Coordinates	35°0′41.69″N135°46′5.47″N
Title	25 To Life
Developer	Avalanche SoftwareRitual Entertainment
Publisher	Eidos Interactive
Released
Genre	Third-person shooter
Modes	Single-player, Multiplayer
Ratings	BBFC: 18ESRB: M
Platforms	PlayStation 2, Xbox, Microsoft Windows
Media	DVD
Input	''PlayStation 2:'' Gamepad, Headset (optional) }}

''25 To Life'' is a third-person shooter video game for Windows, PlayStation 2 and Xbox released in 2006. The game was developed by Avalanche Software and Ritual Entertainment, and was published by Eidos Interactive.

Set in a modern environment, the game allows the player to play as both a cop and a gangster, at different times, in a "cops and robbers" style game. The game can be played online with up to 16 players using the network adaptor for the PS2 and through Xbox Live for Microsoft's Xbox, and there is online play for the PC version as well. In addition, the game features a variety of hip hop songs played during the game.

The name of the game comes from a typical "indeterminate life sentence" that is often given in the United States upon a defendant's conviction for a violent felony. See the article on parole for more information.

Plot

The game is about an African American man named ''Freeze'', his friend Shaun Calderon, and a Police Officer, Officer Williams. The main protagonist being Freeze, the story is focused around him, despite the ability to be all three of the characters during at least one point throughout the game. Freeze commits crimes with Shaun to get money, which he promptly spends for his family.

One night upon returning home, his wife confronts him about these actions. Saying they are a bad influence to their son, she wants him to stop. After an argument, he agrees. The next day, he tells Shaun he wants out of the game. Shaun levels a gun on Freeze, informing him that he must do one last "job" -- a narcotics trade.

At the deal, Freeze finds the Colombian gang members dead, and police officer Maria Mendoza waiting. Freeze flees with the police in pursuit and loses them. Freeze then robs a bank until the police arrive. After a gun fight against the police, he finally reaches his getaway car only to be arrested after being hit by a nightstick.

Meanwhile, Mendoza informs Officer Williams of a new criminal, Shaun Calderon. They look for Shaun in his house (with a rookie) only to be found in a gun fight. Officer Williams then finds evidence and gets into Mendoza's car. Officer Williams goes to a club to find Shaun and chases him to the subway. Officer Williams then arrests Shaun but Mendoza kills him and tells Shaun to leave and go to Mexico.

Shaun goes to Tijuana and fights his way to a local club called "The Curtains Club". Shaun then robs a casino, fights security and goes to a wealthy man named Saragosa's penthouse. Shaun then kills him.

Freeze breaks out of jail and gets new clothes at the mall while being chased by the police. Freeze then kills Mendoza in the mall and hunts down Shaun then saying, "We used to be best friends, until you sold me out. Now, it's nothin' but flowers and a funeral for you, home boy", Freeze steps on Shaun's neck until he suffocates. The final scene shows Freeze telling Darnell, "From now on, it's just you and me against the world. Now let's do this." a large amount of police officers arrive, Freeze picks up a gun and points it at the police.

Reception

''25 to Life'' was received negatively by critics. ''Hyper'''s Maurice Branscombe comments that the game's soundtrack is okay only "if you like rap." However, he criticises the game as "absolutely unadulterated bullshit." Game Informer hated the game, commenting, "Voila! You've got a freshly baked crapcake!"

References

External links

''25 To Life'' Official Website

Eidos Forums

EidosInteractive.com

''25 To Life'' on GameSpot

GamePolitics: Thompson Urges Injunction, Police Seizures of ''25 To Life''

CNN's Showbiz Tonight Reports on ''25 To Life''

See also

List of PlayStation 2 games

Category:2006 video games Category:PlayStation 2 games Category:Windows games Category:Xbox games Category:Organized crime video games Category:Eidos Interactive games

fr:25 to Life sv:25 To Life zh:俠盜人生

Coordinates	35°0′41.69″N135°46′5.47″N
Name	Fiddler on the Roof
Music	Jerry Bock
Lyrics	Sheldon Harnick
Book	Joseph Stein
Basis	''Tevye and his Daughters'' by Sholem Aleichem
Productions	1964 Broadway 1967 West End 1971 film 1976 Broadway revival 1981 Broadway revival 1983 West End revival 1990 Broadway revival 1994 West End revival 2003 UK Tour 2004 Broadway revival 2007 West End revival 2008 UK Tour 2009 US Tour
Awards	Tony Award for Best Musical Tony Award for Best Score Tony Award for Best Book }}

''Fiddler on the Roof'' is a musical with music by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick, and book by Joseph Stein, set in Tsarist Russia in 1905. It is based on ''Tevye and his Daughters'' (or ''Tevye the Milkman and Other Tales'') by Sholem Aleichem. The story centers on Tevye, the father of five daughters, and his attempts to maintain his family and Jewish religious traditions while outside influences encroach upon their lives. He must cope with both the strong-willed actions of his three older daughters—each one's choice of husband moves further away from the customs of his faith—and with the edict of the Tsar that evicts the Jews from their village.

The original Broadway production of the show, which opened in 1964, was the first run of a musical in history to surpass the 3,000 performance mark. ''Fiddler'' held the record for the longest-running Broadway musical for almost 10 years until ''Grease'' surpassed its run. It remains Broadway's fifteenth longest-running show in history. The production was extraordinarily profitable and highly acclaimed. It was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning nine, including Best Musical, score, book, direction and choreography. It spawned four Broadway revivals, a successful 1971 film adaptation, and the show has enjoyed enduring international popularity. It is also a very popular choice for school and community productions.

Background

''Fiddler on the Roof'' was originally titled ''Tevye''. It is based on ''Tevye and his Daughters'' (or ''Tevye the Milkman'') and other tales by Sholem Aleichem that he wrote in Yiddish and published in 1894. The musical's title stems from the painting "The Fiddler" by Marc Chagall, one of many surreal paintings he created of Eastern European Jewish life, often including a fiddler. The Fiddler is a metaphor for survival, through tradition and joyfulness, in a life of uncertainty and imbalance.

Harold Prince replaced the original producer Fred Coe and brought in director/choreographer Jerome Robbins.

Productions

Original productions

The original Broadway production opened on September 22, 1964, at the Imperial Theatre, transferred in 1967 to the Majestic Theatre and in 1970 to The Broadway Theatre, and ran for a record-setting total of 3,242 performances. The production was directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins – his last original Broadway staging. The set, designed in the style of Marc Chagall's paintings, was by Boris Aronson.

The cast included Zero Mostel as Tevye the milkman, Maria Karnilova as his wife Golde (each of whom won a Tony for their performances), Beatrice Arthur and later Florence Stanley as Yente the matchmaker, Austin Pendleton as Motel, Bert Convy as Perchik the student revolutionary, Gino Conforti as the fiddler, and Julia Migenes as Hodel. Joanna Merlin originated the role of Tzeitel, which was later assumed by Bette Midler during the original run. Carol Sawyer was Fruma-Sarah, Adrienne Barbeau took a turn as Hodel, and Pia Zadora played the youngest daughter, Bielke. Both Peg Murray and Dolores Wilson made extended appearances as Golde, while other stage actors who have played Tevye include Herschel Bernardi (in the original Broadway run), Theodore Bikel and Leonard Nimoy. Mostel's understudy in the original production, Paul Lipson, went on to appear as Tevye in more performances than any other actor, clocking over 2,000 performances in the role in the original run as well as several revivals. The production earned $1,574 for every dollar invested in it.

The original West End production opened on February 16, 1967, at Her Majesty's Theatre and played for 2,030 performances. It starred Chaim Topol, who would also play Tevye in the 1971 film adaptation and the 1990 Broadway revival, and Miriam Karlin as Golde. Alfie Bass, Lex Goudsmit and Barry Martin eventually took over as Tevye. The show was revived in London in for short seasons in 1983 at The Apollo Victoria Theatre and in 1994 at The London Palladium.

Broadway revivals

The first Broadway revival opened on December 28, 1976, and ran for 176 performances at the Winter Garden Theatre. Zero Mostel starred as Tevye. Robbins directed and choreographed. A second Broadway revival opened on July 9, 1981, and played for a limited run (53 performances) at Lincoln Center's New York State Theater. It starred Herschel Bernardi as Tevye and Karnilova as Golde. Other cast members included Liz Larsen, Fyvush Finkel, Lawrence Leritz and Paul Lipson. Robbins directed and choreographed. The third Broadway revival opened on November 18, 1990, and ran for 241 performances at the George Gershwin Theatre. Topol starred as Tevye, and Marcia Lewis was Golde. Robbins' production was reproduced by Ruth Mitchell and choreographer Sammy Dallas Bayes. The production won the Tony Award for Best Revival.

A fourth Broadway revival opened on February 26, 2004, and ran for 36 previews and 781 performances at the Minskoff Theatre. Alfred Molina, and later Harvey Fierstein, starred as Tevye, and Randy Graff, and later Andrea Martin and Rosie O'Donnell, was Golde. This production replaced Yente's song "The Rumor" with a song for Yente and two other women called "Topsy-Turvy". It was directed by David Leveaux. The production was nominated for six Tonys but did not win any.

London revivals

''Fiddler'' was first revived in London in 1983 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre (a four-month season starring Topol) and again in 1994 at the London Palladium for two months and then on tour, again starring Topol, and directed and choreographed by Sammy Dallas Bayes, recreating the Robbins production.

After a two-month tryout at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England, a London revival opened on May 19, 2007, at the Savoy Theatre starring Henry Goodman as Tevye, Beverley Klein as Golde, Alexandra Silber as Hodel, Damian Humbley as Perchik and Victor McGuire as Lazar Wolf. The production was directed by Lindsay Posner. Robbins' choreography was recreated by Sammy Dallas Bayes (who did the same for the 1990 Broadway revival), with additional choreography by Kate Flatt.

UK tours

A 2003 national tour played for seven months, with a radical design, directed by Julian Woolford and choreographed by Chris Hocking. The production featured a minimalist setting, and the costumes and set were monochromatic. Fruma-Sarah was represented by a 12 foot puppet. This production was revived in 2008 starring Joe McGann and toured until September 2008.

Australian and U.S. tours

For two years, beginning in 2005, Topol recreated his role as Tevye in an Australian production, with seasons in Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, Wellington and Auckland.

''Topol in 'Fiddler on the Roof': The Farewell Tour'' opened on January 20, 2009, in Wilmington, Delaware. Topol left the tour in November 2009 due to torn muscles in his arms. He was replaced by Harvey Fierstein.

Israeli productions

Among the many versions produced around the world is a Hebrew language staging produced by the Israeli impresario Giora Godik in the 1960s. The Hebrew version of "Fiddler on the Roof" was so successful that Godik decided to produce a second version, this time in Yiddish, the language in which the original Sholem Aleichem stories upon which the musical was based were written. The translation was by Shraga Friedman.

Synopsis

Act I

Tevye, a poor Jewish milkman with five daughters, explains the customs of the Jews in the Russian ''shtetl'' of Anatevka in 1905, where their lives are as precarious as the perch of a fiddler on a roof ("Tradition"). At Tevye's home, everyone is busy preparing for the Sabbath meal. His sharp-tongued wife, Golde, orders their daughters, Tzeitel, Hodel, Chava, Shprintze and Bielke, about their tasks. Yente, the village matchmaker, arrives to tell Golde that Lazar Wolf, the wealthy butcher, a widower older than Tevye, wants to wed Tzeitel, the eldest daughter. The next two daughters, Hodel and Chava, are excited about Yente's visit, but Tzeitel is unenthusiastic ("Matchmaker, Matchmaker"). A girl from a poor family must take whatever husband Yente brings, but Tzeitel wants to marry her childhood friend, Motel the tailor.

Tevye is delivering milk, pulling the cart himself, as his horse is lame. He asks God, who it would hurt "If I Were a Rich Man"? Avram, the bookseller, has news from the outside world about pogroms and expulsions. A stranger, Perchik, hears their conversation and scolds them for doing nothing more than talk. The men dismiss Perchik as a radical, but Tevye invites him home for the Sabbath meal and offers him food and a room in exchange for tutoring his two youngest daughters. Golde tells Tevye to meet Lazar after the Sabbath but does not tell him why, knowing that Tevye does not like Lazar. Tzeitel is afraid that Yente will find her a husband before Motel asks Tevye for her hand. But Motel resists: he is afraid of Tevye's temper, and tradition says that a matchmaker arranges marriages. Motel is also very poor and is saving up to buy a sewing machine before he approaches Tevye, to show that he can support a wife. The family gathers around for the "Sabbath Prayer."

After the Sabbath, Tevye meets Lazar at Mordcha's inn, assuming mistakenly that Lazar wants to buy his cow. Once the misunderstanding is cleared up, Tevye agrees to let Lazar marry Tzeitel – with a rich butcher, his daughter will never want for anything. All join in the celebration of Lazar's good fortune; even the Russian youths at the inn join in the celebration and show off their dancing skills ("To Life"). Outside the inn, Tevye happens upon the Russian Constable, who has jurisdiction over the Jews in the town. The Constable warns him that there is going to be a "little unofficial demonstration" in the coming weeks (a euphemism for a minor pogrom). The Constable has sympathy for the Jewish community but is powerless to prevent the violence.

The next morning, after Perchik's lessons with her young sisters, Tevye's second daughter Hodel mocks Perchik's Marxist interpretation of a Bible story. He, in turn, criticizes her for hanging on to the old traditions of Judaism, noting that the world is changing. To illustrate this, he dances with her, defying the prohibition against opposite sexes dancing together. The two are falling in love. Later, a hungover Tevye announces that he has agreed that Tzeitel will marry Lazar Wolf. Golde is overjoyed, but Tzeitel is devastated and begs Tevye not to force her. Motel arrives and tells Tevye that he is the perfect match for Tzeitel and that he and Tzeitel gave each other a pledge to marry. He promises that Tzeitel will not starve as his wife. Tevye is stunned and outraged at this breach of tradition, but impressed at the timid tailor's display of backbone. After some soul-searching ("Tevye's Monologue"), Tevye agrees to let them marry, but he worries about how to break the news to Golde. An overjoyed Motel celebrates with Tzeitel ("Miracle of Miracles").

In bed with Golde, Tevye pretends to be waking from a nightmare. Golde offers to interpret his dream, and Tevye "describes" it ("Tevye's Dream"). Golde's grandmother Tzeitel returns from the grave to bless the marriage of her namesake, but to Motel, not to Lazar Wolf. Lazar's formidable late wife, Fruma-Sarah, rises from her grave to warn, in graphic terms, of severe retribution if Tzeitel marries Lazar. The superstitious Golde is terrified, and she quickly counsels that Tzeitel must marry Motel. While returning from town, Tevye's third daughter, the bookish Chava, is teased and intimidated by some Russian youths, but one of them, Fyedka, protects her, dismissing the others. He offers Chava the loan of a book, and a secret relationship begins.

The wedding day of Tzeitel and Motel arrives, and all the Jews join the ceremony ("Sunrise, Sunset") and the celebration ("The Wedding Dance"). Lazar gives a fine gift, but an argument arises with Tevye over the broken agreement. Perchik ends the tiff by breaking another tradition: he crosses the barrier between the men and women to dance with Tevye's daughter Hodel. The celebration ends abruptly when a group of Russians rides into the village to perform the "demonstration". They disrupt the party, damaging the wedding gifts and wounding Perchik, who attempts to fight back, and wreaking more destruction in the village. Ever practical, Tevye advises everyone to clean up the mess.

Act II

Months later, Perchik tells Hodel he must return to Kiev to work for the revolution. He proposes marriage, admitting that he loves her, and says that he will send for her. She agrees ("Now I Have Everything"). They tell Tevye that they are engaged, and he is appalled that they are flouting tradition by making their own match, especially as Perchik is leaving. When he forbids the marriage, Perchik and Hodel inform him that they do not seek his permission, only his blessing. After more soul searching, Tevye relents – the world is changing, and he must change with it ("Tevye's Rebuttal"). He informs the young couple that he gives them his blessing ''and'' his permission.

Tevye explains these events to an astonished Golde. "Love", he says, "it's the new style." Tevye asks Golde, "Do You Love Me?" After dismissing Tevye's question as foolish, she eventually admits that, after 25 years of living and struggling together and raising five daughters, she does. Other events are moving apace. Yente tells Tzeitel that she saw Chava with Fyedka. "The Rumor/I Just Heard" spreads quickly in Anatevka that Perchik has been arrested and exiled to Siberia, and Hodel is determined to join him there. At the railway station, she explains to her father that her home is with her beloved, wherever he may be, although she will always love her family ("Far from the Home I Love").

Time passes. Motel has purchased a used sewing machine, and he and Tzeitel have had a baby. Chava finally gathers the courage to ask Tevye to allow her marriage to Fyedka. Again Tevye reaches deep into his soul, but marriage outside the Jewish faith is a line he will not cross. He forbids Chava to speak to Fyedka again. When Golde brings news that Chava has eloped with Fyedka, Tevye wonders where he went wrong ("Chavaleh Sequence"). Chava returns and tries to reason with him, but he refuses to speak to her and tells the rest of the family to consider her dead. Meanwhile, rumors are spreading of the Russians expelling Jews from their villages. While the villagers are gathered, the constable arrives to tell everyone that they have three days to pack up and leave the town. In shock, they reminisce about "Anatevka" and how hard it will be to leave what has been their home for so long.

As the Jews leave Anatevka, Chava and Fyedka stop to tell her family that they are also leaving for Krakow, unwilling to remain in a place that could do such things to others. Tevye still will not talk to her, but when Tzeitel says goodbye to Chava, Tevye prompts her to add "God be with you". Motel and Tzeitel go to Poland but will join the family when they have saved up enough money. As Tevye, Golde and his two youngest daughters leave the village for America, the fiddler begins to play. Tevye beckons with a nod, and the fiddler follows them out of the village.

Musical numbers

;Act I

Prologue: Tradition – Tevye and the Company

Matchmaker – Tzeitel, Hodel and Chava

If I Were a Rich Man – Tevye

Sabbath Prayer – Tevye, Golde and the Company

To Life – Tevye, Lazar Wolf and the Company

Tevye's Monologue – Tevye

Miracle of Miracles – Motel

Tevye's Dream – Tevye, Golde, Grandma Tzeitel, Fruma-Sarahand the Company

Sunrise, Sunset – Tevye, Golde, Perchik, Hodel and the Company

The Bottle Dance – Instrumental

; Act II

Entr'acte – Orchestra

Now I Have Everything – Perchik and Hodel

Tevye's Rebuttal – Tevye

Do You Love Me? – Tevye and Golde

The Rumor/I Just Heard§ – Yente and villagers

Far From the Home I Love – Hodel

Chavaleh (Little Bird) – Tevye

Anatevka – The Company

The Leave Taking – Tevye, Family and Fiddler

§ The 2004 revival featured a song sung by Yente and some women of the village (Rivka and Mirala) titled "Topsy Turvy", discussing the disappearing role of the matchmaker in society. The number replaced "The Rumor/I Just Heard."

Principal characters

Tevye, a poor milkman

Golde, his wife

Tzeitel, their oldest daughter, about nineteen. Loves Motel.

Hodel, their daughter, about seventeen. Falls in love with Perchik.

Chava, their daughter, about fifteen. Falls in love with Fyedka.

Shprintze and Bielke, their youngest daughters, about twelve and nine

Motel Kamzoil, the tailor, who loves, and later marries, Tzeitel

Perchik, a student and Bolshevik revolutionary, who falls in love with Hodel

Fyedka, a young Christian man who marries Chava

Lazar Wolf, the butcher that Tzeitel was supposed to marry

Yente, the gossipy village matchmaker who matches Tzeitel and Lazar

Fruma-Sarah, Lazar Wolf's dead wife, who rises from the grave

Grandma Tzeitel, Golde's dead grandmother

Mordcha, the innkeeper

Rabbi, the village rabbi

Constable, the head of the Russian authority in Anatevka

Film adaptation

The film version was released in 1971, and won three Academy Awards, including one for arranger-conductor John Williams. Chaim Topol played the role of Tevye.

Cultural influence

The musical's popularity has led to numerous references in popular media, including television shows (for example, in the season 5 episode of ''Gilmore Girls'' titled "Jews and Chinese Food"), films (''Mrs. Doubtfire'' (1993)) and even other Broadway shows (''Spamalot'', in the middle of the song "You Won't Succeed on Broadway", includes a "Grail dance", which sends up the "bottle dance" in ''Fiddler's'' wedding scene). Other cultural references include the following:

Parodies

Literary parodies relating to the show have included a Paul Jennings story, "Piddler on the Roof", which is a pun on the musical's name. In the late 1960s, ''Mad Magazine'' published a parody of ''Fiddler'' called ''Antenna on the Roof'', which speculated about the lives of Tevye's descendants living in an assimilated 1960s suburban America. The H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society published a parody of ''Fiddler on the Roof'' called ''A Shoggoth on the Roof'', which incorporates the works of H. P. Lovecraft.

References to the musical on television have included a skit by ''The Electric Company'' about a village fiddler with a fear of heights, so he is deemed "Fiddler on the Chair". In the ''Family Guy'' episode "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein", "Fiddler on the Roof" is mentioned when William Shatner plays a villager. The second episode of ''Muppets Tonight'', in 1996, featured Garth Brooks doing a piece of "If I were a Rich Man" in which he kicks several chickens off the roof. "The Rosie Show", a 1996 episode of ''The Nanny'', parodied the dream scene, when Mr. Sheffield fakes a dream to convince Fran not to be a regular on a TV show. A 2011 episode of NBC's ''Community'', entitled "Competitive Wine Tasting", included a parody of ''Fiddler'' with an all-black cast dressed in ''Fiddler on the Roof'' costumes singing "It's Hard to be Jewish in Russia, Yo". Chabad.org kicked off their 2008 "To Life" Telethon with a pastiche of the fiddle solo and bottle dance from the musical called "Telethon!" rather than "Tradition!"

Other Broadway references have included ''The Producers'' (2001), which includes a musical number in the style of Jerry Bock that features an actual fiddler on a roof. The original Broadway cast of the musical ''Avenue Q'' and the Broadway 2004 revival cast of ''Fiddler on the Roof'' collaborated for a Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS benefit and produced an approximately 10-minute-long show, "Avenue Jew", that incorporated characters from both shows, including puppets.

Song covers

Listed alphabetically by artist or show title

In 1964, jazz saxophonist Cannonball Adderley recorded the album ''Fiddler on the Roof'', which featured jazz arrangements of eight songs from the musical. The album featured Nat Adderley (trumpet), Charles Lloyd (tenor saxphone, flute), Joe Zawinul (piano), Samuel Jones (bass), and Louis Hayes (drums) and was released by Capitol Records.

''The Big Bang Theory'' episode "The Grasshopper Experiment" refers several times to the musical. At the end of the episode Sheldon Cooper sings "To Life".

Indie rock band Bright Eyes recorded an adaptation of "Sunrise, Sunset" on their 2000 album ''Fevers and Mirrors''.

In 2008, "If I Were A Rich Man" was covered by the Capitol Steps poking fun at Illinois politics, and especially then-Governor Rod Blagojevich.

In 1999, Knitting Factory Records released the ''Knitting on the Roof'' compilation CD, featuring covers of ''Fiddler'' songs by alternative bands such as The Residents, Negativland, and The Magnetic Fields.

In 1993, "If I Were a Rich Man" was covered as a ragga version by the British Louchie Lou & Michie One, as "Rich Girl". Lady Saw covered it in 1999, as well as Gwen Stefani and Eve for Stefani's debut solo album ''Love. Angel. Music. Baby.'' in 2004.

The Santa Clara Vanguard Drum and Bugle Corps often performs music from ''Fiddler on the Roof'', and the "Bottle Dance" has become one of the songs connected with the corps.

In 2005, Melbourne punk band Yidcore released a reworking of the entire show called ''Fiddling on Ya Roof''.

Awards

''Fiddler'''s original Broadway production in 1964 was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning nine, including Best Musical, score, and book, and Robbins won for best direction and choreography. Mostel and Karnilova won as best leading actor and actress. In 1972, the show won a special Tony on becoming the longest-running musical in Broadway history.

Its revivals have also been honored. At the 1981 Tony Awards, Bernardi was nominated as best actor. Ten years later, the 1991 revival won for best revival, and Topol was nominated as best actor. The 2004 revival was nominated for six Tony Awards and three Drama Desk Awards but won none. The 2007 West End revival was nominated for Olivier Awards for best revival, and Goodman was nominated as best actor.

References

Bibliography

Altman, Richard ''The Making of a Musical: Fiddler on the Roof''. (1971). Crown Publishers.

Rich, Frank. ''The Theatre Art of Boris Aronson'' (1987), Knopf ISBN 0394529138

Playbill article about the original Broadway production

External links

Fiddler on the Roof - Insight on Tevye's Query

Broadway.tv article noting that Mostel’s script is held at The New York Library of The Performing Arts

''Fiddler on the Roof'' at Ovrtur

YouTube video: "Sunrise, Sunset," from the Japanese stage production.

Longest-running plays on Broadway, Off-Broadway, London, Toronto, Melbourne, Paris, Vienna, and Berlin

List of longest-running Broadway productions from Playbill.com

Category:1964 musicals Category:Broadway musicals Category:West End musicals Category:Musicals based on short fiction Category:Tony Award winning musicals Category:Yiddish culture Category:Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Category:Jewish theatre

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