| Archangel Michael |
A 13th-century Byzantine icon from Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai |
| Archangel |
| Honored in |
Anglicanism, Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, Lutheranism, Islam, Judaism |
| Canonized |
pre-congregation |
| Feast |
November 8 (New Calendar Eastern Orthodox Churches) / November 21 (Old Calendar Eastern Orthodox Churches), September 29 ("Michaelmas"); May 8; many other local and historical feasts |
| Attributes |
Archangel; Treading on Satan or a serpent; carrying a banner, scales, and sword |
| Patronage |
Guardian of the Catholic Church;[1] Kiev, protector of the Jewish people,[2] police officers,[3] military, grocers, mariners, paratroopers[4] |
Michael (Hebrew: מִיכָאֵל (pronounced [ˌmixäˈʔel]), Micha'el or Mîkhā'ēl; Greek: Μιχαήλ, Mikhaḗl; Latin: Michael or Míchaël; Arabic: ميخائيل, Mīkhā'īl) is an archangel in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic teachings. Roman Catholics, the Eastern Orthodox, Anglicans, and Lutherans refer to him as Saint Michael the Archangel and also simply as Saint Michael. Orthodox Christians refer to him as the Taxiarch Archangel Michael or simply Archangel Michael.
In Hebrew, Michael means "who is like God" (mi-who, ke-as or like, El-deity), which is traditionally interpreted as a rhetorical question: "Who is like God?" (which expects an answer in the negative) to imply that no one is like God. In this way, Michael is reinterpreted as a symbol of humility before God.[5]
In the Hebrew Bible Michael is mentioned three times in the Book of Daniel, once as a "great prince who stands up for the children of your people". The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people, Michael came to occupy a certain place in the Jewish liturgy.
In the New Testament Michael leads God's armies against Satan's forces in the Book of Revelation, where during the war in heaven he defeats Satan. In the Epistle of Jude Michael is specifically referred to as an "archangel". Christian sanctuaries to Michael appeared in the 4th century, when he was first seen as a healing angel, and then over time as a protector and the leader of the army of God against the forces of evil. By the 6th century, devotions to Archangel Michael were widespread both in the Eastern and Western Churches. Over time, teachings on Michael began to vary among Christian denominations.
In the Hebrew Scriptures, and hence in the Old Testament, the prophet Daniel experiences a vision after having undergone a period of fasting. In the vision in Daniel 10:13-21 an angel identifies Michael as the protector of Israel. Daniel refers to Michael as a "prince of the first rank".[6] Later in the vision in Daniel 12:1 Daniel is informed about the role of Michael during the "time of the End" when there will be "distress such as has not happened from the beginning of nations" and that:[7]
- “At that time Michael, the great prince who protects your people, will arise."
In view of this, Michael is seen as playing an important role as the protector of Israel, and later of the Christian Church.
Although the three references to Michael in the Book of Daniel 10:13, 10:21 and 12:1 are to the same individual who acts in similar ways in all three cases, the last one is set at the "end times" while the first two refer to local time in Persia.[8] These are the only three references to Archangel Michael in the Hebrew Bible.[9]
The references to the "captain of the host of the Lord" encountered by Joshua in the early days of his campaigns in the Promised Land (Joshua 5:13-15) have at times been interpreted as Michael the Archangel, but there is no theological basis for that assumption, given that Joshua then worshiped this figure, and angels are not to be worshiped. Some scholars also point that the figure may refer to God himself.[10][11] In the book of Joshua's account of the fall of Jericho, Joshua "looked up and saw a man standing in front of him with a drawn sword in his hand". When the still unaware Joshua asks which side of the fight the Archangel is on, the response was, "neither...but as commander of the army of the Lord I have now come".
The Book of Revelation (12:7-9) describes a war in heaven in which Michael, being stronger, defeats Satan:[12]
- "...there was war in heaven. Michael and his angels fought against the dragon, and the dragon and his angels fought back. But he was not strong enough, and they lost their place in heaven."
After the conflict, Satan is thrown to earth along with the fallen angels, where he ("that ancient serpent called the devil") still tries to "lead the whole world astray".[12]
Separately, in the Epistle of Jude 1:9 Michael is specifically referred to as an "archangel" when he again confronts Satan:[13]
- "Michael the archangel, when contending with the devil he disputed about the body of Moses"
A reference to an "archangel" also appears in the First Epistle to the Thessalonians 4:16
- "... the Lord himself shall descend from heaven, with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first" (American Standard Version of 1901, a version that uses the definite article, "the archangel", absent in the original Greek and in English translations such as the (English Standard Version of 2001, which has: "the Lord himself will descend from heaven with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet of God").
This archangel who heralds the second coming of Christ is not named,[13] but is probably Michael.[14]
Michael (Arabic: ميخائيل, Mikhail ميكائيل, Mikael ), is one of the two archangels mentioned in the Qur'an, alongside Jibreel (Gabriel). In the Qur'an, Michael is mentioned once only, in Sura 2:98: "Whoever is an enemy to God, and His angels and His messengers, and Jibreel and Mikhail! Then, lo! God (Himself) is an enemy to the disbelievers."[15] Some Muslims believe that the reference in Sura 11:69 is Michael, one of the three angels who visited Abraham.[15]
According to rabbinic Jewish tradition, Michael acted as the advocate of Israel, and sometimes had to fight with the princes of the other nations (cf. Daniel 10:13) and particularly with the angel Samael, Israel's accuser. Michael's enmity with Samael dates from the time when the latter was thrown down from heaven. Samael took hold of the wings of Michael, whom he wished to bring down with him in his fall; but Michael was saved by God.[16][17] Michael is also said to have had a dispute with Samael over the soul of Moses.[18]
The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people, Michael came to occupy a certain place in the Jewish liturgy. There were two prayers written beseeching him as the prince of mercy to intercede in favor of Israel: one composed by Eliezer ha-Kalir, and the other by Judah ben Samuel he-Hasid. But appeal to Michael seems to have been more common in ancient times. Thus Jeremiah is said to have addressed a prayer to him.[19] "When a man is in need he must pray directly to God, and neither to Michael nor to Gabriel."[20]
The rabbis declare that Michael entered upon his role of defender at the time of the biblical patriarchs. Thus, according to Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob, it was Michael who rescued Abraham from the furnace into which he had been thrown by Nimrod (Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16). It was Michael, the "one that had escaped" (Genesis 14:13), who told Abraham that Lot had been taken captive (Midrash Pirke R. El.), and who protected Sarah from being defiled by Abimelech. He announced to Sarah that she would bear a son and he rescued Lot at the destruction of Sodom.[21]
It is said that Michael prevented Isaac from being sacrificed by his father by substituting a ram in his place, and saved Jacob, while yet in his mother's womb, from being killed by Samael.[22] Later Michael prevented Laban from harming Jacob (Pirke R. El. xxxvi.). According to one source, it was Michael who wrestled with Jacob and who afterward blessed him.[23]
The midrash Exodus Rabbah holds that Michael exercised his function of advocate of Israel at the time of the Exodus also, when Satan (as an adversary) accused the Israelites of idolatry and declared that they were consequently deserving of death by drowning in the Red Sea. Michael is also said to have destroyed the army of Sennacherib.[24]
The early Christians regarded some of the martyrs such as Saint George, and Saint Theodore, as military patrons ; but to St Michael they gave the care of their sick and he was first venerated as a healer in Phrygia (modern-day Turkey).[25]
The earliest and most famous sanctuary to Saint Michael in the ancient near east was also associated with healing waters. It was the Michaelion built in early 4th century by Emperor Constantine at Chalcedon, on the site of an earlier Temple called Sosthenion.[9]
A painting of the Archangel slaying a serpent became a major art piece at the Michaelion after Constantine defeated Licinius near there in 324, eventually leading to the standard iconography of Archangel Michael as a warrior saint slaying a dragon.[9] The Michaelion was a magnificent church and in time became a model for hundreds of other churches in Eastern Christianity which spread devotions to the Archangel.[26]
In the 4th century, Saint Basil the Great's homily (De Angelis) placed Saint Michael over all the angels. He was called "Archangel" because he is the prince of the other angels.[25] Into the 6th century, the view of Michael as a healer continued in Rome, when after a plague the sick slept at night in the church of Castel Sant'Angelo (dedicated to him for saving Rome), waiting for his manifestation.[25][27]
In the 6th century the growth of devotions to the saint in the Western Church were manifested by the feasts dedicated to him, as recorded in the Leonine Sacramentary. The 7th century Gelasian Sacramentary included the feast "S. Michaelis Archangeli", as did the 8th century Gregorian Sacramentary.[25] Some of these documents refer to a no longer extant Basilica Archangeli on via Salaria in Rome.[25]
The angelology of Pseudo-Dionysius which was widely read as of the 6th century gave Michael a rank in the celestial hierarchy.[25] Later, in the 13th century, others such as Bonaventure believed that he is the prince of the Seraphim, the first of the nine angelic orders. According to Saint Thomas Aquinas (Summa Ia. 113.3), he is the Prince of the last and lowest choir, the angels.[25]
Roman Catholics often refer to Michael as "Saint Michael", a title that does not indicate canonisation, any more than it does for Saint Peter and Saint Paul. He is generally referred to in Christian litanies as "Saint Michael", as in the Litany of the Saints. In the shortened version of this litany used in the Easter Vigil, he alone of the angels and archangels is mentioned, omitting Saint Gabriel and Saint Raphael.[28]
In the Roman Catholic teachings Saint Michael has four main roles or offices.[29] His first role is the leader of the Army of God and the leader of heaven's forces in their triumph over the powers of hell.[30] He is viewed as the angelic model for the virtues of the spiritual warrior, with the conflict against evil at times viewed as the battle within.[31]
The second and third roles of Michael in Catholic teachings deal with death. In his second role, Michael is the angel of death, carrying the souls of all the deceased to heaven. In this role, at the hour of death, Michael descends and gives each soul the chance to redeem itself before passing, thus consternating the devil and his minions. Catholic prayers often refer to this role of Michael. In his third role, he weighs souls in his perfectly balanced scales (hence Michael is often depicted holding scales).[32]
In his fourth role, St Michael, the special patron of the Chosen People in the Old Testament, is also the guardian of the Church; it was thus not unusual for the angel to be revered by the military orders of knights during the Middle Ages. This role also extends to his being the patron saint of a number of cities and countries.[33][34]
Roman Catholicism includes traditions such as the Prayer to Saint Michael which specifically asks for the faithful to be "defended" by the saint.[35][36][37] The Chaplet of Saint Michael consists of nine salutations, one for each choir of angels.[38][39]
It should be noted that the Roman Catholic traditions and teachings concerning St. Michael the Archangel are not required beliefs and practices but rather are strongly encouraged as a means of individuals and congregations increasing in spiritual strength against evil.
The Eastern Orthodox accord Michael the title "Archistrategos", or "Supreme Commander of the Heavenly Hosts."[41]
Russians in particular have a special veneration to Michael, along with the Theotokos. According to OCA, "Intercession for Russian cities by the Most Holy Queen of Heaven always involved Her appearances with the Heavenly Hosts, under the leadership of the Archangel Michael. Grateful Rus acclaimed the Most Pure Mother of God and the Archangel Michael in church hymns. Many monasteries, cathedrals, court and merchant churches are dedicated to the Chief Commander Michael. In Rus there was not a city where there was not a church or chapel dedicated to the Archangel Michael."
The place of Michael in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria is a saintly intercessor, where he is seen as the one who presents to God the prayers of the just, who accompanies the souls of the dead to heaven, who defeats the devil. He is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each month.[42] In Alexandria, a church was dedicated to him in the early fourth century on the 12th of the month of Ba'unah. On the 12th of the month of Hathor is the celebration of Michael's appointment in heaven, where Michael became the chief of the angels.[43]
Most Protestant Christians (excluding Anglicans) generally reject the intercession of saints as a whole.[44] However, the Anglican prayer of preparation before Mass includes a confession to "Michael the Archangel" as well as other saints such as John the Baptist.[45]
Protestant denominations generally recognize only two archangels, Michael and Gabriel, usually emphasizing Michael, unlike Judaism, Roman Catholicism, and Eastern Orthodoxy which may at times recognize seven (and in rare cases eight) archangels, with Michael, Gabriel and Raphael generally regarded with an elevated status, e.g. being the only archangels honored by name in Catholicism.[46][47]
Some early Protestant scholars identified Michael with the pre-incarnate Christ, basing their view, partly on the juxtaposition of the "child" and the archangel in Revelation 12, and partly on the attributes ascribed to him in Daniel.[14] Similarly in 1751 Anglican bishop Robert Clayton held that Michael was the Logos and Gabriel the Holy Spirit, an extreme position which resulted in his prosecution, just before he died.[48]
The Baptist evangelist Charles Haddon Spurgeon believed that rather than being a regular created angel, Michael was the divine Son of God, who fights and conquers.[49] Spurgeon called Jesus "the Michael of the Angels".[50] He said "our Lord, who is the true Michael, the only great Archangel" in his book “Our Lord’s Transcendent Greatness” (1866). In another book, he also wrote: “Michael is the Lord Jesus, the only Archangel.”[49] In this view, "archangel" means "head of the angels" rather than "head angel," and is a title similar to "Prince or Leader of the host." (Daniel 8:11)[51]
Michael continues to be recognized among Protestants by key churches dedicated to him, e.g. St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg, a famous Lutheran Church which appears on the coins of the European Union.[52]
Jehovah's Witnesses believe Michael to be another name for Jesus Christ in heaven, in his pre-human and post-resurrection existence.[53] They assert that, because a definite article is used at Jude 9 when referring to "Michael the Archangel", and because the term "archangel" is used only in the singular in the Bible, never clearly in the plural, that therefore Michael is the only archangel, and therefore synonymous with Jesus, who is described at 1 Thessalonians 4:16 as descending "with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet".
They believe the prominent roles assigned to Michael at Daniel 12:1 and Revelation 12:7; 19:14, 16 are identical to Jesus' roles, as the one chosen to lead God's people, and as the one who "stands up", identifying them as the same spirit person. Because they identify Michael with Jesus, he is therefore considered the first and greatest of all God's heavenly sons, God's chief messenger who takes the lead in vindicating God's sovereignty, sanctifying his name, fighting the wicked forces of Satan, and protecting God's covenant people on earth.[54] Jehovah's Witnesses also identify Michael with the "Angel of the Lord" who led the Israelites in the wilderness.[55]
Seventh-day Adventists believe that Michael is another name for the Heavenly Christ, and another name for the Word-of-God (as in John 1) before He became incarnate as Jesus. Archangel (meaning "Chief of the Angels") was the leadership position held by the Word-of-God as Michael while among the angels. So according to Adventist theology, Michael was considered the "eternal Word", and not a created being or created angel, and the one by whom all things were created. The Word was then born incarnate as Jesus.[56]
Seventh-day Adventists believe the name “Michael” is significant in showing who it is, just as "Immanuel" (which means "God with us") is about who Jesus is. They believe that name “Michael” signifies “one who is God” and that as the “Archangel” or "chief or head of the angels" He led the angels and thus the statement in Revelation 12:7-9 identifies Jesus as Michael.[57]
Seventh-day Adventists believe that the term 'Michael' is but one of the many titles applied to the Son of God, the second person of the Godhead. But, according to Adventists, such a view does not in any way conflict with the belief in His full deity and eternal pre-existence, nor does it in the least disparage His person and work.[58]
In the Seventh-day Adventist view, the statement in 1 Thessalonians 4:13-18: "For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven, with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God" identifies Jesus as Archangel, which is Michael.[59] And the Seventh-day Adventists believe that John 5:25-29 also confirms that Jesus and Michael are the same.[59]
Seventh-day Adventists believe there is and can only be one archangel and that one Archangel is named Michael and yet in Scripture is shown as doing what also applies to Christ even from the beginning, so is Christ pre-incarnate. There was a perception that Adventists were relegating Jesus to something less than divine or less than God but that is not valid since Seventh-day Adventism theology teaches and is expressly Trinitarian.[60][61]
Latter-day Saints (also known informally as Mormons) believe that Michael is Adam, the Ancient of Days (Dan. 7), a prince, and the patriarch of the human family and that Michael assisted Jehovah (the heavenly form of Jesus Christ) in the creation of the world under the direction of God the Father.[62][63][64][65]
In the Roman Catholic calendar of saints, Anglican Calendar of Saints, and the Lutheran Calendar of Saints, the archangel's feast is celebrated on Michaelmas Day. The day is also considered the feast of Saints Gabriel, and Raphael or the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels. On the Western Christian calendar the feast is celebrated on 29 September.[66]
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Saint Michael's principal feast day is November 8 (November 21 by most Orthodox churches since they use the Julian calendar), where he is honored along with the rest of the "Bodiless Powers of Heaven" (i.e. angels) as their Supreme Commander, and the Miracle at Chonae is commemorated on September 6.[67][68]
In late medieval Christianity, Michael, together with Saint George, became the patron saint of chivalry and is now also considered the patron saint of police officers and the military.[34][69]
In mid to late 15th century, France was one of only four courts in Western Christendom without an order of knighthood.[70] Later in the 15th century, Jean Molinet glorified the primordial feat of arms of the archangel as "the first deed of knighthood and chivalrous prowess that was ever achieved."[71] Thus Michael was the natural patron of the first chivalric order of France, the Order of Saint Michael of 1469.[70] In the British honours system, a chivalric order founded in 1818 is also named for these two saints, the Order of St Michael and St George.[72] The Order of Michael the Brave is Romania's highest military decoration.
Apart from his being a patron of warriors, the sick and the suffering also consider Archangel Michael their patron saint.[73] Based on the legend of his 8th century apparition at Mont-Saint-Michel, France, the Archangel is the patron of mariners in this famous sanctuary.[25] After the evangelisation of Germany, where mountains were often dedicated to pagan gods, Christians placed many mountains under the patronage of the Archangel, and numerous mountain chapels of St. Michael appeared all over Germany.[25] He has been the patron saint of Brussels since the Middle Ages.[74] The city of Arkhangelsk in Russia is named for the Archangel. Ukraine and its capital Kiev also consider Michael their patron saint and protector.[40]
An Anglican sisterhood dedicated to Saint Michael under the title of the Community of St Michael and All Angels was founded in 1851.[75] The Congregation of Saint Michael the Archangel (CSMA), also known as the Michaelite Fathers, is a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church founded in 1897.
- For a larger gallery (and hence a structured list) of church images, please see: Saint Michael church gallery.
- St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral, in Brussels, Belgium
- Mont Saint Michel, Normandy, France - a World Heritage Site
- St. Michael's Cathedral (Toronto), Canada
- St. Michael's Cathedral (Izhevsk), Russia
- St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao, China
- Chudov Monastery in the Moscow Kremlin
- Archangel Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin - a World Heritage Site
- Monte Sant'Angelo sul Gargano, Gargano, Italy
- St Michael's Mount, Cornwall, UK
- St. Michael's Basilica, Miramichi, Canada
- Skellig Michael, off the Irish west coast - a World Heritage Site
- St Michael's Cathedral, Coventry, UK
- St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery, Kiev, Ukraine
- St Michael's Church in Vienna, Austria
- Basilica of St Michael the Archangel, Tayabas, Quezon, Philippines
- Saint Michael's church, Berlin
- St. Michael's Cathedral in Belgrade, Serbia
There is a legend which seems to be of Jewish origin, and which was adopted by the Copts, to the effect that Michael was first sent by God to bring Nebuchadnezzar (c. 600 BC) against Jerusalem, and that Michael was afterward very active in freeing his nation from Babylonian captivity.[76] According to midrash Genesis Rabbah, Michael saved Hananiah and his companions from the Fiery furnace.[77] Michael was active in the time of Esther: "The more Haman accused Israel on earth, the more Michael defended Israel in heaven".[78] It was Michael who reminded Ahasuerus that he was Mordecai's debtor;[79] and there is a legend that Michael appeared to the high priest Hyrcanus, promising him assistance.[80]
The Orthodox Church celebrates the Miracle at Chonae on September 6.[25] The legend states that the pagans directed a stream against the sanctuary of St Michael to destroy it, but Archippus (the custodian) prayed to Michael, the archangel appeared and split the rock to open up a new bed for the stream, directing the flow away from the church and sanctifying forever the waters which came from the new gorge.[25] The spring which came forth after this event is said to have special healing powers.[81] The legend existed in earlier times, but the 5th-7th century texts that refer to the miracle at Chonae formed the basis of specific paradigms for "properly approaching" angelic intermediaries for more effective prayers within the Christian culture.[82]
There is a late 5th century legend in Cornwall, UK that the Archangel appeared to fishermen on St Michael's Mount.[83] According to author Richard Freeman Johnson this legend is likely a nationalistic twist to a myth.[83] Cornish legends also hold that the mount itself was constructed by giants[84] and that King Arthur battled a giant there.[85]
The legend of the apparition of the Archangel at around 490 AD at a secluded hilltop cave on Monte Gargano in Italy gained a following among the Lombards in the immediate period thereafter, and by the 8th century pilgrims arrived from as far away as England.[86] The Roman Breviary then recorded it on May 8, the date on which the Lombards attributed their 663 victory over the Greek Neopolitan to the intercession of the Archangel.[25] The Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo at Gargano is a major Catholic pilgrimage site.
According to Roman legends, while a devastating plague persisted in Rome, Archangel Michael appeared with a sword over the mausoleum of Hadrian, in apparent answer to the prayers of Pope St Gregory I the Great (c. 590-604) that the plague should cease. After the plague ended, in honor of the occasion, the pope called the mausoleum "Castel Sant'Angelo" (Castle of the Holy Angel), the name by which it is still known.[25][27]
According to Norman legend, Michael is said to have appeared to St Aubert, Bishop of Avranches, in 708, giving instruction to build a church on the rocky islet now known as Mont Saint Michel.[87][88][89] In 966 the Duke of Normandy commissioned a Benedictine abbey on the mount, and it remains a major pilgrimage site.[89]
A Portuguese Carmelite nun, Antónia d'Astónaco, had reported an apparition and private revelation of the Archangel Michael who had told to this devoted Servant of God, in 1751, that he would like to be honored, and God glorified, by the praying of nine special invocations. These nine invocations correspond to invocations to the nine choirs of angels and origins the famous Chaplet of Saint Michael. This private revelation and prayers were approved by Pope Pius IX in 1851.[90][91]
From 1961 to 1965, four young schoolgirls had reported several apparitions of Archangel Michael in the small village of Garabandal, Spain. At Garabandal, the apparitions of the Archangel Michael were mainly reported as announcing the arrivals of the Virgin Mary. The Catholic Church has neither approved, nor condemned the Garabandal apparitions.[92]
In the English epic poem Paradise Lost by John Milton, Michael commands the army of angels loyal to God against the rebel forces of Satan. Armed with a sword from God's armory, he bests Satan in personal combat, wounding his side.[93]
Most Jewish teachings interpret the Second Commandment as against the use of "graven images" as visual art.[94] Islamic art's focus on calligraphy, rather than painting and sculpture, similarly derives from the association of idolatry with the depiction of human or angelic forms.[95][96]
In Christian art, Archangel Michael may be depicted alone or with other angels such as Gabriel. Some depictions with Gabriel date back to the 8th century, e.g. the stone casket at Notre Dame de Mortain church in France.[97]
The widely reproduced image of Our Mother of Perpetual Help, an icon of the Cretan school, depicts Michael on the left carrying the lance and sponge of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Gabriel on the right side of Mary and Jesus.[98]
In many depictions Michael is represented as an angelic warrior, fully armed with helmet, sword, and shield.[25] The shield may bears the Latin inscription Quis ut Deus.[99] He may be standing over a serpent, a dragon, or the defeated figure of Satan, whom he sometimes pierces with a lance.[25] The iconography of Michael slaying a serpent goes back to the early 4th century, when Emperor Constantine defeated Licinius at the Battle of Adrianople in 324 AD, not far from the Michaelion a church dedicated to Archangel Michael.[9]
Constantine felt that Licinius was an agent of Satan, and associated him with the serpent described in the Book of Revelation (12:9).[100] After the victory, Constantine commissioned a depiction of himself and his sons slaying Licinius represented as a serpent - a symbolism borrowed from the Christian teachings on the Archangel to whom he attributed the victory. A similar painting, this time with the Archangel Michael himself slaying a serpent then became a major art piece at the Michaelion and eventually lead to the standard iconography of Archangel Michael as a warrior saint.[9]
In other depictions Michael may be holding a pair of scales in which he weighs the souls of the departed and may hold the book of life (as in the Book of Revelation), to show that he takes part in the judgment.[25][97] However this form of depiction is less common than the slaying of the dragon.[97] Michelangelo depicted this scene on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel.[101]
In Byzantine art Michael was often shown as a princely court dignitary, rather than a warrior who battled Satan or with scales for weighing souls on the Day of Judgement.[102]
- ^ Alban Butler, The lives of the fathers, martyrs, and other principal saints Published by B. Dornin, 1821 page 117
- ^ "Bible gateway, Daniel 12:1". Biblegateway.com. http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=daniel%2012;&version=31. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
- ^ http://www.jcpdes.com/stmichael.html
- ^ http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=308
- ^ Studies in Revelation by Hampton J. Keathley, 3rd, J. Hampton Keathley III 1997 ISBN 0-7375-0008-5 page 209 [1]
- ^ Who's who in the Jewish Bible by David Mandel 2007 ISBN 0-8276-0863-2 page 270
- ^ Daniel: Wisdom to the Wise: Commentary on the Book of Daniel by Zdravko Stefanovic 2007 ISBN 0-8163-2212-0 page 391
- ^ Daniel: a reader's guide by William H. Shea 2005 ISBN 0-8163-2077-2 pages 270-271
- ^ a b c d e Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 ISBN 1-84383-128-7 pages 33-34
- ^ Yahshua, the Man Behind the Glory by Jarid Miller ISBN 1-4500-9880-0 pages 15-16
- ^ Joshua by J. Gordon McConville, Stephen Williams 2010 ISBN 0-8028-2702-0 pages 29-30
- ^ a b Revelation 12-22 by John MacArthur 2000 ISBN 0-8024-0774-9 pages 13-14
- ^ a b The encyclopedia of angels by Rosemary Guiley 2004 ISBN 0-8160-5023-6 page 49
- ^ a b John A. Lees, "Michael" in James Orr (editor), The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Eerdmans 1939)
- ^ a b Qur'an, sura 2 (Al-Baqara), ayat 98 Quran 2:98
- ^ Midrash Pirke R. El. xxvi
- ^ "Jewish Encyclopedia - Michael". Jewish Encyclopedia. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=560&letter=M#1833. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
- ^ Midrash Deut. Rabbah xi. 6
- ^ Baruch Apoc. Ethiopic, ix. 5
- ^ Yer. Ber. ix. 13a
- ^ Talmud B. M. 86b
- ^ Midrash Abkir, in Yalḳ., Gen. 110
- ^ Targum pseudo-Jonathan to Genesis xxxii. 25; Pirke R. El. xxxvii
- ^ Midrash Exodus Rabbah xviii. 5
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Catholic encyclopedia: ''St. Michael the Archangel''". Newadvent.org. 1911-10-01. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10275b.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
- ^ Sacred and Legendary Art by Anna Jameson 2004 ISBN 0-7661-8144-8 page 92
- ^ a b Alban Butler, The lives of the fathers, martyrs, and other principal saints Published by J. Duffy, 1866 page 320
- ^ [http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=Cadwallader+Michael+Chonai&btnG= Alan H. Cadwallader, Michael Trainor, Colossae in Space and Time (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2011 ISBN 978-3-525-53397-0), p. 323}
- ^ "Catholic encyclopedia". Newadvent.org. 1911-10-01. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10275b.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
- ^ Donna-Marie O'Boyle, Catholic Saints Prayer Book OSV Publishing, 2008 ISBN 1-59276-285-9 page 60
- ^ Mirabai Starr, Saint Michael: The Archangel, Published by Sounds True, 2007 ISBN 1-59179-627-X page 2
- ^ Mirabai Starr, Saint Michael: The Archangel, 2007 ISBN 1-59179-627-X page 39
- ^ Alban Butler, The lives of the fathers, martyrs, and other principal saints Published by B. Dornin, 1821 page 117
- ^ a b Michael McGrath, Patrons and Protectors Published by Liturgy Training, 2001 ISBN 1-56854-109-0
- ^ EWTN Prayer to St Michael [2]
- ^ Matthew Bunson The Catholic Almanac's Guide to the Church OSV Publishing, 2001 ISBN 0-87973-914-2 page 315
- ^ Amy Welborn, The Words We Pray Loyola Press, 2004 ISBN 0-8294-1956-X, page 101
- ^ Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0-87973-910-X page 123
- ^ EWTN The Chaplet of St. Michael the Archangel
- ^ a b Eastern Orthodoxy through Western eyes by Donald Fairbairn 2002 ISBN 0-664-22497-0 page 148
- ^ Jane Baun, Tales from Another Byzantium (Cambridge University Press 2007 ISBN 978-0-521-82395-1), p. 391 et passim
- ^ Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity by Otto Friedrich August Meinardus 2010 ISBN 977-424-757-4 pages 27, 117, 147
- ^ Money, Land and Trade: An Economic History of the Muslim Mediterranean by Nelly Hanna 2002 ISBN 1-86064-699-9 page 226
- ^ Holy People of the World: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia by Phyllis G. Jestice 2004 ISBN 1-57607-355-6 page 888
- ^ The Anglican Service Book: A Traditional Language Adaptation of the 1979 Book of Common Prayer Together With the Psalter or Psalms of David & Additional Devotations 1991 ISBN 0-9629955-0-9 pages 238-239
- ^ Renewal Theology: Systematic Theology from a Charismatic Perspective by J. Rodman Williams 1996 ISBN 0-310-20914-5 page 183
- ^ The Encyclopedia of Angels by Rosemary Guiley 2004 ISBN 0-8160-5023-6 page 31
- ^ The Church of England c.1689-c.1833: From Toleration to Tractarianism by John Walsh, Colin Haydon and Stephen Taylor 1993 ISBN 0-521-41732-5 page 47
- ^ a b The Angelic Life - Charles Haddon Spurgeon - Sermon No. 842.
- ^ Weapon The Blood of the Lamb, the Conquering Weapon - Charles Haddon Spurgeon - Sermon No. 2043.
- ^ Grace Abounding in a Believer's Life by Charles Haddon Spurgeon, Robert Hall and Lance Wubbels 1996 ISBN 1-883002-09-5 page 54
- ^ Frommer's European Cruises & Ports of Call by Jerry Brown and Fran Wenograd Golden 2004 ISBN 0-7645-4290-7 page 352
- ^ Reasoning from the Scriptures, 1985, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, p. 218
- ^ What Does The Bible Really Teach? Chapter 9 Paragraph 4 under the heading A WAR IN HEAVEN, also see appendix of same publication, pages 218-219. Published by Jehovah's Witnesses 2005.
- ^ "Your Leader Is One, the Christ" - The Watchtower - Announcing Jehovah's Kingdom - September 15, 2010, pg 21.
- ^ Seventh Day Adventists: What do they believe? by Val Waldeck Pilgrim Publications (April 5, 2005) page 16
- ^ "The Remnant". Adventist World. http://www.adventistworld.org/article.php?id=787&search=law. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
- ^ Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine, Review and Herald Publishing Association, Washington D.C., 1957. Chapter 8 "Christ, and Michael the Archangel".
- ^ a b Bible readings for the home by 7th Day Adventists, London 1949 page 266 [3]
- ^ Jerry A. Moon, The Adventist Trinity Debate Part 1: Historical Overview and The Adventist Trinity Debate Part 2: The Role of Ellen G. White. Copyright 2003 Andrews University Press. See also "The Arian or Anti-Trinitarian Views Presented in Seventh-day Adventist Literature and the Ellen G. White Answer" by Erwin Roy Gane
- ^ "The Trinity in Seventh-day Adventist History" by Merlin D. Burt. Ministry February 2009
- ^ Millet, Robert L. (February 1998), "The Man Adam", Liahona, http://lds.org/liahona/1998/02/the-man-adam?lang=eng
- ^ Doctrine and Covenants 27:11
- ^ Doctrine and Covenants 107:53-56
- ^ Doctrine and Covenants 128:21
- ^ Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 ISBN 1-84383-128-7 page 105
- ^ Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 ISBN 0-89236-845-4 page 46
- ^ The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity 2010 by Ken Parry ISBN 1-4443-3361-5 page 242
- ^ Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0-87973-910-X page 586
- ^ a b The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe 1325-1520 by D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton 2000 ISBN 0-85115-795-5 pages 427-428
- ^ Noted by Johan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages (1919, 1924:56.
- ^ Angels in the early modern world By Alexandra Walsham, Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-84332-4 page 2008
- ^ Patron Saints by Michael Freze 1992 ISBN 0-87973-464-7 page 170
- ^ Netherlandish sculpture 1450-1550 by Paul Williamson 2002 ISBN 0-8109-6602-6 page 42
- ^ All Saints Sisters of the Poor: An Anglican Sisterhood in the Nineteenth Century (Church of England Record Society) by Susan Mumm 200 ISBN 0-85115-728-9 page 48
- ^ Amélineau, "Contes et Romans de l'Egypte Chrétienne," ii. 142 et seq
- ^ Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16
- ^ Midrash Esther Rabbah iii. 8
- ^ Targum to Esther, vi. 1
- ^ comp. Josephus, "Ant." xiii. 10, § 3
- ^ Alan H. Cadwallader, Michael Trainor, Colossae in Space and Time (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2011 ISBN 978-3-525-53397-0), p. 323
- ^ Subtle bodies: representing angels in Byzantium by Glenn Peers 2001 Univ of Calif Press ISBN 0-520-22405-1 page 144 [4]
- ^ a b Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 ISBN 1-84383-128-7 page 68
- ^ Popular Romances of the West of England by Robert Hunt 2009 ISBN 0-559-12999-8 page 238
- ^ Myths and Legends of Britain and Ireland by Richard Jones 2006 ISBN 1-84537-594-7 page 17
- ^ The Medieval state: essays presented to James Campbell by John Robert Maddicott, David Michael Palliser, James Campbell 2003 ISBN 1-85285-195-3 pages 10-11
- ^ Mont-Saint-Michel: a monk talks about his abbey by Jean-Pierre Mouton, Olivier Mignon 1998 ISBN 2-7082-3351-3 pages 55-56
- ^ "Catholic encyclopedia ''Mont-Saint-Michel''". Newadvent.org. 1911-10-01. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10551a.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
- ^ a b Pilgrimage: from the Ganges to Graceland : an encyclopedia, Volume 1 by Linda Kay Davidson, David Martin Gitlitz 2002 ISBN 1-57607-004-2 page 398
- ^ Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0-87973-910-X page 123
- ^ EWTN The Chaplet of Saint Michael the Archangel
- ^ Michael Freze, 1993, Voices, Visions, and Apparitions, OSV Publishing ISBN 0-87973-454-X page 267
- ^ John Milton, Paradise Lost 1674 Book VI line 320
- ^ The Ten commandments for Jews, Christians, and others by Roger Van Harn 2007 ISBN 0-8028-2965-1 page 26
- ^ Faith & philosophy of Islam by Shamim Akhter 2009 ISBN 81-7835-719-4 page 286
- ^ The Everything Understanding Islam Book by Christine Huda Dodge 2003 ISBN 1-58062-783-8 page 244
- ^ a b c Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 ISBN 1-84383-128-7 pages 141-147
- ^ Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 ISBN 0-89236-845-4 page 188
- ^ Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0-87973-910-X page 520
- ^ Constantine and the Christian empire by Charles Matson Odahl 2004 ISBN 0-415-17485-6 page 315
- ^ "Vatican website: Sistine Chapel". Vaticanstate.va. http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Museums/Sistine_Chapel--p--5.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
- ^ Saints in art by Rosa Giorgi, Stefano Zuffi 2003 ISBN 0-89236-717-2 pages 274-276
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Note: Italics denote that the angel is not recognized by all denominations. Satan's status as the ' fallen angel' is interpreted in a variety of ways and thus he is not included in the table.
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