The Wayback Machine - http://web.archive.org./web/20121009233545/http://wn.com:80/Jewish
Tuesday, 09 October 2012
Jewish style - Official parody to PSY - GANGNAM STYLE (강남스타일)
'Jewish democracy an oxymoron'
NEW GIRL - Jewish Peter Pan from
I'm Jewish And You Know It - Official Parody to Sexy and I know it
Shit Christians Say to Jews
Sukkot Festival in London: JN1 Talks with Jewish People Celebrating the Holiday
Renegade Jewish Settlers - Israel/Palestine
Jewish Speed Dating Event in London: JN1's Celestina Olulode Goes Inside
Renegade Jewish Settlers Part 1/5
Jewish anger as Swedish police claim latest anti-semitic Malmo attack was not hate crime
Ahmadinejad Embraces the Jews! Rejects Zionism!

Jewish

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    karaoke

    You are Jewish, it's you're bar mitzvah
    No one is coming because no one likes you!
    I have a present for you
    Hitler is my brohter
    Holocaust, Holocaust, Holocaust
    You're a jew
    Holocaust, Holocaust, Holocaust
    You are... a Jew?
    Eeew, that's not cool
    That's just not cool
    Stop the music!
    That's not cool

    Make changes yourself !



    Jewish style - Official parody to PSY - GANGNAM STYLE (강남스타일)
    • Order:
    • Published: 19 Sep 2012
    • Duration: 4:25
    • Updated: 09 Oct 2012
    Author: agentkmedia
    Twitter: twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Wicki's FB Page: www.facebook.com Roman Buchatsky: www.facebook.com Jewish Style --Song download: www.mediafire.com For acapella version contact: agentkmedia@gmail.com Mix & Master: Yossi "Joseph" Cohen FB page: www.facebook.com YouTube: www.youtube.com Video Produced by Kostya (Agent K) Vasilkov & Roman Buchatsky (Rom's Studio's) Filmed & Edited by Kostya Vasilkov Lyrics: Andrey Migalovich, Kostya Vasilkov. Roman Buchatsky & Vitaly Buchatsky Singing: Yossi Shpayhler & Roman Buchatsky Choreography: Dima Maryanovsky (BeStreet) Props: Oleg Balzanov & Roman Buchatsky Camera: Canon 600d (t3i) Original Song PSY - GANGNAM STYLE (강남스타일): www.youtube.com Staff: Kostya Vasilkov Roman Buchatsky Yossi Shpayhler Andrey Migalovich Roman Levin Iliya Skoop Oleg Balzanov Anya Vinokurov Vitaly Buchatsky Yulia Buchatsky Dan Vasilkov Feliks Bondarevski Special Thanks to: BeStreet Studio Cocktail Of Madness NoComment Crew Yossi (Joseph) Cohen Shai Fishman (Fish-I Studios) Dancers: Kc Elkun Adam Gil Shelly Karako Yonatan Jedeikin Shirtal Rash Sapir Simhi Ori Meyer Moshe Shabat Elad Hen Ross Galimov Dima Maryanovsky Dana Malhov
    http://web.archive.org./web/20121009233545/http://wn.com/Jewish style - Official parody to PSY - GANGNAM STYLE (강남스타일)
    'Jewish democracy an oxymoron'
    • Order:
    • Published: 06 Oct 2012
    • Duration: 11:20
    • Updated: 09 Oct 2012
    Author: RussiaToday
    RT's Paula Slier interviews former Knesset speaker Avraham Burg on Israel's future. RT LIVE rt.com Subscribe to RT! www.youtube.com Like us on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter twitter.com Follow us on Google+ plus.google.com RT (Russia Today) is a global news network broadcasting from Moscow and Washington studios. RT is the first news channel to break the 500 million YouTube views benchmark.
    http://web.archive.org./web/20121009233545/http://wn.com/'Jewish democracy an oxymoron'
    NEW GIRL - Jewish Peter Pan from
    • Order:
    • Published: 08 Oct 2012
    • Duration: 0:39
    • Updated: 09 Oct 2012
    Author: FoxBroadcasting
    Don't miss an all-new episode of New Girl on TUE at 9/8c, on FOX! bit.ly (Follow on Twitter) bit.ly ("Like" on Facebook) bit.ly (+1 on Google+) Watch full episodes: bit.ly bit.ly (+1 on Google+) Watch full episodes: bit.ly
    http://web.archive.org./web/20121009233545/http://wn.com/NEW GIRL - Jewish Peter Pan from "Neighbors"
    I'm Jewish And You Know It - Official Parody to Sexy and I know it
    • Order:
    • Published: 13 Nov 2011
    • Duration: 3:44
    • Updated: 09 Oct 2012
    Author: agentkmedia
    Twitter: twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Wiki's FB Page: www.facebook.com Sexy and i know it - Parody version download: www.mediafire.com for acapella version contact: agentkmedia@gmail.com Making of & Bloopers By Roman Buchatsky: www.youtube.com Making the Shufflebot mask by Oleg Balzanov: www.youtube.com Video filmed, Directed & Edited by Kostya (Agent K) Vasilkov Lyrics: Andrey Migalovich & Kostya Vasilkov Singing: Yossi Shpayhler Cameraman: Vitali Buchatsky & David Keselman Assistant cameraman: Roman Buchatsky Camera: Canon 600d (t3i) Staff: Roman Buchatsky Yossi Shpayhler Andrey Migalovich Roman Levin Iliya Skoop Oleg Balzanov Orit-Svet Waissman Vitaly Buchatsky Yulia Buchatsky Christin Sinkevich Roman Feodorov Maria Feodorov Sergey Benkovich David Keselman Itay Litvin Dani Davidov Yuda Pinhas
    http://web.archive.org./web/20121009233545/http://wn.com/I'm Jewish And You Know It - Official Parody to Sexy and I know it
    Shit Christians Say to Jews
    • Order:
    • Published: 09 Jan 2012
    • Duration: 2:09
    • Updated: 08 Oct 2012
    Author: aZAHAproduction
    Disclaimer: This is a tribute/parody to "Shit Girls Say" & "Shit White Girls Say to Black Girls." Every phrase used is something that has actually been said to Allison Pearlman. PLEASE LIKE, SHARE, AND SUBSCRIBE!! THANK YOU!!! Starring: Allison Pearlman www.imdb.com www.facebook.com Written by: Allison Pearlman & Phil VanSpronsen Directed by: Phil VanSpronsen Edited by: Leanne Mertz Special Thanks: Sylvia & Oliver VanSpronsen Produced by: Susan Pearlman & ZAHA Productions Music: "Hava Nagila" is in the Public Domain
    http://web.archive.org./web/20121009233545/http://wn.com/Shit Christians Say to Jews
    Sukkot Festival in London: JN1 Talks with Jewish People Celebrating the Holiday
    • Order:
    • Published: 05 Oct 2012
    • Duration: 4:17
    • Updated: 08 Oct 2012
    Author: JewishNewsOne
    At present all over the world Jewish people are celebrating the festival of Sukkot. JN1 attended one of the festival days in the heart London, and asked Jewish people what the festival means to them.
    http://web.archive.org./web/20121009233545/http://wn.com/Sukkot Festival in London: JN1 Talks with Jewish People Celebrating the Holiday
    Renegade Jewish Settlers - Israel/Palestine
    • Order:
    • Published: 03 Sep 2012
    • Duration: 32:25
    • Updated: 09 Oct 2012
    Author: journeymanpictures
    For downloads and more information visit: www.journeyman.tv Ranging from plywood shacks to large suburban housing complexes, 300000 Israeli settlers now occupy outposts along Palestine's West Bank, increasing tension and grinding the two-state solution to a halt. "Jewish people have been here for 5000 years. We were given the opportunity to come back," one settler states. Originally a temporary occupation of Palestinian territories, illegal Jewish squatting outposts are on the rise, causing the fragile peace process to grind to a halt. At a thriving "counter-terrorism" shooting range, Jewish settlers can easily get their hands on guns, unlike their Palestinian neighbours. "We've got to be alert: Arabs infiltrate our settlements to steal and get information." As tensions escalate, the stand-off looks unlikely to change. "Settlers have learned that if they squat a site long enough, Israel will give them its approval, its infrastructure and its security." VBS.tv
    http://web.archive.org./web/20121009233545/http://wn.com/Renegade Jewish Settlers - Israel/Palestine
    Jewish Speed Dating Event in London: JN1's Celestina Olulode Goes Inside
    • Order:
    • Published: 26 Sep 2012
    • Duration: 4:51
    • Updated: 06 Oct 2012
    Author: JewishNewsOne
    With the interest of Jewish speed dating events rapidly increasing JN1 correspondent Celestina Olulode visited a speed dating event in London to find out what Jewish people are looking for in a modern speed dating environment, and how these events make it easier for Jewish people to meet one another.
    http://web.archive.org./web/20121009233545/http://wn.com/Jewish Speed Dating Event in London: JN1's Celestina Olulode Goes Inside
    Renegade Jewish Settlers Part 1/5
    • Order:
    • Published: 02 Jul 2012
    • Duration: 8:31
    • Updated: 09 Oct 2012
    Author: vice
    Jewish settlers in Palestine: the most notorious squatters in the world. Israeli settlers have been slowly nibbling away at Palestine's West Bank territory for four decades. 300000 setllers now occupy outposts that range in size from plywood shacks to full-blown suburban housing complexes. Their abundance has grounded the much-ballyhooed two-state solution to a halt. VICE correspondent Simon Ostrovsky travels from Tel Aviv to the remote West Bank outposts where young Israelis squat for the sake of their heritage. But first, Simon pops in for some quick counter-terrorism training with a member of Israel's Special Forces, just in case. Hosted by Simon Ostrovsky | Originally aired in 2012 on VICE.com Watch the whole series here Part 1/5: bit.ly Part 2/5: bit.ly Part 3/5: bit.ly Part 4/5: bit.ly Part 5/5: bit.ly Subscribe to VICE: youtube.com Check out our full video catalog: www.youtube.com Videos, daily editorial and more: vice.com Like VICE on Facebook fb.com Follow VICE on Twitter: twitter.com Read our tumblr: vicemag.tumblr.com
    http://web.archive.org./web/20121009233545/http://wn.com/Renegade Jewish Settlers Part 1/5
    • Order:
    • Published: 11 Jan 2012
    • Duration: 5:42
    • Updated: 09 Oct 2012
    Author: Andrew Lustig
    Written and Performed By: Andrew Lustig Filmed/Edited By: Tracie Karasik Produced By: Harold Messinger, Raffael Lomas, Andrew Lustig, Tracie Karasik Camera Equipment Provided By: Jacci Chanon, Harold Messinger Filmed At: Brandeis-Bardin Campus of the American Jewish University in Simi Valley, CA Music Selections: "Theme from Schindler's List" Artist: Itzhak Perlman, John Williams, & Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra AlbumL Cinema Serenade Composed By: John Williams "Watermark" Artist: Enya Album: Watermark Composed By: Enya/Roma Ryan Special Thanks To The Staff and Participants of BCI Aliyah 2011 ©2012 Andrew Lustig All Rights Reserved. ©2012 Tracie Karasik Media. All Rights Reserved. I am Jewish By Andrew Lustig (lustig.andrew@gmail.com) I am the collective pride and excitement that is felt when we find out that that new actor, that great athlete, his chief of staff... is Jewish I am the collective guilt and shame that is felt when we find out that that serial killer, that Ponzi schemer, that wife beater... is Jewish I am the Jewish star tattooed on the chest of the teenager who chooses to rebel against his parents' and grandparents' warnings of a lonely goyim cemetery by embracing that same Judaism and making permanent his Jewish identity I am all the words in Yiddish I've been called all my life that I still don't understand. I am going to all three Phish shows this weekend. I am my melody of Adon Olam. I am my melody of Adon Olam. The words may be the same but I am my <b>...</b>
    http://web.archive.org./web/20121009233545/http://wn.com/"I Am Jewish"
    Jewish anger as Swedish police claim latest anti-semitic Malmo attack was not hate crime
    • Order:
    • Published: 09 Oct 2012
    • Duration: 1:24
    • Updated: 09 Oct 2012
    Author: JewishNewsOne
    Police in Sweden have claimed they have "no indication" that a recent attack on the offices of the Jewish community centre in the city of Malmo was a hate crime. The police arrested and later released two 18-year-old men suspected of hurling a brick and a large firework at the entrance of the community's offices. Willy Silberstein of the Swedish Committee Against Anti-Semitism commented that he found the authorities' decision "very strange" and that when such incidents are not classified as hate crimes, it does not add to the credibility of government figures on anti-Semitism.
    http://web.archive.org./web/20121009233545/http://wn.com/Jewish anger as Swedish police claim latest anti-semitic Malmo attack was not hate crime
    Ahmadinejad Embraces the Jews! Rejects Zionism!
    • Order:
    • Published: 26 Sep 2012
    • Duration: 7:10
    • Updated: 09 Oct 2012
    Author: Joe Joseph
    A special thanks to YouTuber SuperUrbanWizard (www.youtube for this very important video. Did you know that a very large Jewish community lives in Iran?..and has done so for hundreds of years in total peace?....Here we see the president of Iran meeting with Jewish leaders in New York, 24th of September 2007, who go on to DENOUNCE the state of ISRAEL as having a ZIONIST government and agenda...The claim they stand for the REAL Jews of the world and present the president with an award for HELPING JEWS AROUND THE WORLD.....It will be a terrible crime if we let ISRAEL and the UNITED STATES start this war against IRAN. PLEASE SHARE THIS INFORMATION. For more information about this and other topics tune into Orion Talk Radio at: www.oriontalkradio.com This video is protected by the Fair Use Act. For educational purposes only!
    http://web.archive.org./web/20121009233545/http://wn.com/Ahmadinejad Embraces the Jews! Rejects Zionism!
    Top 2 Hottest Girls are Jewish: Mila Kunis, Bar Refaeli Are Most Beautiful - Maxim, Esquire Mags
    • Order:
    • Published: 09 Oct 2012
    • Duration: 1:01
    • Updated: 09 Oct 2012
    Author: JewishNewsOne
    The hottest ladies on the planet always tend to have a few similarities -- with 2012 heralding a new common theme -- the top two are both Jewish -- but the question is in which order. Esquire Magazine has just anointed Ukrainian-born brunette Mila Kunis as the world's sexiest babe. 29 year old Kunis immigrated to the US in 1991 with her parents and brother. Earlier this year, Maxim Magazine readers chose blonde bombshell Bar Refaeli as their most titillating beauty. Israeli Refaeli was also the cover model of the 2009 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit edition. Golden Globe nominee Kunis also came third in the Maxim poll and is currently the face of Christian Dior handbags. With both Jewish girls sitting pretty at the top of the beauty league, the world will be keeping abreast of which holds onto the coveted accolade next time around.
    http://web.archive.org./web/20121009233545/http://wn.com/Top 2 Hottest Girls are Jewish: Mila Kunis, Bar Refaeli Are Most Beautiful - Maxim, Esquire Mags
    RJC Presents:
    • Order:
    • Published: 27 Sep 2012
    • Duration: 9:17
    • Updated: 09 Oct 2012
    Author: RJCHQ
    The Republican Jewish Coalition presents "Perilous Times," a mini-documentary in which Israeli experts and everyday citizens candidly discuss their concerns about the US-Israel relationship under Pres. Obama. Among the notable experts consulted for this film are : • Zalman Shoval, former Israeli ambassador to the US and a highly-respected diplomat; • Oren Kessler, foreign affairs correspondent at the Jerusalem Post; • Barry Rubin, an expert on terrorism and Middle East affairs; • Jacob Levy, Israel's leading pollster and founder of Gallup Israel; • Itamar Marcus, founder and director of Palestinian Media Watch; and • Yair Shamir, leading Israeli businessman; former chair of El Al and Israel Aerospace; son of former PM Yitzhak Shamir. For more information about the RJC, visit www.RJCHQ.org.
    http://web.archive.org./web/20121009233545/http://wn.com/RJC Presents: "Perilous Times"
    • Jewish style - Official parody to PSY - GANGNAM STYLE (강남스타일)...4:25
    • 'Jewish democracy an oxymoron'...11:20
    • NEW GIRL - Jewish Peter Pan from "Neighbors"...0:39
    • I'm Jewish And You Know It - Official Parody to Sexy and I know it...3:44
    • Shit Christians Say to Jews...2:09
    • Sukkot Festival in London: JN1 Talks with Jewish People Celebrating the Holiday...4:17
    • Renegade Jewish Settlers - Israel/Palestine...32:25
    • Jewish Speed Dating Event in London: JN1's Celestina Olulode Goes Inside...4:51
    • Renegade Jewish Settlers Part 1/5...8:31
    • "I Am Jewish"...5:42
    • Jewish anger as Swedish police claim latest anti-semitic Malmo attack was not hate crime...1:24
    • Ahmadinejad Embraces the Jews! Rejects Zionism!...7:10
    • Top 2 Hottest Girls are Jewish: Mila Kunis, Bar Refaeli Are Most Beautiful - Maxim, Esquire Mags...1:01
    • RJC Presents: "Perilous Times"...9:17
    Twitter: twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Wicki's FB Page: www.facebook.com Roman Buchatsky: www.facebook.com Jewish Style --Song download: www.mediafire.com For acapella version contact: agentkmedia@gmail.com Mix & Master: Yossi "Joseph" Cohen FB page: www.facebook.com YouTube: www.youtube.com Video Produced by Kostya (Agent K) Vasilkov & Roman Buchatsky (Rom's Studio's) Filmed & Edited by Kostya Vasilkov Lyrics: Andrey Migalovich, Kostya Vasilkov. Roman Buchatsky & Vitaly Buchatsky Singing: Yossi Shpayhler & Roman Buchatsky Choreography: Dima Maryanovsky (BeStreet) Props: Oleg Balzanov & Roman Buchatsky Camera: Canon 600d (t3i) Original Song PSY - GANGNAM STYLE (강남스타일): www.youtube.com Staff: Kostya Vasilkov Roman Buchatsky Yossi Shpayhler Andrey Migalovich Roman Levin Iliya Skoop Oleg Balzanov Anya Vinokurov Vitaly Buchatsky Yulia Buchatsky Dan Vasilkov Feliks Bondarevski Special Thanks to: BeStreet Studio Cocktail Of Madness NoComment Crew Yossi (Joseph) Cohen Shai Fishman (Fish-I Studios) Dancers: Kc Elkun Adam Gil Shelly Karako Yonatan Jedeikin Shirtal Rash Sapir Simhi Ori Meyer Moshe Shabat Elad Hen Ross Galimov Dima Maryanovsky Dana Malhov
    4:25
    Jew­ish style - Of­fi­cial par­o­dy to PSY - GANG­NAM STYLE (강남스타일)
    Twit­ter: twitter.​com Face­book: www.​facebook.​com Wicki's FB Page: www.​facebook.​com Roma...
    pub­lished: 19 Sep 2012
    11:20
    'Jew­ish democ­ra­cy an oxy­moron'
    RT's Paula Slier in­ter­views for­mer Knes­set speak­er Avra­ham Burg on Is­rael's fu­ture...
    pub­lished: 06 Oct 2012
    0:39
    NEW GIRL - Jew­ish Peter Pan from "Neigh­bors"
    Don't miss an all-new episode of New Girl on TUE at 9/8c, on FOX! bit.​ly (Fol­low on Tw...
    pub­lished: 08 Oct 2012
    3:44
    I'm Jew­ish And You Know It - Of­fi­cial Par­o­dy to Sexy and I know it
    Twit­ter: twitter.​com Face­book: www.​facebook.​com Wiki's FB Page: www.​facebook.​com Sexy ...
    pub­lished: 13 Nov 2011
    2:09
    Shit Chris­tians Say to Jews
    Dis­claimer: This is a trib­ute/par­o­dy to "Shit Girls Say" & "Shit White ...
    pub­lished: 09 Jan 2012
    4:17
    Sukkot Fes­ti­val in Lon­don: JN1 Talks with Jew­ish Peo­ple Cel­e­brat­ing the Hol­i­day
    At pre­sent all over the world Jew­ish peo­ple are cel­e­brat­ing the fes­ti­val of Sukkot. JN1 at...
    pub­lished: 05 Oct 2012
    32:25
    Rene­gade Jew­ish Set­tlers - Is­rael/Pales­tine
    For down­loads and more in­for­ma­tion visit: www.​journeyman.​tv Rang­ing from ply­wood shacks to...
    pub­lished: 03 Sep 2012
    4:51
    Jew­ish Speed Dat­ing Event in Lon­don: JN1's Ce­lesti­na Olu­lode Goes In­side
    With the in­ter­est of Jew­ish speed dat­ing events rapid­ly in­creas­ing JN1 cor­re­spon­dent Celes...
    pub­lished: 26 Sep 2012
    8:31
    Rene­gade Jew­ish Set­tlers Part 1/5
    Jew­ish set­tlers in Pales­tine: the most no­to­ri­ous squat­ters in the world. Is­raeli set­tlers ...
    pub­lished: 02 Jul 2012
    Au­thor: vice
    5:42
    "I Am Jew­ish"
    Writ­ten and Per­formed By: An­drew Lustig Filmed/Edit­ed By: Tra­cie Karasik Pro­duced By: Haro...
    pub­lished: 11 Jan 2012
    Au­thor: An­drew Lustig
    1:24
    Jew­ish anger as Swedish po­lice claim lat­est an­ti-semitic Malmo at­tack was not hate crime
    Po­lice in Swe­den have claimed they have "no in­di­ca­tion" that a re­cent at­tack on ...
    pub­lished: 09 Oct 2012
    7:10
    Ah­madine­jad Em­braces the Jews! Re­jects Zion­ism!
    A spe­cial thanks to YouTu­ber Su­pe­rUr­ban­Wiz­ard (www.​youtube for this very im­por­tant video. ...
    pub­lished: 26 Sep 2012
    Au­thor: Joe Joseph
    1:01
    Top 2 Hottest Girls are Jew­ish: Mila Kunis, Bar Re­faeli Are Most Beau­ti­ful - Maxim, Es­quire Mags
    The hottest ladies on the plan­et al­ways tend to have a few sim­i­lar­i­ties -- with 2012 heral...
    pub­lished: 09 Oct 2012
    9:17
    RJC Pre­sents: "Per­ilous Times"
    The Re­pub­li­can Jew­ish Coali­tion pre­sents "Per­ilous Times," a mi­ni-doc­u­men­tary in...
    pub­lished: 27 Sep 2012
    Au­thor: RJCHQ
    Vimeo results:
    4:16
    This Is­re­al
    Watch my new video! Lost in the Alps... tinyurl.​com/​78zjdzb Please watch and share! :D A ...
    pub­lished: 20 Oct 2011
    4:22
    The Great Schlep
    Sarah Sil­ver­man wants Jews to gets their butts down to Flori­da for The Great Schlep. Go t...
    pub­lished: 24 Sep 2008
    4:44
    The Nine­ty-Nine Pound Pow­er­lifter
    pub­lished: 02 Jul 2012
    1:38
    Paul Rudd: Bat Mitz­vah DJ
    Be­fore "Din­ner for Schmucks," "I Love You, Man," and "Clue­less" Paul Rudd helped you cheat...
    pub­lished: 03 Aug 2010

    Youtube results:
    1:02
    DNC Coun­ty Chair­man: Chris­tians Want Jew­ish Peo­ple to Die
    Mark Alan Siegel, Palm Beach Coun­ty Demo­crat Chair­man, makes some rather an­ti-Chris­tian st...
    pub­lished: 05 Sep 2012
    8:44
    Iran's Jew­ish Com­mu­ni­ty
    Iran, a coun­try with a pop­u­la­tion of 70 mil­lion, en­joys var­i­ous eth­nic­i­ties and re­li­gions....
    pub­lished: 01 Oct 2012
    3:28
    Jews You Don't See Demon­strat­ing AGAINST Is­rael & Bru­tal­ly Beat­en
    We're not al­lowed to steal. We're not al­lowed to kill. So all that is being done t...
    pub­lished: 24 Aug 2012
    28:32
    Eco­nom­ic Ter­ror­ism: Kevin Free­man on Jew­ish Voice with Jonathan Ber­nis, Au­gust 20, 2012
    Kevin Free­man, au­thor of Se­cret Weapon, dis­cuss­es the eco­nom­ic ter­ror­ism that has led to f...
    pub­lished: 17 Aug 2012




    • A Jewish settler hangs and Israeli flag in the unauthorized West Bank Jewish settlement of Migron. Sunday, Aug. 26, 2012.
      AP / Sebastian Scheiner
    • Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu delivers a speech in front of dozens of pupils on the first day of the school year in the Jewish settlement of Efrat in the West Bank
      AP / Gali Tibbon, Pool
    • The Great Synagogue caters to Sydney's Jewish community, which date back to the earliest days of the colony.
      Creative Commons / Sardaka
    • Large courtyards front the buildings in Shmuel HaNavi. The project was largely populated by Sephardi Jewish immigrants from North Africa.
      Creative Commons / Yoninah
    • Jewish Cemetery.
      Creative Commons / Torbenbrinker
    • Sunday, a South Sudanese migrant worker is comforted by her friends after two of her five children boarded a bus leaving to Ben Gurion airport enroute to South Sudan from Tel Aviv, Israel, Wednesday, July 11, 2012. Israel is expelling an additional 150 South Sudanese as part of its campaign to reduce the number of African migrants who have slipped illegally into the Jewish state.
      AP / Ariel Schalit
    • released by the Egyptian President, Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi, center, and Field Marshal Gen. Hussein Tantawi, right, visit soldiers in El Arish, Egypt's northern Sinai Peninsula. Egypt vows to take on Islamist militants who have turned the Sinai peninsula bordering Israel into a lawless haven and are suspected of killing 16 Egyptian troops as the fighters were en route to a failed assault on the Jewish state. Morsi pledged that now, Egypt's military will go after the militants in the Si
      AP / Egyptian Presidency
    • A Jewish slave trader being presented to Boleslas of Bohemia. One of Boleslav's major concerns was the tribute paid yearly to the East Frankish kings.
      Creative Commons / Sodabottle
    • Acre Railway Station. Ethnic tensions erupted in the city on October 8, 2008 after an Arab citizen drove through a predominantly Jewish neighborhood during Yom Kippur, leading to five days of violence
      Creative Commons / Reinhard Dietrich
    • Michael Schudrich, Chief Rabbi of Polish, a lecture in the Kupa synagogue during the Jewish Culture Festival in Krakow
      Creative Commons / Slav
    • Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki. The Jewish population in Greece was the oldest in mainland Europe, and was mostly Sephardic.
      Creative Commons
    • Jerusalem, Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery
      Creative Commons / Berthold Werner
    • A Palestinian farmer cuts grapes off a vine from a field cultivated in the former Israeli settlement of Neve Dekalim, which was dismantled in 2005, close to Khan Yunis, in the southern Gaza Strip. June 13,2012. Palestinians harvest grapes on a former Jewish settlement in the Gaza Strip. The grapes are for local consumption within the Hamas ruled Gaza Strip. Photo By Ahmed Deeb/wn
      WN / Ahmed Deeb
    • A Palestinian farmer cuts grapes off a vine from a field cultivated in the former Israeli settlement of Neve Dekalim, which was dismantled in 2005, close to Khan Yunis, in the southern Gaza Strip. June 13,2012. Palestinians harvest grapes on a former Jewish settlement in the Gaza Strip. The grapes are for local consumption within the Hamas ruled Gaza Strip. Photo By Ahmed Deeb/wn
      WN / Ahmed Deeb
    • A Palestinian farmer cuts grapes off a vine from a field cultivated in the former Israeli settlement of Neve Dekalim, which was dismantled in 2005, close to Khan Yunis, in the southern Gaza Strip. June 13,2012. Palestinians harvest grapes on a former Jewish settlement in the Gaza Strip. The grapes are for local consumption within the Hamas ruled Gaza Strip. Photo By Ahmed Deeb/wn
      WN / Ahmed Deeb
    • A Palestinian farmer cuts grapes off a vine from a field cultivated in the former Israeli settlement of Neve Dekalim, which was dismantled in 2005, close to Khan Yunis, in the southern Gaza Strip. June 13,2012. Palestinians harvest grapes on a former Jewish settlement in the Gaza Strip. The grapes are for local consumption within the Hamas ruled Gaza Strip. Photo By Ahmed Deeb/wn
      WN / Ahmed Deeb
    • A Palestinian farmer cuts grapes off a vine from a field cultivated in the former Israeli settlement of Neve Dekalim, which was dismantled in 2005, close to Khan Yunis, in the southern Gaza Strip. June 13,2012. Palestinians harvest grapes on a former Jewish settlement in the Gaza Strip. The grapes are for local consumption within the Hamas ruled Gaza Strip. Photo By Ahmed Deeb/wn
      WN / Ahmed Deeb
    • A Palestinian farmer cuts grapes off a vine from a field cultivated in the former Israeli settlement of Neve Dekalim, which was dismantled in 2005, close to Khan Yunis, in the southern Gaza Strip. June 13,2012. Palestinians harvest grapes on a former Jewish settlement in the Gaza Strip. The grapes are for local consumption within the Hamas ruled Gaza Strip. Photo By Ahmed Deeb/wn
      WN / Ahmed Deeb
    • A Palestinian farmer cuts grapes off a vine from a field cultivated in the former Israeli settlement of Neve Dekalim, which was dismantled in 2005, close to Khan Yunis, in the southern Gaza Strip. June 13,2012. Palestinians harvest grapes on a former Jewish settlement in the Gaza Strip. The grapes are for local consumption within the Hamas ruled Gaza Strip. Photo By Ahmed Deeb/wn
      WN / Ahmed Deeb
    • A Palestinian farmer cuts grapes off a vine from a field cultivated in the former Israeli settlement of Neve Dekalim, which was dismantled in 2005, close to Khan Yunis, in the southern Gaza Strip. June 13,2012. Palestinians harvest grapes on a former Jewish settlement in the Gaza Strip. The grapes are for local consumption within the Hamas ruled Gaza Strip. Photo By Ahmed Deeb/wn
      WN / Ahmed Deeb
    • A Palestinian farmer cuts grapes off a vine from a field cultivated in the former Israeli settlement of Neve Dekalim, which was dismantled in 2005, close to Khan Yunis, in the southern Gaza Strip. June 13,2012. Palestinians harvest grapes on a former Jewish settlement in the Gaza Strip. The grapes are for local consumption within the Hamas ruled Gaza Strip. Photo By Ahmed Deeb/wn
      WN / Ahmed Deeb
    • A Palestinian farmer cuts grapes off a vine from a field cultivated in the former Israeli settlement of Neve Dekalim, which was dismantled in 2005, close to Khan Yunis, in the southern Gaza Strip. June 13,2012. Palestinians harvest grapes on a former Jewish settlement in the Gaza Strip. The grapes are for local consumption within the Hamas ruled Gaza Strip. Photo By Ahmed Deeb/wn
      WN / Ahmed Deeb
    • A Palestinian farmer cuts grapes off a vine from a field cultivated in the former Israeli settlement of Neve Dekalim, which was dismantled in 2005, close to Khan Yunis, in the southern Gaza Strip. June 13,2012. Palestinians harvest grapes on a former Jewish settlement in the Gaza Strip. The grapes are for local consumption within the Hamas ruled Gaza Strip. Photo By Ahmed Deeb/wn
      WN / Ahmed Deeb
    • A Palestinian farmer cuts grapes off a vine from a field cultivated in the former Israeli settlement of Neve Dekalim, which was dismantled in 2005, close to Khan Yunis, in the southern Gaza Strip. June 13,2012. Palestinians harvest grapes on a former Jewish settlement in the Gaza Strip. The grapes are for local consumption within the Hamas ruled Gaza Strip. Photo By Ahmed Deeb/wn
      WN / Ahmed Deeb
    • A Palestinian farmer cuts grapes off a vine from a field cultivated in the former Israeli settlement of Neve Dekalim, which was dismantled in 2005, close to Khan Yunis, in the southern Gaza Strip. June 13,2012. Palestinians harvest grapes on a former Jewish settlement in the Gaza Strip. The grapes are for local consumption within the Hamas ruled Gaza Strip. Photo By Ahmed Deeb/wn
      WN / Ahmed Deeb
    • A Palestinian farmer cuts grapes off a vine from a field cultivated in the former Israeli settlement of Neve Dekalim, which was dismantled in 2005, close to Khan Yunis, in the southern Gaza Strip. June 13,2012. Palestinians harvest grapes on a former Jewish settlement in the Gaza Strip. The grapes are for local consumption within the Hamas ruled Gaza Strip. Photo By Ahmed Deeb/wn
      WN / Ahmed Deeb
    • A Palestinian farmer cuts grapes off a vine from a field cultivated in the former Israeli settlement of Neve Dekalim, which was dismantled in 2005, close to Khan Yunis, in the southern Gaza Strip. June 13,2012. Palestinians harvest grapes on a former Jewish settlement in the Gaza Strip. The grapes are for local consumption within the Hamas ruled Gaza Strip. Photo By Ahmed Deeb/wn
      WN / Ahmed Deeb
    • A Palestinian farmer cuts grapes off a vine from a field cultivated in the former Israeli settlement of Neve Dekalim, which was dismantled in 2005, close to Khan Yunis, in the southern Gaza Strip. June 13,2012. Palestinians harvest grapes on a former Jewish settlement in the Gaza Strip. The grapes are for local consumption within the Hamas ruled Gaza Strip. Photo By Ahmed Deeb/wn
      WN / Ahmed Deeb
    • A Palestinian farmer cuts grapes off a vine from a field cultivated in the former Israeli settlement of Neve Dekalim, which was dismantled in 2005, close to Khan Yunis, in the southern Gaza Strip. June 13,2012. Palestinians harvest grapes on a former Jewish settlement in the Gaza Strip. The grapes are for local consumption within the Hamas ruled Gaza Strip. Photo By Ahmed Deeb/wn
      WN / Ahmed Deeb
    • A Palestinian farmer cuts grapes off a vine from a field cultivated in the former Israeli settlement of Neve Dekalim, which was dismantled in 2005, close to Khan Yunis, in the southern Gaza Strip. June 13,2012. Palestinians harvest grapes on a former Jewish settlement in the Gaza Strip. The grapes are for local consumption within the Hamas ruled Gaza Strip. Photo By Ahmed Deeb/wn
      WN / Ahmed Deeb


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    Jews
    Hebrew: יהודים‎ (Yehudim)
    Total population
    13,428,300 [1]
    Regions with significant populations
     Israel 5,703,700 [1]
     United States 5,275,000 [1]
     France 483,500 [1]
     Canada 375,000 [1]
     United Kingdom 292,000 [1]
     Russia 205,000 [1]
     Argentina 182,300 [1]
     Germany 119,000 [1]
     Australia 107,500 [1]
     Brazil 95,600 [1]
     Ukraine 71,500 [1]
     South Africa 70,800 [1]
     Hungary 48,600 [1]
     Mexico 39,400 [1]
     Belgium 30,300 [1]
     Netherlands 30,000 [1]
     Italy 28,400 [1]
     Chile 20,500 [1]
    Languages

    Predominant spoken languages:
    Hebrew · English · Russian · the vernacular languages of other countries in the diaspora

    Historical languages:
    Yiddish · Ladino · Judeo-Arabic · others

    Sacred languages:
    Biblical Hebrew · Aramaic

    Religion

    Star of David.svg Judaism

    The Jews (Hebrew: יְהוּדִים‎‎ ISO 259-3 Yhudim Israeli pronunciation [jehuˈdim]), also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and an ethnoreligious group, originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation.[2][3][4] Converts to Judaism, whose status as Jews within the Jewish ethnos is equal to those born into it, have been absorbed into the Jewish people throughout the millennia.

    In Jewish tradition, Jewish ancestry is traced to the Biblical patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the second millennium BCE. The modern State of Israel defines itself as a Jewish state in its Basic Laws, and Israel's Law of Return states: "Every Jew has the right to come to this country as an oleh."[5] Israel is the only country where Jews are a majority of the population. Jews achieved political autonomy twice before in ancient history. The first of these periods lasted from 1350[6] to 586 BCE, and encompassed the periods of the Judges, the United Monarchy, and the Divided Monarchy of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, ending with the destruction of the First Temple. The second was the period of the Hasmonean Kingdom spanning from 140 to 37 BCE. Since the destruction of the First Temple, most Jews have lived in diaspora.[7] A minority in every country in which they live (except Israel), they have frequently experienced persecution throughout history, resulting in a population that has fluctuated both in numbers and distribution over the centuries.

    As of 2010, the world Jewish population was estimated at 13.4 million by the North American Jewish Data Bank,[1] or roughly 0.2% of the total world population. According to this report, about 42.5% of all Jews reside in Israel (5.7 million), and 39.3% in the United States (5.3 million), with most of the remainder living in Europe (1.5 million) and Canada (0.4 million).[1] These numbers include all those who consider themselves Jews, whether or not they are affiliated with a Jewish organization. The total world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure. In addition to issues with census methodology, there are halakhic disputes regarding who is a Jew and secular, political, and ancestral identification factors that may affect the figure considerably.[8]

    Contents

    Name and etymology[link]

    The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, a loan from Old French giu, earlier juieu, ultimately from Latin Iudaeum. The Latin Iudaeus simply means Judaean, "from the land of Judaea". The Latin term itself, like the corresponding Greek Ἰουδαῖος, is a loan from Aramaic Y'hūdāi, corresponding to Hebrew: יְהוּדִי‎‎, Yehudi (sg.); יְהוּדִים, Yehudim (pl.), in origin the term for a member of the tribe of Judah or the people of the kingdom of Judah. The name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob.[9]

    The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced [jehuˈdi], with the stress on the final syllable, in Israeli Hebrew, in its basic form.[10]

    The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio (sg.); ג׳ודיוס, Djudios (pl.); Yiddish: ייִד Yid (sg.); ייִדן, Yidn (pl.).

    The etymological equivalent is in use in other languages, e.g., "Yahoud"/"Yahoudi" (Arabic: يهود/يهودي‎) in Arabic language, "Jude" in German, "judeu" in Portuguese, "juif" in French, "jøde" in Danish, "judío" in Spanish, "joodse" in Dutch, etc., but derivations of the word "Hebrew" are also in use to describe a Jew, e.g., in Italian (Ebreo), in Persian ("Ebri/Ebrani" (Persian: عبری/عبرانی‎)) and Russian (Еврей, Yevrey).[11] The German word "Jude" is pronounced [ˈjuːdə], the corresponding adjective "jüdisch" [ˈjyːdɪʃ] (Jewish) is the origin of the word "Yiddish".[12] (See Jewish ethnonyms for a full overview.)

    According to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (2000):

    It is widely recognized that the attributive use of the noun Jew, in phrases such as Jew lawyer or Jew ethics, is both vulgar and highly offensive. In such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a practice that carries risks of its own. In a sentence such as There are now several Jews on the council, which is unobjectionable, the substitution of a circumlocution like Jewish people or persons of Jewish background may in itself cause offense for seeming to imply that Jew has a negative connotation when used as a noun.[13]

    Origins[link]

    According to their tradition, the Jewish people originated from the Israelites of the Southern Levant, who had several independent states before being overtaken first by the Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and later the Roman Empire, with a large portion of the population being scattered throughout the world. According to the Hebrew Bible, all Israelites were descended from Abraham, who was born in the Sumerian city of Ur, and migrated to Canaan (commonly known as the Land of Israel) with his family. Genetic studies on Jews show that most Jews worldwide do indeed bear a common genetic heritage which originates in the Middle East, and that they bear their strongest resemblance to the peoples of the Fertile Crescent, with only minor contribution from their host populations[14] (historically due to the taboo on intermarriage in Jewish tradition, the low number of converts to Judaism, as well as the general isolations and persecutions of Jews throughout history). According to some Biblical archaeologists, however, Israelite culture did not overtake the region, but rather grew out of Canaanite culture.

    Judaism[link]

    Judaism guides its adherents in both practice and belief, and has been called not only a religion, but also a "way of life,"[15] which has made drawing a clear distinction between Judaism, Jewish culture, and Jewish identity rather difficult. Throughout history, in eras and places as diverse as the ancient Hellenic world,[16] in Europe before and after The Age of Enlightenment (see Haskalah),[17] in Islamic Spain and Portugal,[18] in North Africa and the Middle East,[18] India,[19] and China,[20] or the contemporary United States[21] and Israel,[22] cultural phenomena have developed that are in some sense characteristically Jewish without being at all specifically religious. Some factors in this come from within Judaism, others from the interaction of Jews or specific communities of Jews with their surroundings, others from the inner social and cultural dynamics of the community, as opposed to from the religion itself. This phenomenon has led to considerably different Jewish cultures unique to their own communities, each as authentically Jewish as the next.[23]

    Who is a Jew?[link]

    Judaism shares some of the characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion, and a culture, making the definition of who is a Jew vary slightly depending on whether a religious or national approach to identity is used.[24] Generally, in modern secular usage, Jews include three groups: people who were born to a Jewish family regardless of whether or not they follow the religion; those who have some Jewish ancestral background or lineage (sometimes including those who do not have strictly matrilineal descent); and people without any Jewish ancestral background or lineage who have formally converted to Judaism and therefore are followers of the religion.[25]

    Historical definitions of Jewish identity have traditionally been based on halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions. Historical definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the oral tradition into the Babylonian Talmud. Interpretations of sections of the Tanakh, such as Deuteronomy 7:1–5, by learned Jewish sages, are used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews because "[the non-Jewish husband] will cause your child to turn away from Me and they will worship the gods of others." Leviticus 24:10 says that the son in a marriage between a Hebrew woman and an Egyptian man is "of the community of Israel." This is complemented by Ezra 10:2–3, where Israelites returning from Babylon vow to put aside their gentile wives and their children.[26][27] Since the Haskalah, these halakhic interpretations of Jewish identity have been challenged.[28]

    At times, conversion has accounted for a substantial part of Jewish population growth. In the first century of the Christian era, for example, the population more than doubled, from four to 8–10 million within the confines of the Roman Empire, in good part as a result of a wave of conversion.[29]

    Ethnic divisions[link]

    Within the world's Jewish population there are distinct ethnic divisions, most of which are primarily the result of geographic branching from an originating Israelite population, and subsequent independent evolutions. An array of Jewish communities were established by Jewish settlers in various places around the Old World, often at great distances from one another resulting in effective and often long-term isolation from each other. During the millennia of the Jewish diaspora the communities would develop under the influence of their local environments; political, cultural, natural, and populational. Today, manifestation of these differences among the Jews can be observed in Jewish cultural expressions of each community, including Jewish linguistic diversity, culinary preferences, liturgical practices, religious interpretations, as well as degrees and sources of genetic admixture.[30]

    Jews are often identified as belonging to one of two major groups: the Ashkenazim, or "Germanics" (Ashkenaz meaning "Germany" in Medieval Hebrew, denoting their Central European base), and the Sephardim, or "Hispanics" (Sefarad meaning "Spain/Hispania" or "Iberia" in Hebrew, denoting their Spanish, and Portuguese, base). The Mizrahim, or "Easterners" (Mizrach being "East" in Hebrew), that is, the diverse collection of Middle Eastern and North African Jews, constitute a third major group, although they are sometimes termed Sephardi for liturgical reasons.[31]

    Smaller groups include, but are not restricted to, Indian Jews such as the Bene Israel, Bnei Menashe, Cochin Jews, and Bene Ephraim; the Romaniotes of Greece; the Italian Jews ("Italkim" or "Bené Roma"); the Teimanim from Yemen and Oman; various African Jews, including most numerously the Beta Israel of Ethiopia; and Chinese Jews, most notably the Kaifeng Jews, as well as various other distinct but now almost extinct communities.[32]

    The divisions between all these groups are approximate and their boundaries are not always clear. The Mizrahim for example, are a heterogeneous collection of North African, Central Asian, Caucasian, and Middle Eastern Jewish communities that are often as unrelated to each other as they are to any of the earlier mentioned Jewish groups. In modern usage, however, the Mizrahim are sometimes termed Sephardi due to similar styles of liturgy, despite independent development from Sephardim proper. Thus, among Mizrahim there are Egyptian Jews, Iraqi Jews, Lebanese Jews, Kurdish Jews, Libyan Jews, Syrian Jews, Bukharian Jews, Mountain Jews, Georgian Jews, Iranian Jews and various others. The Teimanim from Yemen and Oman are sometimes included, although their style of liturgy is unique and they differ in respect to the admixture found among them to that found in Mizrahim. In addition, there is a differentiation made between Sephardi migrants who established themselves in the Middle East and North Africa after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal in the 1490s and the pre-existing Jewish communities in those regions.[32]

    Despite this diversity, Ashkenazi Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry, with at least 70% of Jews worldwide (and up to 90% prior to World War II and the Holocaust). As a result of their emigration from Europe, Ashkenazim also represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents, in countries such as the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and Brazil. In France, emigration of Jews from North Africa has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim .[33] Only in Israel is the Jewish population representative of all groups, a melting pot independent of each group's proportion within the overall world Jewish population.[34]

    Languages[link]

    Hebrew is the liturgical language of Judaism (termed l'shon ha-kodesh, "the holy tongue"), the language in which the Hebrew scriptures (Tanakh) were composed, and the daily speech of the Jewish people for centuries. By the 5th century BCE, Aramaic, a closely related tongue, joined Hebrew as the spoken language in Judea.[35] By the third century BCE, Jews of the diaspora were speaking Greek.[36]

    For centuries, Jews worldwide have spoken the local or dominant languages of the regions they migrated to, often developing distinctive dialectal forms or branches that became independent languages. Yiddish is the Judæo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe. Ladino is the Judæo-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who migrated to the Iberian peninsula. Due to many factors, including the impact of the Holocaust on European Jewry, the Jewish exodus from Arab lands, and widespread emigration from other Jewish communities around the world, ancient and distinct Jewish languages of several communities, including Gruzinic, Judæo-Arabic, Judæo-Berber, Krymchak, Judæo-Malayalam and many others, have largely fallen out of use.[37]

    For over sixteen centuries Hebrew was used almost exclusively as a liturgical language, and as the language in which most books had been written on Judaism, with a few speaking only Hebrew on the Sabbath.[38] Hebrew was revived as a spoken language by Eliezer ben Yehuda, who arrived in Palestine in 1881. It had not been used as a mother tongue since Tannaic times.[35] Modern Hebrew is now one of the two official languages of the State of Israel along with Arabic.[39]

    The three most commonly spoken languages among Jews today are Hebrew, English and Russian. Some Romance languages, such as French and Spanish, are also widely used.[37] Yiddish has been spoken by more Jews in history than any other language,[40] but it is far less used today, after the Holocaust and the adoption of Hebrew by the Zionist movement, then Israel.

    Genetic studies[link]

    Genetic studies indicate various lineages found in modern Jewish populations; however, most of these populations share a lineage in common, traceable to an ancient population that underwent geographic branching and subsequent independent evolutions.[41] While DNA tests have demonstrated inter-marriage in all of the various Jewish ethnic divisions over the last 3,000 years, it was substantially less than in other populations.[42] The findings lend support to traditional Jewish accounts accrediting their founding to exiled Israelite populations, and counters theories that many or most of the world's Jewish populations were founded entirely by local populations that adopted the Jewish religion, devoid of any actual Israelite genetic input.[42]

    DNA analysis further determined that modern Jews of the priesthood tribe—"Kohanim"—share an ancestor dating back about 3,000 years.[43] This result is consistent for all Jewish populations around the world.[43] The researchers estimated that the most recent common ancestor of modern Kohanim lived between 1000 BCE (roughly the time of the Biblical Exodus) and 586 BCE, when the Babylonians destroyed the First Temple.[44] They found similar results analyzing DNA from Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews.[44] The scientists estimated the date of the original priest based on genetic mutations, which indicated that the priest lived roughly 106 generations ago, between 2,650 and 3,180 years ago depending whether one counts a generation as 25 or 30 years.[44] These Jews belong to the haplotypes J1e and J2a. However, more recent research has shown that many ethnic groups in the Middle East and Mediterranean area also share this genetic profile.[45]

    Although individual and groups of converts to Judaism have historically been absorbed into contemporary Jewish populations, it is unlikely that they formed a large percentage of the ancestors of modern Jewish groups, and much less that they represented their genesis as Jewish communities.[41][46]

    Biologist Robert Pollack stated in 2003 that one cannot determine the biological "Jewishness" of an individual because "there are no DNA sequences common to all Jews and absent from all non-Jews".[47] A 2009 study was able to genetically identify individuals with full or partial Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry.[48]

    Male lineages: Y chromosomal DNA[link]

    A study published by the National Academy of Sciences found that "the paternal gene pools of Jewish communities from Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East descended from a common Middle Eastern ancestral population", and suggested that "most Jewish communities have remained relatively isolated from neighboring non-Jewish communities during and after the Diaspora".[41] Researchers expressed surprise at the remarkable genetic uniformity they found among modern Jews, no matter where the diaspora has become dispersed around the world.[41]

    Other Y-chromosome findings show that the world's Jewish communities are closely related to Kurds, Syrians and Palestinians.[43][49] Skorecki and colleague wrote that "the extremely close affinity of Jewish and non-Jewish Middle Eastern populations observed ... supports the hypothesis of a common Middle Eastern origin".[43] According to another study of the same year, more than 70% of Jewish men and half of the Arab men (inhabitants of Israel and the territories only) whose DNA was studied inherited their Y-chromosomes from the same paternal ancestors who lived in the region within the last few thousand years. The results are consistent with the Biblical account of Jews and Arabs having a common ancestor. About two-thirds of Israeli Arabs and Arabs in the territories and a similar proportion of Israeli Jews are the descendants of at least three common ancestors who lived in the Middle East in the Neolithic period. However, the Palestinian Arab clade includes two Arab modal haplotypes which are found at only very low frequency among Jews, reflecting divergence and/or large scale admixture from non-local populations to the Palestinians.[50]

    A study of haplotypes of the Y-chromosome, published in 2000, addressed the paternal origins of Ashkenazi Jews. Hammer et al.[41] found that the Y chromosome of some Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews contained mutations that are also common among Middle Eastern peoples, but uncommon in the general European population. This suggested that the male ancestors of the Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to the Middle East. The proportion of male genetic admixture in Ashkenazi Jews amounts to less than 0.5% per generation over an estimated 80 generations, with "relatively minor contribution of European Y chromosomes to the Ashkenazim," and a total admixture estimate "very similar to Motulsky's average estimate of 12.5%." This supported the finding that "Diaspora Jews from Europe, Northwest Africa, and the Near East resemble each other more closely than they resemble their non-Jewish neighbors." However, when all haplotypes were included in the analysis, m (the admixture percentage) increased to 23% ± 7%. In addition, of the Jewish populations in this cluster, the Ashkenazim were closest to South European populations, specifically the Greeks.[41]

    In Jewish populations, Haplogroup J1 (defined by the 267 marker) constitutes 30% of the Yemenite Jews[51] 20.0% of the Ashkenazim results and 12% of the Sephardic results.[51][52][53][54] However, J1 is most frequent in Yemen (76%),[55][56] Saudi (64%),[57] Qatar (58%).[56] J1 is generally frequent amongst Negev Bedouins (62%[58]). It is also very common among other Arabs such as those of the Levant, i.e. Palestinian (38.4%),[52] Syria (30%), Lebanon (25%).[59][60] In Europe, higher frequencies have been reported in the central Adriatic regions of Italy: Gargano (17.2%),[61] Pescara (15%),[61] in the Mediterranean Paola (11.1%)[61] and in South Sicilian Ragusa (10.7%).[62] Fairly high frequencies have also been reported in other nearby Mediterranean areas: Crete (8.3%),[63] Malta (7.8%), Cyprus (6.2%),[64] Greece (5.3%).[63]

    Haplogroup J2 which is found in the Sephardic Jews (29%)[65] and Ashkenazi Jews (23%),[65] or 19%.[66] is found mainly in the Fertile Crescent, the Caucasus,[67] Anatolia, the Balkans, Italy, the Mediterranean littoral, the Iranian plateau, Central Asia, and South Asia.[65] More specifically, it is found in Iraq,[68] Syria, Lebanon,[69] Turkey, Israel, Palestine, Greece, Italy and the eastern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula,[61] and more frequently in Iraqis 29.7%,[70] Lebanese 25%,[71] Palestinians 16.8%,[65] Syrians 22.5%,[72] Kurds 28.4%, Saudi Arabia 15.92%,[73] Jordan 14.3%, Oman 10–15%,[74] UAE 10.4%, Yemen 9.7%,[56] in Israel,[65] in Palestine,[65] and in Turkey.[75]

    Female lineages: Mitochondrial DNA[link]

    Before 2006, geneticists largely attributed the genesis of most of the world's Jewish populations to founding acts by males who migrated from the Middle East and "by the women from each local population whom they took as wives and converted to Judaism", though no genetic relation was found between Jewish and non Jewish female lineages. However, more recent findings of studies of maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA, at least in Ashkenazi Jews, has led to a review of this archetype.[76] This research has suggested that, in addition to Israelite male, significant female founder ancestry might also derive from the Middle East-with 40% of Ashkenazim descended from four women lived about 1000–1500 years ago in the Middle East.[76] In addition, Behar (2006) suggested that the rest of Ashkenazi mtDNA is originated from about 150 women, most of those were probably of Middle Eastern origin.[77] Approximately 32% of people with Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry belong to the mtDNA haplogroup K. This high percentage points to a genetic bottleneck occurring some 100 generations ago.[78]

    Research in 2008 found significant founder effects in many non-Asheknazi Jewish populations. In Belmonte, Azerbaijani, Georgian, Bene Israel and Libyan Jewish communities "a single mother was sufficient to explain at least 40% of their present-day mtDNA variation". In addition, "the Cochin and Tunisian Jewish communities show an attenuated pattern with two founding mothers explaining >30% of the variation." In contrast, Bulgarian, Turkish, Moroccan and Ethiopian Jews were heterogeneous with no evidence "for a narrow founder effect or depletion of mtDNA variation attributable to drift". The authors noted that "the first three of these communities were established following the Spanish expulsion and/or received large influxes of individuals from the Iberian Peninsula and high variation presently observed, probably reflects high overall mtDNA diversity among Jews of Spanish descent. Likewise, the mtDNA pool of Ethiopian Jews reflects the rich maternal lineage variety of East Africa." Jewish communities from Iraq, Iran, and Yemen showed a "third and intermediate pattern... consistent with a founding event, but not a narrow one".[79]

    In this and other studies Yemenite Jews differ from other Mizrahim, as well as from Ashkenazim, in the proportion of sub-Saharan African gene types which have entered their gene pools.[80] African-specific Hg L(xM,N) lineages were found only in Yemenite and Ethiopian Jewish populations.[79] Among Yemenites, the average stands at 35% lineages within the past 3,000 years.[80]

    Genome-wide association and linkage studies[link]

    In genetic epidemiology, a genome-wide association study (GWA study, or GWAS) is an examination of all or most of the genes (the genome) of different individuals of a particular species to see how much the genes vary from individual to individual. These techniques were originally designed for epidemiological uses, to identify genetic associations with observable traits.[81]

    A 2006 study by Seldin, et al. used over five thousand autosomal SNPs to demonstrate European genetic substructure amongst the Ashkenazi. The results showed "a consistent and reproducible distinction between 'northern' and 'southern' European population groups". Most northern, central, and eastern Europeans (Finns, Swedes, English, Irish, Germans, and Ukrainians) showed >90% in the 'northern' population group, while most individual participants with southern European ancestry (Italians, Greeks, Portuguese, Spaniards) showed >85% in the 'southern' group. Both Ashkenazi Jews as well as Sephardic Jews showed >85% membership in the "southern" group. Referring to the Jews clustering with southern Europeans, the authors state the results were "consistent with a later Mediterranean origin of these ethnic groups".[82]

    A 2007 study by Bauchet, et al. found that Ashkenazi Jews were most closely clustered with Arabic North African populations when compared to Global population, and in the European structure analysis, they share similarities only with Greeks and Southern Italians, reflecting their east Mediterranean origins.[83][84]

    A 2010 study on Jewish ancestry by Atzmon-Ostrer et al. stated "Two major groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent (IBD) analysis: Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews. The IBD segment sharing and the proximity of European Jews to each other and to southern European populations suggested similar origins for European Jewry and refuted large-scale genetic contributions of Central and Eastern European and Slavic populations to the formation of Ashkenazi Jewry.", as both groups—the Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews shared common ancestors in the Middle East about 2500 years ago. The study examines genetic markers spread across the entire genome and shows that the Jewish groups (Ashkenazi and non Ashkenazi) share large swaths of DNA, indicating close relationships and that each of the Jewish groups in the study (Iranian, Iraqi, Syrian, Italian, Turkish, Greek and Ashkenazi) has its own genetic signature but is more closely related to the other Jewish groups than to their non Jewish fellow countrymen.[85] Atzmon's team found that the SNP markers in genetic segments of 3 million DNA letters or longer were 10 times more likely to be identical among Jews than non-Jews. Results of the analysis also tally with biblical accounts of the fate of the Jews. Using their DNA analysis, the authors traced the ancestors of all Jews to Persia and Babylon, areas that now form part of Iran and Iraq.[86] The study also found that with respect to non-Jewish European groups, the population most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews are modern-day Italians. The study speculated that the genetic-similarity between Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be due to inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire. It was also found that any two Ashkenazi Jewish participants in the study shared about as much DNA as fourth or fifth cousins[87][88]

    A 2010 study by Bray et al, using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis, estimated that 35 to 55 percent of the modern Ashkenazi genome is specifically traceable to Europe, and that European "admixture is considerably higher than previous estimates by studies that used the Y chromosome". The study assumed Druze and Palestinian Arabs populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ancestor genome. With this reference point, the linkage disequilibrium in the Ashkenazi Jewish population was interpreted as "matches signs of interbreeding or 'admixture' between Middle Eastern and European populations". In their press release, Bray stated: "We were surprised to find evidence that Ashkenazi Jews have higher heterozygosity than Europeans, contradicting the widely-held presumption that they have been a largely isolated group". "Thus, the AJ population shows evidence of past founding events; however, admixture and selection have also strongly influenced its current genetic makeup." The authors note that their results will require further investigation.[89][90]

    Demographics[link]

    Population centres[link]

    Country[1] Jews, № Jews, %
    Israel Israel 5,916,200[91] 75.52%
    United States United States 5,275,000 1.71%
    France France 483,500 0.77%
    Canada Canada 375,000 1.11%
    United Kingdom United Kingdom 292,000 0.47%
    Russia Russia 205,000 0.15%
    Argentina Argentina 182,300 0.45%
    Germany Germany 119,000 0.15%
    Australia Australia 107,500 0.50%
    Brazil Brazil 95,600 0.05%
    Ukraine Ukraine 71,500 0.16%
    South Africa South Africa 70,800 0.14%
    Hungary Hungary 48,600 0.49%
    Mexico Mexico 39,400 0.04%
    Belgium Belgium 30,300 0.28%
    Netherlands Netherlands 30,000 0.18%
    Italy Italy 28,400 0.05%
    Total 13,558,300 0.21%

    There are an estimated 13–14 million Jews worldwide.[1] The table lists countries with significant populations.[1] Please note that these populations represent low-end estimates of the worldwide Jewish population, accounting for around 0.2% of the world's population.

    State of Israel[link]

    Israel, the Jewish nation-state, is the only country in which Jews make up a majority of the citizens.[92] Israel was established as an independent democratic and Jewish state on May 14, 1948.[93] Of the 120 members in its parliament, the Knesset,[94] currently, 12 members of the Knesset are Arab citizens of Israel, most representing Arab political parties and one of Israel's Supreme Court judges is a Palestinian Arab.[95]

    Between 1948 and 1958, the Jewish population rose from 800,000 to two million.[96] Currently, Jews account for 75.8% of the Israeli population, or 5.4 million people.[97] The early years of the state of Israel were marked by the mass immigration of Holocaust survivors and Jews fleeing Arab lands.[98] Israel also has a large population of Ethiopian Jews, many of whom were airlifted to Israel in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[99] Between 1974 and 1979 nearly 227,258 immigrants arrived in Israel, about half being from the Soviet Union.[100] This period also saw an increase in immigration to Israel from Western Europe, Latin America, and the United States[101]

    A trickle of immigrants from other communities has also arrived, including Indian Jews and others, as well as some descendants of Ashkenazi Holocaust survivors who had settled in countries such as the United States, Argentina, Australia, Chile, and South Africa. Some Jews have emigrated from Israel elsewhere, due to economic problems or disillusionment with political conditions and the continuing Arab-Israeli conflict. Jewish Israeli emigrants are known as yordim.[102]

    Diaspora (outside Israel)[link]

    The waves of immigration to the United States and elsewhere at the turn of the 19th century, the founding of Zionism and later events, including pogroms in Russia, the massacre of European Jewry during the Holocaust, and the founding of the state of Israel, with the subsequent Jewish exodus from Arab lands, all resulted in substantial shifts in the population centers of world Jewry by the end of the 20th century.[103]

    In this Rosh Hashana greeting card from the early 1900s, Russian Jews, packs in hand, gaze at the American relatives beckoning them to the United States. Over two million Jews fled the pogroms of the Russian Empire to the safety of the US between 1881 and 1924.[104]

    Currently, the largest Jewish community in the world is located in the United States, with 5.3 million to 6.4 million Jews by various estimates. Elsewhere in the Americas, there are also large Jewish populations in Canada, Argentina, and Brazil, and smaller populations in Mexico, Uruguay, Venezuela, Chile, and several other countries (see History of the Jews in Latin America).[97]

    Western Europe's largest Jewish community can be found in France, home to 490,000 Jews, the majority of whom are immigrants or refugees from North African Arab countries such as Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia (or their descendants).[105] There are 295,000 Jews in the United Kingdom. In Eastern Europe, there are anywhere from 350,000 to one million Jews living in the former Soviet Union, but exact figures are difficult to establish. The fastest-growing Jewish community in the world, outside Israel, is the one in Germany, especially in Berlin, its capital. Tens of thousands of Jews from the former Eastern Bloc have settled in Germany since the fall of the Berlin Wall.[106]

    The Arab countries of North Africa and the Middle East were home to around 900,000 Jews in 1945. Fueled by anti-Zionism[107] after the founding of Israel, systematic persecution caused almost all of these Jews to flee to Israel, North America, and Europe in the 1950s (see Jewish exodus from Arab lands). Today, around 8,000 Jews remain in all Arab nations combined.[108]

    Iran is home to around 10,800 Jews, down from a population of 100,000 Jews before the 1979 revolution. After the revolution some of the Iranian Jews emigrated to Israel or Europe but most of them emigrated (with their non-Jewish Iranian compatriots) to the United States (especially Los Angeles, where the principal community is called "Tehrangeles").[108][109]

    Outside Europe, the Americas, the Middle East, and the rest of Asia, there are significant Jewish populations in Australia and South Africa.[108]

    Demographic changes[link]

    Assimilation[link]

    Since at least the time of the Ancient Greeks, a proportion of Jews have assimilated into the wider non-Jewish society around them, by either choice or force, ceasing to practice Judaism and losing their Jewish identity.[110] Assimilation took place in all areas, and during all time periods,[110] with some Jewish communities, for example the Kaifeng Jews of China, disappearing entirely.[111] The advent of the Jewish Enlightenment of the 18th century (see Haskalah) and the subsequent emancipation of the Jewish populations of Europe and America in the 19th century, accelerated the situation, encouraging Jews to increasingly participate in, and become part of, secular society. The result has been a growing trend of assimilation, as Jews marry non-Jewish spouses and stop participating in the Jewish community.[112]

    Rates of interreligious marriage vary widely: In the United States, they are just under 50%,[113] in the United Kingdom, around 53%, in France, around 30%,[114] and in Australia and Mexico, as low as 10%.[115][116] In the United States, only about a third of children from intermarriages affiliate themselves with Jewish religious practice.[117] The result is that most countries in the Diaspora have steady or slightly declining religiously Jewish populations as Jews continue to assimilate into the countries in which they live.

    War and persecution[link]

    Jews (identifiable by the distinctive hats that they were required to wear) being killed by Christian knights. French Bible illustration from 1255.
    World War I poster shows a soldier cutting the bonds from a Jewish man, who says, "You have cut my bonds and set me free - now let me help you set others free!"

    The Jewish people and Judaism have experienced various persecutions throughout Jewish history. During late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages the Roman Empire (in its later phases known as the Byzantine Empire) repeatedly repressed the Jewish population, first by ejecting them from their homelands during the pagan Roman era and later by officially establishing them as second-class citizens during the Christian Roman era.[118][119]

    According to James Carroll, "Jews accounted for 10% of the total population of the Roman Empire. By that ratio, if other factors had not intervened, there would be 200 million Jews in the world today, instead of something like 13 million."[120]

    Later in medieval Western Europe, further persecutions of Jews in the name of Christianity occurred, notably during the Crusades—when Jews all over Germany were massacred—and a series of expulsions from England, Germany, France, and, in the largest expulsion of all, Spain and Portugal after the Reconquista (the Catholic Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula), where both unbaptized Sephardic Jews and the ruling Muslim Moors were expelled.[121][122]

    In the Papal States, which existed until 1870, Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called ghettos.[123] In the 19th and (before the end of World War II) 20th centuries, the Roman Catholic Church adhered to a distinction between "good antisemitism" and "bad antisemitism". The "bad" kind promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent. This was considered un-Christian because the Christian message was intended for all of humanity regardless of ethnicity; anyone could become a Christian. The "good" kind criticized alleged Jewish conspiracies to control newspapers, banks, and other institutions, to care only about accumulation of wealth, etc.[124]

    Islam and Judaism have a complex relationship. Traditionally Jews and Christians living in Muslim lands, known as dhimmis, were allowed to practice their religions and to administer their internal affairs, but subject to certain conditions.[125] They had to pay the jizya (a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males) to the Islamic state.[125] Dhimmis had an inferior status under Islamic rule. They had several social and legal disabilities such as prohibitions against bearing arms or giving testimony in courts in cases involving Muslims.[126] Many of the disabilities were highly symbolic. The one described by Bernard Lewis as "most degrading"[127] was the requirement of distinctive clothing, not found in the Qur'an or hadith but invented in early medieval Baghdad; its enforcement was highly erratic.[127] On the other hand, Jews rarely faced martyrdom or exile, or forced compulsion to change their religion, and they were mostly free in their choice of residence and profession.[128]

    Notable exceptions include the massacre of Jews and/or forcible conversion of some Jews by the rulers of the Almohad dynasty in Al-Andalus in the 12th century,[129] as well as in Islamic Persia,[130] and the forced confinement of Moroccan Jews to walled quarters known as mellahs beginning from the 15th century and especially in the early 19th century.[131] In modern times, it has become commonplace for standard antisemitic themes to be conflated with anti-Zionist publications and pronouncements of Islamic movements such as Hezbollah and Hamas, in the pronouncements of various agencies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and even in the newspapers and other publications of Turkish Refah Partisi."[132]

    Jews in Minsk, 1941. Before World War II some 40% of the population was Jewish. By the time the Red Army retook the city on 3 July 1944, there were only a few Jewish survivors.

    Throughout history, many rulers, empires and nations have oppressed their Jewish populations or sought to eliminate them entirely. Methods employed ranged from expulsion to outright genocide; within nations, often the threat of these extreme methods was sufficient to silence dissent. The history of antisemitism includes the First Crusade which resulted in the massacre of Jews;[121] the Spanish Inquisition (led by Torquemada) and the Portuguese Inquisition, with their persecution and autos-da-fé against the New Christians and Marrano Jews;[133] the Bohdan Chmielnicki Cossack massacres in Ukraine;[134] the Pogroms backed by the Russian Tsars;[135] as well as expulsions from Spain, Portugal, England, France, Germany, and other countries in which the Jews had settled.[122] According to a recent study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics 19.8% of the modern Iberian population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry,[136] indicating that the number of conversos may have been much higher than originally thought.[137][138]

    The persecution reached a peak in Nazi Germany's Final Solution, which led to the Holocaust and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews.[139] The Holocaust — the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews (and certain communities of North African Jews in European controlled North Africa) and other minority groups of Europe during World War II by Germany and its collaborators remains the most notable modern day persecution of Jews.[140] The persecution and genocide were accomplished in stages. Legislation to remove the Jews from civil society was enacted years before the outbreak of World War II.[141] Concentration camps were established in which inmates were used as slave labour until they died of exhaustion or disease.[142] Where the Third Reich conquered new territory in eastern Europe, specialized units called Einsatzgruppen murdered Jews and political opponents in mass shootings.[143] Jews and Roma were crammed into ghettos before being transported hundreds of miles by freight train to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, the majority of them were killed in gas chambers.[144] Virtually every arm of Germany's bureaucracy was involved in the logistics of the mass murder, turning the country into what one Holocaust scholar has called "a genocidal nation."[145]

    Migrations[link]

    Etching of the expulsion of the Jews from Frankfurt on August 23, 1614. The text says: "1380 persons old and young were counted at the exit of the gate"
    Jews fleeing pogroms, 1882

    Throughout Jewish history, Jews have repeatedly been directly or indirectly expelled from both their original homeland and the areas in which they have resided. This experience as refugees has shaped Jewish identity and religious practice in many ways, and is thus a major element of Jewish history.[146] The incomplete list of major and other noteworthy migrations that follows includes numerous instances of expulsion or departure under duress:

    Growth[link]

    Hasidic Jews in Brooklyn

    Israel is the only country with a consistently growing Jewish population due to natural population increase, though the Jewish populations of other countries in Europe and North America have recently increased due to immigration. In the Diaspora, in almost every country the Jewish population in general is either declining or steady, but Orthodox and Haredi Jewish communities, whose members often shun birth control for religious reasons, have experienced rapid population growth.[168]

    Orthodox and Conservative Judaism discourage proselytism to non-Jews, but many Jewish groups have tried to reach out to the assimilated Jewish communities of the Diaspora in order for them to reconnect to their Jewish roots. Additionally, while in principle Reform Judaism favors seeking new members for the faith, this position has not translated into active proselytism, instead taking the form of an effort to reach out to non-Jewish spouses of intermarried couples.[169]

    There is also a trend of Orthodox movements pursuing secular Jews in order to give them a stronger Jewish identity so there is less chance of intermarriage. As a result of the efforts by these and other Jewish groups over the past 25 years, there has been a trend of secular Jews becoming more religiously observant, known as the Baal Teshuva movement, though the demographic implications of the trend are unknown.[170] Additionally, there is also a growing movement of Jews by Choice by gentiles who make the decision to head in the direction of becoming Jews.[171]

    Leadership[link]

    There is no single governing body for the Jewish community, nor a single authority with responsibility for religious doctrine.[172] Instead, a variety of secular and religious institutions at the local, national, and international levels lead various parts of the Jewish community on a variety of issues.[173]

    Notable individuals[link]

    Jews have made contributions in a broad range of human endeavors, including the sciences, arts, politics, and business.[174][175] Although Jews comprise only 0.2% of the world's population, over 20%[175][176] of Nobel Prize laureates have been Jewish, with multiple winners in each field.

    See also[link]

    Notes[link]

    1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x DellaPergola, Sergio (November 2, 2010). "World Jewish Population, 2010". In Dashefsky, Arnold; Sheskin, Ira (PDF). Current Jewish Population Reports. Storrs, Connecticut: North American Jewish Data Bank. http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Reports/World_Jewish_Population_2010.pdf. Retrieved March 3, 2012. 
    2. ^ Brandeis, Louis (April 25, 1915). "The Jewish Problem: How To Solve It". University of Louisville School of Law. http://www.law.louisville.edu/library/collections/brandeis/node/234. Retrieved April 2, 2012. "Jews are a distinctive nationality of which every Jew, whatever his country, his station or shade of belief, is necessarily a member" 
    3. ^ Palmer, Edward Henry (October 14, 2002) [First published 1874]. A History of the Jewish Nation: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-931956-69-7. OCLC 51578088. http://archive.org/details/historyofjewishn00palm. Retrieved April 2, 2012. Lay summary. 
    4. ^ Einstein, Albert (June 21, 1921). "How I Became a Zionist". Einstein Papers Project. Princeton University Press. http://press.princeton.edu/einstein/materials/jewish_nationality.pdf. Retrieved April 5, 2012. "The Jewish nation is a living fact" 
    5. ^ A 1970 amendment to Israel's Law of Return defines "Jew" as "a person who was born of a Jewish mother or has become converted to Judaism and who is not a member of another religion." "Law of Return". http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/Text_of_Law_of_Return.html. 
    6. ^ Ancient Canaan and Israel: an introduction. Golden, Jonathan M. (2009). Oxford University Press US.
    7. ^ Johnson (1987), p. 82.
    8. ^ Pfeffer, Anshel (September 12, 2007). "Jewish Agency: 13.2 million Jews worldwide on eve of Rosh Hashanah, 5768". Haaretz. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090319024731/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/903585.html. Retrieved January 24, 2009. 
    9. ^ "Jew", Oxford English Dictionary.
    10. ^ Grintz, Yehoshua M. (2007). "Jew". In Fred Skolnik. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 11 (2d ed.). Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. p. 253. ISBN 0-02-865928-7. 
    11. ^ Falk, Avner (1996). A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews. Madison, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 131. ISBN 0-8386-3660-8. 
    12. ^ "Yiddish". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.). Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster. 2004. p. 1453. ISBN 0-87779-809-5. 
    13. ^ "Jew". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/Jew. Retrieved April 2, 2012. 
    14. ^ Jared Diamond (1993). "Who are the Jews?". http://ftp.beitberl.ac.il/~bbsite/misc/ezer_anglit/klali/05_123.pdf. Retrieved November 8, 2010.  Natural History 102:11 (November 1993): 12-19.
    15. ^ Neusner (1991) p. 64
    16. ^ Patai, Raphael (1996) [1977]. The Jewish Mind. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-8143-2651-X. 
    17. ^ Johnson, Lonnie R. (1996). Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 145. ISBN 0-19-510071-9. 
    18. ^ a b Sharot (1997), pp. 29–30.
    19. ^ Sharot (1997), pp. 42–3.
    20. ^ Sharot (1997), p. 42.
    21. ^ Fishman, Sylvia Barack (2000). Jewish Life and American Culture. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. p. 38. ISBN 0-7914-4546-1. 
    22. ^ Kimmerling, Baruch (1996). The Israeli State and Society: Boundaries and Frontiers. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. p. 169. ISBN 0-88706-849-9. 
    23. ^ Lowenstein, Steven M. (2000). The Jewish Cultural Tapestry: International Jewish Folk Traditions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 228. ISBN 0-19-513425-7. 
    24. ^ Weiner, Rebecca (2007). "Who is a Jew?". Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/whojew1.html. Retrieved 2007-10-06. 
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    26. ^ "What is the origin of Matrilineal Descent?". Shamash.org. September 4, 2003. http://www.shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/10-11.html. Retrieved January 9, 2009. 
    27. ^ "What is the source of the law that a child is Jewish only if its mother is Jewish?". Torah.org. http://www.torah.org/qanda/seequanda.php?id=318. Retrieved January 9, 2009. 
    28. ^ Dosick (2007), pp. 56–7.
    29. ^ Bauer, Yehuda. "Beyond the fourth wave: contemporary anti-Semitism and radical Islam". http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0411/is_1-2_55/ai_n26961277/. Retrieved April 2, 2012. 
    30. ^ Dosick (2007), p. 60.
    31. ^ Dosick (2007), p. 59.
    32. ^ a b Schmelz, Usiel Oscar; Sergio DellaPergola (2007). "Demography". In Fred Skolnik. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 5 (2d ed.). Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. p. 571. ISBN 0-02-865928-7. 
    33. ^ Schmelz, Usiel Oscar; Sergio DellaPergola (2007). "Demography". In Fred Skolnik. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 5 (2d ed.). Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. pp. 571–2. ISBN 0-02-865928-7. 
    34. ^ Dosick (2007), p. 61.
    35. ^ a b Grintz, Jehoshua M. (March 1960). "Hebrew as the Spoken and Written Language in the Last Days of the Second Temple". Journal of Biblical Literature (The Society of Biblical Literature) 79 (1): 32–47. DOI:10.2307/3264497. JSTOR 3264497. 
    36. ^ Feldman (2006), p. 54.
    37. ^ a b "Links". Beth Hatefutsoth. Archived from the original on March 26, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090326102214/http://www.bh.org.il/links/jewishlangs.asp. Retrieved April 2, 2012. 
    38. ^ Parfitt, T. V. (1972). "The Use Of Hebrew In Palestine 1800–1822". Journal of Semitic Studies 17 (2): 237–52. DOI:10.1093/jss/17.2.237. http://jss.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/2/237.full.pdf+html. 
    39. ^ "Israel and the United States: Friends, Partners, Allies". Embassy of Israel in Washington, D.C.. http://www.mfa.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/EDC6CB3D-73EE-43BD-9CDC-ED4EFF8A4008/0/usisrael_pub.pdf. Retrieved April 2, 2012. 
    40. ^ Hebrew, Aramaic and the rise of Yiddish. D. Katz. (1985) Readings in the sociology of Jewish languages'
    41. ^ a b c d e f Hammer, M. F.; Redd, A. J.; Wood, E. T.; Bonner, M. R.; Jarjanazi, H.; Karafet, T.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, S.; Oppenheim, A. et al. (June 2000). "Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes". PNAS 97 (12): 6769–74. Bibcode 2000PNAS...97.6769H. DOI:10.1073/pnas.100115997. PMC 18733. PMID 10801975. http://www.pnas.org/content/97/12/6769.full.pdf+html. 
    42. ^ a b Wade, Nicholas (May 9, 2000). "Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D02E0D71338F93AA35756C0A9669C8B63. Retrieved May 6, 2010. 
    43. ^ a b c d Skorecki K, Selig S, Blazer S, Bradman R, Bradman N, Waburton PJ, Ismajlowicz M, Hammer MF (January 1997). "Y chromosomes of Jewish priests". Nature 385 (6611): 32. Bibcode 1997Natur.385...32S. DOI:10.1038/385032a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 8985243. 
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    46. ^ Nebel, A; Filon, D; Brinkmann, B; Majumder, Pp; Faerman, M; Oppenheim, A (November 2001). "The Y chromosome pool of Jews as part of the genetic landscape of the Middle East". Am J Hum Genet 69 (5): 1095–112. DOI:10.1086/324070. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1274378. PMID 11573163. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1274378. 
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    • Feldman, Louis H. (2006). Judaism and Hellenism Reconsidered. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. ISBN 90-04-14906-6. 
    • Gartner, Lloyd P. (2001). History of the Jews in Modern Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-289259-2. 
    • Goldenberg, Robert (2007). The Origins of Judaism: From Canaan to the Rise of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84453-3. 
    • Goldstein, Joseph (1995). Jewish History in Modern Times. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 1-898723-06-0. 
    • Johnson, Paul (1987). A History of the Jews. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-091533-1. 
    • Kaplan, Dana Evan (2003) [2000]. "Reform Judaism". In Neusner, Jacob; Avery-Peck, Alan J.. The Blackwell Companion to Judaism. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-57718-058-5. 
    • Katz, Shmuel (1974). Battleground: Fact and Fantasy in Palestine. Taylor Productions. ISBN 0-929093-13-5. 
    • Lewis, Bernard (1984). The Jews of Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00807-8
    • Lewis, Bernard (1999). Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice. W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-31839-7
    • Littman, David (1979). "Jews Under Muslim Rule: The Case Of Persia". The Wiener Library Bulletin XXXII (New series 49/50). 
    • Neusner, Jacob (1991). Studying Classical Judaism: A Primer. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-25136-6. 
    • Poliakov, Leon (1974). The History of Anti-semitism. New York: The Vanguard Press.
    • Ruderman, David B. Early Modern Jewry: A New Cultural History (Princeton University Press; 2010) 326 pages. Examines print culture, religion, and other realms in a history emphasizing the links among early modern Jewish communities from Venice and Kraków to Amsterdam and Smyrna.
    • Sharot, Stephen (1997). "Religious Syncretism and Religious Distinctiveness: A Comparative Analysis of Pre-Modern Jewish Communities". In Endelman, Todd M.. Comparing Jewish Societies. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-06592-0. 
    • Stillman, Norman (1979). The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. ISBN 0-8276-0198-0
    • Sweeney, Marvin A. (2003) [2000]. "The Religious World of Ancient Israel to 586 BCE". In Neusner, Jacob; Avery-Peck, Alan J.. The Blackwell Companion to Judaism. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-57718-058-5. 

    External links[link]

    General
    Secular organizations
    Religious organizations
    Zionist organizations

    lez:Чувудар

    http://wn.com/Jews

    Related pages:

    http://de.wn.com/Juden

    http://es.wn.com/Pueblo judío

    http://ru.wn.com/Евреи

    http://cs.wn.com/Židé

    http://pt.wn.com/Judeu

    http://pl.wn.com/Żydzi

    http://hi.wn.com/यहूदी

    http://it.wn.com/Ebrei

    http://id.wn.com/Yahudi

    http://nl.wn.com/Joden

    http://fr.wn.com/Juifs




    This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews

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    Mila Kunis

    Kunis on a Family Guy panel at the San Diego Comic-Con in 2009
    Born Milena Markovna Kunis/Milena Markivna Kunis[1][2]
    (1983-08-14) August 14, 1983 (age 28)
    Chernivtsi, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
    Alma mater Loyola Marymount University
    Occupation Actress, voice artist
    Years active 1994–present
    Home town Los Angeles, California
    Partner Macaulay Culkin (2002–2010)

    Milena "Mila" Kunis (Russian: Милена "Mилa" Кунис; Ukrainian: Мілена "Miлa" Куніс;[1] born August 14, 1983; play /ˈmlə ˈknɪs/) is an American actress. At the age of seven, she moved from Ukraine to Los Angeles, California with her family. After being enrolled in acting classes to help learn English, she was soon discovered by an agent. She appeared in TV shows and commercials, before her first significant role, playing Jackie Burkhart on the TV series That '70s Show. A year later, she was cast as the voice of Meg Griffin on the animated series Family Guy.

    Her breakout film role came in 2008, playing Rachel Jansen in Forgetting Sarah Marshall. Subsequent film roles included Mona Sax in Max Payne, Solara in The Book of Eli, and Jamie in Friends with Benefits. Her performance as Lily in Black Swan gained her worldwide accolades, including receiving the Premio Marcello Mastroianni for Best Young Actor or Actress at the 67th Venice International Film Festival, and nominations for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role.

    She has received substantial media attention for her beauty, including often landing on the "Hot 100" lists for publications such as Maxim or FHM and routinely appearing on the cover of national magazines such as Cosmopolitan, Harper's Bazaar and GQ magazine. Her star status was further enhanced when she signed on to be the face of the Christian Dior Spring fashion campaign. At the age of 18, she began a relationship with actor Macaulay Culkin that lasted eight years.[3]

    Contents

    Early life[link]

    Kunis was born in Chernivtsi in the Ukrainian SSR.[4][5] She is the daughter of Elvira, a physics teacher and drug store manager, and Mark, a mechanical engineer and cab company executive. Kunis has an older brother, Michael.[6] In 1991, when she was seven years old, her family moved to Los Angeles, California. Kunis is Jewish and has cited antisemitism in the former Soviet Union as one of several reasons for her family's move to the U.S.[5][7][8] She has stated that her parents "raised [her] Jewish as much as they could", though religion was suppressed in the Soviet Union.[5]

    On her second day in Los Angeles, Kunis was enrolled at Rosewood Elementary School not knowing a word of English. "I blocked out second grade completely. I have no recollection of it. I always talk to my mom and my grandma about it. It was because I cried every day. I didn't understand the culture. I didn't understand the people. I didn't understand the language. My first sentence of my essay to get into college was like, 'Imagine being blind and deaf at age seven.' And that's kind of what it felt like moving to the States."[9]

    Education[link]

    In Los Angeles, she attended Hubert Howe Bancroft Middle School.[10] She was mostly taught by an on-set tutor for her high school years while filming That '70s Show.[11] When not on the set, she attended Fairfax High School, where she graduated in 2001.[7] She briefly attended UCLA and Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles.[6][12]

    Career[link]

    Television[link]

    At age nine, Kunis' father enrolled her in acting classes after school at the Beverly Hills Studios, where she met Susan Curtis, who would become her manager.[13][14] Her first TV role was in 1994 as the young Hope Williams on an episode of the popular soap opera Days of our Lives.[15] She had a minor role on 7th Heaven[11] and supporting roles in Santa with Muscles, Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves, and the Angelina Jolie film Gia, as the young Gia Carangi.[6]

    In 1998, Kunis was cast as Jackie Burkhart in the Fox sitcom That '70s Show. All who auditioned were required to be at least 18 years old; Kunis, who was 14 at the time, told the casting directors she would be 18 but did not say when. Though they eventually figured it out, the producers still thought Kunis was the best fit for the role.[5][14] That '70s Show ran for eight seasons.[16]

    In 1999, Kunis replaced Lacey Chabert in the role of Meg Griffin on the animated sitcom Family Guy,[17] created by Seth MacFarlane for Fox. Kunis won the role after auditions and a slight rewrite of the character, in part due to her performance on That '70s Show.[18] MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition, instructing her to speak slower, and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more. Once she claimed that she had it under control, MacFarlane hired her.[18] MacFarlane added: "What Mila Kunis brought to it was in a lot of ways, I thought, almost more right for the character. I say that Lacey did a phenomenal job, but there was something about Mila – something very natural about Mila. She was 15 when she started, so you were listening to a 15-year-old. Which oftentimes with animation they'll have adult actors doing the voices of teenagers and they always sound like Saturday morning voices. They sound, oftentimes, very forced. She had a very natural quality to Meg that really made what we did with that character kind of really work."[19] Kunis was nominated for an Annie Award in the category of Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production in 2007.[20] She also voiced Meg in the Family Guy Video Game!. Kunis described her character as "the scapegoat."[21]

    Film work, 2001–2008[link]

    In 2001, she appeared in Get Over It opposite Kirsten Dunst. She followed that up in 2002, by starring in the straight-to-DVD horror film American Psycho 2 alongside William Shatner, a sequel to the 2000 film American Psycho. American Psycho 2 was panned by critics,[22] and later, Kunis herself expressed embarrassment over the film.[23] In 2004, Kunis starred in the film adaptation Tony n' Tina's Wedding. Although the film was shot in 2004, it did not have a theatrical release until 2007.[24] Most critics did not like the film, which mustered a 25% approval from Rotten Tomatoes.[25] DVD talk concluded that "fans would be much better off pretending the movie never happened in the first place".[26]

    In 2005, Kunis co-starred with Jon Heder in Moving McAllister, which was not released theatrically until 2007.[27] The film received generally poor reviews and had a limited two week run in theaters.[28][29] She followed up with After Sex starring alongside Zoe Saldana, who had also appeared in Get Over It.[30] In October 2006, she began filming Boot Camp (originally titled Straight Edge).[31] Although the film did not have a theatrical release in the United States, it was released on DVD on August 25, 2009.[32]

    Kunis at the premiere of Max Payne in 2008

    Kunis starred as Rachel Jansen in the 2008 comedy, Forgetting Sarah Marshall, co-produced by Judd Apatow. The role, which she got after unsuccessfully auditioning for Knocked Up,[33] entailed improvisation on her part.[34] The film garnered positive reviews,[35] and was a commercial success, grossing $105 million worldwide.[36] Kunis' performance was well-received; Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal praised her "fresh beauty and focused energy",[37] while James Berardinelli wrote that she is "adept with her performance and understands the concept of comic timing".[38] She was nominated for a Teen Choice Award.[39] In an interview, Kunis credited Apatow with helping her to expand her career from That '70s Show.[33]

    Also in 2008, she portrayed Mona Sax, an assassin, alongside Mark Wahlberg in the action movie Max Payne, based on the video game of the same name. Kunis underwent training in guns, boxing, and martial arts for her role.[40] Max Payne was relatively successful at the box office, grossing $85 million worldwide[41] but was panned by critics,[42] with several reviewers calling Kunis miscast.[43][44] Travis Estvold of Boise Weekly wrote that she's "horribly miscast as some sort of undersized, warble-voiced crime boss".[45] Director John Moore defended his choice of Kunis saying, "Mila just bowled us over...She wasn't an obvious choice, but she just wears Mona so well. We needed someone who would not be just a fop or foil to Max; we needed somebody who had to be that character and convey her own agenda. I think Mila just knocked it out of the park.".[40] She was nominated for another Teen Choice Award for her role in the film.[46]

    2009–present[link]

    In 2009, she appeared in the comedy Extract with Ben Affleck and Jason Bateman. The film received mostly positive reviews,[47] and grossed $10.8 million at the box office.[48] Roger Ebert, while critical of the film itself, wrote that Kunis "brings her role to within shouting distance of credibility."[49] Director Mike Judge commented that part of what was surprising to learn about Kunis was her ability to make references to the cult animation film Rejected. Judge said: "As beautiful as Mila is, you could believe that maybe she would cross paths with you in the real world."[50] After seeing Kunis perform in Forgetting Sarah Marshall, Judge wanted to cast her in the role of Cindy in Extract: "I just thought, 'Wow, this girl's perfect.' And she really wanted to do it, which was fantastic." Said Kunis, "I'm a huge fan of Mike Judge's from Office Space, so I was, like, 'Okay, this is a very easy decision.' I told them I would do anything needed to be in this production – like craft service, or, say, acting."[51]

    In 2010, she starred alongside Denzel Washington in the action film The Book of Eli. Although the film received mixed reviews,[52] it performed well at the box office, grossing over $157 million worldwide.[53] Film critic Richard Roeper praised Kunis' performance, calling it a "particularly strong piece of work".[54] Several other reviews were equally positive of her performance, including Pete Hammond of Boxoffice magazine, who wrote that she is "ideally cast in the key female role"[55] Even reviewers who did not necessarily like the film complimented her performance, such as James Berardinelli, who stated that "the demands of the role prove to be within her range, which is perhaps surprising considering she has been thus far pigeonholed into more lightweight parts",[56] and Colin Covert of the Star Tribune, who wrote that she "generated a spark and brought a degree of determination to her character, developing an independent female character who's not always in need of rescuing."[57] Other critics, such as Claudia Puig of USA Today felt she was miscast, stating "she looked as if she dropped in from a Ray-Ban commercial".[58][59][60] Kunis received another Teen Choice Award nomination for her performance.[61][62] Kunis was also cast in a minor role in the 2010 comedy Date Night, starring Tina Fey and Steve Carell.[63] She garnered several positive reviews for her performance.[64][65][66] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune concluded her performance with James Franco helped save the film and gave it "a shot in the arm".[67]

    She and Natalie Portman played rival ballet dancers in Darren Aronofsky's Black Swan. Kunis, who was cast in the film based on her performance in Forgetting Sarah Marshall, and on the recommendation of costar Natalie Portman,[68] underwent a training regimen that included cardiovascular exercise, a 1,200-calorie a day diet (she lost 20 pounds that she regained after filming ended), and ballet classes for four hours a day, seven days a week.[69][70][71] During the demanding production, she suffered injuries including a torn ligament and a dislocated shoulder.[72] Black Swan has received widespread acclaim from critics[73] and was nominated for five Academy Awards, including Best Picture.[74] The film grossed over $100 million (106.9 million) in the US and Canada[75] while grossing over $329 million worldwide.[76] Reviews of Kunis' performance have been positive,[77][78][79] with Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter stating, "Kunis makes a perfect alternate to Portman, equally as lithe and dark but a smirk of self-assurance in place of Portman's wide-eyed fearfulness."[80] Guy Lodge of In Contention also praised Kunis, saying, "it's the cool, throaty-voiced Kunis who is the surprise package here, intelligently watching and reflecting her co-star in such a manner that we're as uncertain as Nina of her ingenuousness."[81] Kunis' performance won her the Marcello Mastroianni Award for Best Young Actor or Actress at the 67th Venice International Film Festival,[82] and earned her Golden Globe Award [83]and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress.[84] At the 37th annual Saturn Awards she was also honored with the Best Supporting Actress award for her performance.[85]

    Kunis was cast alongside Justin Timberlake in the romantic comedy Friends with Benefits.[86] Director Will Gluck stated that he wrote the story with Kunis and Timberlake in mind.[87] Friends with Benefits achieved success at the box office, grossing over $149 million worldwide,[88] and received mostly positive reviews with critics praising the chemistry between Kunis and Timberlake.[89] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote that "Ms. Kunis is fast proving that she's a gift that keeps giving to mainstream romantic comedy" and "her energy is so invigorating and expansive and her presence so vibrant that she fills the screen".[90]

    In July, 2012 will be the release of her next film Ted, co-starring Mark Wahlberg, and directed and co-written by Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane.[91] Ted will be followed in March, 2013 by the upcoming Walt Disney Pictures' prequel, Oz: The Great and Powerful, where she will play Theodora, the youngest of three witches, opposite James Franco.[92] Also set for a 2013 release will be Blood Ties with Kunis co-starring with Clive Owen, Billy Crudup, and Marion Cotillard.[93]

    Media publicity[link]

    Kunis has attracted notable media attention for her physical appearance by various media outlets. Praise has ranged from GQ magazine naming her the Knockout of the Year for 2011 [94] to Men's Health naming her one of the "100 Hottest Women of All-Time". [95] The Spike Guys' Choice Awards have honored her twice, naming her the "Hottest Mila" at the 2009 awards ceremony[96] and in 2011 presenting her with the Holy Grail of Hot award.[97] AskMen.com has also lauded Kunis ranking her the second most desirable woman in 2011[98] and following that up with a number thirteen ranking in 2012.[99] FHM magazine ranked her number 9 on their 2012 Hot 100 list[100] but Kunis has kept this type of media attention in perspective, saying, “You’ve got to base your career on something other than being FHM’s top 100 number one girl. Your looks are going to die out, and then what’s going to be left?”[9] In recent years, Maxim has consistently ranked Kunis on their Hot 100 list, reaching a ranking of number 5 in both 2009 and 2011[101]and number 3 in 2012.[102]

    In 2007, Kunis participated in a video for the website Funny or Die appearing alongside James Franco. The video was a parody of the MTV show The Hills and was a huge success for the website, with well over one million views.[103] Shawn Levy, director of Date Night, stated that part of what made him decide to cast Kunis with James Franco in the film was the chemistry he felt they had in the Funny or Die video.[104] In December 2008, Kunis was featured in Gap's "Shine Your Own Star" Christmas campaign.[105] Kunis was described as one of the "most attractive geeks" by Wired.com in 2008, due to her much-publicized affinity for World of Warcraft.[106] That same year, she was featured and on the cover of the October issue of Complex Magazine.[107]

    In 2010, she was featured in the "Women We Love" segment in Esquire with an accompanied video.[108] For the October 2010 Elle magazine 25th anniversary special edition, Kunis was one of the women chosen to be featured for their success at a young age. The honor included a photo and video presentation on the magazine's website.[109] Kunis was among several female stars photographed by Canadian singer/songwriter Bryan Adams in conjunction with the Calvin Klein Collections for a feature titled American Women 2010, with the proceeds from the photographs donated to the NYC AIDS foundation.[110] Also in 2010, Kunis was featured and on the cover of the December issue of Nylon.[111] During the summer of 2010 Kunis served with Randy Jackson as the Master of Ceremonies for the 9th Annual Chrysalis Foundation Benefit. The Chrysalis Foundation is a Los Angeles-based non-profit organization formed to help economically disadvantaged and homeless individuals to become self-sufficient through employment opportunities.[112]

    In 2011, Kunis graced the cover of the February issue of Cosmopolitan[113] and the March issue of W magazine.[72] For the 17th Annual Hollywood Issue of Vanity Fair, Kunis was among the actors to be chosen to appear on the cover.[114] In support of her film Friends with Benefits she landed on the cover of Elle magazine and GQ magazine.[115][116]

    Christian Dior signed Kunis in 2012 to be the face of its Spring fashion campaign[117] and she made the cover of the April issue of Harper's Bazaar.[118]

    Personal life[link]

    Kunis began dating actor Macaulay Culkin in 2002.[119] At one time there were rumors of the couple getting married, but Kunis denied them, saying:

    I've been engaged. I think I've already been married. And I'm sure I have a child somewhere. I'm waiting to have something else happen. No, I'm not married. And no, I'm not engaged. And no, I do not have a child. No one seems to listen. And next week I'll be engaged again. I think, at one point, they were like, 'Seen shopping in Beverly Hills for engagement rings.' We were in Japan working. What is wrong with these people? Half the time you can say they misconstrued facts. But, more often than not, they just make stuff up.[120]

    In an interview with BlackBook Magazine Kunis stated that marriage is "not something that's important to me".[121] Kunis said she tried her best to protect her and Culkin's privacy, noting that "We don't talk about it to the press. It's already more high profile than I want it to be."[122] When questioned if it was difficult to stay out of the tabloids and press, Kunis responded: "I keep my personal life as personal as I physically, mentally, possibly can." Asked if that is difficult she said, "I don't care. I will go to my grave trying. It is hard, but I'll end up going to a bar that's a hole in the wall. I won't go to the "it's-happening" place."[123] On January 3, 2011, Kunis' publicist confirmed reports that Kunis and Culkin had ended their relationship, saying "The split was amicable, and they remain close friends". [3]

    Kunis attending the Marine Corps Ball in 2011

    She has identified herself in interviews as a fan of the online computer game World of Warcraft and has received a certain amount of attention from the game's fan community as a result. She has not released what server she is in but says she is with her close friends in the Alliance.[124] In a 2008 interview with Jimmy Kimmel, she stated she had not used voice chat in the game since another player recognized her voice.[125] Although Kunis has described herself as a "computer nerd", she does not have a Myspace, Facebook or Twitter account.[126] Kunis discussed her desire for privacy: "Why would I want to share my life with the world when it's being shared already, without my consent? The only problem with not having an account is that there are fake accounts, pretending to quote me. But what am I going to tweet about?"[127]

    Kunis enjoys traveling, and often goes on trips with her older brother, Michael. She and Michael have explored countries such as Fiji and Korea. "I like the way he travels," she explains. "He grabs a map, says, 'Let's walk,' and makes you explore."[6] In an interview Kunis elaborated on how she likes to relax during her personal time: "I love to hang out with my friends....I love to sit home in my pajamas and watch TiVo. That brings me so much happiness. That's it. It's quiet and calm."[128]

    In January 2011, she revealed her struggle with an eye condition called chronic iritis that had caused blindness in one eye. However, a couple of months earlier she had surgery that corrected the problem.[129] Kunis also has the condition heterochromia iridum, where the irises have different colors. One eye is brown, and the other is green.[130]

    In November 2011, Kunis was escorted by Sgt. Scott Moore to a United States Marine Corps Ball in Greenville, North Carolina. Kunis had accepted Moore's invitation in July after he posted it as a YouTube video while serving with the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marine Regiment, in Afghanistan's Helmand province. The event celebrated the Marine Corps' 236th anniversary.[131]

    Filmography[link]

    Film
    Year Title Role Notes
    1995 Make a Wish, Molly Melinda
    1995 Piranha Susie Grogan Television movie
    1996 Santa with Muscles Sarah
    1997 Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves Jill, Party Guest Direct-to-video
    1998 Gia Gia at Age 11 Television movie
    1998 Krippendorf's Tribe Abbey Tournquist
    1998 Milo Martice Uncredited
    2001 Get Over It Basin
    2002 American Psycho 2 Rachael Direct-to-DVD
    2004 Tony n' Tina's Wedding Tina
    2005 Tom 51 Little Boy Matson Also known as Tom Cool
    2005 Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story Meg Griffin (Voice) Direct-to-DVD
    2007 After Sex Nikki
    2007 Moving McAllister Michelle
    2007 Boot Camp Sophie
    2008 Forgetting Sarah Marshall Rachel Jansen
    2008 Max Payne Mona Sax
    2009 Extract Cindy
    2010 Book of Eli, TheThe Book of Eli Solara
    2010 Date Night Whippit
    2010 Black Swan Lily
    2011 Friends with Benefits Jamie
    2012 Ted Lori post-production
    2013 Oz: The Great and Powerful Theodora post-production
    2013 Blood Ties filming
    Television
    Year Title Role Notes
    1994–
    1995
    Baywatch Anne
    Bonnie
    Episodes: "Aftershock"
    "Hot Stuff"
    1995 John Larroquette Show, TheThe John Larroquette Show Lucy 1 episode
    1995 Hudson Street Devon 1 episode
    1996 Unhappily Ever After Chloe 1 episode
    1996–
    1997
    Nick Freno: Licensed Teacher Anna-Maria Del Bono 5 episodes
    1996–
    1997
    7th Heaven Ashley 4 episodes
    1997 Walker, Texas Ranger Pepper Episode: "Last Hope"
    1998 Pensacola: Wings of Gold Jessie Kerwood 1 episode
    1998–
    2006
    That '70s Show Jackie Burkhart 200 episodes
    2002 Get Real Taylor Vaughn 2 episodes
    2002 MADtv Daisy 1 episode
    2004 Grounded for Life Lana Episodes: "Space Camp Oddity"
    "The Policy of Truth"
    2000–
    present
    Family Guy Meg Griffin (Voice) 155 episodes
    2005–
    present
    Robot Chicken Various (Voice) 13 episodes
    2009 Cleveland Show, TheThe Cleveland Show Meg Griffin (Voice) Episode: "Pilot"
    2011 Sesame Street Herself Episode: "The Good Bird's Club"
    2011 Good Vibes Herself (Voice) Episode: "Red Tuxedo"
    Music videos
    Year Title Artist
    1999 In The Street Cheap Trick
    2000 Itch, TheThe Itch Vitamin C
    2001 Rock and Roll All Nite KISS
    2001 Jaded Aerosmith
    2003 End Has No End, TheThe End Has No End The Strokes
    2008 LA Girls Mams Taylor feat. Joel Madden
    Video games
    Year Title Role
    2006 Saints Row Tanya Winters (Voice)
    2006 Family Guy Video Game! Meg Griffin (Voice)

    Awards and nominations[link]

    Year Award Category Title of work Result
    1999 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series – Young Ensemble That '70s Show Nominated
    1999 YoungStar Award Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy TV Series That '70s Show Won
    2000 Teen Choice Award TV – Choice Actress That '70s Show Nominated
    2000 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series – Young Ensemble That '70s Show Nominated
    2000 YoungStar Award Best Young Actress/Performance in a Comedy TV Series That '70s Show Won
    2001 Teen Choice Award TV – Choice Actress That '70s Show Nominated
    2001 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series – Leading Young Actress That '70s Show Nominated
    2002 Teen Choice Award TV – Choice Actress That '70s Show Nominated
    2002 Young Hollywood Award One to Watch – Female That '70s Show Won
    2003 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actress – Comedy That '70s Show Nominated
    2004 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actress – Comedy That '70s Show Nominated
    2005 Teen Choice Award Choice – TV Actress: Comedy That '70s Show Nominated
    2006 Teen Choice Award TV – Choice Actress: Comedy That '70s Show Nominated
    2007 Annie Award Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production Family Guy Nominated
    2008 Teen Choice Award Choice Movie Breakout Female Forgetting Sarah Marshall Nominated
    2009 Guys Choice Awards Hottest Mila N/A Won
    2009 Teen Choice Award Choice Movie Actress: Action Adventure Max Payne Nominated
    2010 Teen Choice Award Choice Movie Actress: Action Adventure The Book of Eli Nominated
    2010 Scream Awards Best Science Fiction Actress The Book of Eli Nominated
    2010 Venice Film Festival Marcello Mastroianni Award for Best Young Actress[82] Black Swan Won
    2010 68th Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress[132] Black Swan Nominated
    2010 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role[133] Black Swan Nominated
    2010 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture[133] Black Swan Nominated
    2010 Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress[134] Black Swan Nominated
    2010 Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress[135] Black Swan Nominated
    2010 Oklahoma Film Critics Circle Best Supporting Actress[136] Black Swan Won
    2010 Las Vegas Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress[137] Black Swan Nominated
    2010 Utah Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress[138] Black Swan Nominated
    2010 Online Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress[139] Black Swan Nominated
    2011 Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress[85] Black Swan Won
    2011 MTV Movie Awards Best Kiss (with Natalie Portman)[140] Black Swan Nominated
    2011 Guys Choice Awards Holy Grail of Hot[141] N/A Won
    2011 Guys Choice Awards Best Girl On Girl Scene (with Natalie Portman)[142] Black Swan Won
    2011 Teen Choice Award Choice Movie: Liplock (with Natalie Portman)[143] Black Swan Nominated
    2011 Teen Choice Award Choice Movie: Female Scene Stealer[143] Black Swan Nominated
    2011 Teen Choice Award Choice Female Hottie[143] N/A Nominated
    2011 Teen Choice Award Choice Summer Movie Star: Female[144] Friends with Benefits Nominated
    2011 Scream Awards Best Supporting Actress[145] Black Swan Won
    2012 People's Choice Awards Favorite Comedic Movie Actress[146] Friends with Benefits Nominated

    References[link]

    1. ^ a b Both Russian and Ukrainian were official languages in the Soviet Union (Source:Language Policy in the Soviet Union by L.A. Grenoble), but Russian prevailed among Jewish population in Ukrainian cities (Source:Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule by Karel C. Berkhoff)
    2. ^ The Russian and Ukrainian female patronymic are different
    3. ^ a b Derschowitz, Jessica (January 3, 2011). "Mila Kunis and Macaulay Culkin Split". http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-20026954-10391698.html. Retrieved January 3, 2011. 
    4. ^ Міла Куніс зіграє у трилері "Чорний лебідь", Gazeta.ua (August 13, 2009) (Ukrainian)
    5. ^ a b c d Caroline Kepnes (Unknown). "Schmoozin' with Mila Kunis". JVibe Magazine. http://www.jvibe.com/Pop_culture/MilaKunis.php. 
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    133. ^ a b "2011 SAG Awards winners & nominees list". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). December 16, 2010. http://theenvelope.latimes.com/news/env-sag-scorecard-2011-html,0,7443510.htmlstory. Retrieved October 2, 2011. 
    134. ^ "THE 16th Critics' Choice Movie Awards Nominees". Broadcast Film Critics Association. http://www.bfca.org/ccawards/2010.php. Retrieved October 2, 2011. 
    135. ^ "DFW Film Crix, Very Social at Year's End". Dallas Observer. Kevin Thornburg. December 17, 2010. http://blogs.dallasobserver.com/unfairpark/2010/12/dfw_film_crix_very_social_at_y.php. Retrieved October 2, 2011. 
    136. ^ Montgomery, Steve (December 23, 2010). "David Fincher's The Social Network Sweeps Oklahoma Film Critics' 2010 Awards". Alternative Film Guide. http://www.altfg.com/blog/movie/the-social-network-oklahoma-film-critics-awards/. Retrieved October 2, 2011. 
    137. ^ Knegt (December 17, 2010). ""Social Network" Express Hits Las Vegas, Dallas Critics". indieWIRE. Snagfilms. http://www.indiewire.com/article/social_network_express_hits_las_vegas_dallas_critics/. Retrieved October 2, 2011. 
    138. ^ Knegt, Peter (December 23, 2010). ""Social Network," "127 Hours" Tie For Utah Critics’ Top Honors". indieWIRE. SnagFilms. http://www.indiewire.com/article/social_network_127_hours_tie_for_utah_critics_top_honors/. Retrieved October 2, 2011. 
    139. ^ Knegt, Peter (January 3, 2011). ""Social Network" Leads Online Critics’ Awards". indieWIRE. SnagFilms. http://www.indiewire.com/article/social_network_leads_online_critics_awards/. Retrieved October 2, 2011. 
    140. ^ "Best Kiss". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/2011/best-kiss/. Retrieved October 2, 2011. 
    141. ^ "Holy Grail of Hot". Spike. http://www.spike.com/events/guys-choice/voting/holy-grail-of-hot. Retrieved October 30, 2011. 
    142. ^ "Best Girl On Girl Scene". Spike. http://www.spike.com/events/guys-choice/voting/best-girl-on-girl-scene. Retrieved October 30, 2011. 
    143. ^ a b c Votta, Rae (June 29, 2011). "Teen Choice Awards 2011 Nominees Announced: Harry Potter vs Twilight". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/29/teen-choice-awards-2011-nominees_n_887197.html. Retrieved October 8, 2011. 
    144. ^ Ng, Philiana (July 19, 2011). "Teen Choice Awards 2011: 'Pretty Little Liars,' Rebecca Black Added to List of Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/teen-choice-awards-2011-pretty-212996. Retrieved 2011-10-23. 
    145. ^ "Best Supporting Actress". Scream Awards. http://www.spike.com/events/scream-awards-2011/voting/best-supporting-actress/. Retrieved October 15, 2011. 
    146. ^ "People's Choice Awards". Peopleschoice.com. http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/vote/votenow.jsp. Retrieved 2011-11-12. 

    External links[link]

    http://wn.com/Mila_Kunis

    Related pages:

    http://it.wn.com/Mila Kunis

    http://cs.wn.com/Mila Kunis

    http://id.wn.com/Mila Kunis

    http://es.wn.com/Mila Kunis

    http://ru.wn.com/Кунис, Мила

    http://pl.wn.com/Mila Kunis

    http://fr.wn.com/Mila Kunis

    http://de.wn.com/Mila Kunis

    http://pt.wn.com/Mila Kunis

    http://nl.wn.com/Mila Kunis




    This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mila_Kunis

    This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


    Bar Refaeli

    Refaeli at the 2008 Cannes film festival
    Born (1985-06-04) 4 June 1985 (age 27)
    Hod HaSharon, Israel
    Occupation Model, actress
    Height 1.74 m (5 ft 8.5 in)[1]
    Eye color Blue[1]
    Measurements 89-60-89 (EU) (35C-24-35)[1]
    Dress size 6 (US); 36 (EU)[2]
    Shoe size 40 (EU);[1] 9 (US)
    Manager Storm Model Management (London)
    ONE Management (New York City)
    IMG Models (Paris)
    Website
    www.barrefaeli.co.il

    Bar Refaeli (Hebrew: בר רפאלי‎; born 4 June 1985) is an Israeli model and occasional actress. She was the cover model of the 2009 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue and was voted #1 on Maxim magazine's Hot 100 list of 2012.

    Contents

    Early life[link]

    Bar Refaeli was born into an Israeli Jewish family in Hod HaSharon, Israel. Her parents, Rafael and Tzipi, own a horse ranch. Her mother was a successful Israeli model in the 1970s under her maiden name, Tzipi Levine.[3][4] Refaeli has three brothers. She began a modeling career at the age of eight months, appearing in commercials.[5] Refaeli had to wear braces in her early years, interrupting her modeling until age 15, when she returned to modeling with the representation of Irene Marie Models.

    Career[link]

    Modeling career[link]

    Refaeli at 18 years old

    Refaeli began her modeling career before the age of 8 months for a baby commercial.[6] By age 15, she was featured in campaigns for the fashion brands Castro and Pilpel, also starring in a commercial for Milky. Refaeli won the title "Model of The Year" in an Israeli beauty contest in 2000.[7]

    Refaeli has appeared in ELLE (France), Maxim, and GQ (Italy). She debuted in the 2007 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, becoming the first Israeli model to appear in the magazine, posing with rock band Aerosmith.[8][9] In 2009, Refaeli was the covermodel for the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue.[10] A photo from the shoot, featuring a bikini-clad Refaeli, was painted on the side of a Boeing 737 in a promotional deal with Southwest Airlines,[11][12] leading to criticism of Southwest from passengers for using an image they regarded as inappropriately sexual and "offensive to families".[13] In October of the same year, Refaeli was again embroiled in controversy, when Haredi groups criticised a Tel Aviv billboard campaign in which she appeared semi-nude, alleging that it could "poison" the public.[14][15] The billboards were subsequently removed.

    She has modeled for Subaru, Accessorize,[16] Brazilian clothing line Besni, Italian jewelry line Marco Bicego, and Rampage. In 2009, she modeled for Garnier International.[17]

    On 5 March 2009, Refaeli received the "World Style Award," presented by the Women's World Awards, for her "natural elegance, sense of style and compassion."[18] In October of the same year, Refaeli co-hosted Fashionable Istanbul's press conference announcing their October 2009 fashion event, also appearing in its advertising.[19] Refaeli was voted #42 in 2008, #57 in 2010, and #97 in 2011 in the FHM "100 Sexiest Women" list[20] and came in first on Maxim's Hot 100 list of 2012.[21]

    Film and television career[link]

    Refaeli co-starred in the Israeli TV series Pick Up in 2005. In October 2008, she co-hosted the Bravo special program Tommy Hilfiger Presents Ironic Iconic America,[22] based on the book Ironic Iconic America written by George Lois. She returned as a program host in 2009, this time for MTV's brief revival of House of Style.[23]

    On 18 January 2011, Refaeli attended the premiere of the English-language movie Session in Israel[24] in which she starred. Directed by Israeli Haim Bouzaglo, the film is a psychological thriller that tells the story of a manipulative psychologist who becomes obsessed with a new young patient.

    She served as a guest judge on cycle four of Germany's Next Topmodel hosted by Heidi Klum.

    Business venture[link]

    In 2011, Refaeli and Dudi Balsar, an attorney and former model, set up an E-commerce company called Undeez that will sell designer underwear. The company is slated to go online in November 2011.[25] By November 2011, the company had raised $1 million in venture capital funds.[26]

    Personal life[link]

    Previously linked to Baywatch actor David Charvet and Uri El-Natan, Refaeli began a relationship with American actor Leonardo DiCaprio in November 2005 after meeting him at a Las Vegas party thrown for members of U2.[27] In the course of their trip to Israel in March 2007, the couple met with Israeli president Shimon Peres and visited Refaeli's hometown of Hod HaSharon.[28] The relationship ended in June 2009.[29] Numerous reports, however, indicate that, as of early 2010, the romance may have been rekindled.[30][31][32] In May 2011, it was reported that the couple had ended their romantic relationship, although still remaining friends.[33]

    Her relationship with DiCaprio caused one nationalist Israeli organization to send her a letter, later leaked to the press,[34] in which she was asked, for the sake of "future generations of Jews", not to marry a "non-Jew", a request similar to the one made, a few years previously, to Israeli Miss World winner Linor Abargil.[35]

    Refaeli confided to L'Isha magazine that she prefers to keep a lower profile – though she is out with DiCaprio much of the time. "I am there for him and I am at all the events," she says. "I just don't walk in hand-in-hand with him. I don't see any reason. I don't need to strike poses with him in front of the cameras. No one needs to know how we kiss."[36]

    Philanthropy/personal causes[link]

    Refaeli volunteers for Project Sunshine,[37] a non-profit organization providing free services and programs for children facing life-threatening illnesses. She has also volunteered for organization Ahava, which has been caring for pets abandoned in Northern Israel during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict.[38]

    Refaeli and film director Shahar Segal have agreed to do a free campaign under the slogan "One Bag Less" to reduce the use of plastic bags.[39]

    In August 2010, she decided to write a special report with the collaboration of Better Place[40] on why she believes that people should drive electric cars.[41]

    Military enlistment[link]

    In 2007, it was reported that Refaeli had married a family acquaintance and divorced him soon after to avoid military service in the Israel Defense Forces,[42] which is generally mandatory for both men and women over the age of 18.[43] The Israeli Forum for the Promotion of Equal Share in the Burden threatened to boycott the fashion chain Fox if they hired Refaeli, but the two sides reached a compromise in which Refaeli agreed to visit injured IDF soldiers on visits to Israel and encourage enlistment in the army.[44] Refaeli later stated, "I don't regret not enlisting, because it paid off big time. That's just the way it is, celebrities have other needs. I hope my case has influenced the army."[45] In 2009, fellow Israeli model Esti Ginzburg, while speaking in support of enlisting, criticized Refaeli for her avoidance of military service.[46][47] In 2011, Refaeli was featured on the cover of Italian GQ's war-themed May 2011 issue.[45]

    References[link]

    1. ^ a b c d Top Model. Bar Refaeli. Retrieved on 7 January 2011.
    2. ^ "FMD – Profile of fashion model Bar Refaeli". Fashionmodeldirectory.com. http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Bar_Refaeli/. Retrieved 16 March 2011. 
    3. ^ Anderman, Nirit. "DiCaprio, Refaeli bring paparazzi out in force to Hod Hasharon". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/835925.html. Retrieved 16 March 2011. 
    4. ^ Burstein, Nathan (9 October 2007). "The 'uncomfortable' role model". Jerusalem Post. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1191257259222. Retrieved 16 March 2011. 
    5. ^ "Pop Culture Q&A". Sports Illustrated. 7 March 2011. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/features/2007_swimsuit/models/bar_refaeli/bio.html. Retrieved 16 March 2011. 
    6. ^ "Bar Refaeli (Profile)". Askmen.com. 4 June 1985. http://www.askmen.com/women/models_300/373c_bar_refaeli.html. Retrieved 16 March 2011. 
    7. ^ "Bar Refaeli Model Profile". http://nymag.com/fashion/models/brefaeli/barrefaeli/. Retrieved 6 August 2010. 
    8. ^ Supermodel Bar Refaeli – the first international Zionist celebrity
    9. ^ "SI.com – Bar Refaeli". Sports illustrated. 7 March 2011. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/features/2008_swimsuit/models/bar-refaeli. Retrieved 16 March 2011. 
    10. ^ Markazi, Arash (10 February 2009). "For cover girl Bar Refaeli, life is about to change". FanNation. http://www.fannation.com/si_blogs/for_the_record/posts/48821-for-covergirl-bar-rafaeli-life-is-about-to-change?eref=fromSI. Retrieved 10 February 2009. 
    11. ^ "Southwest Paints Swimsuit Model on Plane". PopSci.com.au. 12 February 2009. http://www.popsci.com.au/military-aviation-amp-space/article/2009-02/southwest-paints-swimsuit-model-plane. Retrieved 12 February 2009. 
    12. ^ "Southwest's Sports Illustrated Plane". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/photoessay/0,4644,6715,00.html. Retrieved 2 May 2009. 
    13. ^ "Southwest's Sports Illustrated Plane Featuring Bar Refaeli Is Offending Passengers". Fox News. 7 April 2010. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,504267,00.html. Retrieved 16 March 2011. 
    14. ^ Kanter, Jacob. "Fox removes racy Bar Refaeli billboards". Jerusalem Post. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1256557978193&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 16 March 2011. 
    15. ^ "Bar Refaeli racy Fox clothing billboard gets barred in Tel Aviv, amid fears of poisoning public". The Daily Telegraph. Australia. 28 October 2009. http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/bar-refaeli-racy-fox-clothing-billboard-gets-barred-in-tel-aviv-amid-fears-of-poisoning-public/story-e6frewyr-1225791951216. Retrieved 16 March 2011. 
    16. ^ "Leonardo's girlfriend face of Accessorize". Marie Claire. 27 February 2008. http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/fashion/184625/leo-s-girl-face-of-accessorize.html. Retrieved 16 March 2011. 
    17. ^ "Bar Refaeli making her Canadian debut with Garnier Fructis Style". CNW. 25 February 2011. http://www.cnw.ca/fr/releases/archive/May2009/26/c5970.html. Retrieved 16 March 2011. 
    18. ^ "Bar Refaeli to receive Women's World Style Award". Ynetnews. 20 June 1995. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3679061,00.html. Retrieved 31 August 2011. 
    19. ^ Istanbul meets the fashion world with Fashionable Istanbul. Istanbulview.com. Retrieved on 7 January 2011.
    20. ^ Bar Refaeli at FHM.com, 4 February 2011.
    21. ^ Hughes, Sarah Anne. "Bar Refaeli, Naya Rivera and Stephen Colbert make Maxim’s ‘Hot 100’ list". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/celebritology/post/bar-refaeli-naya-rivera-and-stephen-colbert-make-maxims-hot-100-list/2012/05/22/gIQAt8X3hU_blog.html. Retrieved 23 May 2012. 
    22. ^ Thielman, Sam (24 June 2008). "Bravo for Tommy Hilfiger, Radical". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117988039.html?categoryId=18. Retrieved 16 March 2011. 
    23. ^ "House of Style". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/ontv/dyn/house_of_style/series.jhtml. Retrieved 16 March 2011. 
    24. ^ "Bar Refaeli Typecast as Sushi Waitress in First Feature Film!". forward.com. 19 January 2011. http://blogs.forward.com/the-shmooze/134800/. Retrieved 16 March 2011. 
    25. ^ Feldman, Batya (24 October 2011). "Bar Refaeli's e-commerce lingerie co Undeez raises $1m". GLOBES. http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000691780&fid=1725. Retrieved 14 November 2011. 
    26. ^ Bar Refaeli's e-commerce lingerie company raises $1 million Jerusalem Post,By BATYA FELDMAN/GLOBES10/25/2011 11:10
    27. ^ "Leo and Bar. What's Going On?". http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3277618,00.html. Retrieved 15 August 2008. 
    28. ^ Israeli Leader Asks Leonardo DiCaprio for Help – Leonardo DiCaprio. People.com. Retrieved on 7 January 2011.
    29. ^ Leonardo Dicaprio is a Model Man
    30. ^ "It really is a Happy New Year for Leonardo DiCaprio and Bar Refaeli as the couple rekindle their on/off relationship". Daily Mail (London). 2 January 2010. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1240085/It-really-Happy-New-Year-Leonardo-DiCaprio-Bar-Refaeli-couple-rekindle-relationship-Mexico.html. Retrieved 6 January 2010. "Last year they called a halt to their relationship, apparently, it seemed, for good. But, if these new photographs are anything to go by, Leonardo DiCaprio and Bar Refaeli appear to be back on track." 
    31. ^ "Leonardo DiCaprio, Bar Refaeli getting serious?". The Indian Express (Delhi). 6 January 2010. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/leonardo-dicaprio-bar-refaeli-getting-serious/564073/. Retrieved 6 January 2010. "The couple, who has been dating on and off for the past three years, was spotted canoodling together over New Year's weekend in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, which topped off a week-long getaway." 
    32. ^ Miller, Tracy (2 January 2010). "Leonardo DiCaprio and Sports Illustrated model Bar Refaeli hook up again for New Year's". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2010/01/02/2010-01-02_leonardo_dicaprio_and_sports_illustrated_model_bar_refaeli_hook_up_again_for_new.html. Retrieved 6 January 2010. "Leo and Bar also enjoyed a "secret" romantic getaway in the Bahamas in late November, according to multiple reports, sparking rumors they'd decided to work it out." 
    33. ^ "Bar Refaeli back on the single market". Fashion Model Directory. 12 May 2011. http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/news/models/bar-refaeli-back-on-the-single-market.htm. Retrieved 20 May 2011. 
    34. ^ "ISRAEL: Nationalist group urges model Bar Refaeli to marry Jewish, dump Leo DiCaprio". Los Angeles Times. 10 March 2010. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2010/03/israel-barring-forseen-dicaprios.html. Retrieved 16 March 2011. 
    35. ^ "Marzel to beauty queen: Don't marry a goy". Ynet News. 20 June 1995. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3223268,00.html. Retrieved 16 March 2011. 
    36. ^ Bar Refaeli Always There for Leonardo DiCaprio (Just Not on the Red Carpet) – Couples, Bar Rafaeli, Leonardo DiCaprio. People.com. Retrieved on 7 January 2011.
    37. ^ "Gallery". Project Sunshine. http://www.projectsunshine.org/gallery.php?gazpart=show&gazgal=31. Retrieved 16 March 2011. 
    38. ^ "Refaeli comes to aid of animals abandoned during Lebanon war". Jerusalem Post. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1171894488067&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. 
    39. ^ Fay, Greer (17 January 2008). "Market Wise". Jerusalem Post. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1200475899238&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 16 March 2011. 
    40. ^ The Global Provider of EV Networks and Services. Better Place. Retrieved on 7 January 2011.
    41. ^ Refaeli, Bar. (2010-08-19) Better Place blog | Electric vehicles and the transition to sustainable transportation » Blog Archive » Bar Refaeli’s special report on Better Place & why you should drive electric. Blog.betterplace.com. Retrieved on 7 January 2011.
    42. ^ "Dodging IDF paid off big time". http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3455802,00.html. Retrieved 15 August 2008. 
    43. ^ "THE STATE: Israel Defense Forces (IDF)", Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 April 2008
    44. ^ "Bar Refaeli: IDF's new 'enlistment officer'". http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3540565,00.html. Retrieved 15 August 2008. 
    45. ^ a b Weiss, Shari. "Bar Refaeli topless in GQ Italia's military-themed issue: Israeli model once labeled a draft-dodger". New York Daily News. http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-05-05/gossip/29530134_1_bar-refaeli-israeli-model-israeli-fashion. Retrieved 11 May 2011. 
    46. ^ Israeli models Refaeli and Ginzburg at war over IDF The First Post
    47. ^ Israeli supermodels in catwalk spat over draft-dodging The Independent

    External links[link]

    Preceded by
    Molly Sims
    Host of House of Style
    2009
    Succeeded by
    end of series

    http://wn.com/Bar_Refaeli

    Related pages:

    http://it.wn.com/Bar Refaeli

    http://cs.wn.com/Bar Refaeli

    http://es.wn.com/Bar Refaeli

    http://ru.wn.com/Рафаэли, Бар

    http://nl.wn.com/Bar Refaeli

    http://pt.wn.com/Bar Refaeli

    http://pl.wn.com/Bar Refaeli

    http://fr.wn.com/Bar Refaeli

    http://de.wn.com/Bar Refaeli

    http://hi.wn.com/बार रेफेली




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    Olympic medal record
    Equestrian
    Silver 1964 Tokyo Eventing, team
    Silver 1972 Munich Eventing, team

    Kevin John Freeman (born October 21, 1941) is an American equestrian who competed at three Olympic Games, winning silver medals in team eventing in 1964 and 1972.

    Contents

    Early life[link]

    Born in Portland, Oregon, Freeman grew up on a farm in nearby Molalla. After attending Cornell University, Freeman developed his equestrian skills in California.[1] He competed in the 1963 Pan American Games, earning a gold medal in team competition, and a silver as an individual.[1]

    Olympics[link]

    In 1964, Freeman competed in eventing for the United States at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo aboard Gallopade, earning a silver medal in team competition and finishing 12th individually.[1] Freeman competed again in the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, but as a reserve on the U.S. team, did not receive a medal.[1][2]

    Freeman competed again for the U.S. in the 1972 Summer Olympics aboard Good Mixture, earning a second Olympic silver medal in team eventing.[1][2]

    After competition[link]

    He was inducted into the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame in 1991,[1] and in 2009, was inducted into the United States Eventing Association Hall of Fame along with Good Mixture, his horse at the 1972 Olympics.[3][4] Freeman lives in the Garden Home neighborhood of Portland.[3]

    References[link]

    http://wn.com/Kevin_Freeman




    This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Freeman

    This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.