{{taxobox |name = Coast Live Oak |image = Quercus agrifolia foliage.jpg |image_caption = Coast Live Oak foliage with new spring growth |regnum = Plantae |unranked_divisio = Angiosperms |unranked_classis = Eudicots |unranked_ordo = Rosids |ordo = Fagales |familia = Fagaceae |genus = ''Quercus'' |sectio = ''Lobatae'' |species = ''Q. agrifolia'' |binomial = ''Quercus agrifolia'' |binomial_authority = Née |}}

''Quercus agrifolia'', the Coast Live Oak, is an evergreen oak (highly variable and often shrubby), native to the California Floristic Province. It grows west of the Sierra Nevada from Mendocino County, California, south to northern Baja California in Mexico. It is classified in the red oak section (''Quercus'' sect. ''Lobatae'').

This species is commonly sympatric with Canyon Live Oak, and the two may be hard to distinguish because their spinose leaves are superficially similar.

Description

Coast Live Oak typically has a much-branched trunk and reaches a mature height of 10–25 meters. Some specimens may attain an age exceeding 250 years, with trunk diameters up to three or four meters, such as the magnificent specimens on the Filoli estate in San Mateo County.

The trunk, particularly for older individuals, may be highly contorted, massive and gnarled. The crown is broadly rounded and dense, especially when aged 20 to 70 years; in later life the trunk and branches are more well defined and the leaf density lower.

Leaves

The leaves are dark green, oval, often convex in shape, 2–7 cm long and 1–4 cm broad; the leaf margin is spiny-toothed (spinose), with sharp thistly fibers that extend from the lateral leaf veins. The outer layers of leaves are designed for maximum solar absorption, containing two to three layers of photosynthetic cells.

These outer leaves are deemed to be small in size to more efficiently re-radiate the heat gained from solar capture. Shaded leaves are generally broader and thinner, having only a single layer of photosynthetic cells. The convex leaf shape may be useful for interior leaves which depend on capturing reflected light scattered in random directions from the outer canopy.

Inflorescence and acorns

The flowers are produced in early-to-mid spring; the male flowers are pendulous catkins 5–10 cm long, the female flowers inconspicuous, less than 0.5 cm long, with 1-3 clustered together. The fruit is a slender reddish brown acorn 2-3.5 cm long and 1-1.5 cm broad, with the basal quarter enclosed in a cupule; unusually for a red oak, the acorns mature about 7–8 months after pollination (most red oak acorns take 18 months to mature).

Recognized varieties

There are two varieties of ''Quercus agrifolia'':

''Quercus agrifolia'' var. ''agrifolia''. Throughout the range of the species. Leaves that are glabrous to slightly hairy on the abaxial side, especially near the leaf vein axils. Hybrids with ''Q. kelloggii'', ''Quercus parvula'' var. ''shevei'', and ''Q. wislizenii'' are known.

''Quercus agrifolia'' var. ''oxyadenia''. Southwesternmost California (San Diego area), Baja California. Leaves that are tomentose abaxially, with densely interwoven hairs. It prefers granitic soils; hybrids with ''Q. kelloggii'' known.

Hybridity

Several hybrids between Coast Live Oak and other red oak species have been documented. Hybrids with Interior Live Oak (''Q. wislizenii'') are known in many areas in northern California. Coast live oak also hybridizes with Nuttall's Scrub Oak (''Q. dumosa'') and Shreve Oak (''Q. parvula'' var. ''shrevii''). All these oak species show evidence of introgression with one another.

Etymology

The name ''Quercus agrifolia'' literally means "sharp-leaved oak", not "field-leaved oak" as is sometimes thought, nor is it an error by the describing botanist for ''"aquifolia"'', "holly-leaved". This species is sometimes known by the name "California Live Oak".

Habitat and ecology

Coast Live Oak is the only California native oak that actually thrives in the coastal environment, although it is rare on the immediate shore; it enjoys the mild winter and summer climate afforded by ocean proximity, and it is somewhat tolerant of aerosol-borne sea salt. The coastal fog supplies relief from the rainless California summer heat.

It is the dominant overstory plant of the Coast Live Oak woodland habitat, often joined by California Bay Laurel and California Buckeye north of Big Sur. Associated understory plants include Toyon, various manzanitas and Western Poison-oak.

Normally the tree is found on well drained soils of coastal hills and plains, often near year round or perennial streams. It may be found in several natural communities including Coast Live Oak woodland, Engelmann Oak woodland, Valley Oak woodland and both northern and southern mixed evergreen forests. While normally found within 100 kilometers of the Pacific Ocean at elevations less than 700 meters, in southern California it occasionally occurs at up to 1,500 meters in altitude.

The California Oak Moth (''Phryganidia californica'') caterpillar subsists entirely on living and fallen leaves of the Coast Live Oak. In 8-10 year cycles, the caterpillar will appear in sufficient abundance to denude healthy trees. The trees recover, and botanists speculate that the species provide mutual benefit, possibly in the form of fertilizer for the oak . The Coast Live Oak is also the only known foodplant of ''Chionodes vanduzeei'' caterpillars.

Economic usage

Historical usage

At least twelve distinct cultures of Native Americans are known to have consumed the acorns as a dietary staple. In the 18th century Spaniards in the San Fernando Valley used the wood for charcoal to fire kilns in making adobe. Later this form of charcoal would be utilized in the baking, gunpowder and electric power industries.

In the 18th and 19th centuries shipbuilders sought out the odd angular branches to make special joints. Pioneers moving west would harvest small amounts for making farm implements and wagon wheels, but the greatest impact was the wholesale clearing of oak woodlands to erect sprawling cities such as San Diego and San Francisco. The irregular shape often let the tree escape widespread harvest for building timbers, and also led the early settlers to endow the Coast Live Oak with mystical qualities. Its stateliness has made it a subject of historical landscape painters throughout California modern history since the mid-19th century.

Modern usage

Coast Live Oak has also become a common addition to landscaping. It is however sensitive to changes in grading and drainage; in particular, it is important to respect the root crown level and avoid adding soil near the trunk when construction or landscaping occurs.

Also, if incorporating it into a landscaping scheme with artificial irrigation, it is important not to water within the oak's drip line (canopy), as wet soil in the summer increases infection rates by soil-borne ''Phytophthora'' diseases like sudden oak death.

Geographical monikers

The Coast Live Oak, especially in its Spanish forms ''encino'' or ''encina'', ''encinitas'' "little oaks", and ''encinal'' "oak grove", gave its name to seven land grants across California and to many communitities and geographic features.

These include Rancho Los Encinos, the community of Encino near Los Angeles, Encinitas near San Diego, and ''Encinal del Temescal'', now the city of Oakland.

''Paso Robles'' ('Pass of the Oaks') also refers to oaks as a geographical place name.

Notes

References

Flora of North America: ''Quercus agrifolia''

Jepson Flora Project: ''Quercus agrifolia'', var. ''agrifolia'', var. ''oxyadenia''

Balls, E. K. (1972). ''Early Uses of California Plants''. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Pavlik, B. M., Muick, P., Johnson, S., & Popper, M. (1991). ''Oaks of California''. Cachuma Press ISBN 0-9628505-1-9.

Sawyer, John O., & Keeler-Wolf, Todd. (1995) ''A manual of California Vegetation.'' California Native Plant Society, page 241.

Native Plant Information Network More information on ''Quercus agrifolia''

Las Pilitas: California Oaks

Virginia Tech Forestry Department: Coast Live Oak

USDA Plants Database: ''Quercus agrifolia'' Née

Interactive Distribution Map for ''Quercus agrifolia''

agrifolia Category:Flora of California chaparral and woodlands Category:Trees of the United States Category:Trees of California Category:Trees of Baja California Category:Trees of Mediterranean climate Category:Drought-tolerant trees

az:Quercus agrifolia es:Quercus agrifolia fr:Quercus agrifolia pt:Quercus agrifolia

:''This article is about the oak trees. For places named Live Oak, see Live Oak''.

Live oak or evergreen oak is a general term for a number of unrelated oaks in several different sections of the genus ''Quercus'' that happen to share the characteristic of evergreen foliage.

The name ''live oak'' comes from the fact that evergreen oaks remain green and "live" throughout winter, when other oaks are dormant, leafless and "dead"-looking. The name is used mainly in North America, where evergreen oaks are widespread in warmer areas, along the Atlantic coast from southeast Virginia and North Carolina to Florida, west along the Gulf Coast to Texas and Louisiana and across the southwest to California and southwest Oregon. Notable examples of live oaks include the thousands of trees on the campus of Rice University, and also New Orleans City Park, which contains the world's largest collection of mature live oaks.

Evergreen oak species are also common in parts of Europe and Asia, and are included in this list for the sake of completeness. These species, although not having "live" in their common names in their countries of origin, are colloquially called live oaks when cultivated in North America.

When the term live oak is used in a specific rather than general sense, it most commonly refers to the southern live oak (the first species so named), but can often refer to other species regionally.

The southern live oak is the official state tree of Georgia.

In Texas, a small grove of live oaks (Texas live oak or southern live oak) is known as a mott.

Wood and lumber

Live oak was widely used in early American butt shipbuilding. Because of the trees' short height and low hanging branches, lumber from live oak was specifically used to make curved structural members of the hull such as knee braces. In such cuts of lumber, the line of the grain would fall perpendicularly to lines of stress, creating structures of exceptional strength. Live oaks were not generally used for planking because the curved and often convoluted shape of the tree did not lend itself to be milled to planking of any length. Red oak or white oak was generally used for planking on vessels, as those trees tended to grow straight and tall and thus would yield straight trunk sections of length suitable for milling into plank lengths.

Live oak was largely logged out in Europe by the latter half of the 19th century, and was similarly sought after and exported from the United States until iron- and steel-hulled commercial vessel construction became the standard early in the 20th century. Live oak lumber is rarely used for furniture due to warping and twisting while drying.

It continues to be used occasionally when available in shipbuilding, as well as for tool handles for its strength, energy absorption, and density, but modern composites are often substituted with good effect. Dry southern live oak lumber has a specific gravity of 0.88, among the highest of North American hardwoods.

List of evergreen species in genus ''Quercus''

Section ''Quercus''. The white oaks - Europe, Asia, North Africa, North America, styles short; acorns mature in 6 months, sweet or slightly bitter, inside of acorn shell is hairless

*''Quercus arizonica'' - Arizona white oak - southwestern North America

*''Quercus fusiformis'' - (also ''Quercus virginiana var. fusiformis'') Texas live oak - south central North America

*''Quercus geminata'' - sand live oak - southeastern North America

*''Quercus ilex'' - Holm oak - southern Europe

*''Quercus minima'' - dwarf live oak - southeastern North America

*''Quercus oblongifolia'' - Mexican blue oak - southwestern North America

*''Quercus polymorpha'' - Mexican white oak or Monterrey oak - Mexico

*''Quercus pungens'' - sandpaper oak - south central North America

*''Quercus turbinella'' - shrub live oak - southwestern North America

*''Quercus virginiana'' - southern live oak - southeastern North America

Section ''Cerris''. Europe, Asia, north Africa. Styles long; acorns mature in 18 months, very bitter, inside of acorn shell is hairless or slightly hairy

*''Quercus calliprinos'' - Palestine oak - western Asia

*''Quercus coccifera'' - Kermes oak - southern Europe

*''Quercus semecarpifolia'' - Himalayan oak - eastern Asia

*''Quercus suber'' - Cork oak - southwestern Europe

Section ''Protobalanus'' - Southwest USA, California coastal ranges and northwest Mexico, styles short, acorns mature in 18 months, very bitter, inside of acorn shell is woolly

*''Quercus chrysolepis'' - canyon live oak - southwestern North America, especially coastal ranges of California

*''Quercus palmeri'' - Palmer oak - southwestern North America

*''Quercus tomentella'' - Channel Island oak - Channel Islands of California

*''Quercus vacciniifolia'' - huckleberry oak - California and southwestern North America

Section ''Lobatae''. The red oaks - North, Central and South America, styles long, acorns mature in 18 months, very bitter, inside of acorn shell is woolly

*''Quercus agrifolia'' - coast live oak - California and southwestern North America

*''Quercus canbyi'' - Canby oak - Mexico

*''Quercus emoryi'' - Emory oak - southwestern North America

*''Quercus hemisphaerica'' - laurel Oak - southeastern North America

*''Quercus humboldtii'' - South American Oak - northern South America

*''Quercus laurifolia'' - swamp laurel oak - southeastern U.S.

*''Quercus hypoleucoides'' - silverleaf oak - southwestern North America

*''Quercus rhysophylla'' - loquat-leaf oak - Mexico

*''Quercus wislizenii'' - interior live oak - California and southwestern North America

----

See the list of Quercus species for a fuller listing of oaks, including deciduous species.

References

External links

Images of remarkable Southern Live Oaks

The 1000 Year Old "Big Tree" - Goose Island State Park (Texas)

Live Oak in California

Category:Quercus

fr:Cyclobalanopsis ja:カシ uk:Вічнозелений дуб

Coordinates	29°25′″N98°30′″N
name	Adam Deitch
background	group_or_band
origin	New York, New York
genre	Hip Hop, Funk, R&B;, Jazz, Soul, Electro, Pop
years active	1994–present
label	Royal Family Records, Velour Music Group, Pretty Lights Music
associated acts	Lettuce, Break Science, Fyre Dept
url	http://www.royalfamilyrecords.com/adamdeitch, http://www.breaksciencemusic.com, }}

Adam Deitch is an American producer and drummer based in New York City. He has been nominated for a Grammy Award. He has worked with artists in the Hip Hop, Funk, Electro, Pop, and Jazz music worlds including Def Jam MC Wax and Verve Records' soul and jazz singer, Ledisi. He is a founding member of Royal Family Records which houses his groups Lettuce, Dr Klaw and Break Science. In the past he has worked with artists ranging from guitar legend John Scofield to rapper/sensation 50 Cent.

Selected discography

As Producer & Drummer

''Outta Here'' (Lettuce)

''Live in Tokyo'' (Lettuce)

''Rage!'' (Lettuce)

''Illusion'' (Pharoahe Monche)

''W.A.R. (We Are Renegades)'' (Pharoahe Monche)

''Further Than Our Eyes Can See'' (Break Science)

''Knockin', Say No, & Turn Me Loose'' Turn Me Loose (Ledisi album)(Ledisi)

As Producer

''My Gun Go Off'' Curtis (50 Cent album) (50 Cent)

''Tiger Style Crane'' Reggie (album) (Redman (rapper))

''The Nature'' Eardrum (album) (Talib Kweli)

''Scandalous Bitches'' Full Circle (Xzibit album) (Xzibit)

''Struggla'' Light (Matisyahu album) (Matisyahu)

''Controcultura, Le Donne, & Spara Al Diavolo'' Controcultura (Fabri Fibra)

''Harder' The Hear After (J-Live)

As Drummer

''Überjam'' (John Scofield)

''Up All Night (John Scofield album)'' (John Scofield)

''Ladies & Thugs'' Trauma (album) (DJ Quik)

''Greatest Hits: Live at the House of Blues''( DJ Quik)

''Tonight (DVD)'' (Average White Band)

''Nü Revolution'' (Les Nubians)

''Reminisce'' (Eric Krasno (Soulive))

References

External links

Stay Thirsty Interview with Adam Deitch

Tama Drums Interview with Adam Deitch

Category:American musicians Category:Living people Category:People from New York City Category:Year of birth missing (living people)

Coordinates	29°25′″N98°30′″N
Name	Garage A Trois
Background	group_or_band
Origin	New Orleans, Louisiana
Years active	1998–present
Current members	Stanton MooreSkerikMike DillonMarco Benevento
Label	Fog City RecordsTone-CoolTelarc
Associated acts	Galactic
Website	garageatrois.com
Past members	Charlie Hunter }}

Garage A Trois (aka GAT) is a quartet including drummer Stanton Moore, saxophonist Skerik, vibraphone and percussionist Mike Dillon and keyboardist Marco Benevento. They play a variety of music including rock, funk and jazz.

History

Garage A Trois was originally a trio founded by Moore, eight-string guitarist Charlie Hunter, and Skerik. It formed during the 1998 recording of Stanton Moore's debut ''All Kooked Out!'', a session that also yielded Garage A Trois' debut recording ''Mysteryfunk''. Both albums were produced by Dan Prothero on his independent Fog City Records label. They were also both recorded "live with no over dubs". Whereas ''All Kooked Out!'' was rehearsed, "straight-toned" and promoted as the initial release, ''Mysteryfunk'' was mostly improvised with electronically effected instruments and as Moore has stated had "all the freaky stuff."

After success as a live act they took on vibraphonist and percussionist Mike Dillon. The quartet performed multiple tours on the national nightclub circuit and played at several festivals. They were known to perform a wide variety of music in any given show including funk, punk-rock with electronic effects, or straight-forward jazz. Also as a quartet they released two composed studio albums in 2003 and 2005 abandoning the "live with no overdubs" recording ethos.

In 2007 Moore, Skerik and Dillon continued to perform by the Garage A Trois moniker featuring other musicians such as John Medeski and Marco Benevento. The current quartet as of December 2007 including Moore, Skerik, Dillon and Benevento have been billed also as "Garage A Benevento", "Garaj A Benevento" and most recently as simply "Garage A Trois".

October 2009 Garage A Trois released their first studio CD with the Benevento line-up, ''Power Patriot''.

Discography

1999 ''Mysteryfunk'' (Fog City)

2003 ''Emphasizer'' (Tone-Cool)

2005 ''Outre Mer'' (Telarc)

2009 ''Power Patriot'' (Royal Potato Family)

2011 ''Always Be Happy, But Stay Evil'' (Royal Potato Family)

External links

Official site

Garage A Trois at MySpace

Fog City Records presents: Garage A Trois

Garage A Trois collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive

References

Category:American rock music groups Category:American jazz ensembles Category:American funk musical groups