Emigration

by Ford Madox Brown, depicting emigrants leaving England]]

Emigration is the act of leaving one's native country or region to settle in another. It is the same as immigration but from the perspective of the country of origin. Human movement before the establishment of political boundaries or within one state, is termed migration. There are many reasons why people might choose to emigrate. Some are for reasons of religious, political or economic freedom or escape. Others have personal reasons such as marriage. Some people living in rich nations with cold climates choose to move to warmer climates when they retire.

, Finland, commemorating the thousands of emigrants who left the country to start a new life in the United States]]

Many political or economic emigrants move together with their families toward new regions or new countries where they hope to find peace or job opportunities not available to them in their original location. Throughout history a large number of emigrants return to their homelands, often after they have earned sufficient money in the other country. Sometimes these emigrants move to countries with big cultural differences and will always feel as guests in their destinations, and preserve their original culture, traditions and language, sometimes transmitting them to their children. The conflict between the native and the newer culture may easily create social contrasts, generally resulting in an uncomfortable situation for the "foreigners", who have to understand legal and social systems sometimes new and strange to them. Often, communities of emigrants grow up in the destination areas.

Emigration had a profound influence on the world in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, when millions of poor families left Europe for the United States, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, the rest of Latin America, Australia and New Zealand.

Even though definitions may be vague and vary somewhat, emigration/immigration should not be confused with the phenomenon of involuntary migration, such as instances of population transfer or ethnic cleansing.

Motives to migrate can be either incentives attracting people away, known as pull factors, or circumstances encouraging a person to leave, known as push factors, for example: 's emigrant liner RMS Aquitania, launched in 1913.]]

Push factors

Lack of employment or entrepreneurial opportunities

Lack of political or religious rights

Restrictions on practice of religion

Shortage of farmland; hard to start new farms

Oppressive legal/political conditions

Military draft, warfare

Famine or drought

Cultural fights with other cultural groups

Expulsion by armed force or coercion

Pull factors

Better opportunities for acquiring farms for self and children

Cheap purchase of farmland

Instant wealth (as in California Gold Rush)

More job opportunities

Higher pay

Prepaid travel (from relatives)

Better welfare programmes

Better schools

Join friends and relatives who have already moved

Build a new nation

Build religious community

Political freedom

Emigration restrictions

erected the Berlin Wall to prevent emigration westward]] Some countries restrict the ability of their citizens to emigrate to other countries. The Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union began such restrictions in 1918, with laws and borders tightening until even illegal emigration was nearly impossible by 1928. To strengthen this, they set up internal passport controls and individual city Propiska ("place of residence") permits, along with internal freedom of movement restrictions often called the 101st kilometre, which rules greatly restricted mobility within even small areas.

At the end of World War II in 1945, the Soviet Union occupied several Eastern European countries, together called the Eastern Bloc, with the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas aspiring to independence and wanted the Soviets to leave. Before 1950, over 15 million immigrants emigrated from Soviet-occupied eastern European countries to the west in the five years immediately following World War II. By the early 1950s, the Soviet approach to controlling national movement was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc. Restrictions implemented in the Eastern Bloc stopped most East-West migration, with only 13.3 million migrations westward between 1950 and 1990. However, hundreds of thousands of East Germans annually emigrated to West Germany through a "loophole" in the system that existed between East and West Berlin, where the four occupying World War II powers governed movement. The emigration resulted in massive "brain drain" from East Germany to West Germany of younger educated professionals, such that nearly 20% of East Germany's population had migrated to West Germany by 1961. In 1961, East Germany erected a barbed-wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the Berlin Wall, effectively closing the loophole. In 1989, the Berlin Wall fell, followed by the unification of Germany and the collapse of the Soviet Union.

By the early 1950s, the Soviet approach to controlling international movement was also emulated by China, Mongolia, and North Korea. though some North Koreans illegally emigrate to China. Other countries with tight emigration restrictions at one time included Angola, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Somalia, Afghanistan, Burma, Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia from 1975-1979), Laos, North Vietnam, Iraq, South Yemen and Cuba.

Notes

References

See also

Eastern Bloc emigration and defection

Political asylum

Deportation

Diaspora

Émigré

Immigration

Exile

Foot voting

Human migration

Settlement

International Organization for Migration

Migration Letters

Political migration

Population transfer

Refugee

RMS Mooltan

Separation barrier

Snowbird (people)

Yerida (Jewish emigration from Israel)

Swedish emigration to the United States

Feminization of migration

Category:Human migration Category:Population Category:Demography