korea, South[link]

The three main military academies:

• Korea Military Academy (Army)
• The Naval Academy of Korea
• Korea Air Force Academy

Other military academies:

• Korea Army Academy at Yeongcheon, formerly Korea Third Military Academy
• Armed Forces Nursing Academy

Malaysia[link]

Secondary level institutions:

• Royal Military College (Maktab Tentera Diraja)

University Level of Education

• National Defence University of Malaysia (University Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia)(Foundation, Bachelors Degree, Masters Degree, PhD Degree and Specialise Courses)
• Armed Forces Defence College (Maktab Pertahanan Angkatan Tentera)

Specialist Training & Staff institutions:

• [Officers Cadet School in Port Dickson](OCS)
• Malaysian Armed Forces Staff College (Maktab Turus Angkatan Tentera)
• Armed Forces Health Training Institute (Institut Latihan Kesihatan Angkatan Tentera)
• Malaysian Peacekeeping Training Centre (Pusat Latihan Pengaman Malaysia)

Reserve Officer Training Units (Malay: Pasukan Latihan Pegawai Simpanan or PALAPES) or ROTU exists only in public universities in Malaysia. This is a tertiary institution based officer commissioning program to equip students as officer cadets with military knowledge and understanding for service as Commissioned Officers in the reserve components of the various branches of the Malaysian Armed Forces.

Mexico[link]

• Heroica Escuela Naval Militar
• Heroico Colegio Militar
• Colegio del Aire

Netherlands[link]

• Koninklijke Militaire Academie
• Royal Netherlands Naval College

New Zealand[link]

Tier One - Initial Officer Training

• New Zealand Commissioning Course, Waiouru (NZ Army)
• Initial Officer Training, Woodbourne, (RNZAF)
• Officer Training School, Devonport Naval Base

Tier Two - Junior Officer Education

• NZDF Junior Staff Course, New Zealand Defence College

Tier Three - Senior Officer Education

• NZDF Staff Course, New Zealand Defence College

Nigeria[link]

High school training:

• Nigerian Military School, Zaria - Nigerian Army military school for boys;
• Air Force Military School, Jos, Nigeria, located in Jos - Nigerian Air Force military school for boys;
• Air Force Girls Military School, Jos - Nigerian Air Force military school for girls.

Undergraduate officer training:

• Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna - Nigerian Armed Forces university school;

Postgraduate officer training:

• Armed Forces Command and Staff College, Jaji, at Jaji, Kaduna - joint Nigerian Armed Forces higher studies institute for both indigenous and international students.
• Nigerian Army College of Logistics, Lagos - school for training middle career Nigerian Army officers on military logistics;
• National Defence College, Abuja, - school for training senior officers of the Nigerian Armed Forces and also some members of the civil service.

Norway[link]

Undergraduate officer training

• Norwegian Military Academy, Linderud/Oslo (Norwegian Army)
• Norwegian Naval Academy, Laksevåg/Bergen (Royal Norwegian Navy)
• Norwegian Air Force Academy, Trondheim (Royal Norwegian Air Force)

Postgraduate training

• Norwegian Defence Staff College, Oslo (Joint)
• Norwegian National Defence College, Oslo (Civil Service/Very senior officers)

Pakistan[link]

The Pakistan Military Academy is the sole supplier of officers to the Pakistan Army while the Pakistan Air Force Academy supplies officers and fighter pilots to the Pakistan Air Force. The officers for the Pakistan Navy are supplied by the Pakistan Naval Academy.

Panama[link]

Centro de Enseñanza Superior Dr. Justo Arosemena
http://www.policia.gob.pa/direcciones/dnrrhh/ces.html

Peru[link]

Undergraduate officer training

• Chorrillos Military School (Peruvian Army)
• Peruvian Naval School (Peruvian Navy)
• Peruvian Air Force Officers' School (Peruvian Air Force)

Philippines[link]

The Philippines patterned all its military academies after the United States Military Academy (WEST POINT) and the United States Merchant Marine Academy.

These colleges are operated by the Philippine Government which serves 4 years of different baccalaureate degrees:

• Philippine Military Academy, City of Baguio - It is a primary training school for regular commissioning as officers of the Philippine Army, Philippine Navy, Philippine Marine Corps and the Philippine Air Force, and it is under the control of the Department of National Defense. It was formerly named as the Philippine Constabulary School but was renamed before the 30's. during the American era, U.S. Army Cavalry Officers established the school for the professionalization of the defunct Philippine Constabulary enlisted personnel. In 1992, PMA stopped producing constabulary cadets after the creation of the Republic Act 6975 which as a result the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police were officially merged and renamed as The Philippine National Police. Beginning in 1993 this has become a co-educational military academy.

• Philippine Merchant Marine Academy, Zambales - It is a school for midshipmen who shall serve in different private shipping companies, foreign or local. Its midshipmen may serve in the Philippine Coast Guard as an ensign after graduation depending upon their choice. All PMMA midshipmen are also automatically appointed by the president of the Philippines as ensigns or 2nd lieutenants in the Philippine Navy Reserve Command, and in the Philippine National Police's Maritime Group as Inspectors. This is the oldest of the Philippine military academies having been established in 1823 during the long period of Spanish rule in the country, and was first situated in Manila for so many years.

• Philippine National Police Academy, Cavite - during the 80's, it served as a school for selected enlisted personnel and civilians to join as a Police/Fire Lieutenants in the defunct Integrated National Police. After the merging of the Philippine Constabulary and INP in January 1, 1991 it became the primary officers school for the new Philippine National Police, the Bureau of Fire Protection and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, all under the Department of the Interior and Local Government. The Philippine National Police Academy graduates are automatically appointed as Inspectors/Lieutenants in the Philippine National Police, Bureau of Fire Protection, and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology according to their choice of public safety curriculum during their cadetship. This is under the supervision of the DILG and the Philippine Public Safety College.

Aside from the PMA and the PMMA, all three branches of the AFP have their own Officer Candidate Course Programs for both men and women, patterned after their US counterparts.

• Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific, Bataan - a private naval college that is under the Commission on Higher Education just like the PMMA, but this academy is owned by a private association, the Associated Marine Officer's And Seamen's Union of the Philippines or AMOSUP. It trains midshipmen for private shipping companies, or the Philippine Coast Guard

The nation's higher military colleges are:

• Armed Forces of the Philippines Command and General Staff College, Quezon City - trains all senior ranked officers for the ranks Colonel/Captain of the AFP
• National Defense College of the Philippines, Quezon City - is a school for senior AFP officers for military/naval planning and to ready them in holding the ranks of Brigadier General/Commodore. Notable civilians may enroll and be given the honorary rank of Lieutenant Colonel/Commander in the AFP Reserve Command upon graduation.

Poland[link]

• National Defence University in Warsaw
• Jarosław Dąbrowski Military University of Technology in Warsaw
• Tadeusz Kościuszko Land Forces Military Academy in Wrocław
• Polish Air Force Academy in Dęblin
• Heroes of Westerplatte Maritime Force Academy in Gdynia
• Faculty of Military Medicine of the Medical University in Łódź

Defunct:

• Dzerzhinsky Political-Military Academy in Warsaw

Portugal[link]

High school training:

• Colégio Militar, Lisbon - military school for boys;
• Instituto de Odivelas, Odivelas - military school for girls;
• Instituto dos Pupilos do Exército, Lisbon - vocational education military school.

Polytechnical training:

• Escola do Serviço de Saúde Militar, Lisbon - Portuguese Armed Forces nurse and paramedic school.

Undergraduate officer training:

• Academia Militar, Lisbon and Amadora - Portuguese Army and Republican National Guard university school;
• Escola Naval, Almada - Portuguese Navy university school;
• Academia da Força Aérea, Sintra - Portuguese Air Force university school;

Postgraduate officer training:

• Instituto de Estudos Superiores Militares, at Lisbon - joint Portuguese Armed Forces higher studies institute.

No longer operational:

• Instituto Superior Militar, Águeda - school for training NCOs to become officers;
• Escola Superior Politécnica do Exército, Amadora - school for training NCOs to become officers.

Romania[link]

• Carol I National Defence University (Universitatea Nationala de Aparare Carol I), Bucharest
• Technical Military Academy (Academia Tehnică Militară), Bucharest
• Land Forces:
  • Nicolae Bălcescu Land Forces Academy, Sibiu
• Air Forces:
  • Academia Fortelor Aeriene (Air Forces Academy), Braṣov
• Naval Forces:
  • Mircea cel Bătrân Naval Academy, Constanṭa

Russia[link]

Military Engineering-Technical University

Cruiser Aurora and Nakhimov Naval School (behind)

Moscow Strategic Rocket Forces Academy

See also: Cadet Corps (Russia), Soviet military academies

The first stage of training:

• The Cadet Corps is an admissions-based military middle school for young boys that was founded in the Russian Empire in the year 1732, soon becoming widespread throughout the country.

• Omsk Cadet Corps
• Karelia Cadet Corps
• Krasnoyarsk Cadet Corps
• Magnitogorsk Cadet Corps
• Georgy Zhukov Moscow Cadet Corps
• Moscow Cossacks Cadet Corps
• Moscow Cadet Corps of Military Music
• Moscow Cadet Corps of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia
• St.Petersburg Space Forces Cadet Corps
• St.Petersburg Strategic Rocket Forces Cadet Corps
• The 1st St.Petersburg Border guard Cadet Corps of the FSB
• Tambov Cadet Corps
• Toliatti Cadet Corps
• Ufa Cadet Corps

• The Sea Cadet Corps

• Kronstadt S.C.C.
• Moscow Representative Sea Cadet Corps of the Navigation and Mathematics School

The second stage of training:

• Suvorov Military School are a type of boarding school in modern Russia for boys of 14-18. Education in such these schools focuses on military related subjects.

• Kazan S.M.S.
• Moscow S.M.S.
• North Caucasus S.M.S.
• Orenburg S.M.S.
• St.Petersburg Space Forces S.M.S.
• Tver S.M.S.
• Ulyanovsk S.M.S.
• Ussuriysk S.M.S.
• Yekaterinburg S.M.S.

• Nakhimov Naval School is a form of higher military education for teenagers introduced in modern Russia.

• St.Petersburg N.N.S.

The third stage of training:

• Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces
• Gagarin Air Force Academy (now the Gagarin-Zhukovsky Combined Air Force Academy)
• Military Engineering-Technical University
• Saint Petersburg Mining Institute
• Fleet Admiral Nikolai Kuznetsov Naval Academy
• Pacific Naval Institute
• Moscow Peter the Great Strategic Rocket Forces Academy
• Baltic Naval Institute
• Military University of the Ministry of Defense of Russia
• Yekaterinburg Force Command School of Artillery
• Air General Staff Center of Missile and Air Defense Excellence
• Khabarovsk Military Commanders Training Academy
• Civil Defense Academy of the Ministry of Emergency Situations
• Sergey Kirov Military Communications Academy
• St. Petersburg Academy of Physical Culture, Fitness and Sports

The forth stage of training:

• General Staff Academy

Serbia[link]

• Military Academy Belgrade
• Defense University

Singapore[link]

• Officer Cadet School
• Singapore Command and Staff College

Spain[link]

• Academia General Militar, Zaragoza
• Academia General del Aire, San Javier
• Escuela Naval Militar de Oficiales, Marín

Sri Lanka[link]

Sri Lanka has one defense university taking cadets from all three armed services, 3 non-university level Military Academies, one for each armed service providing basic training for officer and a Command and Staff College for senior officers of the three armed services. The General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, was established in 1980 and is named after Gen. Sri John Kotelawala the 2nd Prime Minister of Sri Lanka.

University

• General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Colombo

Officer training

• Sri Lanka Military Academy, Diyatalawa
• Naval and Maritime Academy, Trincomalee
• Air Force Academy, SLAF China Bay, Trincomalee

Staff training

• Defence Services Command and Staff College

Sweden[link]

Military Academy Karlberg

Thailand[link]

• Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy (University level)
• Phramongkutklao College of Medicine (Medicine, University level)
• Royal Thai Navy Academy (university level)
• Royal Thai Air Force Academy (university level)

Turkey[link]

• Kara Harp Okulu (Turkish Military Academy)
• Turkish Air Force Academy
• Turkish Naval Academy
• 3 Turkish Military HighSchool
• Turkish Naval High School

Uganda[link]

Uganda maintains the followings military training institutions, as of December 2010:^[6]

• Bihanga Military Training School - Located at Bihanga, in Ibanda District, Western Uganda.^[7]
• Kalama Warfare Training School - Located at Kabamba, Mubende District^[8][9][10]
• National Leadership Institute (NALI) - Located at Kyankwanzi, Kyankwanzi District
• Oliver Tambo School of Leadership - Located at Kaweweta, Nakaseke District^[11][12]
• Uganda Air Defence and Artillery School - Located at Nakasongola in Nakasongola District
• Uganda Airforce Academy - Located at Nakasongola in Nakasongola District^[13]
• University of Military Science and Technology - Located at Lugazi, Buikwe District^[14]
• Uganda Junior Staff College - Located at Qaddafi Barracks, Jinja
• Uganda Military Academy - Located at Kabamba, Mubende District
• Uganda Senior Command and Staff College - Located at Kimaka, Jinja
• Uganda Urban Warfare Training School - Located at Singo, Kiboga District^[15]

United Kingdom[link]

Pre-University level institution:

• Welbeck College - Sixth form college for 16 to 18 year olds providing A-Level education in preparation for entry into the British Armed Forces or Ministry of Defence Civil Service as Technical Officers, following undergraduate education.

Officer training

• Britannia Royal Naval College, HMS Dartmouth
• Commando Training Centre Royal Marines
• Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
• Royal Air Force College Cranwell

Postgraduate and staff training

• Defence Academy of the United Kingdom

• Royal College of Defence Studies (mainly for officers of Colonel/Brigadier or equivalent rank selected as future senior leaders; highly selective)
• Joint Services Command and Staff College (courses for officers from Major to Brigadier or equivalent rank)
• Defence College of Management and Technology
• Armed Forces Chaplaincy Centre
  

  

  Military College, Chelsea, circa 1810
• Advanced Research and Assessment Group
• Conflict Studies Research Centre

No longer operational:

• Royal Naval College, Greenwich
• Royal Naval Engineering College Manadon, HMS Thunderer, Plymouth, Devon
• Staff College, Camberley
• RAF Staff College, Andover
• RAF Staff College, Bracknell
• Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
• Joint Service Defence College

Paralleling the way the School Cadet forces work at a pre-university level, at the university level there are the University Royal Naval Units, University Officer Training Corps (UOTC) and University Air Squadrons. However the mission of the UOTC is not the training of officers.^[16]

United States[link]

Introduction and Federal Service Academies[link]

In the United States, unlike most other countries, the term "military academy" does not necessarily mean an institution run by the armed forces to train its own military officers; it may also mean a middle school, high school or tertiary-level college, whether public or private, which instructs its students in military-style education, discipline and tradition.

Many public high schools offer Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps programs sponsored by the United States Armed Forces.

• The term military school primarily refers to pre-collegiate (middle and high school) institutions. Military schools were once far more common than they are today. See the extensive list of defunct military academies.
• The term military academy commonly refers to a pre-collegiate, collegiate, and post-collegiate institution, yet graduate institutions catering to officers already in service are often considered separately and termed staff colleges and Graduate Schools.

Military academies can be either private or have government sponsorship from a regional, (state), or national government.

The colleges operated by the U.S. Federal Government are referred to as the Federal Service Academies and are:

• United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado
• United States Coast Guard Academy, New London, Connecticut
• United States Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point, New York
• United States Military Academy, West Point, New York
• United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland
  • United States Marine Corps School of Infantry
• Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland

Senior and Junior Military Colleges[link]

There is a State-sponsored Military Academy which is:

• The Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Virginia

In addition, these five institutions that were military colleges at the time of their founding maintain both a corps of cadets and a civilian student body:

• North Georgia College and State University, Dahlonega, Georgia (chartered as a military college, but has had a corps and a civilian student body from its inception)
• Norwich University Corps of Cadets. Norwich University, Northfield, Vermont
• Texas A&M Corps of Cadets, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
• The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
• Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia

Along with the Virginia Military Institute, these institutions are known as the Senior Military Colleges of the US.

Today six institutions are considered Military Junior Colleges (JMC). These six schools participate in the Army's two-year Early Commissioning Program, an Army ROTC program where qualified students can earn a commission as a Second Lieutenant after only two years of college. The five Military Junior Colleges are:

• Georgia Military College, Milledgeville, Georgia
• Marion Military Institute, Marion, Alabama
• New Mexico Military Institute, Roswell, New Mexico
• Valley Forge Military Academy and College, Wayne, Pennsylvania
• Wentworth Military Academy and College, Lexington, Missouri

The Gray Military Academy in West Columbia, South Carolina is the sixth and youngest JMC in the U.S.

Merchant Marine Academies that have military academy style operations[link]

Six state Merchant Marine academies, Massachusetts Maritime Academy, Maine Maritime Academy, SUNY Maritime College, Texas Maritime Academy, Great Lakes Maritime Academy, and California Maritime Academy, operate on a military college system. Part of the training cadets receive is naval and military in nature. Cadets are required to apply for Naval Reserve, Coast Guard or Marine Corps commissions upon obtaining their Merchant Marine Officer's licenses and must accept the commission if it is offered.

US Staff Colleges[link]

The United States staff colleges, mandated to serve the needs of officers for post-graduate studies and other such graduate institutions as mandated by the Department of Defense are:

United States Air Force Air University attached staff colleges[link]

• The Air University in Maxwell AFB, Alabama, includes the
  • Squadron Officer College and Squadron Officer School
  • Air Command and Staff College
  • Air War College

Staff Colleges of the United States Army[link]

• United States Army Command and General Staff College
• United States Army School of Advanced Military Studies
• United States Army War College

Staff Colleges of the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps[link]

• Naval War College
• Naval Postgraduate School
• Marine Corps University

Joint Service staff colleges[link]

• National Defense University in Washington, D.C. which includes the
  • Joint Forces Staff College (Norfolk, Virginia)
  • National War College
  • Industrial College of the Armed Forces
• Defense Acquisition University

Other post graduate colleges operated by the DoD[link]

• National Intelligence University (Military intelligence)
• The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School (Legal services training)
• Air Force Judge Advocate General's School (Legal services training)
• Naval Justice School (Legal services training)

Vietnam[link]

• Le Quy Don Technical University in Hanoi, Vietnam
• Vietnam Naval Academy in Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam

Pre-collegiate institutions[link]

A military school teaches various ages (middle school, high school, or both) in a manner that includes military traditions and training in military subjects. The vast majority are in the United States and Russia. Many military schools are also boarding schools, and others are simply magnet schools in a larger school system. Many are privately run institutions, though some are public and are run by either a public school system (such as the Chicago Public Schools), or by a state.

A common misconception results because some states have chosen to house their child criminal populations in higher-security boarding schools that are run in a manner similar to military boarding schools. These are also called reform schools, and are functionally a combination of school and prison. They attempt to emulate the high standards of established military boarding schools in the hope that a strict structured environment can reform these children. This may or may not be true. However, this should not reflect on the long and distinguished history of military schools; their associations are traditionally those of high academic achievement, with solid college preparatory curricula, schooling in the military arts, and considerably esteemed graduates. 

Popular culture sometimes shows parents sending or threatening to send unruly children off to military school (or boarding school) to teach them good behavior (e.g., in the "Army of One" episode of The Sopranos, Tony and Carmela Soprano consider sending their son, AJ, to the Hudson Military Institute after AJ is expelled from high school but relent when AJ collapses from a panic attack).

Adult institutions[link]

A college level military academy is an institute of higher learning of things military. It is part of a larger system of military education and training institutions. The primary educational goal at military academies is to provide a high quality education that includes significant coursework and training in the fields of military tactics and military strategy. The amount of non-military coursework varies by both the institution and the country, and the amount of practical military experience gained varies as well.

Military academies may or may not grant university degrees. In the U.S., graduates have a major field of study, earning a Bachelor's degree in that subject just as at other universities. However, in British academies, the graduate does not achieve a university degree, since the whole of the one-year course (nowadays undertaken mainly but not exclusively by university graduates) is dedicated to military training.

There are two types of military academies: national (government-run) and state/private-run.

• Graduates from national academies are typically commissioned as officers in the country's military. The new officers usually have an obligation to serve for a certain number of years. In some countries (e.g. Britain) all military officers train at the appropriate academy, whereas in others (e.g. the United States) only a percentage do and the service academies are seen as institutions which supply service-specific officers within the forces (about 15 percent of US military officers).
• State or private-run academy graduates have no requirement to join the military after graduation, although some schools have a high rate of graduate military service. Today, most of these schools have ventured away from their military roots and now enroll both military and civilian students. The only exception in the United States is the Virginia Military Institute which remains all-military.

See also[link]

• List of fictional military schools and academies
• List of government-run higher-level national military academies
• List of United States military schools and academies
  • List of defunct United States military academies
  • US military staff colleges
• Military building
• Staff college

References[link]

www.militaryacademyprep.com

Mikhail Frunze Михаи́л Фру́нзе
People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs of the Soviet Union
In office 15 January 1925 – 31 October 1925
Premier	Alexey Rykov
Preceded by	Leon Trotsky
Succeeded by	Kliment Voroshilov
Personal details
Born	(1885-02-02)2 February 1885 Bishkek, Russian Turkestan
Died	31 October 1925(1925-10-31) (aged 40) Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Nationality	Soviet
Political party	All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks)

Mikhail Vasilyevich Frunze (Russian: Михаи́л Васи́льевич Фру́нзе; Romanian: Mihail Frunză; also known by the pseudonyms Арсе́ний Три́фоныч–Arseniy Trifonych, Серге́й Петро́в–Sergei Petrov, А. Шу́йский–A. Shuiskiy, М. Ми́рский–M. Mirskiy; 2 February [O.S. 21 January] 1885–31 October 1925) was a Bolshevik leader during and just prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917.

Life and Political Activity[link]

Frunze was born in Bishkek (at the time Pishpek, the Russian misnomer), then a small Imperial Russian garrison town in the Kyrgyz part of Russian Turkestan (Semirechensky Region), to a Romanian^[1][2] medical practitioner (originally from the Kherson Governorate) and his Russian^[3] wife. He began his studies at Verniy (present name Almaty), and in 1904 he attended the Saint Petersburg Polytechnical University.^[4][5]

The monument to Mikhail Frunze beside the Russian Army Cultural Center, in Moscow, Russia

At the Second Congress of the Social Democratic Party Labour Party in London (1903), during the ideological split between Vladimir Lenin and Julius Martov, the two main party leaders, over party tactics (Martov argued for a large party of activists, whilst Lenin wanted a small group of professional revolutionaries with a large fringe group of sympathisers), Frunze sided with Lenin's majority, the so called Bolsheviks (opposed to Martov's minority, the Mensheviks).

Two years after the Second Congress, Frunze was an important leader in the 1905 Revolution, at the head of striking textile workers in Shuya and Ivanovo. Following the disastrous end of the movement, Frunze was arrested in 1907 and sentenced to death, spending several months on death row awaiting his execution.^[6] but he was later reprieved and his sentence was commuted to life at hard labour. After ten years in Siberian prisons, Frunze escaped to Chita, where he became editor of the Bolshevik weekly newspaper called Vostochnoe Obozrenie.

During the February Revolution, Frunze was head of the Minsk civilian militia before being elected president of the Byelorussian Soviet. He later went to Moscow, and led an armed force of workers to aid in the struggle for control of the city.

After the October takeover, in 1918, Frunze became Military Commissar for the Voznesensk Province. During the early days of the Russian Civil War, he was appointed as head of the Southern Army Group. After Frunze defeated Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak and the White Army in Omsk, Leon Trotsky (the head of the Red Army) gave total command of the Eastern Front to him. Frunze went on to rid his native Turkestan of Basmachi insurgents and White troops. He captured Khiva in February and Bukhara in September.

In November 1920, Frunze retook the Crimea and managed to push White general Pyotr Wrangel and his troops out of Russia. He also led, as commander of the southern front, the destruction of Nestor Makhno's anarchist movement in Ukraine and the nationalist movement of Symon Petliura.

Liberation Monument in Istanbul, Turkey

In December 1921, Frunze visited Ankara during Turkish War of Independence and firmed Turkish - Soviet relations. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk valued him as an ally and friend to the extend that Frunze had his place on the Liberation Monument in Istanbul, Taksim Square.

In 1921, he was elected to the Central Committee of the Russian Bolshevik Party, on June 2, 1924 became candidate member of the Politburo and in January, 1925, became the Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council. Frunze's support of Grigory Zinoviev brought him into conflict with Joseph Stalin, one of Zinoviev's chief opponents, with whom they had previously been on amiable terms, owing to the respect that Stalin studiously displayed at that period towards his fellow "old guard" revolutionary and former prisoner.^[7]

Death[link]

Frunze had been noted among communist leaders as possessing a very creative and almost unorthodox view on matters of implementation and policy. He gained the respect and admiration of his comrades thanks to his fearless and successful pursuit of complicated military objectives and his endurance during the period when the communist party was outlawed. He had been considered as a potential successor to Lenin, due to his strength in both theoretical and practical matters of advancing the Communist party agenda, and his seeming lack of personal ambition separate from the party.^[8]

Frunze was suffering from a chronic ulceration, and although it had been suggested to him many times that he undergo surgery, he tended to favor more conservative treatment approaches. After an especially severe episode in 1925, Frunze was hospitalized. Stalin and Anastas Mikoyan both came to visit him, and impressed on him the need for an operation.

Not long before his death, Frunze wrote to his wife: "At present I am feeling absolutely healthy, and it seems ridiculous to even think of, and even more-so to undergo an operation. Nevertheless, both party representatives are requiring it." ^[9]

Frunze died of chloroform poisoning during his surgery on 31 October 1925; the operation was considered very simple and routine even by the medical standards of the time. It has therefore been speculated that Stalin, or some other potential rivals, arranged his death, but there is no hard evidence to support this.^[10] However, Frunze had been administered a chloroform dose that many times exceeded the dose normally applied to induce narcosis.

Frunze was buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis. All four doctors who had operated on him (Martynov, Grekov, Rozanov and Get'e) died one by one in 1934^{[citation needed]}.

Legacy[link]

1960 Frunze postage stamp.

In 1926, the city of Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, was renamed Frunze in his honour. It reverted back to its former name in 1991; nevertheless, Frunze himself is still commemorated in the city: a street and a museum in the centre of the city are named after him. The museum contains the cottage in which he grew up, fully intact inside a larger modern structure. The Village of Frunze (2 minutes from the airport on the way into the capital) also bears his name^{[citation needed]}.

The Frunze Military Academy, one of the most respected in the former Soviet Union, was also named in his honour.^[11]

The Soviet 2nd Rifle Division was also in the past known as 2nd Belarusian Red Banner Rifle Division in the name of M.V. Frunze.

A Moscow Metro station was named Frunzenskaya in his honour, and a stone carving of his likeness stands at one end of the station. Shuya is home to a memorial museum dedicated to Frunze. Streets in many Russian cities are named after him.

Also, after his death, the first name for boys Frunzik (roughly "Little Frunze") became quite popular in Caucasia and Soviet Turkestan, the most famous name-bearer probably being Frunzik Mkrtchyan. ^[12]

The Russian battleship Poltava was renamed Frunze in his honour in January 1926.

General Frunze is also honored with a place right behind Ataturk, in the Monument of the Republic, located at the heart of Taksim Square, in Istanbul, Turkey.

Literary Depictions[link]

Boris Pilnyak's story "The Tale of the Unextinguished Moon" was based on Frunze's death. His death also forms the central element of the first two chapters of Vasily Aksyonov's novel Generations of Winter.

Quotes[link]

• "All that we do, every action, should correspond to the highest ideals of the Revolution."
• "The Red Army was created by the workers and peasants and is led by the will of the working class. That will is being carried out by the united Communist Party."

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Gareev, M.A. (1987). M.V. Frunze, Military Theorist. Washington, D.C.: Pergamon-Brassey's. ISBN 0-08-035183-2. 
• Jacobs, Walter Darnell (1969). Frunze: The Soviet Clausewitz, 1885–1925. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mikhail Frunze

• Prominent Russians: Mikhail Frunze Russiapedia
• Frunze's writings on military theory