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- 302 BC
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- A.I. Bezzerides
- Acropolis of Athens
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Acropolis of Athens
The Acropolis of Athens or Citadel of Athens is the best known acropolis (Gr. akros, akron, edge, extremity + polis, city, pl. acropoleis) in the world. Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as The Acropolis without qualification. The Acropolis was formally proclaimed as the pre-eminent monument on the European Cultural Heritage list of monuments on 26 March 2007. The Acropolis is a flat-topped rock that rises above sea level in the city of Athens, with a surface area of about 3 hectares. It was also known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man, Cecrops, the first Athenian king.
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Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea (, Egeo Pelagos ; ) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey respectively. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus. The Aegean Islands are within the sea and some bound it on its southern periphery, including Crete and Rhodes. The Aegean Region consists of nine provinces in southwestern Turkey, in part bordering on the Aegean sea.
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Alexandria
http://wn.com/Alexandria -
Amasya
http://wn.com/Amasya -
Anatolia
Anatolia (, from Greek '; also Asia Minor, from , ') is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, Georgia to the northeast, the Armenian Highland to the east, Mesopotamia to the southeast, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west. Anatolia has been home to many civilizations throughout history, such as the Hittites, Phrygians, Lydians, Persians, Greeks, Assyrians, Armenians, Romans, Byzantines, Anatolian Seljuks and Ottomans. As a result, Anatolia is one of the archeologically richest areas in the world.
http://wn.com/Anatolia -
Antioch
http://wn.com/Antioch -
Areopagus
:This article concerns the place where a classical judicial body met. It is also the term for the judicial body which met there. For the 16th century literary movement, see Areopagus (poetry). For the regional government during the Greek War of Independence, see Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece. For the modern Greek Supreme Court, see Court of Cassation (Greece).
http://wn.com/Areopagus -
Asia Minor
http://wn.com/Asia_Minor -
Attalid dynasty
The Attalid dynasty was a Hellenistic dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great. The Attalid kingdom was the rump state left after the collapse of the Lysimachian Empire. One of Lysimachus' officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city in 282 BC. The later Attalids were descended from his father, and they expanded the city into a kingdom. Attalus I proclaimed himself King in the 230s BC, following his victories over the Galatians. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis.
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Cappadocia
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Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucas (also referred to as Caucasia, , , , (''K'avk'asia''), , , , , , , ) is a geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia. It is home to the Caucasus Mountains, including Europe's highest mountain (Mount Elbrus).
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Classical Athens
The city of Athens during the classical period of Ancient Greece (508-322 BC) was a notable polis (city-state) of Attica, Greece, leading the Delian League in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta and the Peloponnesian League. Athenian democracy was established in 508 BC under Cleisthenes following the tyranny of Hippias. This system remained remarkably stable, and with a few brief interruptions remained in place for 180 years, until 322 BC (aftermath of Lamian War) . The peak of Athenian hegemony was achieved in the 440s to 430s BC, known as the Age of Pericles.
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Corsica
Corsica (, ; ; ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the island of Sardinia.
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Crete
http://wn.com/Crete -
Cyprus
http://wn.com/Cyprus -
Dardanelles
The Dardanelles (, ), formerly known as the Hellespont
http://wn.com/Dardanelles -
Ephesus
http://wn.com/Ephesus -
Fatsa
Fatsa is a town and a large district of Ordu Province in the central Black Sea region of Turkey.
http://wn.com/Fatsa -
Georgia (country)
http://wn.com/Georgia_(country) -
Heraclea Pontica
http://wn.com/Heraclea_Pontica -
Ionian Sea
The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. It is bounded by southern Italy including Calabria, Sicily and the Salento peninsula to the west, and by southwestern Albania, including Saranda and Himara, and a large number of Greek islands, including Corfu, Zante, Kephalonia, Ithaka, and Lefkas to the east. The islands are collectively referred to as the Ionian Islands, and other islands include the Strophades, Sphagia, Schiza, Sapientza and Kythira. The sea is one of the most seismic areas in the world.
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Kaçkar Mountains
http://wn.com/Kaçkar_Mountains -
Miletus
http://wn.com/Miletus -
Neocaesarea
http://wn.com/Neocaesarea -
Parthenon
The Parthenon (Ancient Greek: ) is a temple in the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their protector. Its construction began in 447 BCE and was completed in 438 BCE, although decorations of the Parthenon continued until 431 BCE. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying out a programme of selective restoration and reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure.
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Peloponnese
http://wn.com/Peloponnese -
Pergamon
http://wn.com/Pergamon -
Persian Empire
http://wn.com/Persian_Empire -
Pontic Mountains
The Pontic Mountains form a mountain range in Northern Turkey, also known as the Parhar mountains in the local Turkish and Pontic Greek languages. The term "Parhar" originates from the Hittite word meaning "high" or "summit".
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Republic of Pontus
The Republic of Pontus was a proposed Pontian Greek state in the north-eastern part of modern Turkey from 1917 to 1922. The Republic of Pontus was never officially proclaimed, but a central government of an embryonic state existed, though not occupying all the claimed areas. The Pontian Greeks rebelled against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War, under the leadership of Chrysanthus, Metropolitan of Trebizond. In 1917 Greece and the Entente powers considered the creation of a Hellenic autonomous state in Pontus, most likely as part of a Ponto-Armenian Federation. In 1919 on the fringes of the Paris Peace Conference Chrysanthos proposed the establishment of a fully independent Republic of Pontus, but neither Greece nor the other delegations supported it.
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Roman Armenia
From the end of the 1st century BC onwards, Armenia was, in part or whole, subject to the Roman Empire and its successor, the East Roman or Byzantine Empire. Emperor Trajan created even a short-lived Province of Armenia between 114 and 117 AD.
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Sebasteia
http://wn.com/Sebasteia -
Sinop, Turkey
http://wn.com/Sinop_Turkey -
Sparta
http://wn.com/Sparta -
Temple of Hephaestus
http://wn.com/Temple_of_Hephaestus -
Temple of Zeus
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, was an ancient Greek temple in Olympia, Greece, dedicated to the chief of the gods, Zeus. It was the very model of the fully-developed classical Greek temple of the Doric order. The temple, built between 472 and 456 BC, stood in the most famous sanctuary of Greece, which had been dedicated to local and Pan-Hellenic deities and had probably been established towards the end of the Mycenaean period. The Altis, the enclosure with its sacred grove, open-air altars and the tumulus of Pelops, was first formed during the tenth and ninth centuries BCE, when the cult of Zeus was joined the already establish cult here of Hera.
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Thermopylae
http://wn.com/Thermopylae -
Trabzon
:For the Ottoman Province of Trabzon, see Vilayet of Trabzon.
http://wn.com/Trabzon -
Troy
http://wn.com/Troy -
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
http://wn.com/Turkey -
Yeşil River
http://wn.com/Yeşil_River -
Zeus
http://wn.com/Zeus -
Zile
Zile, also known as Zela, is a city and a district of Tokat Province, Turkey. Zile lies to the south of Amasya and the west of Tokat in north-central Turkey. The city has a long history, including being the site of the Battle of Zela, which prompted the phrase "Veni, vidi, vici." Today the city is a center for agricultural marketing and tourism.
http://wn.com/Zile
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Aeschylus
http://wn.com/Aeschylus -
Aesop
http://wn.com/Aesop -
Alcaeus of Mytilene
http://wn.com/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene -
Alcibiades
http://wn.com/Alcibiades -
Alexander the Great
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Alexios I Komnenos
Alexios I Komnenos, Latinized as Alexius I Comnenus (lang-el|, 1056 – 15 August 1118 -- note that some sources list his date of birth as 1048), was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118, and the founder of the Komnenian dynasty. Inheriting a collapsing empire and faced with constant warfare during his reign against both the Seljuk Turks in Asia Minor and the Normans in the western Balkans, Alexios was able to halt the Byzantine decline and begin the military, financial, and territorial recovery known as the "Komnenian restoration". His appeals to Western Europe for help against the Turks were also the catalyst that triggered the Crusades.
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Anaxagoras
Anaxagoras (, "lord of the assembly"; c. 500 BC – 428 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Born in Clazomenae in Asia Minor, Anaxagoras was the first philosopher to bring philosophy from Ionia to Athens. He attempted to give a scientific account of eclipses, meteors, rainbows, and the sun, which he described as a fiery mass larger than the Peloponnese. He was accused of contravening the established religion and was forced to flee to Lampsacus.
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Anaximander
http://wn.com/Anaximander -
Antisthenes
Antisthenes (; c. 445-c. 365 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and a pupil of Socrates. Antisthenes first learned rhetoric under Gorgias before becoming an ardent disciple of Socrates. He adopted and developed the ethical side of Socrates' teachings, advocating an ascetic life lived in accordance with virtue. Later writers regarded him as the founder of Cynic philosophy.
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Archilochus
:For the hummingbird genus, see ''Archilochus.
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Archimedes
http://wn.com/Archimedes -
Aristophanes
http://wn.com/Aristophanes -
Aristotle
http://wn.com/Aristotle -
Aspasia
Aspasia (ca. 470 BC–ca. 400 BC, Greek: ) was a Milesian woman who was famous for her involvement with the Athenian statesman Pericles. Very little is known about the details of her life. She spent most of her adult life in Athens, and she may have influenced Pericles and Athenian politics. She is mentioned in the writings of Plato, Aristophanes, Xenophon, and other authors of the day.
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Bacchylides
Bacchylides () (5th century BC) was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. Later Greeks included him in the canonical list of nine lyric poets which included his uncle Simonides. The elegance and polished style of his lyrics have been a commonplace of Bacchylidean scholarship since at least Longinus (De Sublimitate 33,5). Some scholars however have associated these qualities with superficial charm. He has often been compared unfavourably with his contemporary, Pindar, as "a kind of Boccherini to Pindar's Haydn", yet the differences in their styles doesn't allow for easy comparison and "to blame Bacchylides for not being Pindar is as childish a judgement as to condemn...Marvel for missing the grandeur of Milton." His career coincided with the ascendency of dramatic styles of poetry, as embodied in the works of Aeschylus or Sophocles, and he is in fact one of the last poets of major significance within the more ancient tradition of purely lyric poetry. The most notable features of his lyrics are their clarity in expression and simplicity of thought, making them an ideal introduction to the study of Greek lyric poetry in general and to Pindar's verse in particular.
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Caria
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Chalybes
http://wn.com/Chalybes -
Colchis
http://wn.com/Colchis -
Constantine I
http://wn.com/Constantine_I -
Democritus
http://wn.com/Democritus -
Demosthenes
http://wn.com/Demosthenes -
Diocletian
http://wn.com/Diocletian -
Diogenes of Sinope
Diogenes of Sinope ( Diogenes ho Sinopeus), was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy. Also known as Diogenes the Cynic, he was born in Sinope (modern-day Sinop, Turkey) in 412 or 404 BCE
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Empedocles
http://wn.com/Empedocles -
Epaminondas
Epaminondas (Greek: ) (ca. 410 BC – 362 BC) or Epameinondas was a Theban general and statesman of the 4th century BC who transformed the Ancient Greek city-state of Thebes, leading it out of Spartan subjugation into a preeminent position in Greek politics. In the process he broke Spartan military power with his victory at Leuctra and liberated the Messenian helots, a group of Peloponnesian Greeks who had been enslaved under Spartan rule for some 230 years, having been defeated in the Messenian War ending in 600 BC. Epaminondas reshaped the political map of Greece, fragmented old alliances, created new ones, and supervised the construction of entire cities. He was militarily influential as well, inventing and implementing several major battlefield tactics.
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Epicurus
http://wn.com/Epicurus -
Euclid
http://wn.com/Euclid -
Euripides
http://wn.com/Euripides -
Eusebius of Caesarea
http://wn.com/Eusebius_of_Caesarea -
Evagrius Ponticus
Evagrius Ponticus (lang-el|), or Evagrius the Solitary (345-399 A.D.) was a Christian monk and ascetic. One of the rising stars in the late fourth century church, he was well-known as a keen thinker, a polished speaker, and a gifted writer. Throughout his ministry, he was a trusted friend to several influential contemporary church leaders, including Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nazianzus, Gregory of Nyssa, Nectarius of Constantinople, Macarius of Egypt, John Cassian, and Theophilus of Alexandria.
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Galatia
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Germania Inferior
Germania Inferior was a Roman province located on the left bank of the Rhine, in today's Luxembourg, southern Netherlands, parts of Belgium, and North Rhine-Westphalia left of the Rhine.
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Germania Superior
http://wn.com/Germania_Superior -
Gorgias
Gorgias (, ca. 485-c.380 BCE) "the Nihilist", Greek sophist, pre-socratic philosopher and rhetorician, was a native of Leontini in Sicily. Along with Protagoras, he forms the first generation of Sophists. Several doxographers report that he was a pupil of Empedocles, although he would only have been a few years younger. "Like other Sophists he was an itinerant, practicing in various cities and giving public exhibitions of his skill at the great pan-Hellenic centers of Olympia and Delphi, and charged fees for his instruction and performances. A special feature of his displays was to invite miscellaneous questions from the audience and give impromptu replies."
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Great Seljuq Empire
The Great Seljuq Empire () was a medieval Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim empire, originating from the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks. The Seljuq Empire controlled a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to eastern Anatolia and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. From their homelands near the Aral sea, the Seljuqs advanced first into Khorasan and then into mainland Persia before eventually conquering eastern Anatolia.
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Greeks
Ethnic group
http://wn.com/Greeks -
Hemshin peoples
http://wn.com/Hemshin_peoples -
Heraclitus
Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: — ; c. 535–c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure," and the "Weeping Philosopher."
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Herodotus
http://wn.com/Herodotus -
Hesiod
http://wn.com/Hesiod -
Hipparchus
http://wn.com/Hipparchus -
Hippocrates
http://wn.com/Hippocrates -
Hipponax
Hipponax of Ephesus was an Ancient Greek iambic poet.
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Homer
http://wn.com/Homer -
Humphrey Bogart
http://wn.com/Humphrey_Bogart -
Hypatia
http://wn.com/Hypatia -
Ibycus
Ibycus (Ancient Greek: ) (6th century BC), was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. He was included in the canonical list of nine lyric poets by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria. The extant fragments of his work contain the earliest-known example of the triadic choral lyric and epinician poetry.
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Justinian
http://wn.com/Justinian -
Laz people
http://wn.com/Laz_people -
Leonidas I
http://wn.com/Leonidas_I -
Leucippus
http://wn.com/Leucippus -
Lycurgus of Sparta
http://wn.com/Lycurgus_of_Sparta -
Lydia
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http://wn.com/Lydia -
Lysander
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Milo of Croton
http://wn.com/Milo_of_Croton -
Mithradates Eupator
http://wn.com/Mithradates_Eupator -
Mithridates VI
http://wn.com/Mithridates_VI -
Nero
http://wn.com/Nero -
Ottoman Empire
http://wn.com/Ottoman_Empire -
Parmenides
Parmenides of Elea (Greek: ; fl. early 5th century BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Italy. He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. The single known work of Parmenides is a poem which has survived only in fragmentary form. In this poem, Parmenides describes two views of reality. In The Way of Truth (a part of the poem), he explains how reality is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, and unchanging. In The Way of Opinion, he explains the world of appearances, which is false and deceitful. These thoughts strongly influenced Plato, and through him, the whole of Western philosophy.
http://wn.com/Parmenides -
Pausanias (general)
http://wn.com/Pausanias_(general) -
Pericles
http://wn.com/Pericles -
Persian people
Ethnic group|group = Persian Speakers
http://wn.com/Persian_people -
Philip II of Macedon
http://wn.com/Philip_II_of_Macedon -
Picenum
Picenum () was a region of ancient Italy. The name is an exonym assigned by the Romans, who conquered and incorporated it into the Roman Republic. Picenum was the birthplace of such notables as Pompey the Great and his father Pompeius Strabo. It was situated in what is now Marche. The Piceni or Picentes were the native population of Picenum, but they were not of uniform ethnicity. They maintained a religious centre in Cupra Marittima, in honor of the goddess Cupra.
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Pindar
http://wn.com/Pindar -
Plato
:For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Plato -
Plutarch
http://wn.com/Plutarch -
Polybius
http://wn.com/Polybius -
Pompey
http://wn.com/Pompey -
Pontic Greeks
The Pontian Greeks (also called Pontic Greeks, Pontians or Greeks of Pontus; or , ) are an ethnic group consisting of Greeks from the shores of the Black Sea (or Pontos in Greek, also see:Pontus). They traditionally speak Pontic, a distinct form of the Greek language which, due to the remoteness of Pontus, has had a process of linguistic evolution different from that of the rest of the Greek world.
http://wn.com/Pontic_Greeks -
Protagoras
Protagoras (Greek: ) (ca. 490– 420 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. In his dialogue Protagoras, Plato credits him with having invented the role of the professional sophist or teacher of virtue. He is also believed to have created a major controversy during ancient times through his statement that man is the measure of all things. This idea was very revolutionary for the time and contrasting to other philosophical doctrines that claimed the universe was based on something objective, outside the human influence.
http://wn.com/Protagoras -
Ptolemy
http://wn.com/Ptolemy -
Pyrrhus of Epirus
Pyrrhus or Pyrrhos (, Pyrros; 319-272 BC) was a Greek general of the Hellenistic era. He was king of the Greek tribe of Molossians, of the royal Aeacid house (from ca. 297 BC), and later he became King of Epirus (306-302, 297-272 BC) and Macedon (288-284, 273-272 BC). He was one of the strongest opponents of early Rome. Some of his battles, though successful, cost him heavy losses, from which the term "Pyrrhic victory" was coined. He is the subject of one of Plutarch's Parallel Lives.
http://wn.com/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus -
Pythagoras
Pythagoras of Samos (, O Pythagoras o Samios, "Pythagoras the Samian", or simply ; c. 570-c. 495 BC) was an Ionian Greek philosopher and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. Most of our information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived, thus very little reliable information is known about him. He was born on the island of Samos, and may have travelled widely in his youth, visiting Egypt and other places seeking knowledge. Around 530 BC, he moved to Croton, a Greek colony in southern Italy, and there set up a religious sect. His followers pursued the religious rites and practices developed by Pythagoras, and studied his philosophical theories. The society took an active role in the politics of Croton, but this eventually led to their downfall. The Pythagorean meeting-places were burned, and Pythagoras was forced to flee the city. He is said to have ended his days in Metapontum.
http://wn.com/Pythagoras -
Quaestura exercitus
http://wn.com/Quaestura_exercitus -
Ramsay MacMullen
Ramsay MacMullen (born 1928 in New York City) is an Emeritus Professor of history at Yale University, where he taught from 1967 to his retirement in 1993 as Dunham Professor of History and Classics. His scholarly interests are in the social history of Rome and the replacement of paganism by Christianity.
http://wn.com/Ramsay_MacMullen -
Sappho
Sappho ( in English; Attic Greek ' , Aeolic Greek ' ) was an Ancient Greek poet, born on the island of Lesbos. Later Greeks included her in the list of nine lyric poets. Her birth was sometime between 630 and 612 BC, and it is said that she died around 570 BC, but little is known for certain about her life. The bulk of her poetry, which was well-known and greatly admired throughout antiquity, has been lost, but her immense reputation has endured through surviving fragments.
http://wn.com/Sappho -
Simonides of Ceos
http://wn.com/Simonides_of_Ceos -
Socrates
http://wn.com/Socrates -
Solon
Solon (ancient Greek: , c. 638 BC–558 BC) was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in archaic Athens. His reforms failed in the short term yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy.
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Sophocles
http://wn.com/Sophocles -
Stesichorus
Stesichorus (Ancient Greek: , circa 640 - 555 BC) was the first great poet of the Greek West. He is best known for telling epic stories in lyric metres but he is also famous for some ancient traditions about his life, such as his opposition to the tyrant Phalaris, and the blindness he is said to have incurred and cured by composing verses first insulting and then flattering to Helen of Troy. He was ranked among the nine lyric poets esteemed by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria and yet his work attracted relatively little interest among ancient commentators, which in turn left a disproportionate number of gaps in the modern record as one scholar observed in 1967: "Time has dealt more harshly with Stesichorus than with any other major lyric poet." Recent discoveries, recorded on Egyptian papyrus (notably and controversially, the Lille papyrus, in 1974), have enhanced modern understanding of his work, confirming his role as a link between Homer's epic narrative and the lyric narrative of poets like Pindar.
http://wn.com/Stesichorus -
Strabo
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Thales of Miletus
http://wn.com/Thales_of_Miletus -
Themistocles
Themistocles (Greek: ; "Glory of the Law"); c. 524–459 BC, was an Athenian politician and general. He was one of a new breed of politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the Athenian democracy, along with his great rival Aristides. As a politician, Themistocles was a populist, having the support of lower class Athenians, and generally being at odds with the Athenian nobility. Elected archon in 493 BC, he took steps to increase the naval power of Athens, which would be a recurring theme in his political career. During the first Persian invasion of Greece, he fought at the Battle of Marathon, and was possibly one of the 10 Athenian strategoi (generals) in that battle.
http://wn.com/Themistocles -
Thucydides
http://wn.com/Thucydides -
Timocreon
Timocreon, of Ialysus in Rhodes, was a Greek lyric poet who flourished about 480 BC.
http://wn.com/Timocreon -
World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
http://wn.com/World_War_I -
Xenophon
http://wn.com/Xenophon -
Zeno of Citium
http://wn.com/Zeno_of_Citium
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Pontus's part from " In Search of the Miraculous"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:58
- Published: 04 Nov 2010
- Updated: 11 Aug 2012
buy here: insearchofthemiraculous.se
http://wn.com/Pontus's_part_from_In_Search_of_the_Miraculous
Rome Total War Online Battle 1446: Pontus vs Rome
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:59
- Published: 02 Mar 2009
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Please watch in "High Quality." I command a special request army for Pontus. (don't ask me for a special request. I only do those rarely) My opponent, PhilDanher, commands the SPQR Romans. Map: Pontic Peaks
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1446_Pontus_vs_Rome
Rome Total War Online Battle #1625: Macedon vs Pontus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:39
- Published: 27 Jan 2010
- Updated: 19 Aug 2012
I command the Macedonians. My opponent, [-TWR-]G-ral---Scipio---, commands the army of Pontus.
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1625_Macedon_vs_Pontus
Rome Total War Online Battle #1384: Seleucids vs Pontus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:11
- Published: 11 Feb 2009
- Updated: 22 Jul 2012
Please watch in "High Quality." I command the Seleucids. DrewZ[RUS], my opponents, commands the army of Pontus. Map: Grassy Flatlands
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1384_Seleucids_vs_Pontus
Rome Total War Online Battle #1273: Greece vs Pontus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:27
- Published: 09 Nov 2008
- Updated: 18 Aug 2012
Please watch in "High Quality." I command the Greek City-States. War_Lord takes up the mantle for Pontus. Map: Macedonian Ruins
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1273_Greece_vs_Pontus
Rome Total War Online Battle #1390: Seleucid vs Pontus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:02
- Published: 17 Feb 2009
- Updated: 22 Jul 2012
Please watch in "High Quality." I command the Seleucids. RomaVictrix_Ispanico, my opponent, commands the army of Pontus.
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1390_Seleucid_vs_Pontus
Rome Total War Online Battle #1437: Rome vs Pontus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Published: 03 Mar 2009
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Please watch in "High Definition." I command the army of Rome. My opponenent, }{SoR}{SunTzu-|R|, commands the army of Pontus. Map: Macedonian Ruins
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1437_Rome_vs_Pontus
Rome Total War Online Battle #1517: Macedon vs Pontus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:03
- Published: 24 Jul 2009
- Updated: 15 Aug 2012
Please watch this in "High Definition." I command the Macedonians. My opponent, [GREEK-WARRIOR], commands the army of Pontus.
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1517_Macedon_vs_Pontus
Let's Play Rome Total War - 95 (Y'know What, Fuck You Pontus, I 'aint Leaving)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:30
- Published: 08 Feb 2011
- Updated: 24 Aug 2012
Seriouisly Pontus I'm sick of your SHIT! You're all "Oohh oohhh look at how big and mean and strong I am ooh get outta my way rahh". No. NO! I'm SICK AND TIRED OF YOUR SHIT PUSHING ME ALL OVER. I'VE HAD IT. YOU WANT SOME? YOU WANT A PIECE OF ME?? COME GET SOME!
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Rome_Total_War_95_Y'know_What,_Fuck_You_Pontus,_I_'aint_Leaving
Rome Total War HD Online Commentary #58 Pontus vs Macedon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:08
- Published: 14 Nov 2009
- Updated: 26 Jul 2012
This is a nice RTW battle I fought recently. I used Pontus again so I thought you would like the change of faction. ( I always play as Carthage or the Julii). Enjoy.
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_HD_Online_Commentary_58_Pontus_vs_Macedon
Steppe Side Part from Pontus Alvs' Strongest of the Strange
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:30
- Published: 24 Jun 2007
- Updated: 12 Jul 2012
This is the work of Pontus Alv from his video 'Strongest of the Strange'. Uploaded because I wanted to spread the gnarlyness to people who can't get to buy the video.
http://wn.com/Steppe_Side_Part_from_Pontus_Alvs'_Strongest_of_the_Strange
Kim and Pontus - Andra Avenyn
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:42
- Published: 13 Dec 2007
- Updated: 23 Jul 2012
Screencaps: atraxii.blogspot.com After a couple of episodes after Adam had left Kim met Pontus wich he had a thing with in two episodes.
http://wn.com/Kim_and_Pontus_Andra_Avenyn
Me and Pontus in the studio
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Published: 07 Dec 2010
- Updated: 19 Jul 2012
doing some pre productions for the upcoming album
http://wn.com/Me_and_Pontus_in_the_studio
Cabal Online -PureDestiny- Lakeside and Pontus Ferrum bosses
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:47
- Published: 28 Jan 2008
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
PureDestiny and friends. EP1 PureDestiny homepage and movie topic: www.puredestiny.livenet.pl
http://wn.com/Cabal_Online_-PureDestiny_Lakeside_and_Pontus_Ferrum_bosses
#17 Pontus Farnerud GOALS (new updated version)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Published: 05 Nov 2010
- Updated: 01 Apr 2012
#17 Pontus Farnerud GOALS (version II)
http://wn.com/_17_Pontus_Farnerud_GOALS_new_updated_version
Rome Total War Online Battle #876: Armenia vs Pontus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:41
- Published: 26 Jan 2009
- Updated: 22 Jul 2012
Please watch in "High Quality." I command the Armenians. Mr_Sinister, my opponent, leads the army of Pontus.
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_876_Armenia_vs_Pontus
Rome Total War Online Battle #1706: Macedon vs Pontus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:15
- Published: 18 Jun 2010
- Updated: 22 Jul 2012
I command the Macedonians. My opponent, ]HTr[HoM]TheProdigy, commands the army of Pontus.
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1706_Macedon_vs_Pontus
Rome Total War Online Battle #488: Germania vs Pontus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:54
- Published: 26 Jul 2008
- Updated: 22 Jul 2012
Please Watch in "High Quality." This is an old battle played on September 7, 2007. I command the Germans. |-TAoW-|[StrSoulja] commands Pontus.
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_488_Germania_vs_Pontus
Dead by April - Losing You - Jimmie & Pontus Clean Vocals
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Published: 18 Dec 2010
- Updated: 15 Jul 2012
Vila i Frid, Pontus Granholm
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Published: 13 Apr 2008
- Updated: 04 Jul 2012
Vila i frid, gubben.. VI syns snart, vi kommer en efter en upp till dig... Jag älskar dig /Sandra
http://wn.com/Vila_i_Frid,_Pontus_Granholm
Rome : Total Realism 1.9 HD Ptolemaic Empire vs Pontus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:58
- Published: 12 Sep 2010
- Updated: 23 Jul 2012
I wanted to show some eastern factions since I always face off as Carthage against Rome. Enjoy whay Egypt should have been on RTW.
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_Realism_19_HD_Ptolemaic_Empire_vs_Pontus
Pontus Alv The strongest of the strange
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:55
- Published: 04 Jul 2012
- Updated: 14 Jul 2012
Pontus Alv - The strongest of the strange
http://wn.com/Pontus_Alv_The_strongest_of_the_strange
Pontus & Amerikanerna - Godmorgon Columbus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Published: 16 Mar 2008
- Updated: 11 Jul 2012
This was the groups biggest hit. This was the first single taken from the second album "Följer ett spår" 1991. Enjoy!
http://wn.com/Pontus_Amerikanerna_Godmorgon_Columbus
Creative Commons / Proserpine (talk | contribs)
AP / Ivan Sekretarev
Creative Commons / Kalle
European Community / Mbz
Photo: AP / Marcio Jose Sanchez
21 Sep 2012
LOS ANGELES -- Space shuttle Endeavour took off Friday morning on a sightseeing tour of California, the last aerial hurrah before retiring to a Los Angeles museum. Hitching a ride on top of a jumbo...
Photo: AP / Bassem Tellawi
20 Sep 2012
Iran has been using civilian aircraft to fly military personnel and large quantities of weapons across Iraqi airspace to...
Photo: DOD / Public Domain
20 Sep 2012
KANDAHAR, Afghanistan | It was nearly 2 a.m. when Army Pfc. Zach Randle jumped out of his bulky armored vehicle in southern Afghanistan for what he hoped would be the last time. “I don’t...
Photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb
20 Sep 2012
In the recent wave of anti-Western demonstrations, political Islam has operated globally. The West's response has been mired in the local politics of its separate nation-states. It is a curious...
Photo: AP / B.K. Bangash
21 Sep 2012
Pakistan's government, wary of widespread frustration over its failure to provide basic services, declared Friday a day of protest over the film in an apparent bid to exploit anger which has inspired...
Champions League - Wernbloom denies Madrid Tue, 21 Feb 18:59:00 2012 Pontus Wernbloom scored with ...
22 Feb 2012
Yahoo Daily News
1 2 3 Next » Sort comments by: Most recent | Most rated 1 2 3 Next » Sort comments by: Most recent | Most rated Comment on this article Please login to post a comment Log In Not already a Yahoo! user ? Sign up to get a free Yahoo! Account More Stories...(size: 2.2Kb)
Champions League - Debutant Wernbloom denies Real away win Tue, 21 Feb 18:59:00 2012 Pontus ...
21 Feb 2012
Yahoo Daily News
1 2 Next » Sort comments by: Most recent | Most rated 1 2 Next » Sort comments by: Most recent | Most rated Comment on this article Please login to post a comment Log In Not already a Yahoo! user ? Sign up to get a free Yahoo! Account More Stories Find out more about My Yahoo! » Sport Latest...(size: 2.2Kb)
Goal
The 25-year-old midfielder has signed a lucrative contract with the Russian giants, ending a three-year spell in the Netherlands with the transfer figure undisclosed Sign up with 188BET for a FREE bet up to £25 – Great Prices, Every Game Open an account with Sportingbet today and get up to...(size: 2.7Kb)
Goal
The Sweden international has helped the AFAS Stadion outfit reach the top of the Eredivisie as things stand, but may well be on his way to Russia in the near future Sign up with 188BET for a FREE bet up to £25 – Great Prices, Every Game Open an account with Sportingbet today and get up to £100...(size: 2.7Kb)
EON Reality Strengthens Its Asia Pacific Market Presence by Appointing Pontus Appelqvist as VP of Sales
15 Jan 2010
Marketwire
...(size: 0.0Kb)
AZ Sign Pontus Wernbloom From IFK Goteborg
30 Apr 2009
Goal
Eredivisie champions AZ have completed the transfer of Swedish youngster Pontus Wernbloom from IFK Goteborg for an undisclosed fee. The 22-year-old has signed a...(size: 1.1Kb)
Pontus Hulten
10 Nov 2006
The Times
IT IS hard to credit, now that we are used to art museums being adventure playgrounds where giant chutes and 'happenings' sit happily beside the exhibits, that as recently as the 1960s they were places where one went to look at paintings. By then, however, the practice of art was changing...(size: 5.9Kb)
The Los Angeles Times
Pontus Hulten, a visionary art impresario who embraced artists of many persuasions, conceived of museums as public forums for mind-bending experiences and infused his ideas into the foundations of several major institutions, including the Georges Pompidou Center in Paris and the Museum of...(size: 6.8Kb)
Obituary: Pontus Hulten, 82, curator
30 Oct 2006
International Herald Tribune
Pontus Hulten, a restless champion of contemporary art whose achievements spanned many countries and the founding directorships of several museums, including the Georges Pompidou Center in Paris and the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles, died Wednesday at his home in Stockholm. He...(size: 1.9Kb)
Turkish Press
ANKARA - ``Allegations on so-called Pontus genocide do not have any historical and scientific basis,`` said Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman Namik Tan in his...(size: 1.1Kb)
This article is about the geographic location. For the Greek god, see Pontus (mythology).
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011) |
| Pontus (Πόντος) | |
|---|---|
| Ancient Region of Anatolia | |
 Traditional rural Pontic house |
|
| Location | North-eastern Anatolia |
| Ethnic Groups | Pontic Greeks, Laz, Hemşin, Chepni, Turks |
| Historical capitals | Amasya, Neocaesarea, Sinope, Trabzon |
| Notable rulers | Mithradates Eupator |
 The modern definition of the Pontus: the area claimed for the "Republic of Pontus" after World War I, based on the extent of the six local Greek Orthodox bishoprics. |
|
Pontus[pronunciation?] or Pontos (Greek: Πόντος, "sea"[1]) is a historical Greek designation for a region on the southern coast of the Black Sea, located in modern-day northeastern Turkey. The name was applied to the coastal region in antiquity by the Greeks who colonized the area, and derived from the Greek name of the Black Sea: Πόντος Εύξεινος Pontos Euxeinos ("Hospitable Sea"[2]), or simply Pontos. Having originally no specific name, the region east of the river Halys was spoken of as the country εν Πόντοι en Pontôi, "on the [Euxeinos] Pontos", and hence acquired the name of Pontus, which is first found in Xenophon's Anabasis. The extent of the region varied through the ages, but generally it extended from the borders of Colchis (modern Georgia) until well into Paphlagonia in the west, with varying amounts of hinterland. Several states and provinces bearing the name of Pontus or variants thereof were established in the region in Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine times.
Contents |
Geography[link]
The north-eastern Black Sea region of Turkey, historically known as Pontus, has a steep, rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges. A few larger rivers, those cutting back through the Pontic Mountains (Doğu Karadeniz Dağları), have tributaries that flow in broad, elevated basins. Access inland from the coast is limited to a few narrow valleys because mountain ridges, with elevations of 1,525 to 1,800 m in the west and 3,000 to 4,000 m in the east in Kaçkar Mountains, form an almost unbroken wall separating the coast from the interior. The higher slopes facing southwest tend to be densely wet. Because of these natural conditions, the Black Sea coast historically has been isolated from the Anatolian interior proper.
Pontus was a mountainous country—wild and barren in the east, where the great chains approach the Euxine; but in the west watered by the great rivers Halys and Iris, and their tributaries, the valleys of which, [p. 1301] as well as the land along the coast, are extremely fertile. The eastern part was rich in minerals, and contained the celebrated iron mines of the Chalybes.
The area is known for its fertility. Cherries were supposed to have been brought from Pontus to Europe in 72 BC.[3]
History[link]
According to some researchers,the original inhabitants of Pontus were called generically Leucosyri,[4] even though Leucosyri were the people living in Cilicia and Cappadocia. So Leucosyri are probably what the Greeks called the Persians who lived in Anatolia (Asia Minor). Various Colchian tribes were also inhabitants of Pontus. By the end of the Ancient ages, these groups started to become hellenised into the Pontic Greek society. The first travels of Greek merchants and adventurers to the Pontian region occurred probably from around 1000 BC, whereas their settlements would become steady and solidified cities only by the 8th and 7th centuries BC as archaeological findings document. This fits in well with a foundation date of 731 BC as reported by Eusebius of Caesarea for Sinope, perhaps the most ancient of the Greek Colonies in what was later to be called Pontus. The epical narratives related to the travels of Jason and the 50 heroes to Colchis, the tales of Heracles' navigating the Black Sea and Odysseus' wanderings into the land of the Cimmerians as well as the myth of Zeus constraining Prometheus to the Caucasus mountains as a punishment for his outwitting the Gods can be seen as reflections of the early contacts of Greek navigators with the broader region.
Kingdom of Pontus[link]
Main article: Kingdom of Pontus
The term did come to apply to a separate state after the establishment of the Kingdom of Pontus, beyond the Halys River (today Kızılırmak River). The Persian dynasty which was to found this kingdom had during the fourth century BC ruled the Greek city of Cius (or Kios) in Mysia, with its first known member being Ariobarzanes I of Cius and the last ruler based in the city being Mithridates II of Cius. Mithridates II's son, also called Mithridates, would become Mithridates I Ktistes of Pontus ("Ktistes", Κτίστης meaning "The Founder", Constructor in greek).
During the troubled period following the death of Alexander the Great, Mithridates Ktistes was for a time in the service of Antigonus, one of Alexander's successors, and successfully maneuvering in this unsettled time managed, shortly after 302 BC, to create the Kingdom of Pontus which would be ruled by his descendants mostly bearing the same name, until 64 BC. Thus, this Persian dynasty managed to survive and prosper in the Hellenistic world while the main Persian Empire had fallen.
As the greater part of this kingdom lay within the immense region of Cappadocia, which in early ages extended from the borders of Cilicia to the Euxine (Black Sea), the kingdom as a whole was at first called "Cappadocia towards the Pontus", but afterwards simply "Pontus," the name Cappadocia being henceforth restricted to the southern half of the region previously included under that title.
This kingdom reached its greatest height under Mithridates VI or Mithridates Eupator, commonly called the Great, who for many years carried on war with the Romans. Under him, the realm of Pontus included not only Pontic Cappadocia but also the seaboard from the Bithynian frontier to Colchis, part of inland Paphlagonia, and Lesser Armenia.
Roman province[link]
Main article: Bithynia et Pontus
Mentioned three times in the New Testament, inhabitants of Pontus were some of the very first converts to Christianity. Acts 2:9 mentions them present during the Day of Pentecost. Acts 18:2 mentions a Jewish couple from Pontus that had converted to Christianity. And 1 Peter 1:1, Peter the Apostle addresses the Pontians in his letter as the "elect" and "chosen ones".
With the subjection of this kingdom by Pompey in 64 BC, in which little changed in the structuring of life, neither for the oligarchies that controlled the cities nor for the common people in city or hinterland, the meaning of the name Pontus underwent a change. Part of the kingdom was now annexed to the Roman Empire, being united with Bithynia in a double province called Pontus and Bithynia: this part included only the seaboard between Heraclea (today Ereğli) and Amisus (Samsun), the ora Pontica.
Hereafter the simple name Pontus without qualification was regularly employed to denote the half of this dual province, especially by Romans and people speaking from the Roman point of view; it is so used almost always in the New Testament. The eastern half of the old kingdom was administered as a client kingdom together with Colchis. Its last king was Polemon II.
In AD 62, the country was constituted by Nero a Roman province. It was divided into the three districts: Pontus Galaticus in the west, bordering on Galatia; Pontus Polemoniacus in the centre, so called from its capital Polemonium; and Pontus Cappadocicus in the east, bordering on Cappadocia (Armenia Minor).
With the reorganization of the provincial system under Diocletian (about AD 295), the Pontic districts were divided up between four provinces of the Dioecesis Pontica:
- Paphlagonia, to which was attached most of the old province Pontus
- Diospontus, renamed Helenopontus by Constantine the Great after his mother, containing the rest of the province Pontus and the adjoining district, eight cities in all (including Sinope, Amisus and Zela) with Amasea as capital
- Pontus Polemoniacus, containing Comana, Argyroupolis, Polemonium, Cerasus and Trapezus with Neocaesarea as capital
- Armenia Minor, five cities, with Sebasteia as capital.
Emperor Justinian further reorganized the system in 536:
- Pontus Polemoniacus was dissolved, with the western part (Polemonium and Neocaesarea) going to Helenopontus, Comana going to the new province of Armenia II, and the rest (Trapezus and Cerasus) joining the new province of Armenia I Magna
- Helenopontus gained Polemonium and Neocaesarea, and lost Zela to Armenia II. The provincial governor was renamed to moderator.
- Paphlagonia absorbed Honorias and was put under a praetor.
This rearrangement gave place in turn to the Byzantine system of military districts (themes) in the late 7th century.
Pontus under the Byzantines[link]
Under the Byzantine Empire, the Pontus came under the Armeniac Theme, with the westernmost parts (Paphlagonia) belonging to the Bucellarian Theme. Progressively, these large early themes were divided into smaller ones, so that by the late 10th century, the Pontus was divided into the themes of Chaldia and Koloneia. After the 8th century, the area experienced a period of prosperity, which was brought to an end only by the Seljuk conquest of Asia Minor in the 1070s and 1080s. Restored to the Byzantine Empire by Alexios I Komnenos, the area was governed by effectively semi-autonomous rulers, like the Gabras family of Trebizond.
Following the fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Pontus was set up as an independent successor state, the Empire of Trebizond, under the Komnenos dynasty. Through a combination of geographic remoteness and adroit diplomacy, the Empire managed to survive, until it was conquered by the Ottomans in 1461.
Pontus under the Ottomans[link]
| Distribution of Nationalities in Trebizond Vilayet[5] |
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| Source | Turks | Greeks | Armenians | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Official Ottoman Statistics, 1910 | 1,047,889 72.56% |
351,104 24.31% |
45,094 3.12% |
1,444,087 | |||
| Ecumenical Patriarchate Statistics, 1912 | 957,866 70.33% |
353,533 25.96% |
50,624 3.72% |
1,362,026 | |||
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Under the subsequent Ottoman rule which began with the fall of Trebizond, particularly starting from the 17th century, some of the region's Pontic Greeks became Muslim through the Devşirme system. But at the same time some valley's inhabited by Greeks converted by own will, most notably those in the Of-valley; and large communities (around 25% of the population) of Christian Pontic Greeks remained throughout the area (including Trabezon and Kars in northeastern Turkey/the Russian Caucasus) until the 1920s, and in parts of Georgia and Armenia until the 1990s, preserving their own customs and dialect of Greek.
A remarkable change during the last period of the Ottoman empire is the creation of "the Republic of Pontus" and the "Ponto-Armenian Federation" that did not take place as it was aimed to be and had as a result the genocide of at least 353,000 Pontian Greeks at the same time that the Armenian genocide took place. The number is based at facts from the relatives of murdered persons, Red Cross, French, and American reports from that period.
Present[link]
Main article: Black Sea Region
The Black Sea Region (Turkish: Karadeniz Bölgesi) is one of Turkey's seven census-defined geographical regions.
Famous Pontians[link]
- Strabo, a Greek historian, geographer, and philosopher.
- Evagrius Ponticus, a Greek theologian/monk of the 4th century
- Chrysanthos Theodoridis Singer
- A.I. Bezzerides, an American novelist and screenwriter. Famous for writing Humphrey Bogart movies, and co-creator of the TV series The Big Valley. Born in Samsun.
- Mike Lazaridis,CEO of Research in Motion and creator of BlackBerry phones.
See also[link]
Notes and references[link]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Sources[link]
- Bryer, Anthony A. M. (1980), The Empire of Trebizond and the Pontos, London: Variorum Reprints, ISBN 0-86078-062-7
- Ramsay MacMullen, 2000. Romanization in the Time of Augustus (Yale University Press)
Footnotes[link]
- ^ πόντος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^ Εὔξεινος, William J. Slater, Lexicon to Pindar, on Perseus
- ^
"Pontus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. - ^ Meyer, Geschichte d. Königr. Pontos (Leipzig,1879)
- ^ Pentzopoulos, Dimitri (2002). The Balkan exchange of minorities and its impact on Greece. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-1-85065-702-6. http://books.google.gr/books?id=PDc-WW6YhqEC&pg=PA28&dq=%22northern+epirus%22%2Bflorence#v=onepage&q=%22northern%20epirus%22%2Bflorence&f=false.
External links[link]
- History of Pontus
- The Greek Genocide 1914-23
- PontosWorld
- MA in Black Sea Cultural Studies. International Hellenic University-School of Humanities
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| Personal information | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Hans Pontus Farnerud | ||
| Date of birth | (1980-06-04) 4 June 1980 (age 32) | ||
| Place of birth | Helsingborg, Sweden | ||
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | ||
| Playing position | Midfielder | ||
| Club information | |||
| Current club | IFK Göteborg | ||
| Number | 21 | ||
| Senior career* | |||
| Years | Team | Apps† | (Gls)† |
| 1996–1998 | Landskrona BoIS | 55 | (14) |
| 1998–2005 | Monaco | 94 | (5) |
| 2003–2004 | → Strasbourg (loan) | 30 | (0) |
| 2005–2006 | Strasbourg | 32 | (3) |
| 2006–2008 | Sporting CP | 23 | (0) |
| 2008–2011 | Stabæk | 88 | (8) |
| 2012– | IFK Göteborg | 12 | (1) |
| National team‡ | |||
| 2000–2001 | Sweden U21 | 14 | (6) |
| 2002–2010 | Sweden | 11 | (0) |
| * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 05:14, 25 May 2012 (UTC). † Appearances (Goals). |
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Hans Pontus Farnerud (born 4 June 1980 in Helsingborg) is a Swedish footballer who plays as a midfielder for IFK Göteborg.
His younger brother, Alexander, is also a former Swedish international, and a midfielder.
Contents |
Club career[link]
After starting professionally at 16 with Landskrona BoIS, Farnerud was snapped in 1999 by French outfit AS Monaco FC, and appeared in fifteen league matches as the club won the 2000 national title. After spending 2003–04 on loan to fellow Ligue 1 side RC Strasbourg, he returned to Monaco, playing in six UEFA Champions League contests, and scoring once in the league, after only one minute on the pitch, in a 2–1 home win against FC Nantes.
In June 2005, Farnerud was bought definitely by Strasbourg, reuniting with younger brother Alexander.[1] The pair (with Pontus only missing two league matches), could not prevent a final relegation, as second from the bottom.
After that, Farnerud moved to Sporting Clube de Portugal on a free transfer,[2] being scarcely used during two seasons. He then returned north, to Norway, signing a long-term contract with Stabæk Fotball on 23 July 2008. He helped to a national league title in his first season, eventually being named team captain.
International career[link]
Farnerud was a full international from 2002 until 2010. He was a participant at the 2002 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2004, but did not leave the bench on either occasion.
Honours[link]
- French League: 1999–2000
- Portuguese Cup: 2006–07, 2007–08
- Portuguese Supercup: 2007
- Norwegian League: 2008
References[link]
- ^ Strasbourg secure second Farnerud; UEFA.com, 16 June 2005
- ^ Sporting chance for Farnerud; UEFA.com, 22 June 2006
External links[link]
- L'Équipe stats (French)
- Pontus Farnerud French league stats at LFP.fr (French)
- Stats and profile at Zerozero
- Pontus Farnerud at National-Football-Teams.com
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Farnerud, Pontus |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Footballer |
| Date of birth | 4 June 1980 |
| Place of birth | Helsingborg, Sweden |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Pontus_Farnerud
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http://pt.wn.com/Pontus Farnerud
http://de.wn.com/Pontus Farnerud
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http://pl.wn.com/Pontus Farnerud
http://es.wn.com/Pontus Farnerud
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus_Farnerud
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
