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Saturday, 18 August 2012
- university of michigan n 1: a university in Ann Arbor, Michigan
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university of michigan
<body, education> A large cosmopolitan university in the Midwest USA. Over 50000 students are enrolled at the University of Michigan's three campuses. The students come from 50 states and over 100 foreign countries. 70% of the University's students graduated in the top 10% of their high school class. 90% rank in the top 20% of their high school class. 60% of the students receive financial aid.
The main Ann Arbor Campus lies in the Huron River valley, 40 miles west of Detroit. The campus boasts 2700 acres with 200 buildings, six million volumes in 23 libraries, nine museums, seven hospitals, hundreds of laboratories and institutes, and over 18000 microcomputers.
(http://umich.edu/).
(1995-02-23)
University of Michigan
Branches of Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Applied mathematics
- Dynamical systems and differential equations
- Mathematical physics
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- Probability and statistics
- Game theory
- Operations research
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Adrian College
Adrian College is a private, co-educational liberal arts college related to the United Methodist Church and located in the city of Adrian in the U.S. state of Michigan.
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Ann Arbor, Michigan
http://wn.com/Ann_Arbor_Michigan -
Augusta, Georgia
http://wn.com/Augusta_Georgia -
Birmingham, Michigan
Birmingham is an affluent city in Oakland County of the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the total population was 19,291. An upscale suburb of Detroit, the city hosts a downtown that attracts shoppers from throughout the Metro Detroit area. In the Metro area, the community is best known for its upscale shopping, dining, and housing, and it is considered one of the trendiest suburbs outside of Detroit.
http://wn.com/Birmingham_Michigan -
Boston University
Boston University (BU) is a private research university located in Boston, Massachusetts. The university is historically affiliated with the United Methodist Church, but describes itself as nonsectarian. With more than 4,000 faculty members and more than 31,000 students, Boston University is one of the largest private universities in the United States and one of Boston's largest employers.
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Brandeis University
Brandeis University () is an American private research university with a liberal arts focus. It is located in the southwestern corner of Waltham, Massachusetts, nine miles (14 km) west of Boston. The University has an enrollment of approximately 3,200 undergraduate and 2,100 graduate students. In 2010, it was ranked by the U.S. News and World Report as the number 34 national university in the United States. Forbes listed Brandeis University as number 57 among all national universities and liberal arts colleges combined in 2010.
http://wn.com/Brandeis_University -
Brown University
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Calvin College
Calvin College is a comprehensive liberal arts college located in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Founded in 1876, Calvin College is an educational institution of the Christian Reformed Church and stands in the Reformed tradition of Protestantism. Calvin College is named after John Calvin, the 16th century Protestant Reformer.
http://wn.com/Calvin_College -
Carlson Center
The John A. Carlson Community Activity Center is a 6,443-seat multi-purpose arena in Fairbanks, Alaska. It is home to the University of Alaska Fairbanks Nanooks ice hockey team of the CCHA, the Fairbanks Grizzlies of the Indoor Football League, and is also the site used for the university's commencement exercises as well as graduation ceremonies for Lathrop, West Valley, and North Pole High Schools. The building also served as the site for the Top Of The World preseason college basketball tournament until its demise in 2007. Opening in 1990, the venue is named after John A. Carlson (1920-1988), who served as Fairbanks North Star Borough mayor from 1968 to 1982.
http://wn.com/Carlson_Center -
Chisholm Institute
Chisholm Institute is a Technical and Further Education (TAFE) Institute located in the south east Melbourne and Westernport Bay areas in Australia. It provides adult education in a number of areas including the arts and humanities, hospitality, information technology, mechanics and business. It was founded in 1998 by the merging of Casey Institute of TAFE, Peninsula Institute of TAFE and Barton Institute of TAFE.
http://wn.com/Chisholm_Institute -
Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York (Columbia University) is a private research university in New York City and a member of the Ivy League. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. It was founded in 1754 as King's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, and is one of only three United States universities to have been founded under such authority.
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Cornell University
Cornell University (, {{respell|kor-) is an Ivy League university located in Ithaca, New York. It is a private land-grant university which receives funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions.
http://wn.com/Cornell_University -
Crisler Arena
tAviary, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, is the home arena for the University of Michigan men's and women's basketball teams. Constructed in 1967, the arena seats 13,751 spectators. It is named for Herbert O. "Fritz" Crisler, head football coach at Michigan from 1938 to 1947 and athletic director thereafter until his retirement in 1968.
http://wn.com/Crisler_Arena -
Detroit
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Ferry Field
Ferry Field is a multi-purpose stadium in Ann Arbor, Michigan. It opened in 1906 and was home to the Michigan Wolverines football team prior to the Michigan Stadium opening in 1927. It had a capacity of 46,000.
http://wn.com/Ferry_Field -
Finlandia University
Finlandia University is a university in Hancock, Michigan, United States, and the only private university in the Upper Peninsula. Founded in 1896 as Suomi College, it is affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
http://wn.com/Finlandia_University -
Goggin Ice Center
Goggin Ice Center is a multi-purpose sports facility in Oxford, Ohio serving the Miami University community. It replaces the Goggin Ice Arena. Like its predecessor, it is named for Lloyd Goggin, former school vice president who was instrumental in building the original ice arena.
http://wn.com/Goggin_Ice_Center -
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country.
http://wn.com/Harvard_University -
Hill Auditorium
Hill Auditorium is the largest performance venue, on the University of Michigan campus, in Ann Arbor, USA. The auditorium was named in honor of Arthur Hill (1847-1909), who served as a regent of the university from 1901 to 1909. He bequeathed $200,000 to the university for the construction of a venue for lectures, musical performances, and other large productions. Opened in 1913, the auditorium was designed by Albert Kahn and Associates. It was recently renovated by the same firm beginning in 2002 and was re-opened in 2004.
http://wn.com/Hill_Auditorium -
Hochschule Wismar
http://wn.com/Hochschule_Wismar -
Hope College
http://wn.com/Hope_College -
Kettering University
Kettering University (formerly "General Motors Institute") is a university in Flint, Michigan, offering degrees in engineering, math, science, and business. The campus is located along the Flint River on property that used to be the main manufacturing location for General Motors. It is named after inventor and former head of research for General Motors Charles Kettering.
http://wn.com/Kettering_University -
Lancaster University
http://wn.com/Lancaster_University -
Lansing, Michigan
Lansing () is the capital of the U.S. state of Michigan. It is located about west-northwest of Detroit and is mostly in Ingham County, although small portions of the city extend into Eaton County and Clinton County. As of the July 1, 2009 Census Bureau estimate, it has a population of 113,802 and a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) population of 453,603. The even larger Combined Statistical Area (CSA) population, which includes Shiawassee County, is estimated at 523,609.
http://wn.com/Lansing_Michigan -
Lawson Arena
Harry W. Lawson Ice Arena is a 3,667-seat multi-purpose arena in Kalamazoo, Michigan. The arena's first game was on November 15, 1974 against Algoma University College of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. It is home to the Western Michigan University Broncos ice hockey team.
http://wn.com/Lawson_Arena -
Lurie Tower
The Ann and Robert H. Lurie Tower, located on North Campus at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and housing a grand carillon -- one of only 23 in the world, but one of two on the Michigan campus -- was built in 1996 as a memorial for Michigan alumnus Robert H. Lurie.
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Marygrove College
Marygrove College is an independent, Catholic, liberal arts college located in Detroit, Michigan. The college is sponsored by the Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary. It is committed to fostering Christian values, educating students from diverse backgrounds, and serving the people of metropolitan Detroit. The purpose of the college is to educate each student toward intellectual and professional competence, career flexibility through grounding in the liberal arts, and active compassion and commitment.
http://wn.com/Marygrove_College -
McGill University
http://wn.com/McGill_University -
Miami University
Miami University (MU) is a coeducational public research university located in Oxford, Ohio, United States. Founded in 1809, it is the 10th oldest public university in the United States and the second oldest in Ohio. In its 2011 edition, U.S. News & World Report ranked the university 79th overall and ranked its undergraduate teaching 2nd among national universities, tied with Princeton University. It is considered to be one of America's Public Ivy universities, which recognizes top public academic universities in the United States.
http://wn.com/Miami_University -
Michigan
Michigan () is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is a French corruption of the Ojibwe word mishigama, meaning "large water" or "large lake".
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Michigan Union
The Michigan Union is a student union at the University of Michigan. It is located at the intersection of South State Street and South University Avenue in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
http://wn.com/Michigan_Union -
New York University
New York University (NYU) is a private, nonsectarian research university based in New York City. NYU's main campus is situated in the Greenwich Village section of Manhattan. Founded in 1831, NYU is the largest private, nonprofit institution of higher education in the United States.
http://wn.com/New_York_University -
Nichols Arboretum
Nichols Arboretum (123 acres, 49.7 hectares) is an arboretum operated by the University of Michigan located on the eastern edge of its Central Campus at 1610 Washington Heights in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The Huron River forms the northern border of the arboretum. The arboretum is open daily from sunrise to sunset with no charge for admission. The arboretum is popularly known as "the Arb" by locals.
http://wn.com/Nichols_Arboretum -
Oakland University
Oakland University is a public university co-founded by Matilda Dodge Wilson and John A. Hannah whose 1,500-acre campus is located partly in Auburn Hills and partly in Rochester Hills, Michigan. Main campus buildings are in Auburn Hills. It is the only major research university in Oakland County, from which OU derives its name. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching has classified OU as a Doctoral Research-Intensive University.
http://wn.com/Oakland_University -
Princeton University
Princeton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The school is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League, and is one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution.
http://wn.com/Princeton_University -
Purdue University
Purdue University, located in West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S., is the flagship university of the six-campus Purdue University System. Purdue was founded on May 6, 1869, as a land-grant university when the Indiana General Assembly, taking advantage of the Morrill Act, accepted a donation of land and money from Lafayette businessman John Purdue to establish a college of science, technology, and agriculture in his name. The first classes were held on September 16, 1874, with three buildings, six instructors, and 39 students. Today, Purdue enrolls the second largest student body of any university in Indiana as well as the second largest international student population of any public university in the United States. This is a result of its aggressive recruiting policies abroad, particularly in Latin America and Asia.
http://wn.com/Purdue_University -
Ray Fisher Stadium
Ray Fisher Stadium is a baseball stadium in Ann Arbor, Michigan. It is the home field of the University of Michigan Wolverines college baseball team. The stadium holds 4,000 people and opened in 1923. Ray Fisher Stadium received extensive renovations and was reopened as part of the University's Wilpon Baseball and Softball Complex in 2008. The stadium is named after former Michigan baseball coach Ray Fisher who coached the University's baseball teams from 1921 until 1958.
http://wn.com/Ray_Fisher_Stadium -
Rice University
William Marsh Rice University (commonly known as Rice University) opened in 1912 as The William Marsh Rice Institute for the Advancement of Letters, Science and Art is a private coeducational research university located in Houston, Texas, United States. Its campus is located near the Houston Museum District and adjacent to the Texas Medical Center.
http://wn.com/Rice_University -
Rose Bowl Game
The Rose Bowl Game is an annual American college football bowl game, usually played on January 1 (New Year's Day) at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. When New Year's Day falls on a Sunday, the game is then played on the following Monday. The Rose Bowl is nicknamed "The Granddaddy of Them All" because it is the oldest bowl game. It was first played in 1902, and continuously since 1916. Since 1945, it has been the highest attended college football bowl game. It is a part of the Tournament of Roses "America's New Year Celebration".
http://wn.com/Rose_Bowl_Game -
Rutgers University
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (usually referred to as Rutgers University or just Rutgers), is the largest institution for higher education in New Jersey. It was originally chartered as ''Queen's College'' in 1766 and is the eighth-oldest college in the United States. Rutgers was originally a private university affiliated with the Dutch Reformed Church and admitted only male students, but evolved into a coeducational public research university. Rutgers is one of only two colonial colleges that later became public universities, the other being The College of William and Mary.
http://wn.com/Rutgers_University -
Schoolcraft College
Schoolcraft College is a two-year community college located in Livonia, Michigan with a satellite campus in Garden City, MI. Schoolcraft College was established in 1961. Originally named Northwest Wayne County Community College, the name of the college was changed because of the length. On February 6, 1963, the college officially changed the name to Schoolcraft College, after an American geologist Henry Schoolcraft. The reasoning for not including the word 'community' was for two main reasons. They thought that it might confuse people thinking that they were located in the county of Schoolcraft or served the city of Schoolcraft which is ten miles south of Kalamazoo. The other reason was that they wanted to keep the name as short as possible..
http://wn.com/Schoolcraft_College -
Skunk Works
http://wn.com/Skunk_Works -
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
http://wn.com/South_Africa -
Stanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university located in Stanford, California, United States. The university is located on an campus in northwestern Santa Clara Valley approximately southeast of San Francisco and approximately northwest of San Jose.
http://wn.com/Stanford_University -
State of Michigan
http://wn.com/State_of_Michigan -
Syracuse University
Syracuse University (also referred to as SU, Syracuse, or 'Cuse) is a private research university located in Syracuse, New York, United States. Its roots can be traced back to Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, founded by the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1832, which also later founded Genesee College. Following several years of debate over relocating the college to Syracuse, the university was founded independent of the college in 1870. Since 1920, the university has identified itself as nonsectarian, although it still maintains an affiliation with the United Methodist Church. Syracuse was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1966.
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Taylor's University
http://wn.com/Taylor's_University -
Texas A&M; University
Texas A&M; University, often referred to as A&M; or TAMU, is a coeducational public research university located in College Station, Texas. It is the flagship institution of the Texas A&M; University System. The seventh-largest university in the United States, A&M; enrolls over 49,000 students in ten academic colleges. Texas A&M;'s designation as a land, sea, and space grant institution reflects a broad range of research with ongoing projects funded by agencies such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, and the Office of Naval Research. The school ranks in the top 20 American research institutes in terms of funding and has made notable contributions to such fields as animal cloning and petroleum engineering.
http://wn.com/Texas_A&M;_University -
The Diag
At the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, the Diag is a large open space in the middle of the university's Central Campus. Originally known as the Diagonal Green, the Diag derives its name from the many sidewalks running near or through it in diagonal directions. It is arguably the busiest site on the university campus, hosting a variety of events including outdoor concerts, fundraisers, demonstrations, and sun bathing. The Diag is also a popular spot for local people to hang out. Some of these people, called "Diag Rats," spend a great deal of time loitering there.
http://wn.com/The_Diag -
Tom Hayden
Thomas Emmet "Tom" Hayden (born December 11, 1939) is an American social and political activist and politician, known for his involvement in the animal rights, and the anti-war and civil rights movements of the 1960s. He is the former husband of actress Jane Fonda and the father of actor Troy Garity.
http://wn.com/Tom_Hayden -
Tsinghua University
Tsinghua University (THU; ), colloquially known in Chinese as Qinghua, is a university in Beijing, China. The school is one of the nine universities of the C9 League. It was established in 1911, originally under the name "Tsinghua Xuetang". The school was renamed the "Tsinghua School" in 1912. The university section was founded in 1925 and the name "National Tsinghua University" adopted in 1928. With a motto of Self-Discipline and Social Commitment, Tsinghua University describes itself as being dedicated to academic excellence, the well-being of Chinese society and to global development. Today, many national and international rankings place Tsinghua amongst the best universities in mainland China.
http://wn.com/Tsinghua_University -
Tufts University
Tufts University is a private research university in Medford/Somerville, near Boston, Massachusetts. The university is home to the nation's oldest graduate school of international relations, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy.
http://wn.com/Tufts_University -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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University of Iowa
The University of Iowa (also known as U of I, or simply Iowa) is a public flagship state-supported research university located in Iowa City, Iowa. The University of Iowa is the oldest public university in the state. The university is organized into eleven colleges granting undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees. UI is categorized as RU/VH Research University (very high research activity) in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. The university is a group member of the prestigious American Association of Universities, the Big Ten Conference, Committee on Institutional Cooperation, and the Universities Research Association. The student newspaper, The Daily Iowan, has received numerous collegiate journalism awards over the years and is widely considered one of the finest college newspapers in the country.
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University of Leeds
The University of Leeds (informally Leeds University, or simply Leeds) is a British Redbrick university located in the city of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Originally named The Yorkshire College, a successor to the Leeds School of Medicine, it became part of the Victoria University alongside Owens College (which eventually became the University of Manchester) and University College Liverpool (which became the University of Liverpool). In 1904, a royal charter was granted to the University of Leeds by King Edward VII.
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University of Pisa
http://wn.com/University_of_Pisa -
University of Utah
The University of Utah, also known as the U or the U of U, is a public, coeducational research university in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. The university was established in 1850 as the University of Deseret by the General Assembly of the provisional State of Deseret, making it Utah's oldest institution of higher education. It received its current name in 1892, four years before Utah attained statehood, and moved to its current location in 1900. It is one of ten institutions that make up the Utah System of Higher Education.
http://wn.com/University_of_Utah -
Yale University
Yale University is a private Ivy League university located in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States.
http://wn.com/Yale_University -
Yost Ice Arena
Yost Ice Arena (formerly the Fielding H. Yost Fieldhouse) in Ann Arbor, Michigan is an indoor ice hockey rink located in Ann Arbor, Michigan. It is the home of the University of Michigan varsity ice hockey team which plays in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA). Built in 1923 as a field house, the facility is named in honor of Michigan's legendary football coach and athletic director, Fielding H. Yost. A multi-purpose indoor athletic venue, it was one of the first of its kind on a college campus. For many years, it housed the Michigan men's and women's basketball teams, until those teams relocated their sporting events to the larger Crisler Arena in 1967. In 1973, it was converted into an ice arena, and the Michigan hockey team has used it ever since. The University of Michigan's Senior and Collegiate synchronized skating and freestyle teams also practice at Yost. In addition, local high school teams, recreational leagues (AAAHA) and the university's intramural hockey league call it home. It has since undergone a number of renovations to modernize its facilities and improve amenities for spectators. Yost Ice Arena's current capacity is 6,637.
http://wn.com/Yost_Ice_Arena
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African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa. In the United States, the terms are generally used for Americans with at least partial Sub-Saharan African ancestry.
http://wn.com/African_American -
Alden B. Dow
http://wn.com/Alden_B_Dow -
Andrew Keenan-Bolger
Andrew Keenan-Bolger (born May 16, 1985 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American musical theatre actor and singer. He is currently appearing as Robertson Ay in the first national tour of Mary Poppins. The performer operates a successful blog chronicling his career titled "Andrew's Blog".
http://wn.com/Andrew_Keenan-Bolger -
Andrew Lippa
Andrew Lippa (December 22, 1964) is an American composer, lyricist, book writer, performer, and producer. He is a resident artist at the Ars Nova Theater in New York City.
http://wn.com/Andrew_Lippa -
Ann Coulter
Ann Hart Coulter (born December 8, 1961) is an American lawyer, conservative social and political commentator, author, and syndicated columnist. She frequently appears on television, radio, and as a speaker at public events and private events. Well-known for her right-wing political opinions and the controversial ways in which she defends them, Coulter has described herself as a polemicist who likes to "stir up the pot" and, unlike "broadcasters," does not "pretend to be impartial or balanced."
http://wn.com/Ann_Coulter -
Ann Marie Lipinski
Ann Marie Lipinski (born January 1956) is a Chicago journalist and the former editor of the Chicago Tribune. She currently is the Vice President for Civic Engagement at the University of Chicago. She also currently sits on the advisory board of the Chicago News Cooperative.
http://wn.com/Ann_Marie_Lipinski -
Arthur Miller
Arthur Asher Miller (October 17, 1915 – February 10, 2005) was an American playwright and essayist. He was a prominent figure in American theatre, writing dramas that include award-winning plays such as All My Sons, Death of a Salesman, and The Crucible.
http://wn.com/Arthur_Miller -
Asian American
Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. They comprise the third largest minority group in the United States. The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the U.S. Census Bureau definition of Asian, which includes individuals of East Asian, South Asian, and Southeast Asian origin.
http://wn.com/Asian_American -
Betty Smith
http://wn.com/Betty_Smith -
Bill Ayers
William Charles "Bill" Ayers (born December 26, 1944) is an American elementary education theorist and a former leader in the movement that opposed U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. He is known for his 1960s activism as well as his current work in education reform, curriculum, and instruction. In 1969 he co-founded the Weather Underground, a self-described communist revolutionary group that conducted a campaign of bombing public buildings during the 1960s and 1970s, motivated by U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. He is a retired professor in the College of Education at the University of Illinois at Chicago, formerly holding the titles of Distinguished Professor of Education and Senior University Scholar. During the 2008 Presidential campaign, a controversy arose over his contacts with candidate Barack Obama. He is married to Bernardine Dohrn, who was a leader in the Weather organization.
http://wn.com/Bill_Ayers -
Bo Schembechler
Glenn Edward "Bo" Schembechler, Jr. (April 1, 1929 – November 17, 2006) was an American football player, coach, and athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at Miami University from 1963 to 1968 and at the University of Michigan from 1969 to 1989, compiling a career record of 234–65–8. Only Joe Paterno and Tom Osborne have recorded 200 victories in fewer games as a coach in major college football. In his 21 seasons as the head coach of the Michigan Wolverines, Schembechler's teams amassed a record of 194–48–5 and won or shared 13 Big Ten Conference titles. Though his Michigan teams never won a national championship, in all but one season they finished ranked, and 16 times they placed in the final top ten of both major polls.
http://wn.com/Bo_Schembechler -
Brendan Morrison
Brendan Morrison (born August 15, 1975) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who is currently playing for the Calgary Flames. Former teams include: the Anaheim Ducks,Dallas Stars, Washington Capitals, the Vancouver Canucks, for whom he has played the majority of his career, and the New Jersey Devils, who had originally drafted him in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. During his college hockey career, he received the Hobey Baker Award with the Michigan Wolverines.
http://wn.com/Brendan_Morrison -
Brett Ellen Block
Brett Ellen Block (born Summit, New Jersey) is an American short story writer.
http://wn.com/Brett_Ellen_Block -
Carl Hagelin
http://wn.com/Carl_Hagelin -
Celia Keenan-Bolger
Celia Keenan-Bolger is an American actress and singer.
http://wn.com/Celia_Keenan-Bolger -
Charles Major
http://wn.com/Charles_Major -
Chris Summers
Chris Summers (nicknamed "Prince of Drummers" or "King of Drummers", born Christer Engen) is mostly known for his work with the Norwegian deathpunk band, Turbonegro (in Norwegian: Turboneger), where he played the drums from 1998 to 2008.
http://wn.com/Chris_Summers -
Claude Shannon
http://wn.com/Claude_Shannon -
David Alan Grier
David Alan Grier (born June 30, 1956), also known as "D.A.G." (DAG), is an American actor and comedian known for his work on the sketch comedy television show In Living Color.
http://wn.com/David_Alan_Grier -
David L. Mills
David L. Mills (born June 3, 1938) is an American computer engineer. Mills was the chairman of the GADS Task Force and the first chairman of the Internet Architecture Task Force. He invented the Network Time Protocol, the fuzzball router, the Exterior Gateway Protocol, inspired the author of ping, and had the first FTP implementation. He has also authored numerous RFCs. In 1999 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, and in 2002, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). In 2008, Mills was elected to the National Academy of Engineering (NAE).
http://wn.com/David_L_Mills -
Derek Jeter
Derek Sanderson Jeter (; born June 26, 1974) is an American professional baseball player. He is a Major League Baseball (MLB) shortstop who has played his entire career for the New York Yankees. He has served as the Yankees' team captain since 2003. Jeter's presence in the Yankees' lineup, highlighted by his hitting prowess, played an instrumental role in the team's late 1990s dynasty.
http://wn.com/Derek_Jeter -
Desmond Howard
Desmond Kevin Howard (born May 15, 1970 in Cleveland, Ohio) is a former NFL wide receiver, punt returner, and kickoff returner.
http://wn.com/Desmond_Howard -
Eero Saarinen
http://wn.com/Eero_Saarinen -
Elizabeth Kostova
Elizabeth Johnson Kostova (born December 26, 1964) is an American author best known for her debut novel The Historian.
http://wn.com/Elizabeth_Kostova -
Forman Brown
Forman Brown (1901-1996) was one of the world's leaders in puppet theatre in his day, as well as an important early gay novelist. He was a member of the Yale Puppeteers and the driving force behind Turnabout Theatre. He was born in Otsego, Michigan, in 1901 and died in 1996, two days after his 95th birthday. Brown briefly taught at North Carolina State College, followed by an extensive tour of Europe.
http://wn.com/Forman_Brown -
Frank Ticheli
Frank Ticheli (born January 21, 1958 in Monroe, Louisiana) is an American composer of orchestral, choral, chamber, and concert band works. He lives in Los Angeles, California, where he is a Professor of Composition at the University of Southern California. A number of his works are particularly notable, as they have become standards in concert band repertoire.
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Fritz Crisler
Herbert Orin "Fritz" Crisler (January 12, 1899 – August 19, 1982) was an American football coach who is best known as "the father of two-platoon football," an innovation in which separate units of players were used for offense and defense. Crisler developed two-platoon football while serving as head coach at the University of Michigan from 1938 to 1947. He also coached at the University of Minnesota (1930–1931) and Princeton University (1932–1937). Before coaching, he played football at the University of Chicago under Amos Alonzo Stagg, who nicknamed him Fritz after violinist Fritz Kreisler.
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Gael Greene
Gael Greene (born 1935) is an American food critic. For more than 30 years, she served as New York magazine's "Insatiable Critic." Greene famously went to great lengths to conceal her identity from restaurateurs.
http://wn.com/Gael_Greene -
Gavin Creel
Gavin James Creel (born April 18, 1976) is an American actor, singer and song writer.
http://wn.com/Gavin_Creel -
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas, serving from 1995 to 2000.
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Gerald Ford
Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. As the first person appointed to the vice-presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment, when he became President upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, he also became the only President of the United States who was elected neither President nor Vice-President.
http://wn.com/Gerald_Ford -
Herman Mudgett
http://wn.com/Herman_Mudgett -
Iggy Pop
Iggy Pop (born James Newell Osterberg, Jr.; April 21, 1947) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, and occasional actor. He is considered an influential innovator of punk rock, hard rock, and other styles of rock music. Pop began calling himself Iggy after his first band in high school (for which he was drummer), The Iguanas. Iggy Pop is widely acknowledged as one of the most dynamic stage performers of all time.
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Jack Kevorkian
Jack Kevorkian, (;),M.D. born May 26, 1928, is an American pathologist, right-to-die activist, painter, composer, and instrumentalist. He is best-known for publicly championing a terminal patient's right to die via physician-assisted suicide; he claims to have assisted at least 130 patients to that end. He famously said that "dying is not a crime."
http://wn.com/Jack_Kevorkian -
James Earl Jones
James Earl Jones (born January 17, 1931) is an American actor of stage and screen, well known for his deep basso voice. To modern audiences, he is known for providing the voice of Darth Vader in the Star Wars franchise and the tagline for CNN.
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Jefferson Davis
Jefferson Finis Davis (June 3, 1808 – December 6, 1889) was an American statesman and leader of the Confederacy during the American Civil War, serving as the President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, 1861 to 1865.
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Jessye Norman
http://wn.com/Jessye_Norman -
Joe Dassin
http://wn.com/Joe_Dassin -
John F. Kennedy
http://wn.com/John_F_Kennedy -
John Philip Sousa
http://wn.com/John_Philip_Sousa -
Jonas Salk
Jonas E. Salk (October 28, 1914 – June 23, 1995) was an American medical researcher and virologist, best known for his discovery and development of the first safe and effective polio vaccine. He was born in New York City to parents from Russian-Jewish immigrant families. Although they themselves did not have much formal education, they were determined to see their children succeed. While attending medical school at New York University, he stood out from his peers not just because of his academic prowess, but because he chose to do medical research instead of becoming a physician.
http://wn.com/Jonas_Salk -
Jonathan Chait
Jonathan Chait (; born 1972) is a senior editor at The New Republic and a former assistant editor of The American Prospect. He also writes a periodic column in the Los Angeles Times.
http://wn.com/Jonathan_Chait -
Keith Waldrop
http://wn.com/Keith_Waldrop -
Larry Page
Lawrence "Larry" Page (born March 26, 1973) is an American computer scientist and industrialist, who co-founded Google Inc., along with Sergey Brin.
http://wn.com/Larry_Page -
Lawrence Kasdan
Lawrence Kasdan (born January 14, 1949) is an American movie producer, director and screenwriter.
http://wn.com/Lawrence_Kasdan -
Lucy Liu
http://wn.com/Lucy_Liu -
Lyndon B. Johnson
http://wn.com/Lyndon_B_Johnson -
Marge Piercy
Marge Piercy (born 31 March 1936) is an American poet, novelist, and social activist.
http://wn.com/Marge_Piercy -
Martha Minow
Martha Minow (born 1954) is the Jeremiah Smith, Jr. Professor of Law and the Dean of Harvard Law School. She teaches civil procedure, constitutional law, family law, international criminal justice, jurisprudence, law and education, nonprofit organizations, and the public law workshop. She has written extensively about human rights, with a focus on racial and religious minorities as well as in women, children, and persons with disabilities. She also writes and teaches about privatization, military justice, and ethnic and religious conflict. Minow was one of the candidates mentioned to replace U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice John Paul Stevens upon his retirement. This honor, however, went to Elena Kagan, Minow's predecessor as dean of Harvard Law School.
http://wn.com/Martha_Minow -
Mary Sue Coleman
Dr. Mary Sue Coleman (born October 2, 1943) is the 13th and current President of the University of Michigan. On July 2010, U.S. Commerce Secretary Gary Locke appointed her as the co-chair of National Advisory Council on Innovation and Entrepreneurship.
http://wn.com/Mary_Sue_Coleman -
Max Kade
http://wn.com/Max_Kade -
Max Pacioretty
Max Pacioretty (born November 20, 1988) is an American professional ice hockey player currently playing for the Hamilton Bulldogs of the American Hockey League (AHL). He was drafted 22nd overall in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft by the Montreal Canadiens. Pacioretty played high school hockey at New Canaan High School during his freshman year, and then moved on to The Taft School in Watertown, Connecticut. He signed a three-year contract with the Canadiens on July 17, 2008, thus forgoing his remaining eligibility at the University of Michigan.
http://wn.com/Max_Pacioretty -
Meryl Davis
Figure skater
http://wn.com/Meryl_Davis -
Michael Cammalleri
Michael "Mike" Cammalleri (born June 8, 1982) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player currently playing for the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL).
http://wn.com/Michael_Cammalleri -
Michael Phelps
Swimmer
http://wn.com/Michael_Phelps -
Nick Faldo
Sir Nicholas Alexander Faldo, MBE (born 18 July 1957) is an English professional golfer on the European Tour and occasional on air golf analyst. Over his career, he has won six majors: three Open Championships and three Masters. He was ranked the World No. 1 on the Official World Golf Rankings for a total of 98 weeks. In 2006, Faldo became the lead golf analyst for CBS Sports.
http://wn.com/Nick_Faldo -
Pop Evil
Pop Evil is an American Rock band from Muskegon, Michigan. It was formed in 2001 by Leigh Kakaty, Dave Grahs, and Dylan Allison. Lead guitarist Tony Greve, formerly of Two Heded Chan was originally added as a temporary/studio guitarist for the band, but then was invited to become a full-time member in early 2007. Around that time, bassist Jamie Nummer left the band for personal reasons, and was replaced by Matt DiRito, formerly of Archangel.
http://wn.com/Pop_Evil -
Randy Napoleon
http://wn.com/Randy_Napoleon -
Ray Fisher
Ray Lyle Fisher (October 4, 1887 in Middlebury, Vermont -November 3, 1982 in Ann Arbor, Michigan) was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball. His debut game took place on July 2, . His final game took place on October 2, . During his career he played for the New York Yankees and Cincinnati Reds.
http://wn.com/Ray_Fisher -
Rensis Likert
Rensis Likert (pronounced 'Lick-urt') (5 August 1903–3 September 1981) was an American educator and organizational psychologist best known for his research on management styles. He developed his eponymous Likert Scale and the linking pin model.
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Richard Moll
Richard Moll (born January 13, 1943) is an American actor who played Bull Shannon, the bailiff on the NBC sitcom Night Court from 1984 to 1992. Standing 6-feet-8-inches-tall, he is also a voice artist, playing villains with his distinctive rough-sounding voice.
http://wn.com/Richard_Moll -
Ruth Reichl
Ruth Reichl - pronounced RYE-chil - (born January 16, 1948 in New York City) is an American food writer, co-producer of PBS's ''Gourmet's Diary of a Foodie'', culinary editor for the Modern Library, host of PBS's ''Gourmet's Adventures with Ruth, and the last editor-in-chief of the now shuttered Gourmet magazine. She has written a trilogy critically acclaimed, best-selling books of memoirs: Tender at the Bone: Growing Up at the Table, Comfort Me with Apples: More Adventures at the Table, and Garlic and Sapphires: The Secret Life of a Critic in Disguise and has lately published Not becoming my Mother. Her latest book is Gourmet Today'' a 1,008 page cookbook containing over 1,000 recipes.
http://wn.com/Ruth_Reichl -
Ryan Drummond
Ryan Drummond (born January 10, 1973), is an voice actor, actor, comedian, clown, and mime. He is best known as the original voice of Sonic the Hedgehog in the popular SEGA video game franchise. He was replaced in this role by Jason Anthony Griffith in 2005.
http://wn.com/Ryan_Drummond -
Selma Blair
Selma Blair (born June 23, 1972) is an American actress. After numerous supporting roles in the 1990s, she starred in the film Cruel Intentions and the short-lived TV series Zoe, Duncan, Jack and Jane in 1999. She has since had notable roles in Hollywood feature films such as Legally Blonde (2001), The Sweetest Thing (2002), Hellboy (2004), The Deal and The Fog (2005), Purple Violets (2007) and (2008). She also played the titular role of Kim in Kath & Kim, a remake of the popular Australian sitcom of the same name.
http://wn.com/Selma_Blair -
Stephen Smale
http://wn.com/Stephen_Smale -
Stevens T. Mason
http://wn.com/Stevens_T_Mason -
Sven Birkerts
Sven Birkerts (born September 21, 1951) is an American essayist and literary critic of Latvian ancestry. He is best known for his book The Gutenberg Elegies, which posits a decline in reading due to the overwhelming advances of the Internet and other technologies of the "electronic culture."
http://wn.com/Sven_Birkerts -
Ted Kaczynski
Theodore John "Ted" Kaczynski (; born May 22, 1942), also known as the Unabomber (University and Airline Bomber), is an American mathematician and social critic, who engaged in a mail bombing spree that spanned nearly 20 years, killing three people and injuring 23 others.
http://wn.com/Ted_Kaczynski -
Temel Kotil
Temel Kotil (born 1959 in Rize, Turkey) is an aeronautical engineer and serves as the president and CEO of the Turkish Airlines since April 2005.
http://wn.com/Temel_Kotil -
Theodore Roethke
Theodore Roethke ( ) (May 25, 1908 – August 1, 1963) was an American poet, who published several volumes of poetry characterized by its rhythm and natural imagery. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1954 for his book, The Waking.
http://wn.com/Theodore_Roethke -
Tom Brady
Thomas Edward "Tom" Brady, Jr. (born August 3, 1977) is an American football quarterback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). After playing college football at Michigan, Brady was drafted by the Patriots in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft.
http://wn.com/Tom_Brady -
Tom Doak
Tom Doak is a golf course architect. He currently has 4 courses ranked among the top 100 in the world according to Golf Magazine's "Top 100 Courses in the World" list, including Pacific Dunes in Oregon, Ballyneal in Colorado [http://www.ballyneal.com], Barnbougle Dunes in Tasmania and Cape Kidnappers in New Zealand. Doak currently resides in Michigan.
http://wn.com/Tom_Doak -
Tom Harmon
http://wn.com/Tom_Harmon -
Tom Hayden
Thomas Emmet "Tom" Hayden (born December 11, 1939) is an American social and political activist and politician, known for his involvement in the animal rights, and the anti-war and civil rights movements of the 1960s. He is the former husband of actress Jane Fonda and the father of actor Troy Garity.
http://wn.com/Tom_Hayden -
Tsinghua University
Tsinghua University (THU; ), colloquially known in Chinese as Qinghua, is a university in Beijing, China. The school is one of the nine universities of the C9 League. It was established in 1911, originally under the name "Tsinghua Xuetang". The school was renamed the "Tsinghua School" in 1912. The university section was founded in 1925 and the name "National Tsinghua University" adopted in 1928. With a motto of Self-Discipline and Social Commitment, Tsinghua University describes itself as being dedicated to academic excellence, the well-being of Chinese society and to global development. Today, many national and international rankings place Tsinghua amongst the best universities in mainland China.
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Willis Hawkins
Willis M. Hawkins (December 1, 1913 – September 28, 2004) was an aeronautical engineer for Lockheed for more than fifty years. He was hired to the company in 1937, immediately after receiving his bachelor's degree in aeronautical engineering from the University of Michigan. Prior to that, he was in the first graduating class of The Leelanau School, a boarding school in Glen Arbor, Michigan. He contributed to the designs of a number of historic Lockheed aircraft, including the Constellation, P-80 Shooting Star, XF-90, F-94 Starfire, and F-104 Starfighter. During World War II, he was part of the group of Lockheed designers who designed the first American attempt at a jet plane: the Lockheed L-133.
http://wn.com/Willis_Hawkins
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University of Michigan UM Graduation Flash Mob to Rusted Root's "Send Me On My Way"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Published: 17 Apr 2011
- Updated: 19 Jul 2012
www.GoEnnounce.com University of Michigan students surprised hundreds on campus with their graduation flash mob dancing to Rusted Root's "Send Me On My Way". The flash mob was totally student produced and sponsored by GoEnnounce.com. Think you can coordinate a flash mob on your college campus and want GoEnnounce.com to be your sponsor? Contact events@goennounce.com
http://wn.com/University_of_Michigan_UM_Graduation_Flash_Mob_to_Rusted_Root's_Send_Me_On_My_Way
President Obama at the University of Michigan - Speech Excerpt
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:38
- Published: 28 Jan 2012
- Updated: 03 Jul 2012
US President Obama came to the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor on January 27th, 2012, at the Al Glick Field House, to talk about college affordability & tuition, and the economy. It was his second visit to UofM since he was elected in 2008. Over 3000 people were in attendance.
http://wn.com/President_Obama_at_the_University_of_Michigan_Speech_Excerpt
Sanjay Gupta at 2012 spring commencement
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:25
- Published: 01 May 2012
- Updated: 19 Jul 2012
CNN Chief Medical Correspondent Sanjay Gupta, a University of Michigan alumnus, was main speaker at the April 28, 2012, University of Michigan spring commencement. Gupta is also an assistant professor of neurosurgery at Emory University School of Medicine and associate chief of neurosurgery at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta.
http://wn.com/Sanjay_Gupta_at_2012_spring_commencement
University of Michigan - A new renewable energy concept
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Published: 24 Nov 2008
- Updated: 07 Jun 2012
A device called VIVACE developed at the University of Michigan draws power out of slow water currents to produce clean electricity. It imitates the swim strategy of a school of fish.
http://wn.com/University_of_Michigan_A_new_renewable_energy_concept
Francis Collins sings!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Published: 18 Dec 2007
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
At the University of Michigan Commencement, geneticist Francis Collins busts out his six-string and serenades the graduating class.
http://wn.com/Francis_Collins_sings!
Freaks and Geeks - Ending E18
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:16
- Published: 14 Apr 2008
- Updated: 17 Jul 2012
The ending of the Freaks and Geeks. "Lindsay is accepted to a two-week academic summit at the University of Michigan as one of the top one percent of students in the state. She is not sure that she wants to spend her summer this way, while Kim expresses envy at the fact that Lindsay gets to leave town. Jeff loans Lindsay a copy of the Grateful Dead's American Beauty album to help ease her stress. Neal, Bill and the Weirs see Lindsay off as she leaves for the summit. She gets off the bus in Ann Arbor to find Kim waiting for her. They board a van with two Deadhead classmates and depart to follow the group on its tour." epguides.com
http://wn.com/Freaks_and_Geeks_Ending_E18
iPad App for Cerebral Palsy Patients Developed by Michigan Engineering Students
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Published: 15 Nov 2010
- Updated: 19 Jun 2012
A University of Michigan team of engineering students and rehabilitation engineers is building an app to help people whose impaired motor movements make it hard to manipulate touch-sensitive screens or press the small buttons on iPads and other mobile devices. tinyurl.com
http://wn.com/iPad_App_for_Cerebral_Palsy_Patients_Developed_by_Michigan_Engineering_Students
Michigan Intro (Bo Schembechler THE TEAM speech)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:30
- Published: 08 Nov 2009
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
Hey Michigan fans! itunes.com University of Michigan Clock Sorry about the quality. Don't forget to rate, comment, subscribe!
http://wn.com/Michigan_Intro_Bo_Schembechler_THE_TEAM_speech
Parachuting Into Michigan Stadium with the 101st Airborne Division
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Published: 14 Oct 2010
- Updated: 18 Jul 2012
Sgt. Adam Sniffen from the 101st Airborne Division delivers the game ball via parachute before the Michigan vs. MSU game at Michigan Stadium on Oct. 9, 2010.
http://wn.com/Parachuting_Into_Michigan_Stadium_with_the_101st_Airborne_Division
University of Michigan Pursuit of Jappiness
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Published: 11 Feb 2011
- Updated: 19 Jul 2012
DOWNLOAD POJ MP3: www.mediafire.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Follow 3p presents on twitter: @3pPresents Directed and edited by Skyler Fulton. Song written by Lucas Brody, Devin Rossinsky, and Skyler Fulton (ft. Cody Rose on back up vocals). Special thanks to Perlynerp and Schram
http://wn.com/University_of_Michigan_Pursuit_of_Jappiness
1979 Michigan Indiana Football - Anthony Carter + Ufer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Published: 11 Jan 2008
- Updated: 16 Jul 2012
Classic Michigan Replay with Bo Schembechler. The most exciting play in the first 100 years of Michigan Football history. Lee Corso is the IU coach that catches the clock stopping lateral (now an illegal play). Bob Ufer with the classic call. Go Blue
http://wn.com/1979_Michigan_Indiana_Football_Anthony_Carter_+_Ufer
The University of Michigan Campus Beautiful
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:53
- Published: 30 Jan 2009
- Updated: 11 Jul 2012
I went to U of M and consider it to be a truly gorgeous place. The real life me attended graduate school there. The town of Ann Arbor is a wonderful setting for this great university. I set this collection of stills to the University of Michigan Glee Club singing at the National Cathedral.
http://wn.com/The_University_of_Michigan_Campus_Beautiful
Lion King Medley - The University of Michigan GMen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Published: 12 Dec 2007
- Updated: 17 Jul 2012
Check out more of The G-Men at www.youtube.com For one time only the University of Michigan GMen magically transform their sound from having the power of 100 raging buffalos to having the power of 100 raging wildebeests
http://wn.com/Lion_King_Medley_The_University_of_Michigan_GMen
Locating Root Canals
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:43
- Published: 17 Jun 2009
- Updated: 18 Jul 2012
Lists requirements of good access and shows position of canal orifices in the teeth and use of endodontic explorer to locate them. Orig. air date: JUL 24 73 This is part of the Open.Michigan collection at: open.umich.edu
http://wn.com/Locating_Root_Canals
Spring cleaning ... for your nose
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Published: 07 Apr 2008
- Updated: 06 Jul 2012
Relief for a runny or stuffy nose, watery eyes or post-nasal drip is just a rinse away, say experts at the University of Michigan Health System. Nasal irrigation - rinsing the nose and nasal passages with a solution, typically salt water -- is a cheap and easy way for the millions of people who suffer with spring allergies and nasal congestion to alleviate
http://wn.com/Spring_cleaning_for_your_nose
George Dong's University of Michigan Commencement Speech
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:27
- Published: 04 May 2009
- Updated: 14 Jun 2012
For each commencement ceremony, a member of the graduating class was invited to present remarks to the entire class. A committee of students, staff and faculty selected George Dong as the spring 2009 commencement speaker. George Dong came to Michigan from Fuzhou, China. Following graduation, he will work in the Teach for America program, teaching at a school in Chicago. Transcript: Good morning. First let me express my deepest gratitude for my unusual presence at this podium today. I came to Michigan from Fuzhou, China, about 7 thousand miles away. When I first came, I barely spoke English. In fact, I was so confused that I thought the Fishbowl was an aquarium, the Big House was a prison, and that North Face jackets and UGG boots were the unofficial school uniforms. As it turns out, I was only right about the last one. Standing here today, I am extremely proud of Michigans rich tradition, I am grateful for my parents unconditional love and profound sacrifice that made this moment even possible, and I am aware of the diverse culture and heritage of all 50 states and 120 countries that are represented in the audience today. Although our hometowns may be thousands of miles apart, it is the same Michigan experience that connects us all. It is the same Michigan Time that always saved us ten minutes of more sleep. It is the winged football helmets and the Hot Dog Man that we worshipped. We have learned to speak different languages, learned to appreciate and celebrate different <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/George_Dong's_University_of_Michigan_Commencement_Speech
University of Michigan Video Tour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Published: 06 Jul 2008
- Updated: 14 May 2012
The tour takes you through buildings and sites on both Central and North Campus.
http://wn.com/University_of_Michigan_Video_Tour
University of Michigan 2011 Engineering Commencement Speech
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:11
- Published: 31 Jan 2012
- Updated: 31 Jan 2012
Student Speaker's Speech at 2011 University of Michigan Engineering Commencement.
http://wn.com/University_of_Michigan_2011_Engineering_Commencement_Speech
Nickelodeon Medley - The University of Michigan Gmen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Published: 01 Dec 2007
- Updated: 18 Jul 2012
Check out more of The G-Men at www.youtube.com The University of Michigan Gmen pay homage to the shows of their childhood
http://wn.com/Nickelodeon_Medley_The_University_of_Michigan_Gmen
University of Michigan Men's Lacrosse Video Blog: For The Boys
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Published: 01 Nov 2010
- Updated: 08 Jul 2012
Follow Pat on Twitter: twitter.com Become a fan on Facebook: on.fb.me A few days in the life of the Michigan Lacrosse team, including an alumni scrimmage on a perfect Ann Arbor Sunday and a defenseman's dream come true: the first night of the winterlong Wednesday night three on three tournament. The boys also manage to fit in a prison-style workout to make sure they look their best for Halloween weekend and try to figure out a way to defend Kurt Rambis. Music: "Some Chordz" by Sam Adams "You Are Not a Robot" by Hoodie Allen
http://wn.com/University_of_Michigan_Men's_Lacrosse_Video_Blog_For_The_Boys
University of Michigan Men's Lacrosse Video Blog: The Boys Are Back in Town
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:11
- Published: 28 Jan 2011
- Updated: 12 Jul 2012
Follow Pat on Twitter: twitter.com Become a fan on Facebook: on.fb.me A few days in the life of the Michigan Lacrosse team, including getting acclimated to grueling "tempo" practices, learning box lacrosse from members of the Philadelphia Wings, Justin Burgin asking the tough questions everyone is dying to know about his teammates, and enjoying our favorite pastime: Yogurt Delight smoothies with extra protein. Music: "Give Me The World" by Zak! "Dreams Up" by Hoodie Allen
http://wn.com/University_of_Michigan_Men's_Lacrosse_Video_Blog_The_Boys_Are_Back_in_Town
World Apart - The University of Michigan Gmen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Published: 01 Dec 2007
- Updated: 22 Mar 2012
Check out more of The G-Men at www.youtube.com The University of Michigan Gmen perform World Apart originally performed by U of M grad Kelly Houlihan
http://wn.com/World_Apart_The_University_of_Michigan_Gmen
Interview w/ Darren Criss, University of Michigan- Sophomore Year
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Published: 07 Jun 2011
- Updated: 18 Jul 2012
Jake Serwer, University of Michigan Alum and former host of "Michigan In Motion" on WOLV-TV, conducted an interview with Darren Criss back in 2007 in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Darren was Jake's first musical guest on the student TV show. This interview was from the show's pilot episode. Not a bad first guest...
http://wn.com/Interview_w_Darren_Criss,_University_of_Michigan_Sophomore_Year
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Creative Commons / Dwight Burdette![U.S. weather station sign in Hell, or Hiland Lake,[1] is an unincorporated community in Putnam Township of Livingston County in the U.S. state of Michigan.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120819043244im_/http://cdn2.wn.com/pd/95/32/ecf910a0bfa1ef6f563682d63622_small.jpg "U.S. weather station sign in Hell, or Hiland Lake,[1] is an unincorporated community in Putnam Township of Livingston County in the U.S. state of Michigan.")
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![U.S. weather station sign in Hell, or Hiland Lake,[1] is an unincorporated community in Putnam Township of Livingston County in the U.S. state of Michigan.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120819043244/http://cdn6.wn.com/pd/95/32/ecf910a0bfa1ef6f563682d63622_medium.jpg "U.S. weather station sign in Hell, or Hiland Lake,[1] is an unincorporated community in Putnam Township of Livingston County in the U.S. state of Michigan.")
Photo: AP / Yomiuri Shimbun, Masataka Morita
17 Aug 2012
Japan is preparing to deport a group of 14 Chinese, including activists, boat crew and journalists, who sailed to disputed islands, reports say. Police have questioned the group and they are being...
Photo: AP / Evan Vucci
18 Aug 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling "No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable." -Adam Smith The Republicans and...
Photo: AP / Mikhail Metzel
18 Aug 2012
The two-year prison sentence for Russian punk band Pussy Riot has drawn worldwide condemnation. Politicians and human rights activists see the verdict as being politically motivated and way too harsh....
Photo: AP / Evan Schneider
17 Aug 2012
These jihadists, who have gravitated to Syria from Britain, Libya, Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen, Iraq, among other countries, are directed by Washington, London and Paris in time-honoured fashion of these...
Photo: AP
17 Aug 2012
South African police opened fire Thursday on a crowd of striking workers at a platinum mine, leaving an unknown number of people injured and possibly dead. Motionless bodies lay on the ground in pools...
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18 Aug 2012
Apple shares hit a new all-time high Friday as US stocks closed out the week with a second day of solid gains that put the Dow at its highest level since the last days of 2007. Apple shares rose to a...
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18 Aug 2012
Two people have died in the US after eating cantaloupe. Photo: Bloomberg Salmonella linked to cantaloupes is responsible for killing two people and sickening 141 others in 20 U.S. states, federal...
Viewing guide to the Pure Michigan 400
19 Aug 2012
Sacramento Bee
Three things to watch 1. If either Dale Earnhardt Jr. or points-leader Jimmie Johnson is going to win, it will be done the hard way. They both are starting from the rear of the field. Earnhardt wrecked during Saturday's practice and Johnson's team elected to change an engine. Johnson would have...(size: 4.1Kb)
Courier Journal
With three wins this season â...(size: 0.2Kb)
Detroit Free Press
EAST LANSING A rebuilt passing game was the biggest question of Michigan States preseason camp, and it remains so, but the Spartans are nearing satisfactory answers as they approach the Aug. 31 season opener against Boise State. Bennie Fowlers return from foot surgery has supplied first-year...(size: 4.3Kb)
Several waterspouts appear over Lake Michigan
19 Aug 2012
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
Several water spouts appeared over Lake Michigan on Saturday, and forecasters say conditions make more twisters possible over the lake in the coming days. National Weather Service forecasters in Sullivan saw pictures of the water spouts on Twitter and used radar to confirm several waterspouts...(size: 60.8Kb)
The News & Observer
Email Print Order Reprint Share This Text tool name tool goes here By JOE REXRODE - Detroit Free Press By JOE REXRODE Detroit Free Press EAST LANSING, Mich. - Michigan State offensive coordinator Dan Roushar has been talking about tight end Dion Sims' improved focus, and health, since spring drills....(size: 11.5Kb)
The Florida Times Union
Associated Press BROOKLYN, MICH. — Dale Earnhardt Jr.’s return to Michigan isn’t off to a great start. Earnhardt, who won at Michigan International Speedway in June to snap a four-year losing streak, will have to start from the back Sunday in the NASCAR Sprint Cup race. He rubbed against the wall in...(size: 3.5Kb)
Earnhardt, Johnson to start at back at Michigan
19 Aug 2012
Austin American Statesman
BROOKLYN, Mich. — Dale Earnhardt Jr.'s return to Michigan isn't off to a great start. Earnhardt, who won at Michigan International Speedway in June to snap a four-year losing streak, will have to start from the back Sunday in the NASCAR Sprint Cup race. He rubbed against the wall in practice...(size: 7.5Kb)
Detroit news
By Angelique S. Chengelis The Detroit News Comments Ann Arbor â Former Michigan quarterback Brian Griese wants to bring a little of his world to ESPN viewers when he works as an analyst for the network's noon college football games and also during his Thursday night studio-show appearances....(size: 11.5Kb)
Detroit news
By Matt Charboneau The Detroit News Comments Tight end Dion Sims, shown here in April's spring game, had a huge day in Saturday's scrimmage at Spartan Stadium. (Dale G. Young/Detroit News) East Lansing â Everyone around the Michigan State football program is anticipating a breakout season from...(size: 11.7Kb)
Boston Herald
ANN ARBOR, Mich. — Denard Robinson was known by a relative few outside of Florida when he arrived in Ann Arbor three years ago. Now, it would be difficult to find a sports fan who doesn’t recognize Michigan’s star quarterback, and many — including President Barack Obama and...(size: 3.5Kb)
This article is about the University of Michigan–Ann Arbor. For other uses, see University of Michigan (disambiguation).
| University of Michigan | |
|---|---|
| File:Umichigan color seal.png | |
| Latin: Universitas Michigania | |
| Motto | Artes, Scientia, Veritas |
| Motto in English | Arts, Knowledge, Truth |
| Established | 1817 |
| Type | Flagship Public Sea grant Space grant |
| Endowment | US $7.8 billion[1] |
| President | Mary Sue Coleman |
| Academic staff | 6,419[2] |
| Admin. staff | 18,426[3] |
| Students | 42,716[4] |
| Undergraduates | 27,407[4] |
| Postgraduates | 15,309[4] |
| Location | Ann Arbor, MI, US 42°16′59″N 83°44′06″W / 42.2830°N 83.7350°W / 42.2830; -83.7350Coordinates: 42°16′59″N 83°44′06″W / 42.2830°N 83.7350°W / 42.2830; -83.7350 |
| Campus | 3,177 acres (12.86 km2) Total: 20,965 acres (84.84 km2), including arboretum |
| Sports | Wolverines |
| Colors | |
| Nickname | Wolverines |
| Website | umich.edu |
 |
|
The University of Michigan (commonly referred to as Michigan, U-M, UMich, or U of M) is a public research university located in Ann Arbor, Michigan in the United States.[6] It is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus of the University of Michigan. It is one of the original eight Public Ivy universities and is one of the founding members of the Association of American Universities. U-M also has satellite campuses in Flint and Dearborn.
The university was founded in 1817 in Detroit as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania, about 20 years before the Michigan Territory officially became a state.[7] What would become the university moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres (16 ha) of what is now known as Central Campus.[8] Since its establishment in Ann Arbor, the university has physically expanded to include more than 584 major buildings with a combined area of more than 31 million gross square feet (712 acres or 2.38 km²),[9] and transformed its academic program from a strictly classical curriculum to one that includes science and research.[10] U-M was the site of much student activism in the 1960s.[11] When presidential candidate John F. Kennedy visited the University on October 14, 1960, he gave an impromptu speech on the steps of the Michigan Union that led to a University of Michigan student movement which contributed to the establishment of the Peace Corps.[12] The University was also a focal point in the controversy over affirmative action within higher education admissions.[13]
Michigan has one of the world's largest living alumni groups at more than a 500,000 in 2012.[14] U-M owns the University of Michigan Health System[15] and has one of the largest research expenditures of any American university, passing the $1.24 billion mark during the 2010-2011 academic year.[16] The university has "very high" research activity and its "comprehensive" graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) as well as professional degrees in medicine, law, and dentistry.[17] It is consistently included among the top five research universities in the US,[18] and among the top ten research universities in the world, both in terms of quality and quantity of research.[19]
Its athletic teams, called the Wolverines, are members of the Big Ten Conference and the Central Collegiate Hockey Association. The athletic program is known for its success in ice hockey and football.[20] The football team plays in Michigan Stadium, also known as "The Big House," the largest football stadium in the world.
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of the University of Michigan
The University of Michigan was established in Detroit in 1817 as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania, by the governor and judges of Michigan Territory. The Rev. John Monteith was one of the university's founders and its first President. Ann Arbor had set aside 40 acres (16 ha) that it hoped would become the site for a new state capitol, but it offered this land to the university when Lansing was chosen as the state capital. What would become the university moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 thanks to governor Stevens T. Mason. The original 40 acres (160,000 m2) became part of the current Central Campus.[8] The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen and a sophomore, taught by two professors. Eleven students graduated in the first commencement in 1845.[7] By 1866 enrollment increased to 1,205 students, many of whom were Civil War veterans. Women were first admitted in 1870.[21] James Burrill Angell, who served as the university's president from 1871 to 1909, aggressively expanded U-M's curriculum to include professional studies in dentistry, architecture, engineering, government, and medicine. U-M also became the first American university to use the seminar method of study.[22]
From 1900 to 1920 the university constructed many new facilities, including buildings for the dental and pharmacy programs, chemistry, natural sciences, Hill Auditorium, large hospital and library complexes, and two residence halls. In 1920 the university reorganized the College of Engineering and formed an advisory committee of 100 industrialists to guide academic research initiatives. The university became a favored choice for bright Jewish students from New York in the 1920s and 1930s when the Ivy League schools had quotas restricting the number of Jews to be admitted.[23] As a result, U-M gained the nickname "Harvard of the West," which became commonly parodied in reverse after John F. Kennedy referred to himself as "a graduate of the Michigan of the East, Harvard University" in his speech proposing the formation of the Peace Corps while on the front steps of the Michigan Union.[24] During World War II, U-M's research grew to include U.S. Navy projects such as proximity fuzes, PT boats, and radar jamming.
By 1950, enrollment had reached 21,000, of whom more than one third: 7,700 were veterans supported by the G.I. Bill. As the Cold War and the Space Race took hold, U-M became a major recipient of government grants for strategic research and helped to develop peacetime uses for nuclear energy. Much of that work, as well as research into alternative energy sources, is pursued via the Memorial Phoenix Project.[25]
Lyndon B. Johnson's speech outlining his Great Society program was given during U-M's 1964 spring commencement ceremony.[7] During the 1960s, there were numerous protests against the Vietnam War and related to other issues at the U-M. On March 24, 1965, a group of U-M faculty members and 3,000 students held the nation's first ever faculty-led "teach-in" to protest against American policy in Southeast Asia.[26][27] In response to a series of sit-ins in 1966 by Voice–the campus political party of Students for a Democratic Society, U-M's administration banned sit-ins. In response, 1,500 students had a one-hour sit-in the LSA Building, which housed administrative offices.
Former U-M student and noted architect Alden B. Dow designed the current Fleming Administration Building, which was completed in 1968. The building's plans were drawn in the early 1960s, before student activism prompted a concern for safety, but the Fleming Building's narrow windows, all located above the first floor, and fortress-like exterior led to a campus rumor that it was designed to be riot-proof. Dow denied those rumors, claiming the small windows were designed to be energy efficient.[28]
During the 1970s, severe budget constraints challenged the university's physical development; but, in the 1980s, the university received increased grants for research in the social and physical sciences. The university's involvement in the anti-missile Strategic Defense Initiative and investments in South Africa caused controversy on campus.[29][30] During the 1980s and 1990s, the university devoted substantial resources to renovating its massive hospital complex and improving the academic facilities on the North Campus. In its 2011 annual financial report, the university announced that it had dedicated $497 million per year in each of the prior 10 years to renovate buildings and infrastructure around the campus. The university also emphasized the development of computer and information technology throughout the campus.
In the early 2000s (decade), U-M also faced declining state funding due to state budget shortfalls. At the same time, the university attempted to maintain its high academic standing while keeping tuition costs affordable. There were disputes between U-M's administration and labor unions, notably with the Lecturers' Employees Organization (LEO) and the Graduate Employees Organization (GEO), the union representing graduate student employees. These conflicts led to a series of one-day walkouts by the unions and their supporters.[31] The university is currently engaged in a $2.5 billion construction campaign.[32]
In 2003, two lawsuits involving U-M's affirmative action admissions policy reached the U.S. Supreme Court (Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger). President George W. Bush took the unusual step of publicly opposing the policy before the court issued a ruling.[33] The court found that race may be considered as a factor in university admissions in all public universities and private universities that accept federal funding. But, it ruled that a point system was unconstitutional. In the first case, the court upheld the Law School admissions policy, while in the second it ruled against the university's undergraduate admissions policy.
The debate continues because in November 2006, Michigan voters passed Proposal 2, banning most affirmative action in university admissions. Under that law race, gender, and national origin can no longer be considered in admissions.[34] U-M and other organizations were granted a stay from implementation of the passed proposal soon after that election, and this has allowed time for proponents of affirmative action to decide legal and constitutional options in response to the election results. The university has stated it plans to continue to challenge the ruling; in the meantime, the admissions office states that it will attempt to achieve a diverse student body by looking at other factors, such as whether the student attended a disadvantaged school, and the level of education of the student's parents.[34]
Campus[link]
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The Ann Arbor campus is divided into four main areas: the North, Central, Medical, and South Campuses. The physical infrastructure includes more than 500 major buildings, with a combined area of more than 31 million square feet (712 acres or 2.38 km²).[9] The Central and South Campus areas are contiguous, while the North Campus area is separated from them, primarily by the Huron River. There is also leased space in buildings scattered throughout the city, many occupied by organizations affiliated with the University of Michigan Health System. An East Medical Campus has recently been developed on Plymouth Road, with several university-owned buildings for outpatient care, diagnostics, and outpatient surgery.[35]
In addition to the U-M Golf Course on South Campus, the university operates a second golf course called "Radrick Farms Golf Course" on Geddes Road. The golf course is only open to faculty, staff, and alumni.[36] Another off-campus facility is the Inglis House, which the university has owned since the 1950s. The Inglis House is a 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) mansion used to hold various social events, including meetings of the board of regents, and to host visiting dignitaries.[37] The university also operates a large office building called Wolverine Tower in southern Ann Arbor near Briarwood Mall. Another major facility is the Matthaei Botanical Gardens, which is located on the eastern outskirts of Ann Arbor.
All four campus areas are connected by bus services, the majority of which connect the North and Central Campuses. There is a shuttle service connecting the University Hospital, which lies between North and Central Campuses, with other medical facilities throughout northeastern Ann Arbor.[38]
Central Campus[link]
Central Campus was the original location of U-M when it moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. It originally had a school and dormitory building (where Mason Hall now stands) and several houses for professors on forty acres of land bounded by North University Avenue, South University Avenue, East University Avenue, and State Street. The President's House, located on South University Avenue, is the oldest building on campus as well as the only surviving building from the original forty acre campus.[8] Because Ann Arbor and Central Campus developed simultaneously, there is no distinct boundary between the city and university, and some areas contain a mixture of private and university buildings.
Central Campus is the location of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts, and is immediately adjacent to the medical campus. Most of the graduate and professional schools, including the Ross School of Business, the Law School and the School of Dentistry, are on Central Campus. Two prominent libraries, the Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library and the Shapiro Undergraduate Library which are connected by a skywalk, are also on Central Campus, as well as museums housing collections in archaeology, anthropology, paleontology, zoology, dentistry, and art. Ten of the buildings on Central Campus were designed by Detroit-based architect Albert Kahn between 1904 and 1936. The most notable of the Kahn-designed buildings are the Burton Memorial Tower and nearby Hill Auditorium.[39]
North Campus[link]
North Campus is the most contiguous campus, built independently from the city on a large plot of farm land—approximately 800 acres (3.2 km2)—that the university bought in 1952.[40] It is newer than Central Campus, and thus has more modern architecture, whereas most Central Campus buildings are classical or gothic in style. The architect Eero Saarinen, based in Birmingham, Michigan, created one of the early master plans for North Campus and designed several of its buildings in the 1950s, including the Earl V. Moore School of Music Building.[41] North and Central Campuses each have unique bell towers that reflect the predominant architectural styles of their surroundings. Each of the bell towers houses a grand carillon. The North Campus tower is called Lurie Tower. The University of Michigan's largest residence hall, Bursley Hall, is located on North Campus.
North Campus houses the College of Engineering, the School of Music, Theatre & Dance, the School of Art & Design, the Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, and an annex of the School of Information. The campus is served by the Duderstadt Center, which houses the Art, Architecture and Engineering Library. The Duderstadt Center also contains multiple computer labs, video editing studios, electronic music studios, an audio studio, a video studio, multimedia workspaces, and a 3D virtual reality room. Other libraries located on North Campus include the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and the Bentley Historical Library.
South Campus[link]
South Campus is the site for the athletic programs, including major sports facilities such as Michigan Stadium, Crisler Arena, and Yost Ice Arena. South Campus is also the site of the Buhr library storage facility (the collections of which are undergoing digitization by Google), the Institute for Continuing Legal Education, and the Student Theatre Arts Complex, which provides shop and rehearsal space for student theatre groups. The university's departments of public safety and transportation services offices are located on South Campus.
U-M's golf course is located south of Michigan Stadium and Crisler Arena. It was designed in the late 1920s by Alister MacKenzie, the designer of Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia (home of The Masters Tournament).[42] The course opened to the public in the spring of 1931. The University of Michigan Golf Course was included in a listing of top holes designed by what Sports Illustrated calls "golf’s greatest course architect." The U-M Golf Course’s signature No. 6 hole—a 310-yard (280 m) par 4, which plays from an elevated tee to a two-tiered, kidney-shaped green protected by four bunkers—is the second hole on the Alister MacKenzie Dream 18 as selected by a five-person panel that includes three-time Masters champion Nick Faldo and golf course architect Tom Doak. The listing of "the best holes ever designed by Augusta National architect Alister MacKenzie" is featured in SI’s Golf Plus special edition previewing the Masters on April 4, 2006.[43]
Organization and administration[link]
See also: President of the University of Michigan and Board of Regents of the University of Michigan
| College/school founding[44] | |
|---|---|
| College/school | Year founded |
|
|
|
| College of Literature, Science, and the Arts | 1841 |
| School of Medicine | 1850 |
| College of Engineering | 1854 |
| School of Law | 1859 |
| School of Dentistry | 1875 |
| School of Pharmacy | 1876 |
| School of Music, Theatre & Dance | 1880 |
| School of Nursing | 1893 |
| A. Alfred Taubman College of Architecture & Urban Planning | 1906 |
| Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies | 1912 |
| Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy | 1914 |
| School of Education | 1921 |
| Stephen M. Ross School of Business | 1924 |
| School of Natural Resources & Environment | 1927 |
| School of Public Health | 1941 |
| School of Social Work | 1951 |
| School of Information | 1969 |
| School of Art & Design | 1974 |
| School of Kinesiology | 1984 |
The University of Michigan consists of a flagship campus in Ann Arbor, with two regional campuses in Dearborn and Flint. The Board of Regents, which governs the university and was established by the Organic Act of March 18, 1837, consists of eight members elected at large in biennial state elections[45] for overlapping eight year terms.[46][47] Between the establishment of the University of Michigan in 1837 and 1850, the Board of Regents ran the university directly; although they were, by law, supposed to appoint a Chancellor to administer the university, they never did. Instead a rotating roster of professors carried out the day-to-day administration duties.[48]
The President of the University of Michigan is the principal executive officer of the university. The office was created by the Michigan Constitution of 1850, which also specified that the president was to be appointed by the Regents of the University of Michigan and preside at their meetings, but without a vote.[49] Today, the president's office is at the Ann Arbor campus, and the president has the privilege of living in the President's House, the university's oldest building located on Central Campus in Ann Arbor.[50] Mary Sue Coleman is the 13th president of the university and has served since August 2002.[51] Her compensation for 2008–2009 totaled $783,850.[52]
There are thirteen undergraduate schools and colleges.[53] By enrollment, the three largest undergraduate units are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, the College of Engineering, and the Ross School of Business.[54] At the graduate level, the Rackham Graduate School serves as the central administrative unit of graduate education at the university.[55] There are 18 graduate schools and colleges, the largest of which are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, the College of Engineering, the Law School, and the Ross School of Business. Professional degrees are conferred by the Schools of Public Health, Dentistry, Law, Medicine, and Pharmacy.[54] The Medical School is partnered with the University of Michigan Health System, which comprises the university's three hospitals, dozens of outpatient clinics, and many centers for medical care, research, and education.
Endowment[link]
U-M's financial endowment (the "University Endowment Fund") was valued at $7.57 billion in NACUBO's 2008 ranking.[56] It was the seventh largest endowment in the U.S. and the third-largest among U.S public universities at that time, as well as the fastest growing endowment in the nation over the last 21 years.[57] The endowment is primarily used according to the donors' wishes, which include the support of teaching and research. In mid-2000, U-M embarked on a massive fund-raising campaign called "The Michigan Difference," which aimed to raise $2.5 billion, with $800 million designated for the permanent endowment.[58] Slated to run through December 2008, the university announced that the campaign had reached its target 19 months early in May 2007.[59] Ultimately, the campaign raised $3.2 billion over 8 years. Over the course of the capital campaign, 191 additional professorships were endowed, bringing the university total to 471 as of 2009.[60] Like nearly all colleges and universities, U-M suffered significant realized and unrealized losses in its endowment during the second half of 2008. In February 2009, a university spokesperson estimated losses of between 20 and 30 percent.[61] As of June 2010, the endowment was estimated to be $6.7 billion.[62]
Student government[link]
Housed in the Michigan Union, the Central Student Government (CSG) is the central student government of the University. With representatives from each of the University's colleges and schools, the CSG represents students and manages student funds on the campus. In recent years CSG has organized airBus, a transportation service between campus and the Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, and has led the university's efforts to register its student population to vote, with its Voice Your Vote Commission (VYV) registering 10,000 students in 2004. VYV also works to improve access to non-partisan voting-related information and increase student voter turnout.[63] CSG has also been successful at reviving Homecoming activities, including a carnival and parade, for students after a roughly eleven-year absence in October 2007.[64]
There are student governance bodies in each college and school. The two largest colleges at the University of Michigan are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (LS&A) and the College of Engineering. Undergraduate students in the LS&A are represented by the LS&A Student Government (LSA SG). The University of Michigan Engineering Council (UMEC) manages undergraduate student government affairs for the College of Engineering. Graduate students enrolled in the Rackham Graduate School are represented by the Rackham Student Government (RSG). In addition, the students that live in the residence halls are represented by the University of Michigan Residence Halls Association.
A longstanding goal of the student government is to create a student-designated seat on the Board of Regents, the university's governing body.[65] Such a designation would achieve parity with other Big Ten schools that have student regents. In 2000, students Nick Waun and Scott Trudeau ran for the board on the state-wide ballot as third-party nominees. Waun ran for a second time in 2002, along with Matt Petering and Susan Fawcett.[66] Although none of these campaigns has been successful, a poll conducted by the State of Michigan in 1998 concluded that a majority of Michigan voters would approve of such a position if the measure were put before them.[65] A change to the board's makeup would require amending the Michigan Constitution.[67]
Academics[link]
| University rankings (overall) | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| ARWU[68] | 18 |
| Forbes[69] | 92 |
| U.S. News & World Report[70] | 28 |
| Washington Monthly[71] | 10 |
| Global | |
| ARWU[72] | 22 |
| QS[73] | 14 |
| U.S. News & World Report[74] | 14 |
| Times[75] | 18 |
The University of Michigan is a large, four-year, residential research university accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools.[6][76][77] The four year, full-time undergraduate program comprises the majority of enrollments and emphasizes instruction in the arts, sciences, and professions and there is a high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate programs. The university has "very high" research activity and the "comprehensive" graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields as well as professional degrees in medicine, law, and dentistry.[6] U-M has been included on Richard Moll's list of Public Ivies.[78] With over 200 undergraduate majors, 100 doctoral and 90 master's programs,[79] U-M conferred 6,473 undergraduate degrees, 4,322 graduate degrees, and 734 first professional degrees in 2008-2009.[80]
National honor societies such as Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi, and Tau Beta Pi have chapters at U-M.[81] Degrees "with Highest Distinction" are recommended to students who rank in the top 3% of their class, "with High Distinction" to the next 7%, and "with Distinction" to the next 15%. Students earning a minimum overall GPA of 3.4 who have demonstrated high academic achievement and capacity for independent work may be recommended for a degree "with Highest Honors," "with High Honors," or "with Honors."[81] Those students who earn all A's for two or more consecutive terms in a calendar year are recognized as James B. Angell Scholars and are invited to attend the annual Honors Convocation, an event which recognizes undergraduate students with distinguished academic achievements.[81]
Out-of-state undergraduate students pay between US $36,001.38 and $43,063.38 annually for tuition alone while in-state undergraduate students paid between US $11,837.38 and $16,363.38 annually.[82] U-M provides financial aid in the form of need-based loans, grants, scholarships, work study, and non-need based scholarships, with 77% of undergraduates in 2007 receiving financial aid.[83] 8% were eligible for Pell Grants.[84] For undergraduates in 2008, 46% graduated with about $25,586 of debt in 2008.[84] The university is attempting to increase financial aid availability to students by devoting over $1.53 billion in endowment funds to support financial aid.[85][86][87]
Student body[link]
In fall 2011, the university had an enrollment of 42,716 students: 27,407 undergraduate students, 12,556 academic degree-seeking graduate students, and 2,753 first professional students[4][54] in 600 academic programs. Of all students, 36,650 (87.4 percent) are U.S. citizens or permanent residents and 5,274 (12.6 percent) are international students. Each year, some 30,000 people apply for admission to the university; almost 42 percent are admitted and some 5,400 new students enroll.[88] Students come from all 50 U.S. states and more than 100 countries.[89] Some 97 percent of the university's incoming class of 2009 earned a high school GPA of 3.0 and higher. The average GPA of accepted applicants in the 2011 class was 3.8. The middle 50 percent of admitted applicants reported an SAT score of about 1990-2200 (Critical Reading 630-730, Math 670-770, Writing 650-750) and an ACT score of 29-33, with AP credit granted to over 3000 freshmen students.[90] Full-time students make up about 96 percent of the student body. Among full-time students, the university has a first-time student retention rate of 96 percent.[91]
| Undergraduate | Graduate | Michigan | U.S. Census | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| African American | 5.8% | 4.2% | 14.1% | 12.4% |
| Asian American | 12.1% | 8.8% | 2.3% | 4.3% |
| European American | 65.0% | 48.5% | 79.6% | 74.1% |
| Hispanic American | 4.1% | 3.6% | 3.9% | 14.7% |
| Native American | <1% | <1% | 0.5% | 0.8% |
| International student | 5.7% | 30.9% | N/A | N/A |
In 2010, undergraduates were enrolled in 12 schools: About 62 percent in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts; 21 percent in the College of Engineering; 4 percent in the Ross School of Business; 3 percent in the School of Kinesiology; 3 percent in the School of Music, Theatre & Dance; and 2 percent in the School of Nursing. Small numbers of undergraduates were enrolled in the colleges or schools of Art & Design, Architecture & Urban Planning, Dentistry, Education, Pharmacy, and Public Policy.[54] Among undergraduates, 70 percent graduate with a bachelor's degree within four years, 86 percent graduate within five years and 88 percent graduating within six years.[91]
Of the university's 12,188 non-professional graduate students, 5,367 are seeking academic doctorates and 6,821 are seeking master's degrees. The largest number of master's degree students are enrolled in the Ross School of Business (1,812 students seeking MBA or Master of Accounting degrees) and the College of Engineering (1,456 students seeking M.S. or M.Eng. degrees). The largest number of doctoral students are enrolled in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (2,076) and College of Engineering (1,496). While the majority of U-M's graduate degree-granting schools and colleges have both undergraduate and graduate students, a few schools only issue graduate degrees. Presently, the School of Information, School of Natural Resources and Environment, School of Public Health, and School of Social Work only have graduate students.[54]
In fall 2010, 2,709 Michigan students were enrolled in U-M's professional schools: the School of Dentistry (439 students), Law School (1,182 students), Medical School (802 students), and College of Pharmacy (439 students).[54]
Research[link]
The university is one of the founding members (1900) of the Association of American Universities. With over 6,200 faculty members, 73 of whom are members of the National Academy and 471 of whom hold an endowed chair in their discipline,[94] the university manages one of the largest annual collegiate research budgets of any university in the United States, totaling about $1 billion in 2009.[95] The Medical School spent the most at over US $445 million, while the College of Engineering was second at more than $160 million.[95] U-M also has a technology transfer office, which is the university conduit between laboratory research and corporate commercialization interests. In 2009, the university consummated a deal to purchase a facility formerly owned by Pfizer. The acquisition includes over 170 acres (0.69 km2) of property, and 30 major buildings comprising roughly 1,600,000 feet (490,000 m2) of wet laboratory space, and 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2) of administrative space. As of the purchase date, the university's intentions for the space were not announced, but the expectation is that the new space will allow the university to ramp up its research and ultimately employ in excess of 2,000 people.[96]
The university is also a major contributor to the medical field with the EKG,[97] gastroscope,[98] and the announcement of Jonas Salk's polio vaccine. The university's 13,000-acre (53 km2) biological station in the Northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan is one of only 47 Biosphere Reserves in the United States.[99]
In the mid-1960s U-M researchers worked with IBM to develop a new virtual memory architectural model[100] that became part of IBM's Model 360/67 mainframe computer (the 360/67 was initially dubbed the 360/65M where the "M" stood for Michigan).[101] The Michigan Terminal System (MTS), an early time-sharing computer operating system developed at U-M, was the first system outside of IBM to use the 360/67's virtual memory features.[102] In the late 1960s U-M, together with Michigan State University and Wayne State University, founded the Merit Network, one of the first university computer networks.[103] The Merit Network was then and remains today administratively hosted by U-M. Another major contribution took place in 1987 when a proposal submitted by the Merit Network together with its partners IBM, MCI, and the State of Michigan won a national competition to upgrade and expand the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) backbone from 56,000 to 1.5 million, and later to 45 million bits per second.[104] NSFNET was the precursor to today's Internet.
In 2006, U-M joined with Michigan State University and Wayne State University to create the University Research Corridor. This effort was undertaken to highlight the capabilities of the state's three leading research institutions and drive the transformation of Michigan's economy.[105] The three universities are electronically interconnected via the Michigan LambdaRail (MiLR, pronounced 'MY-lar').[106] MiLR enables researchers at MSU, U-M and WSU to transfer data at 10 billion bits per second or 1,000 to 10,000 times faster than the Internet connections normally used in homes and businesses. The speed and reliability of MiLR will enable doctors to perform virtual surgery at remote locations. It provides the capacity for physicists to share exceptionally large data sets with their colleagues around the world. MiLR will also serve as a test-bed for experimental research on networking itself. It employs advanced optical electronics and uses more than 750 miles (1,210 km) of fiber-optic cable to connect the universities to other national and international networks in Chicago including Internet2, National LambdaRail, StarLight, and an emerging set of networks that play key roles in the national cyberinfrastructure supporting advanced science and research.
U-M is home to the National Election Studies and the University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index. The Correlates of War project, also located at U-M, is an accumulation of scientific knowledge about war. The university is also home to major research centers in optics, reconfigurable manufacturing systems, wireless integrated microsystems, and social sciences. The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the Life Sciences Institute are located at the university. The Institute for Social Research (ISR), the nation's longest-standing laboratory for interdisciplinary research in the social sciences,[107] is home to the Survey Research Center, Research Center for Group Dynamics, Center for Political Studies, Population Studies Center, and Inter-Consortium for Political and Social Research. Undergraduate students are able to participate in various research projects through the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP) as well as the UROP/Creative-Programs.[108]
The U-M library system comprises nineteen individual libraries with twenty-four separate collections—roughly 9.6 million volumes, growing at the rate of 177,000 volumes a year.[109] U-M was the original home of the JSTOR database, which contains about 750,000 digitized pages from the entire pre-1990 backfile of ten journals of history and economics, and has initiated a book digitization program in collaboration with Google.[110] The University of Michigan Press is also a part of the U-M library system.
Student life[link]
Residential life[link]
Main article: University of Michigan Housing
The University of Michigan's campus housing system can accommodate up to 10,900 people, or nearly 30 percent of the total student population at the university.[111] The residence halls are organized into three distinct groups: Central Campus, Hill Area (between Central Campus and the University of Michigan Medical Center) and North Campus. Family housing is located on North Campus and mainly serves graduate students. The largest residence hall has a capacity of 1,240 students,[112] while the smallest accommodates 25 residents.[113] A majority of upper-division and graduate students live in off-campus apartments, houses, and cooperatives, with the largest concentrations in the Central and South Campus areas.
The residential system has a number of "living-learning communities" where academic activities and residential life are combined. These communities focus on areas such as research through the Michigan Research Community, medical sciences, community service and the German language.[114] The Michigan Research Community and the Women in Science and Engineering Residence Program are housed in Mosher-Jordan Hall. The Residential College (RC), a living-learning community that is a division of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts, also has its principal instructional space in East Quad. The Lloyd Hall Scholars Program(LHSP) and the Health Sciences Scholars Program (HSSP) is located in Alice Lloyd Hall. In fall 2010, North Quad - the first new residential hall to be built on campus since 1967 - opened. This residence complex is composed of two additional living-learning communities: the Global Scholars Program[115] and the Max Kade German Program.[116] It is "technology-rich," and houses communication-related programs, including the School of Information, the Department of Communication Studies, and the Department of Screen Arts and Cultures.[117][118] North Quad is also home to services such as the Language Resource Center and the Sweetland Center for Writing.[119]
The residential system also has a number of "theme communities" where students have the opportunity to be surrounded by students in a residential hall who share similar interests. These communities focus on global leadership, the college transition experience, and internationalism.[120] The Adelia Cheever Program is housed in the Helen Newberry House.[121] The First Year Experience is housed in the Baits II Houses, Northwood Houses, and Markley Hall.[122] The Sophomore Experience is housed in Stockwell Hall and the Transfer Year Experience is housed in Northwood III.[123] The newly organized International Impact program is housed in North Quad.[124]
Groups and activities[link]
The University lists 1,438 student organizations.[125] With a history of student activism, some of the most visible groups include those dedicated to causes such as civil rights and labor rights. One group is Students for a Democratic Society, which recently reformed with a new chapter on campus as of February 2007. Though the student body generally leans toward left-wing politics,[126] there are also conservative groups, such as Young Americans for Freedom, and non-partisan groups, such as the Roosevelt Institution.
There are also several engineering projects teams, including the University of Michigan Solar Car Team, which placed first in the North American Solar Challenge six times and third in the World Solar Challenge four times.[127] Michigan Interactive Investments, the TAMID Israel Investment Group, and the Michigan Economics Society[128] are also affiliated with the university.
The university also showcases many community service organizations and charitable projects, including Foundation for International Medical Relief of Children, Dance Marathon at the University of Michigan,[129] The Detroit Partnership, Relay For Life, U-M Stars for the Make-A-Wish Foundation, InnoWorks at the University of Michigan, SERVE, Letters to Success, PROVIDES, Circle K, Habitat for Humanity,[130] and Ann Arbor Reaching Out. Intramural sports are popular, and there are recreation facilities for each of the three campuses.[131]
Fraternities and sororities play a role in the university's social life; approximately 18 percent of undergraduates are involved in Greek life. Membership numbers for the 2009-2010 school year reached the highest in the last two decades. Four different Greek councils - the Interfraternity Council, Multicultural Greek Council, National Pan-Hellenic Council, and Panhellenic Association - represent most Greek organizations. Each council has a different recruitment process.[132]
The Michigan Union and Michigan League are student activity centers located on Central Campus; Pierpont Commons is on North Campus. The Michigan Union houses a majority of student groups, including the student government. The William Monroe Trotter House, located east of Central Campus, is a multicultural student center operated by the university's Office of Multi-Ethnic Student Affairs.[133] The University Activities Center (UAC) is a student-run programming organization and is composed of 14 committees.[134] Each group involves students in the planning and execution of a variety of events both on and off campus.
The Michigan Marching Band, composed of more than 350 students from almost all of U-M's schools,[135] is the university's marching band. Over 100 years old,[136] the band performs at every home football game and travels to at least one away game a year. The student-run and led University of Michigan Pops Orchestra is another musical ensemble that attracts students from all academic backgrounds. It performs regularly in the Michigan Theater. The University of Michigan Men's Glee Club, founded in 1859 and the second oldest such group in the country, is a men's chorus with over 100 members.[137] Its eight member subset a cappella group, the University of Michigan Friars, which was founded in 1955, is the oldest currently running a cappella group on campus.[138]
The student newspaper is The Michigan Daily, founded in 1890 and editorially and financially independent of the university. The Daily is published five days a week during academic year, and weekly from May to August. Other student publications at the university include the conservative The Michigan Review and the progressive Michigan Independent. The humor publications The Michigan Every Three Weekly and the Gargoyle are also published by Michigan students.
WCBN-FM (88.3 FM) is the student-run college radio station which plays in freeform format. WOLV-TV is the student-run television station that is primarily shown on the university's cable television system.
Several academic journals are published at the university:
- The Law School publishes the well-regarded Michigan Law Review and five other law journals: The University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, Michigan Journal of Race & Law, Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review, Michigan Journal of International Law, and Michigan Journal of Gender & Law.
- The Ross School of Business publishes the Michigan Journal of Business
- Several undergraduate journals are also published at the university, including the Michigan Journal of Political Science, Michigan Journal of History, University of Michigan Undergraduate Research Journal, the Michigan Journal of International Affairs, and the Michigan Journal of Asian Studies.
Athletics[link]
Main article: Michigan Wolverines
The University of Michigan's sports teams are called the Wolverines. They participate in the NCAA's Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) and in the Big Ten Conference in all sports except men's ice hockey, which is a member of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, men's lacrosse, which is a member of the Eastern College Athletic Conference, and woman's water polo, which is a member of the Collegiate Water Polo Association. In 10 of the past 14 years concluding in 2009, U-M has finished in the top five of the NACDA Director's Cup, a ranking compiled by the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics to tabulate the success of universities in competitive sports. U-M has finished in the top ten of the Directors' Cup standings in 14 of the award's sixteen seasons and has placed in the top six in 9 of the last 10 seasons.[139]
The Michigan football program ranks first in NCAA history in both total wins (884 through the end of the 2010 season) and winning percentage (.735).[20] The team won the first Rose Bowl game in 1902. U-M had 40 consecutive winning seasons from 1968 to 2007, including consecutive bowl game appearances from 1975 to 2007.[140] The Wolverines have won a record 42 Big Ten championships. The program has eleven national championships, most recently in 1997,[141] and has produced three Heisman Trophy winners: Tom Harmon, Desmond Howard and Charles Woodson.[142]
Michigan Stadium is the largest college football stadium in the nation and one of the largest football-only stadiums in the world, with an official capacity of more than 109,901[143] (the extra seat is said to be "reserved" for Fritz Crisler[144]) though attendance—frequently over 111,000 spectators—regularly exceeds the official capacity.[145] The NCAA's record-breaking attendance has become commonplace at Michigan Stadium, especially since the arrival of head coach Bo Schembechler. U-M has fierce rivalries with many teams, including Michigan State, Notre Dame, and Ohio State; ESPN has referred to the Michigan-Ohio State rivalry as the greatest rivalry in American sports.[146] U-M has all-time winning records against Michigan State University, University of Notre Dame, and Ohio State University.[147]
The men's ice hockey team, which plays at Yost Ice Arena, has won nine national championships,[148] while the men's basketball team, which plays at the Crisler Center, has appeared in four Final Fours and won the national championship in 1989. However, the program became involved in a scandal involving payments from a booster during the 1990s. This led to the program being placed on probation for a four-year period. The program also voluntarily vacated victories from its 1992–1993 and 1995–1999 seasons in which the payments took place, as well as its 1992 and 1993 Final Four appearances.[149]
Through the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, 178 U-M students and coaches had participated in the Olympics, winning medals in every Summer Olympics except 1896, and winning gold medals in all but four Olympiads. U-M students have won a total of 133 Olympic medals: 65 gold, 30 silver, and 38 bronze. In 2012 the university will field a varsity mens lacrosse team, and a women's team in 2013.[150]
School songs[link]
The University of Michigan's fight song, "The Victors," was written by student Louis Elbel in 1898 following the last-minute football victory over the University of Chicago that won a league championship. The song was declared by John Philip Sousa as "the greatest college fight song ever written."[151] The song refers to the university as being "the Champions of the West." At the time, U-M was part of the Western Conference, which would later become the Big Ten Conference. Michigan was considered to be on the Western Frontier when it was founded in the old Northwest Territory. Although mainly used at sporting events, the fight song can be heard at other events. President Gerald Ford had it played by the United States Marine Band as his entrance anthem during his term as president from 1974 to 1977, in preference over the more traditional "Hail to the Chief"[152] and the Michigan Marching Band performed a slow-tempo variation on the fight song at his funeral.[153] The fight song is also sung during graduation commencement ceremonies. The university's alma mater song is "The Yellow and Blue." A common rally cry is "Let's Go Blue!," had a complementary short musical arrangement written by former students Joseph Carl, a sousaphonist, and Albert Ahronheim, a drum major.[154]
Before "The Victors" was officially the University's fight song, the song "There'll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight" was considered to be the school song.[155] After Michigan temporarily withdrew from the Western Conference in 1907, a new Michigan fight song "Varsity" was written in 1911 because the line "champions of the West" was no longer appropriate.[156] In 2011, the Band Pop Evil wrote and recorded a rock and roll anthem for the Wolverines called "In the Big House."[157]
Notable people and alumni[link]
Main article: List of University of Michigan alumni
In addition to the late U.S. president Gerald Ford, the university has produced twenty-six Rhodes Scholars,[158] numerous Marshall Scholars, seven Nobel Prize winners, 116 Olympic medalists,[150] 17 MacArthur Foundation award winners, 18 Pulitzer Prize winners including Ann Marie Lapinski who was named Pulitzer board co-chair in 2011, and Fields Medal winner Stephen Smale. More than 250 Michigan graduates have served as legislators as either United States Senator (40 graduates) or as a Congressional representative (over 200 graduates). In the late 1990s and early 2000s (decade), the university routinely has led in the number of Fulbright Scholars including a nation-leading 40 scholars in the 2010/2011 academic year.[159] U-M's contributions to aeronautics include aircraft designer Clarence "Kelly" Johnson of Lockheed Skunk Works fame,[160] Lockheed president Willis Hawkins, and several astronauts including the all-U-M crew of Gemini 4[161] and the all-Michigan crew of Apollo 15. U-M counts among its matriculants nineteen billionaires and prominent company founders and co-founders including Google co-founder Larry Page[162] and Dr. J. Robert Beyster who founded Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) in 1969.[163]
Notable writers who attended U-M include playwright Arthur Miller,[164] essayists Susan Orlean and Sven Birkerts, journalists and editors Mike Wallace,[164] Jonathan Chait of The New Republic, Daniel Okrent, and Sandra Steingraber, food critics Ruth Reichl and Gael Greene, novelists Brett Ellen Block, Elizabeth Kostova, Marge Piercy, Brad Meltzer, Betty Smith,[164] and Charles Major, screenwriter Judith Guest,[164] Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Theodore Roethke, National Book Award winners Keith Waldrop and Jesmyn Ward, composer/author/puppeteer Forman Brown, and Middle East analyst, author, and TV commentator Alireza Jafarzadeh.
In Hollywood, famous alumni include actors James Earl Jones, David Alan Grier[164] actresses Lucy Liu and Selma Blair,[164] and filmmaker Lawrence Kasdan.[164] Many Broadway and musical theatre actors, including Gavin Creel, Chelsea Krombach, Andrew Keenan-Bolger, and his sister Celia Keenan-Bolger attended U-M for musical theatre. The creators of A Very Potter Musical, known as StarKid Productions, also graduated from the University of Michigan. A member of Starkid, actor and singer Darren Criss, is a series regular on the television series Glee.
Musical graduates include operatic soprano Jessye Norman, singer Joe Dassin, jazz guitarist Randy Napoleon, and Mannheim Steamroller founder Chip Davis.[164] Classical composer Frank Ticheli and Broadway composer Andrew Lippa attended. Pop Superstar Madonna and rock legend Iggy Pop attended but did not graduate.
Other U-M graduates include Claude Shannon who made major contributions to the mathematics of information theory,[165] current Vice Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Donald Kohn, Temel Kotil who is the president and CEO of Turkish Airlines, current Dean of Harvard Law School Martha Minow, former House Minority Leader Dick Gephardt,[164] US Representative Justin Amash, who represents Michigan's Third Congressional District,[166] assisted-suicide advocate Dr. Jack Kevorkian, Weather Underground radical activist Bill Ayers,[167] activist Tom Hayden,[164] architect Charles Moore,[168] Rensis Likert, a sociologist that specialized in management styles, and developed the Likert scale, Ryan Drummond who was the voice of Sonic the Hedgehog in the series of video games from 1999–2004, the Swedish Holocaust hero Raoul Wallenberg,[169] and Benjamin D. Pritchard, the Civil War general who captured Jefferson Davis.[170] Neurosurgeon and CNN chief medical correspondent Sanjay Gupta attended both college and medical school at U-M.[171] Conservative pundit Ann Coulter attended law school at U-M, as did Clarence Darrow at a time when many lawyers did not receive any formal education. Vaughn R. Walker, who is a Federal District Judge in California and overturned the controversial California Proposition 8 in 2010 and ruled it unconstitutional, received his undergraduate degree from U-M in 1966.
Some more notorious graduates of the University are 1910 convicted murderer (though perhaps wrongfully so)[172] Dr. Harvey Crippen, late 19th-century American serial killer Herman Mudgett, and "Unabomber" Ted Kaczynski.
U-M athletes have starred in Major League Baseball, the National Football League and National Basketball Association as well as other professional sports. Notable among recent players is Tom Brady of the New England Patriots.[164] Three players have won college football's Heisman Trophy, awarded to the player considered the best in the nation: Tom Harmon (1940), Desmond Howard (1991) and Charles Woodson (1997).[142] Professional golfer John Schroeder and Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps also attended the University of Michigan, with the latter studying Sports Marketing and Management. Phelps also swam competitively for Club Wolverine, a swimming club associated with the university.[173] NHL players Marty Turco, Chris Summers, Max Pacioretty, Carl Hagelin, Brendan Morrison, Jack Johnson, and Michael Cammalleri all played for U-M's ice hockey team. Barry Larkin of the Cincinnati Reds played baseball at the university. Derek Jeter received a baseball scholarship to U-M, but was signed and called up by the New York Yankees before he could play there. In 2011, Meryl Davis and Charlie White won the first gold medal awarded to the United States in ice dancing in the world championship.
The university claims the only alumni association with a chapter on the moon, established in 1971 when the crew of Apollo 15 placed a charter plaque for a new U-M Alumni Association on the lunar surface.[164] The plaque reads: "The Alumni Association of The University of Michigan. Charter Number One. This is to certify that The University of Michigan Club of The Moon is a duly constituted unit of the Alumni Association and entitled to all the rights and privileges under the Association’s Constitution." According to the Apollo 15 astronauts, several small U-M flags were brought on the mission. The presence of a U-M flag on the moon is a long-held campus myth.[174]
Notes[link]
- ^ "Coleman: University management similar to private institutions". Michigan Daily. 2011. http://www.michigandaily.com/news/coleman-talks-endowment. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
- ^ http://sitemaker.umich.edu/obpinfo/files/umaa_faculty_staff_11.pdf
- ^ http://sitemaker.umich.edu/obpinfo/files/umaa_faculty_staff_11.pdf
- ^ a b c d "University of Michigan-Enrollment by School and College, Gender, and Class Level For Term 1660 (Fall 2011)" (PDF). University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning. September 26, 2011. http://www.ro.umich.edu/report/11fa130.pdf. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
- ^ "University of Michigan Identity Guidelines". Logos.umich.edu. http://logos.umich.edu/standards.html. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
- ^ a b c "Carnegie Classifications - University of Michigan". Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. http://classifications.carnegiefoundation.org/lookup_listings/view_institution.php?unit_id=170976. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
- ^ a b c "University of Michigan Timelines: General University Timeline". Bentley Historical Library. July 5, 2007. http://bentley.umich.edu/exhibits/umtimeline/general.php. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- ^ a b c "The Central Forty and The Diag (1837)". University of Michigan History and Traditions Committee. 2006. http://www.umich.edu/pres/history/markers/diag.html. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
- ^ a b "Environmental Stewardship at the University of Michigan" (PDF). University of Michigan Occupational Safety and Environmental Health. 2006. Archived from the original on June 15, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070615012332/http://www.oseh.umich.edu/OSEH+Presentations/OSEH+Lecture+Series+6.pdf. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
- ^ "Presidents of the University of Michigan". Bentley Historical Library. November 15, 2008. http://bentley.umich.edu/research/um/umpresid.php. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- ^ "A Decade of Dissent: Student Protests at the University of Michigan in the 1960s". Bentley Historical Library. December 23, 2008. http://bentley.umich.edu/exhibits/dissent/index.php. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- ^ "50th Anniversary and Commemoration of JFK's Peace Corps Speech at the Michigan Union". 2010. http://www.sph.umich.edu/iscr/news_events/event.cfm?ID=1767. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
- ^ "Split Ruling on Affirmative Action". National Public Radio. June 23, 2003. http://www.npr.org/news/specials/michigan/. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
- ^ "About the Association". University of Michigan Alumni Association. 2010. http://alumni.umich.edu/about-the-alumni-association. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "Best Hospitals 2010-11: The Honor Roll". US News and World Reports. July 14, 2010. http://health.usnews.com/health-news/best-hospitals/articles/2010/07/14/best-hospitals-2010-11-the-honor-roll.html. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ University of Michigan (2011-09-20). "University of Michigan News Service | U-M annual research spending grows 8.5 percent to $1.24 billion". Ns.umich.edu. http://ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/story.php?id=8560. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
- ^ http://classifications.carnegiefoundation.org/lookup_listings/view_institution.php?unit_id=170976
- ^ http://mup.asu.edu/research2010.pdf
- ^ http://ranking.heeact.edu.tw/en-us/2011/TOP/100
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- Serwach, Joe (November 24, 2008). "U-M dual MD/PhD student named Rhodes Scholar". University of Michigan News Service. http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/story.php?id=6858. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
- ^ For the 2000s (decade):
- "U-M national leader for 2007-2008 Fulbright Scholars". University of Michigan News Services. October 22, 2007. http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/story.php?id=6118. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- "Fulbright fellowships: 29 U-M students awarded". University of Michigan News Services. November 14, 2005. http://www.ns.umich.edu/index.html?Releases/2005/Nov05/r111405c. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- Seguine, Joel (November 15, 2004). "18 students receive Fulbright award". The University Record Online. http://www.ur.umich.edu/0405/Nov15_04/03.shtml. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- Powell, Stephanie (September 17, 1996). "23 'U' Fulbright scholars to learn in foreign lands". The Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on November 21, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071121065942/http://www.pub.umich.edu/daily/1996/sep/09-17-96/news/news9.html. Retrieved November 3, 2007.
- ^ "Biographical Memoirs-Clarence Leonard (kelly) Johnson". The National Academies Press. 2008. http://www.nap.edu/readingroom.php?book=biomems&page=cjohnson.html. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ Shayler, David (2001). Gemini. Springer. p. 103. ISBN 1-85233-405-3.
- ^ "Corporate Information - Google Management: Larry Page". Google, Inc.. 2010. http://www.google.com/intl/en/corporate/execs.html#larry. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ Dr. J. Robert Beyster and Peter Economy (2007). The SAIC Solution: How We Built an $8 Billion Employee-Owned Technology Company. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 190–191. ISBN 0-470-13931-5.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Famous U-M Alumni". Alumni Association University of Michigan. 2010. http://alumni.umich.edu/info/um/famous_alumni_abc.php. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "Shannon Statue Dedicated at the University of Michigan". University of Michigan EECS. November 9, 2001. http://www.eecs.umich.edu/shannonstatue/. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "About Justin Amash". http://amashforcongress.com/about. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
- ^ Ayers, Bill (2003). Fugitive Days: A Memoir. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-8070-7124-2.
- ^ "Who". Charles Moore Foundation. 2008. http://www.charlesmoore.org/who.html. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ Schreiber, Penny (2008). "The Wallenberg Story". The Wallenberg Foundation (University of Michigan). http://www.wallenberg.umich.edu/college.html. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
- ^ Greenm James J. (1979). The Life and Times of General B. D. Pritchard. Allegan: Allegan County Historical Society. p. 2.
- ^ "Sanjay Gupta". CNN. 2010. http://www.cnn.com/CNN/anchors_reporters/gupta.sanjay.html. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ Hodgson, Martin (October 17, 2007). "100 Years on, DNA casts doubt on Crippen case". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2007/oct/17/ukcrime.science. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
- ^ Michaelis, Vicki (February 13, 2007). "Phelps' dominant pool dream still alive". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2007-02-12-phelps-focus_x.htm. Retrieved October 25, 2008.
- ^ Leah Graboski (March 28, 2006). "Debunking the Moon Myth". The Michigan Daily. http://www.michigandaily.com/content/debunking-moon-myth. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
References[link]
- Fiske, Edward B. (2004). Fiske Guide to Colleges 2005 (Twenty-first Edition). Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, Inc. ISBN 1-4022-0229-6.
- Fleming, Robben W. (1996). Tempests into Rainbows: Managing Turbulence. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-10674-0.
- Hebel, Sara (October 15, 2004). "State Regents: Should They Be Elected or Appointed?". The Chronicle of Higher Education 51 (8): A1. http://chronicle.com/weekly/v51/i08/08a00101.htm.
- Hinsdale, Burke A. (1906). Demmon, Isaac. ed. History of the University of Michigan. University of Michigan. ISBN 0-932212-33-6. http://books.google.com/?id=z6sWAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
- Holtzer (editor), Susan. (1990). Special to the Daily: The 1st 100 Years of Editorial Freedom at the Michigan Daily. Caddo Gap Press. ISBN 0-9625945-2-0.
- Peckham, Howard H. (1994). The Making of The University of Michigan 1817–1992. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-06594-7.
- "Facts & Figures". University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning. 2008. http://sitemaker.umich.edu/obpinfo/facts___figures. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
- Nelson, Greg. (2009). M is for Michigan Football University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-03387-4.
- Duderstadt, Anne. Karels, Liene. (editors). (2003). The University of Michigan: A Seasonal Portrait. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-1-85841-107-1.
External links[link]
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- Official website
- Official athletics website
- University of Michigan at the Open Directory Project
- University of Michigan Press
- MLibrary
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http://wn.com/University_of_Michigan
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Università del Michigan
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the U.S. state of Michigan. For other uses, see Michigan (disambiguation).
| State of Michigan | |||||
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| Nickname(s): The Great Lakes State, The Wolverine State, The Mitten State, Water (Winter) Wonderland | |||||
| Motto(s): Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam circumspice (Latin: If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look about you) |
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| Official language(s) | None (English, de-facto) | ||||
| Demonym | Michigander, Michiganian or Yooper (in the Upper Peninsula) | ||||
| Capital | Lansing | ||||
| Largest city | Detroit | ||||
| Largest metro area | Metro Detroit | ||||
| Area | Ranked 11th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 96,716 sq mi (250,493 km2) |
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| - Width | 386[1] miles (621 km) | ||||
| - Length | 456[1] miles (734 km) | ||||
| - % water | 41.5 | ||||
| - Latitude | 41° 41' N to 48° 18' N | ||||
| - Longitude | 82° 7' W to 90° 25' W | ||||
| Population | Ranked 8th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 9,876,187 (2011 est)[2] | ||||
| - Density | 174/sq mi (67.1/km2) Ranked 17th in the U.S. |
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| - Median household income | $44,627 (21st) | ||||
| Elevation | |||||
| - Highest point | Mount Arvon[3][4] 1,979 ft (603 m) |
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| - Mean | 900 ft (270 m) | ||||
| - Lowest point | Lake Erie[3][4] 571 ft (174 m) |
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| Before statehood | Michigan Territory | ||||
| Admission to Union | January 26, 1837 (26th) | ||||
| Governor | Rick Snyder (R) | ||||
| Lieutenant Governor | Brian Calley (R) | ||||
| Legislature | Michigan Legislature | ||||
| - Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - Lower house | House of Representatives | ||||
| U.S. Senators |
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| U.S. House delegation | 9 Republicans 6 Democrats (list) |
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| Time zones | |||||
| - most of state | Eastern: UTC-5/-4 | ||||
| - 4 U.P. counties | Central: UTC-6/-5 | ||||
| Abbreviations | MI Mich. US-MI | ||||
| Website | www.michigan.gov | ||||
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| Animate insignia | |
| Bird(s) | American Robin (Turdus migratorius) |
| Fish | Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) |
| Flower(s) | Apple blossom (Malus domestica) Wildflower: Dwarf Lake Iris (Iris lacustris) |
| Mammal(s) | Unofficial:Wolverine (Gulo gulo luscus) Game animal: White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) |
| Reptile | Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) |
| Tree | Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) |
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| Inanimate insignia | |
| Fossil | Mastodon (Mammut americanum) |
| Gemstone | Isle Royale greenstone or Chlorastrolite |
| Rock | Petoskey stone |
| Soil | Kalkaska Sand |
| Song(s) | My Michigan website |
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Michigan (
i/ˈmɪʃɨɡən/) is a state located in the Great Lakes region of the Midwestern United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake".[1][5] Michigan is the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and the largest city is Detroit. Michigan was admitted into the Union on January 26, 1837 as the 26th state.
Michigan has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair.[6] Michigan is one of the leading U.S. states for recreational boating.[7] The state has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds.[8] A person in the state is never more than six miles (9.7 km) from a natural water source or more than 85 miles (137 km) from a Great Lakes shoreline.[9] It is the largest state by total area[10] east of the Mississippi River.
Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is often noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula (often referred to as "the U.P.") is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, a five-mile (8 km) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. The two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The Upper Peninsula is economically important due to its status as a tourist destination. There is also a variety of natural resources to be found there, including a sizable amount of iron ore.
Contents |
History[link]
See also: Timeline of Michigan history and History of Michigan
When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Ottawa, the Ojibwe or Anishnabe (called Chippewa in French), and the Potawatomi. The Anishnabe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest.
The Anishnabe were established in Michigan's Upper Peninsula and northern Michigan, and also inhabited northern Ontario, northern Wisconsin, southern Manitoba, and northern and north-central Minnesota. The Ottawa lived primarily south of the Straits of Mackinac in northern and western Michigan, while the Potawatomi were primarily in the southwest. The three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. Other tribes in Michigan, in the south and east, were the Mascouten, the Menominee, the Miami, and the Wyandot, who are better known by their French name, Huron.
17th century[link]
French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what later became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlé's expedition in 1622. The first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions.[11] Missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were well received by the Indian populations in the area, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph.
18th century[link]
In 1701, French explorer and army officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit or "Fort Pontchartrain on-the-Strait" on the strait, known as the Detroit River, between lakes Saint Clair and Erie. Cadillac had convinced King Louis XIV's chief minister, Louis Phélypeaux, Comte de Pontchartrain, that a permanent community there would strengthen French control over the upper Great Lakes and discourage British aspirations.
The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent[12][13] (about 0.85 acres (3,400 m2), the equivalent of just under 200 feet (61 m) per side) and named it Fort Pontchartrain. Cadillac's wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post. The Église de Saint-Anne (Church of Saint Ann) was founded the same year. While the original building does not survive, the congregation of that name continues to be active today. Cadillac later departed to serve as the French governor of Louisiana from 1710 to 1716.
At the same time, the French strengthened Fort Michilimackinac at the Straits of Mackinac to better control their lucrative fur-trading empire. By the mid-18th century, the French also occupied forts at present-day Niles and Sault Ste. Marie, though most of the rest of the region remained unsettled by Europeans.
From 1660 to the end of French rule, Michigan was part of the Royal Province of New France.[14] In 1759, following the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in the French and Indian War (1754–1763), Québec City fell to British forces. This marked Britain's victory in the Seven Years War. Under the 1763 Treaty of Paris, Michigan and the rest of New France east of the Mississippi River passed to Great Britain.[15]
During the American Revolutionary War, Detroit was an important British supply center. Most of the inhabitants were French-Canadians or Native Americans, many of whom had been allied with the French. Because of imprecise cartography and unclear language defining the boundaries in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the British retained control of Detroit and Michigan after the American Revolution. When Quebec split into Lower and Upper Canada in 1790, Michigan was part of Kent County, Upper Canada. It held its first democratic elections in August 1792 to send delegates to the new provincial parliament at Newark (now Niagara-on-the-Lake).[16]
Under terms negotiated in the 1794 Jay Treaty, Britain withdrew from Detroit and Michilimackinac in 1796. Questions remained over the boundary for many years, and the United States did not have uncontested control of the Upper Peninsula and Drummond Island until 1818 and 1847, respectively.
19th century[link]
During the War of 1812, Michigan Territory (effectively consisting of Detroit and the surrounding area) was surrendered after a nearly bloodless siege in 1812. An attempt to retake Detroit resulted in a severe American defeat in the River Raisin Massacre. This battle is still the bloodiest ever fought in the state and had the highest number of American casualties of any battle in the war. Ultimately, Michigan was recaptured by Americans in 1813 after the Battle of Lake Erie. An invasion of Canada which culminated in the Battle of the Thames was then launched from Michigan. The more northern areas were held by the British until the peace treaty restored the old boundaries. A number of forts, including Fort Wayne were built in Michigan during the 19th century out of fears of renewed fighting with Britain.
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The population grew slowly until the opening in 1825 of the Erie Canal connecting the Great Lakes and the Hudson River and New York City. The new route brought a large influx of settlers, who became farmers and merchants and shipped out grain, lumber, and iron ore. By the 1830s, Michigan had 80,000 residents, more than enough to apply and qualify for statehood. In October 1835 the people approved the Constitution of 1835, thereby forming a state government, although Congressional recognition was delayed pending resolution of a boundary dispute with Ohio known as the Toledo War. Congress awarded the "Toledo Strip" to Ohio. Michigan received the western part of the Upper Peninsula as a concession and formally entered the Union on January 26, 1837. The Upper Peninsula proved to be a rich source of lumber, iron, and copper. Michigan led the nation in lumber production from the 1850s to the 1880s. Railroads became a major engine of growth from the 1850s onward, with Detroit the chief hub.
The first statewide meeting of the Republican Party took place July 6, 1854 in Jackson, Michigan, where the party adopted its platform. The state was heavily Republican until the 1930s. Michigan made a significant contribution to the Union in the American Civil War and sent more than forty regiments of volunteers to the federal armies.
Modernizers and boosters—especially Yankees set up systems for public education, including founding the University of Michigan (1817; moved to Ann Arbor in 1841), for a classical academic education; and Michigan State Normal School, (1849) now Eastern Michigan University, for the training of teachers. In 1899, it became the first normal college in the nation to offer a four-year curriculum. Michigan Agricultural College (1855), now Michigan State University in East Lansing, was founded as the pioneer land-grant college, a model for those authorized under the Morrill Act (1862). Many other private colleges were founded as well, and the smaller cities formed high schools late in the century.[17]
20th and 21st centuries[link]
See also: History of Ford Motor Company
Michigan's economy underwent a transformation at the turn of the 20th century. Many individuals, including Ransom E. Olds, John and Horace Dodge, Henry Leland, David Dunbar Buick, Henry Joy, Charles King, and Henry Ford, provided the concentration of engineering know-how and technological enthusiasm to start the birth of the automotive industry.[18] Ford's development of the moving assembly line in Highland Park marked the beginning of a new era in transportation. Like the steamship and railroad, it was a far-reaching development. More than the forms of public transportation, the automobile transformed private life. It became the major industry of Detroit and Michigan, and permanently altered the socio-economic life of the United States and much of the world.
With the growth, the auto industry created jobs in Detroit that attracted immigrants from Europe and migrants from across the U.S., including those from the South. By 1920, Detroit was the fourth largest city in the U.S. Residential housing was in short supply, and it took years for the market to catch up with the population boom. By the 1930s, so many immigrants had arrived that more than 30 languages were spoken in the public schools, and ethnic communities celebrated in annual heritage festivals. Over the years immigrants and migrants contributed greatly to Detroit's diverse urban culture, including popular music trends, such as the influential Motown Sound of the 1960s led by a variety of individual singers and groups.
Grand Rapids, the second-largest city in Michigan, is also an important center of manufacturing. Since 1838, the city has also been noted for its furniture industry and is home to five of the world's leading office furniture companies. Grand Rapids is home to a number of major companies including Steelcase, Amway, and Meijer. Grand Rapids is also an important center for GE Aviation Systems.
Michigan held its first United States presidential primary election in 1910. With its rapid growth in industry, it was an important center of union industry-wide organizing, such as the rise of the United Auto Workers.
In 1920 WWJ (AM) in Detroit became the first radio station in the United States to regularly broadcast commercial programs. Throughout that decade, some of the country's largest and most ornate skyscrapers were built in the city. Particularly noteworthy are the Fisher Building, Cadillac Place, and the Guardian Building, each of which is a National Historic Landmark (NHL).
Detroit continued to expand through the 1950s, at one point doubling its population in a decade. After World War II, housing was developed in suburban areas outside city cores; newly constructed U.S. Interstate Highways allowed commuters to navigate the region more easily. Modern advances in the auto industry have resulted in increased automation, high tech industry, and increased suburban growth since 1960.
Michigan is the leading auto-producing state in the U.S., with the industry primarily located throughout the Midwestern United States, Ontario, Canada, and the Southern United States.[19] With almost ten million residents, Michigan is a large and influential state, ranking eighth in population among the fifty states. Detroit is the centrally located metropolitan area of the Great Lakes Megalopolis and the second largest metropolitan area in the U.S. linking the Great Lakes system.
The Metro Detroit area in Southeast Michigan is the largest metropolitan area in the state (roughly 50% of the population resides there) and the eleventh largest in the USA. The Grand Rapids metropolitan area in Western Michigan is the fastest-growing metro area in the state, with over 1.3 million residents as of 2006. Metro Detroit receives more than 15 million visitors each year. Michigan has many popular tourist destinations which include areas such as Traverse City on the Grand Traverse Bay in Northern Michigan. Tourists spend about $17 billion annually in Michigan supporting 193,000 jobs.[20]
Michigan typically ranks third or fourth in overall Research & development (R&D) expenditures in the U.S.[21][22] The state's leading research institutions include the University of Michigan, Michigan State University and Wayne State University which are important partners in the state's economy and the state's University Research Corridor.[23] Michigan's public universities attract more than $1.5 B in research and development grants each year.[24] Agriculture also serves a significant role making the state a leading grower of fruit in the U.S., including blueberries, cherries, apples, grapes, and peaches.[25]
Government[link]
File:71msc 1.jpg
Michigan State Capitol in Lansing
State government[link]
Main article: Government of Michigan
Michigan is governed as a republic, with three branches of government: the executive branch consisting of the Governor of Michigan and the other independently elected constitutional officers; the legislative branch consisting of the House of Representatives and Senate; and the judicial branch consisting of the one court of justice. The state also allows direct participation of the electorate by initiative, referendum, recall, and ratification. Lansing is the state capital and is home to all three branches of state government.
The governor and the other state constitutional officers serve four-year terms and may be re-elected only once. The current governor is Rick Snyder. Michigan has two official Governor's Residences; one is in Lansing, and the other is at Mackinac Island. The other constitutionally elected executive officers are the lieutenant governor, who is elected on a joint ticket with the governor, the secretary of state, and the attorney general. The lieutenant governor presides over the Senate, but only voting when ties occur, and is also a member of the cabinet. The secretary of state is the chief elections officer and is charged with running many licensure programs including motor vehicles, all of which are done through the branch offices of the secretary of state.
The Michigan Legislature consists of a 38-member Senate and 110-member House of Representatives. Senators serve four-year terms and representatives two. The Michigan State Capitol was dedicated in 1879 and has hosted the state's executive and legislative branches ever since.
Law[link]
The Michigan Court System consists of two courts with primary jurisdiction (the Circuit Courts and the District Courts), one intermediate level appellate court (the Michigan Court of Appeals), and the Michigan Supreme Court. There are several administrative courts and specialized courts. The Michigan Constitution provides for voter initiative and referendum (Article II, § 9,[26] defined as "the power to propose laws and to enact and reject laws, called the initiative, and the power to approve or reject laws enacted by the legislature, called the referendum. The power of initiative extends only to laws which the legislature may enact under this constitution").
In 1846 Michigan became the first state in the Union, as well as the first English-speaking government in the world,[27][28] to abolish the death penalty. Historian David Chardavoyne has suggested that the movement to abolish capital punishment in Michigan grew as a result of enmity toward the state's neighbor, Canada. Under British rule, it made public executions a regular practice.
Politics[link]
See also: Elections in Michigan and Political party strength in Michigan
Voters in the state elect candidates from both major parties. Economic issues are important in Michigan elections. The three-term Republican Governor John Engler (1991–2003) preceded the former two-term Democratic Governor Jennifer Granholm (2003–2011). The state has elected successive Republican attorneys general twice since 2003. The Republican Party has won a majority in both the House and Senate of the current Michigan Legislature (2011–present). Michigan supported the election of Republican Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush. The current Governor Rick Snyder (2011–present) is a Republican.
| Year | Republicans | Democrats |
|---|---|---|
| 2008 | 40.89% 2,048,639 | 57.33% 2,872,579 |
| 2004 | 47.81% 2,313,746 | 51.23% 2,479,183 |
| 2000 | 46.14% 1,953,139 | 51.28% 2,170,418 |
| 1996 | 38.48% 1,481,212 | 51.69% 1,989,653 |
| 1992 | 36.38% 1,554,940 | 43.77% 1,871,182 |
| 1988 | 53.57% 1,965,486 | 45.67% 1,675,783 |
| 1984 | 59.23% 2,251,571 | 40.24% 1,529,638 |
| 1980 | 48.99% 1,915,225 | 42.50% 1,661,532 |
| 1976 | 51.83% 1,893,742 | 46.44% 1,696,714 |
| 1972 | 56.20% 1,961,721 | 41.81% 1,459,435 |
| 1968 | 41.46% 1,370,665 | 48.18% 1,593,082 |
| 1964 | 33.10% 1,060,152 | 66.70% 2,136,615 |
| 1960 | 48.84% 1,620,428 | 50.85% 1,687,269 |
However, the state has supported Democrats in the last five presidential election cycles. In 2008, Barack Obama carried the state over John McCain, winning Michigan's 17 electoral votes with 57% of the vote. Democrats have won each of the last three, nine of the last ten, and 15 of the last 18 U.S. Senate elections in Michigan with confidence on national economic issues posing a challenge. Republican strength is greatest in the western, northern, and rural parts of the state, especially in the Grand Rapids area. Republicans also perform well in select areas of suburban Detroit, namely in affluent suburbs like the Grosse Pointe communities, Bloomfield Township, Northville Township, and Novi, as well as in communities with large upper middle-class populations like Rochester Hills. Democrats have performed strongest in urban parts of the state, in cities like Detroit, Ann Arbor, Flint, and Lansing; they have also performed strongly in areas of suburban Detroit, namely in inner, working-class suburbs like Lincoln Park and Eastpointe; African American-majority suburbs like Southfield, Oak Park, and River Rouge; and other suburbs like West Bloomfield Township and Farmington Hills, which both have large Jewish and African-American populations, and suburbs of the Woodward Corridor, like Royal Oak, Berkley, Ferndale, and Huntington Woods are heavily Democratic voting blocs. Other suburbs, like middle-class Sterling Heights, lower middle- to middle-class St. Clair Shores, and Allen Park, are politically competitive for members of both parties.[30]
Metropolitan Detroit, with approximately one-half of the state's population, remains a substantial factor in affecting its elections and political culture more broadly. Overall, Wayne County, where Detroit is located, remains heavily Democratic and voted 74% for Barack Obama and 25% for John McCain. Oakland County, with a moderate political culture, has increasingly shifted towards support for Democratic presidential candidates, and Macomb County, once a bastion of support for Democratic New-Deal politics, has shifted towards becoming an intense political battleground.[31]
Historically, the first county-level meeting of the Republican Party took place in Jackson on July 6, 1854,[32] and the party thereafter dominated Michigan until the Great Depression. In the 1912 election, Michigan was one of the six states to support progressive Republican and third-party candidate Theodore Roosevelt for president after he lost the Republican nomination to William Howard Taft.
Michigan remained fairly reliably Republican at the presidential level for much of the 20th century. It was part of Greater New England, the northern tier of states settled chiefly by migrants from New England who carried their culture with them. The state was one of only a handful to back Wendell Willkie over Franklin Roosevelt in 1940, and supported Thomas E. Dewey in his losing bid against Harry S. Truman in 1948. Michigan went to the Democrats in presidential elections during the 1960s, and voted for Republican Richard Nixon in 1972.
Michigan was the home of Gerald Ford, the 38th President of the United States. He was born in Nebraska and moved as an infant to Grand Rapids and grew up there.[33][34] The Gerald R. Ford Museum is located in Grand Rapids, and the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library is located on the campus of his alma mater, the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.
Michigan does not recognize or perform same-sex marriages or other unions involving same-sex couples under a 2004 state constitutional amendment.
Administrative divisions[link]
Main article: Administrative divisions of Michigan
See also: List of Michigan county seats, List of counties in Michigan, and List of municipalities in Michigan (by population)
State government is decentralized among three tiers – statewide, county and township. Counties are administrative divisions of the state, and townships are administrative divisions of a county. Both of them exercise state government authority, localized to meet the particular needs of their jurisdictions, as provided by state law. There are 83 counties in Michigan.
Cities, state universities, and villages are vested with home rule powers of varying degrees. Home rule cities can generally do anything that is not prohibited by law. The fifteen state universities have broad power and can do anything within the parameters of their status as educational institutions that is not prohibited by the state constitution. Villages, by contrast, have limited home rule and are not completely autonomous from the county and township in which they are located.
There are two types of township in Michigan: general law township and charter. Charter township status was created by the Legislature in 1947 and grants additional powers and stream-lined administration in order to provide greater protection against annexation by a city. As of April 2001, there were 127 charter townships in Michigan. In general, charter townships have many of the same powers as a city but without the same level of obligations. For example, a charter township can have its own fire department, water and sewer department, police department, and so on—just like a city—but it is not required to have those things, whereas cities must provide those services. Charter townships can opt to use county-wide services instead, such as deputies from the county sheriff's office instead of a home-based force of ordinance officers.
Geography[link]
Further information: Geography of Michigan, Protected areas of Michigan, and List of Michigan state parks
Michigan consists of two peninsulas that lie between 82°30' to about 90°30' west longitude, and are separated by the Straits of Mackinac. The 45th parallel north runs through the state—marked by highway signs and the Polar-Equator Trail[35]—along a line including Mission Point Light near Traverse City, the towns of Gaylord and Alpena in the Lower Peninsula and Menominee in the Upper Peninsula. With the exception of two small areas that are drained by the Mississippi River by way of the Wisconsin River in the Upper Peninsula and by way of the Kankakee-Illinois River in the Lower Peninsula, Michigan is drained by the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence watershed and is the only state with the majority of its land thus drained.
The Great Lakes that border Michigan from east to west are Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. It has more lighthouses than any other state. The state is bounded on the south by the states of Ohio and Indiana, sharing land and water boundaries with both. Michigan's western boundaries are almost entirely water boundaries, from south to north, with Illinois and Wisconsin in Lake Michigan; then a land boundary with Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula, that is principally demarcated by the Menominee and Montreal Rivers; then water boundaries again, in Lake Superior, with Wisconsin and Minnesota to the west, capped around by the Canadian province of Ontario to the north and east.
The heavily forested Upper Peninsula is relatively mountainous in the west. The Porcupine Mountains, which are part of one of the oldest mountain chains in the world,[36] rise to an altitude of almost 2,000 feet (610 m) above sea level and form the watershed between the streams flowing into Lake Superior and Lake Michigan. The surface on either side of this range is rugged. The state's highest point, in the Huron Mountains northwest of Marquette, is Mount Arvon at 1,979 feet (603 m). The peninsula is as large as Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island combined but has fewer than 330,000 inhabitants. They are sometimes called "Yoopers" (from "U.P.'ers"), and their speech (the "Yooper dialect") has been heavily influenced by the numerous Scandinavian and Canadian immigrants who settled the area during the lumbering and mining boom of the late 19th century.
The Lower Peninsula is shaped like a mitten and many residents hold up a hand to depict where they are from.[37] It is 277 miles (446 km) long from north to south and 195 miles (314 km) from east to west and occupies nearly two-thirds of the state's land area. The surface of the peninsula is generally level, broken by conical hills and glacial moraines usually not more than a few hundred feet tall. It is divided by a low water divide running north and south. The larger portion of the state is on the west of this and gradually slopes toward Lake Michigan. The highest point in the Lower Peninsula is either Briar Hill at 1,705 feet (520 m), or one of several points nearby in the vicinity of Cadillac. The lowest point is the surface of Lake Erie at 571 feet (174 m).
The geographic orientation of Michigan's peninsulas makes for a long distance between the ends of the state. Ironwood, in the far western Upper Peninsula, lies 630 highway miles (1,015 km) from Lambertville in the Lower Peninsula's southeastern corner. The geographic isolation of the Upper Peninsula from Michigan's political and population centers makes the U.P. culturally and economically distinct. Occasionally U.P. residents have called for secession from Michigan and establishment as a new state to be called "Superior".
A feature of Michigan that gives it the distinct shape of a mitten is the Thumb. This peninsula projects out into Lake Huron and the Saginaw Bay. The geography of the Thumb is mainly flat with a few rolling hills. Other peninsulas of Michigan include the Keweenaw Peninsula, making up the Copper Country region of the state. The Leelanau Peninsula lies in the Northern Lower Michigan region. See Also Michigan Regions
Numerous lakes and marshes mark both peninsulas, and the coast is much indented. Keweenaw Bay, Whitefish Bay, and the Big and Little Bays De Noc are the principal indentations on the Upper Peninsula. The Grand and Little Traverse, Thunder, and Saginaw bays indent the Lower Peninsula. Michigan has the second longest shoreline of any state—3,288 miles (5,292 km),[38] including 1,056 miles (1,699 km) of island shoreline.[39]
The state has numerous large islands, the principal ones being the North Manitou and South Manitou, Beaver, and Fox groups in Lake Michigan; Isle Royale and Grande Isle in Lake Superior; Marquette, Bois Blanc, and Mackinac islands in Lake Huron; and Neebish, Sugar, and Drummond islands in St. Mary's River. Michigan has about 150 lighthouses, the most of any U.S. state. The first lighthouses in Michigan were built between 1818 and 1822. They were built to project light at night and to serve as a landmark during the day to safely guide the passenger ships and freighters traveling the Great Lakes. See Lighthouses in the United States.
The state's rivers are generally small, short and shallow, and few are navigable. The principal ones include the Detroit River, St. Marys River, and St. Clair River which connect the Great Lakes; the Au Sable, Cheboygan, and Saginaw, which flow into Lake Huron; the Ontonagon, and Tahquamenon, which flow into Lake Superior; and the St. Joseph, Kalamazoo, Grand, Muskegon, Manistee, and Escanaba, which flow into Lake Michigan. The state has 11,037 inland lakes (totaling 1,305 square miles (3,380 km2) of inland water) in addition to 38,575 square miles (99,910 km2) of Great Lakes waters. No point in Michigan is more than six miles (10 km) from an inland lake or more than 85 miles (137 km) from one of the Great Lakes.[40]
The state is home to a number of areas maintained by the National Park Service including: Isle Royale National Park, located in Lake Superior, about 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Thunder Bay, Ontario. Other national protected areas in the state include: Keweenaw National Historical Park, Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Huron National Forest, Manistee National Forest, Hiawatha National Forest, Ottawa National Forest and Father Marquette National Memorial. The largest section of the North Country National Scenic Trail passes through Michigan.
With 78 state parks, 19 state recreation areas, and 6 state forests, Michigan has the largest state park and state forest system of any state. These parks and forests include Holland State Park, Mackinac Island State Park, Au Sable State Forest, and Mackinaw State Forest.
Adjacent states and provinces[link]
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Minnesota | Ontario | Ontario | |
| Wisconsin |  |
Ontario | ||
 Michigan East |
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| Illinois & Indiana | Indiana & Ohio | Ohio & Ontario |
Climate[link]
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Michigan has a continental climate, although there are two distinct regions. The southern and central parts of the Lower Peninsula (south of Saginaw Bay and from the Grand Rapids area southward) have a warmer climate (Koppen climate classification Dfa) with hot summers and cold winters. The northern part of Lower Peninsula and the entire Upper Peninsula has a more severe climate (Koppen Dfb), with warm, but shorter summers and longer, cold to very cold winters. Some parts of the state average high temperatures below freezing from December through February, and into early March in the far northern parts. During the winter through the middle of February the state is frequently subjected to heavy lake-effect snow. The state averages from 30–40 inches (76–100 cm) of precipitation annually, however some areas in the northern lower peninsula and the upper peninsula average almost 160" of snowfall per year.[41] Michigan's highest recorded temperature is 112 °F (44 °C) at Mio on July 13, 1936 and the coldest recorded temperature is −51 °F (−46 °C) at Vanderbilt on February 9, 1934.[42]
The entire state averages 30 days of thunderstorm activity per year. These can be severe, especially in the southern part of the state. The state averages 17 tornadoes per year, which are more common in the extreme southern portion of the state. Portions of the southern border have been nearly as vulnerable historically as parts of Tornado Alley. For this reason, many communities in the very southern portions of the state are equipped with tornado sirens to warn residents of approaching tornadoes. Farther north, in the Upper Peninsula, tornadoes are rare.[43]
| Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Other Michigan Cities in °F(°C) | ||||||||||||
| City | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flint | 29/13
(−2/−11) |
32/15
(0/−9) |
43/24
(6/−4) |
56/35
(13/2) |
69/45
(21/7) |
78/55
(26/13) |
82/59
(28/15) |
80/57
(27/14) |
72/49
(22/9) |
60/39
(16/4) |
46/30
(8/−1) |
34/19
(1/−7) |
| Grand Rapids | 29/16
(−2/−9) |
33/17
(1/−8) |
43/26
(6/−3) |
57/36
(14/2) |
70/47
(21/8) |
78/56
(26/13) |
82/60
(28/16) |
80/59
(27/15) |
72/51
(22/11) |
60/40
(11/4) |
46/31
(8/−1) |
34/21
(1/−6) |
| Muskegon | 30/17
(−1/−8) |
32/18
(0/−8) |
42/25
(6/−4) |
55/35
(13/2) |
67/45
(19/7) |
76/54
(24/12) |
80/60
(27/16) |
78/59
(26/15) |
70/51
(21/11) |
59/41
(15/5) |
46/32
(8/0) |
35/23
(2/−5) |
| Sault Ste. Marie | 22/5
(−6/−15) |
24/7
(−4/−14) |
34/16
(1/−9) |
48/29
(9/−2) |
63/39
(17/4) |
71/46
(22/7) |
76/52
(24/11) |
74/52
(23/11) |
65/45
(18/7) |
53/36
(12/2) |
39/26
(12/−3) |
27/13
(−3/−11) |
| [3][dead link] | ||||||||||||
Geology[link]
The geological formation of the state is greatly varied. Primary boulders are found over the entire surface of the Upper Peninsula (being principally of primitive origin), while Secondary deposits cover the entire Lower Peninsula. The Upper Peninsula exhibits Lower Silurian sandstones, limestones, copper and iron bearing rocks, corresponding to the Huronian system of Canada. The central portion of the Lower Peninsula contains coal measures and rocks of the Permo-Carboniferous period. Devonian and sub-Carboniferous deposits are scattered over the entire state.
Demographics[link]
See also: Michigan census statistical areas
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1800 | 3,757 |
|
|
| 1810 | 4,762 | 26.8% | |
| 1820 | 7,452 | 56.5% | |
| 1830 | 28,004 | 275.8% | |
| 1840 | 212,267 | 658.0% | |
| 1850 | 397,654 | 87.3% | |
| 1860 | 749,113 | 88.4% | |
| 1870 | 1,184,059 | 58.1% | |
| 1880 | 1,636,937 | 38.2% | |
| 1890 | 2,093,890 | 27.9% | |
| 1900 | 2,420,982 | 15.6% | |
| 1910 | 2,810,173 | 16.1% | |
| 1920 | 3,668,412 | 30.5% | |
| 1930 | 4,842,325 | 32.0% | |
| 1940 | 5,256,106 | 8.5% | |
| 1950 | 6,371,766 | 21.2% | |
| 1960 | 7,823,194 | 22.8% | |
| 1970 | 8,875,083 | 13.4% | |
| 1980 | 9,262,078 | 4.4% | |
| 1990 | 9,295,297 | 0.4% | |
| 2000 | 9,938,444 | 6.9% | |
| 2010 | 9,883,640 | −0.6% | |
| Source: 1910–2010[44] | |||
Population[link]
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Michigan was 9,876,187 on July 1, 2011, a -0.08% decrease since the 2010 United States Census.[2]
The center of population of Michigan is located in Shiawassee County, in the southeastern corner of the civil township of Bennington, which is located northwest of the village of Morrice.[45]
As of the 2010 American Community Survey for the U.S. Census, the state had a foreign-born population of 592,212, or 6.0% of the total. Michigan has the largest Dutch, Finnish, and Macedonian populations in the United States.
The 2010 Census reported:
- White: 78.9% (Non-Hispanic Whites: 76.6%)
- Black or African American: 14.2%
- American Indian: 0.6%
- Asian: 2.4%
- Pacific Islander: <0.1%
- Some other race: 1.5%
- Multiracial: 2.3%
- Hispanic or Latino (of any race): 4.4%
The ten largest reported ancestries in Michigan are:[46]
German (22.3%)
Irish (11.9%)
English (10.1%)
Polish (9.0%)
French or French Canadian (6.7%)
Dutch (5.1%)
Italian (4.7%)
American (4.6%)
Scottish (2.4%)
Swedish (1.7%)
The large majority of Michigan's population is Caucasian. Americans of European descent live throughout Michigan and most of Metro Detroit. Large European American groups include those of German, Irish, French, Belgian and British ancestry. People of Scandinavian descent, especially those of Finnish ancestry, have a notable presence in the Upper Peninsula. Western Michigan is known for the Dutch heritage of many residents (the highest concentration of any state), especially in metropolitan Grand Rapids.
About 300,000 people trace their descent from the Middle East.[47] Dearborn has a sizeable Arab community, with many Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac, and Lebanese who immigrated for jobs in the auto industry in the 1920s along with more recent Yemenis and Iraqis.[48] African Americans, who came to Detroit and other northern cities in the Great Migration of the early 20th century, form a majority of the population of the city of Detroit and of other cities, including Flint and Benton Harbor.
An individual from Michigan is called a "Michigander" or "Michiganian".[49] Also at times, but rarely, a "Michiganite".[50] Residents of the Upper Peninsula are sometimes referred to as "Yoopers" (a phonetic pronunciation of "U.P.ers"), and Upper Peninsula residents sometimes refer to those from the lower as "trolls" (they live below the bridge).[51]
Religion[link]
The Catholic Church has six dioceses and one archdiocese in Michigan, the Diocese of Gaylord, Diocese of Grand Rapids, Diocese of Kalamazoo, Diocese of Lansing, Diocese of Marquette, Diocese of Saginaw and Archdiocese of Detroit.[52] The Catholic Church is the largest denomination by number of adherents, according to a survey in the year 2000, with 2,019,926 parishioners.[53] The Roman Catholic Church was the only organized religion in Michigan until the 19th century, reflecting the territory's French colonial roots. Detroit's St. Anne's parish, established in 1701, by Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac is the second-oldest Catholic parish in the country.[54] On March 8, 1833, the Holy See formally established a diocese in the Michigan territory, which included all of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the Dakotas east of the Mississippi River. When Michigan became a state in 1837, the boundary of the Diocese of Detroit was redrawn to coincide with that of the State.[55]
The largest Protestant denominations were the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod with 244,231 adherents; followed by the United Methodist Church with 222,269; and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 160,836 adherents. In the same survey, Jewish adherents in the state of Michigan were estimated at 110,000, and Muslims at 80,515.[56] The Lutheran Church was introduced by German and Scandinavian immigrants; Lutheranism is the second largest religious denomination in the state. The first Jewish synagogue in the state was Temple Beth El, founded by twelve German Jewish families in Detroit in 1850.[57] In West Michigan, Dutch immigrants fled from the specter of religious persecution and famine in the Netherlands around 1850 and settled in and around what is now Holland, Michigan, establishing a "colony" on American soil that fervently held onto Calvinist doctrine that established a significant presence of Reformed churches.[58] Islam was introduced by immigrants from the Near East during the 20th century.[59]
Economy[link]
File:2007 Ford Shelby GT500 Detroit.jpg
Michigan is the center of the American automotive industry. Pictured is the Ford Shelby GT500 at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit. The GT500 is manufactured in Ford's Flat Rock, Michigan assembly plant.
The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimated Michigan's 2010 gross state product at $384.1 B.[60] In November 2011, the state's unemployment rate was 9.8%.[61][62]
| Top publicly traded companies in Michigan according to revenues with State and U.S. rankings |
|||||
| State | Corporation | US | |||
| 1 | General Motors | 6 | |||
| 2 | Ford | 7 | |||
| 3 | Dow | 38 | |||
| 4 | Delphi | 121 | |||
| 5 | Whirlpool | 133 | |||
| 6 | Ally | 147 | |||
| 7 | TRW Automotive | 169 | |||
| 8 | Lear | 195 | |||
| 9 | Kellogg | 210 | |||
| 10 | Penske Automotive | 225 | |||
| 11 | Masco | 277 | |||
| 12 | Visteon | 282 | |||
| 13 | DTE Energy | 285 | |||
| 14 | Arvin Meritor | 346 | |||
| 15 | CMS Energy | 369 | |||
| 16 | Stryker | 375 | |||
| 17 | Autoliv | 376 | |||
| 18 | Pulte Homes | 393 | |||
| 19 | Kelly Services | 437 | |||
| 20 | BorgWarner | 453 | |||
| 21 | Auto-Owners | 476 | |||
| 22 | Steelcase | 625 | |||
| 23 | Spartan Stores | 751 | |||
| 24 | Cooper Standard | 814 | |||
| 25 | Valassis | 809 | |||
| 26 | Universal Forest | 837 | |||
| 27 | Affinia Group | 853 | |||
| 28 | Hayes-Lemmerz | 856 | |||
| 29 | American Axle | 874 | |||
| 30 | Herman Miller | 897 | |||
| 31 | Perrigo | 897 | |||
| Further information: List of Michigan companies Source: Fortune 2009[63] |
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Some of the major industries/products/services include automobiles, cereal products, pizza, information technology, aerospace, military equipment, copper, iron, and furniture. Michigan is the third leading grower of Christmas trees with 60,520 acres (245 km2) of land dedicated to Christmas tree farming.[64][65] The beverage Vernors was invented in Michigan in 1866, sharing the title of oldest soft drink with Hires Root Beer. Faygo was founded in Detroit on November 4, 1907. Two of the top four pizza chains were founded in Michigan and are headquartered there: Domino's Pizza by Tom Monaghan and Little Caesars Pizza by Mike Ilitch.
Since 2009, GM, Ford, and Chrysler have managed a significant reorganization of their benefit funds structure after a volatile stock market which followed the September 11 attacks and early 2000s recession impacted their respective U.S. pension and benefit funds (OPEB).[66][67] General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler reached agreements with the United Auto Workers Union to transfer the liabilities for their respective health care and benefit funds to a 501(c)(9) Voluntary Employee Beneficiary Association (VEBA). Manufacturing in the state grew 6.6% from 2001 to 2006,[68] but the high speculative price of oil became a factor for the U.S. auto industry during the economic crisis of 2008 impacting industry revenues. In 2009, GM and Chrysler emerged from Chapter 11 restructurings with financing provided in part by the U.S. and Canandian governments.[69][70] GM began its initial public offering (IPO) of stock in 2010.[71] For 2010, the Big Three domestic automakers have reported significant profits indicating the beginning of rebound.[72][73][74][75]
Michigan ranks fourth in the U.S. in high tech employment with 568,000 high tech workers, which includes 70,000 in the automotive industry.[76] Michigan typically ranks third or fourth in overall Research & development (R&D) expenditures in the United States.[21][22] Its research and development, which includes automotive, comprises a higher percentage of the state's overall gross domestic product than for any other U.S. state.[77] The state is an important source of engineering job opportunities. The domestic auto industry accounts directly and indirectly for one of every ten jobs in the U.S.[78]
Michigan was second in the U.S. in 2004 for new corporate facilities and expansions. From 1997 to 2004, Michigan was the only state to top the 10,000 mark for the number of major new developments;[19][79] however, the effects of the late 2000s recession have slowed the state's economy. In 2008, Michigan placed third in a site selection survey among the states for luring new business which measured capital investment and new job creation per one million population.[80] In August 2009, Michigan and Detroit's auto industry received $1.36 B in grants from the U.S. Department of Energy for the manufacture of electric vehicle technologies which is expected to generate 6,800 immediate jobs and employ 40,000 in the state by 2020.[81] From 2007 to 2009, Michigan ranked 3rd in the U.S. for new corporate facilities and expansions.[82][83]
As leading research institutions, the University of Michigan, Michigan State University,and Wayne State University are important partners in the state's economy and the state's University Research Corridor.[23] Michigan's public universities attract more than $1.5 B in research and development grants each year.[24] The National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory is located at Michigan State University. Michigan's workforce is well-educated and highly skilled, making it attractive to companies. It has the third highest number of engineering graduates nationally.[84]
Detroit Metropolitan Airport is one of the nation's most recently expanded and modernized airports with six major runways, and large aircraft maintenance facilities capable of servicing and repairing a Boeing 747 and is a major hub for Delta Air Lines. Michigan's schools and colleges rank among the nation's best. The state has maintained its early commitment to public education. The state's infrastructure gives it a competitive edge; Michigan has 38 deep water ports.[85] In 2007, Bank of America announced that it would commit $25 billion to community development in Michigan following its acquisition of LaSalle Bank in Troy.[86]
Michigan led the nation in job creation improvement in 2010.[87]
Taxation[link]
Michigan's personal income tax is set to a flat rate of 4.35%. Some cities impose additional income taxes. Michigan's state sales tax is 6%. Property taxes are assessed on the local level, but every property owner's local assessment contributes six mills (six dollars per thousand dollars of property value) to the statutory State Education Tax. In 2011, the State repealed the Michigan Business Tax and replaced it with a 6% corporate income tax which substantially reduces taxes on business.[88][89]
Agriculture[link]
A wide variety of commodity crops, fruits, and vegetables are grown in Michigan, making it second only to California among U.S. states in the diversity of its agriculture.[90] The state has 55,000 farms utilizing 10,000,000 acres (40,000 km2) of land which sold $6.6 billion worth of products in 2008.[91] The most valuable agricultural product is milk. Leading crops include corn, soybeans, flowers, wheat, sugar beets and potatoes. Livestock in the state included 1 million cattle, 1 million hogs, 78,000 sheep and over 3 million chickens. Livestock products accounted for 38% of the value of agricultural products while crops accounted for the majority.
Michigan is a leading grower of fruit in the U.S., including blueberries, cherries, apples, grapes, and peaches.[25][92] Plums, pears, and strawberries are also grown. These fruits are mainly grown in West Michigan due to the moderating effect of Lake Michigan on the climate. There is also significant fruit production, especially cherries, but also grapes, apples, and other fruits, in Northwest Michigan along Lake Michigan. Michigan produces wines, beers and a multitude of processed food products. Kellogg's cereal is based in Battle Creek, Michigan and processes many locally grown foods. Thornapple Valley, Ball Park Franks, Koegel Meat Company, and Hebrew National sausage companies are all based in Michigan.
Michigan is home to very fertile land in the Flint/Tri-Cities and "Thumb" areas. Products grown there include corn, sugar beets, navy beans, and soy beans. Sugar beet harvesting usually begins the first of October. It takes the sugar factories about five months to process the 3.7 million tons of sugarbeets into 970 million pounds of pure, white sugar.[93] Michigan's largest sugar refiner, Michigan Sugar Company[94] is the largest east of the Mississippi River and the fourth largest in the nation. Michigan Sugar brand names are Pioneer Sugar and the newly incorporated Big Chief Sugar. Potatoes are grown in Northern Michigan, and corn is dominant in Central Michigan. Alfalfa, cucumbers, and asparagus are also grown.
Tourism[link]
See also: List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan, List of Registered Historic Places in Michigan, and List of museums in Michigan
Michigan's tourists spend $17.2 billion per year in the state, supporting 193,000 tourism jobs.[82] Michigan's tourism website ranks among the busiest in the nation.[95] Destinations draw vacationers, hunters, and nature enthusiasts from across the United States and Canada. Michigan is fifty percent forest land, much of it quite remote. The forests, lakes and thousands of miles of beaches are top attractions. Event tourism draws large numbers to occasions like the Tulip Time Festival and the National Cherry Festival.
In 2006, the Michigan State Board of Education mandated that all public schools in the state hold their first day of school after the Labor Day holiday, in accordance with the new Post Labor Day School law. A survey found that 70% of all tourism business comes directly from Michigan residents, and the Michigan Hotel, Motel, & Resort Association claimed that the shorter summer in between school years cut into the annual tourism season in the state.[96]
Tourism in metropolitan Detroit draws visitors to leading attractions, especially The Henry Ford, the Detroit Institute of Arts, and the Detroit Zoo, and to sports in Detroit. Other museums include the Detroit Historical Museum, the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, museums in the Cranbrook Educational Community, and the Arab American National Museum. The metro area offers four major casinos, MGM Grand Detroit, Greektown, Motor City, and Caesars Windsor in Windsor, Ontario, Canada; moreover, Detroit is the largest American city and metropolitan region to offer casino resorts.[97]
Hunting and fishing are significant industries in the state. Charter boats are based in many Great Lakes cities to fish for salmon, trout, walleye and perch. Michigan ranks first in the nation in licensed hunters (over one million) who contribute $2 billion annually to its economy. Over three-quarters of a million hunters participate in white-tailed deer season alone. Many school districts in rural areas of Michigan cancel school on the opening day of firearm deer season, because of attendance concerns.
Michigan's Department of Natural Resources manages the largest dedicated state forest system in the nation. The forest products industry and recreational users contribute $12 billion and 200,000 associated jobs annually to the state's economy. Public hiking and hunting access has also been secured in extensive commercial forests. The state has the highest number of golf courses and registered snowmobiles in the nation.[98]
The state has numerous historical markers, which can themselves become the center of a tour.[99] The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.[100]
With its position in relation to the Great Lakes and the countless ships that have foundered over the many years in which they have been used as a transport route for people and bulk cargo, Michigan is a world-class scuba diving destination. The Michigan Underwater Preserves are 11 underwater areas where wrecks are protected for the benefit of sport divers.
Transportation[link]
Michigan has nine international crossings with Ontario, Canada:
- Ambassador Bridge, North America's busiest international border crossing the Detroit River
- Blue Water Bridge, a twin-span bridge (Port Huron, Michigan and Point Edward, Ontario, but the larger city of Sarnia, Ontario is usually referred to on the Canadian side)
- Blue Water Ferry (Marine City, Michigan and Sombra, Ontario)
- Canadian Pacific Railway tunnel
- Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry (Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario)
- Detroit–Windsor Tunnel
- International Bridge (Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan and Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario)
- St. Clair River Railway Tunnel (Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario)
- Walpole Island Ferry (Algonac, Michigan and Walpole Island First Nation, Ontario)
A second international bridge is currently under consideration between Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario.[101]
Railroads[link]
See also: List of Michigan railroads and History of railroads in Michigan
Michigan is served by four Class I railroads: the Canadian National Railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway, CSX Transportation, and the Norfolk Southern Railway. These are augmented by several dozen short line railroads. The vast majority of rail service in Michigan is devoted to freight, with Amtrak and various scenic railroads the exceptions.[102]
Main article: Michigan Services
Amtrak passenger rail services the state, connecting many southern and western Michigan cities to Chicago, Illinois. There are plans for commuter rail for Detroit and its suburbs (see SEMCOG Commuter Rail).[103][104][105]
Roadways[link]
Interstate 75 (I-75) is the main thoroughfare between Detroit, Flint, and Saginaw extending north to Sault Sainte Marie and providing access to Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. The freeway crosses the Mackinac Bridge between the Lower and Upper Peninsulas. Branching highways include I-275 and I-375 in Detroit; I-475 in Flint; and I-675 in Saginaw.
I-69 enters the state near the Michigan–Ohio–Indiana border, and it extends to Port Huron and provides access to the Blue Water Bridge crossing into Sarnia, Ontario.
I-94 enters the western end of the state at the Indiana border, and it travels east to Detroit and then northeast to Port Huron and ties in with I-69. I-194 branches off from this freeway in Battle Creek. I-94 is the main artery between Chicago and Detroit.
I-96 runs east–west between Detroit and Muskegon. I-496 loops through Lansing. I-196 branches off from this freeway at Grand Rapids and connects to I-94 near Benton Harbor. I-696 branches off from this freeway at Novi and connects to I-94 near St Clair Shores.
U.S. Highway 2 (US 2) enters Michigan at the city of Ironwood and runs east to the town of Crystal Falls, where it turns south and briefly re-enters Wisconsin northwest of Florence. It re-enters Michigan north of Iron Mountain and continues through the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to the cities of Escanaba, Manistique, and St. Ignace. Along the way, it cuts through the Ottawa and Hiawatha national forests and follows the northern shore of Lake Michigan. Its eastern terminus lies at exit 344 on I-75, just north of the Mackinac Bridge.
Airports[link]
See also: List of airports in Michigan
The Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, located in the western suburb of Romulus, was in 2010 the 16th busiest airfield in North America measured by passenger traffic.[106] The Gerald R. Ford International Airport in Grand Rapids is the next busiest airport in the state, served by eight airlines to 23 destinations. Flint Bishop International Airport is the third largest airport in the state, served by four airlines to several primary hubs. Smaller regional and local airports are located throughout the state including on several islands.
Important cities and townships[link]
Further information: List of cities, villages, and townships in Michigan
The largest municipalities in Michigan are (according to 2010 Census):
| Rank | City | Population | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Detroit | 713,777 |
|
| 2 | Grand Rapids | 188,040 | |
| 3 | Warren | 134,056 | |
| 4 | Sterling Heights | 129,699 | |
| 5 | Lansing | 114,297 | |
| 6 | Ann Arbor | 113,934 | |
| 7 | Flint | 102,434 | |
| 8 | Dearborn | 98,153 | |
| 9 | Livonia | 96,942 | |
| 10 | Clinton Township | 96,796 |
Other important cities include:
- Battle Creek ("Cereal City U.S.A.", world headquarters of Kellogg Company)
- Benton Harbor / St. Joseph (headquarters of Whirlpool Corporation)
- East Lansing (home of Michigan State University)
- Holland (home of Tulip Time, the largest tulip festival in the U.S.)
- Jackson (headquarters of CMS Energy)
- Kalamazoo (Largest city in southwest Michigan and home to Western Michigan University)
- Manistee (home to the world's largest salt plant, owned by Morton Salt)
- Marquette (largest city in the Upper Peninsula with 19,661 people and home of Northern Michigan University)
- Midland (headquarters of the Dow Chemical Company and the Dow Corning Corporation)
- Pontiac (major automobile manufacturing center, and home of the Pontiac Silverdome)
- Saginaw (the largest of the Tri-Cities, which also consist of Bay City and Midland, and home to Saginaw Valley State University)
- Sault Ste. Marie (home of the Soo Locks and Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge)
- Traverse City ("Cherry Capital of the World", making Michigan the country's largest producer of cherries)
Half of the wealthiest communities in the state are located in Oakland County, just north of Detroit. Another wealthy community is located just east of the city, in Grosse Pointe. Only three of these cities are located outside of Metro Detroit. The city of Detroit itself, with a per capita income of $14,717, ranks 517th on the list of Michigan locations by per capita income. Benton Harbor is the poorest city in Michigan, with a per capita income of $8,965, while Barton Hills is the richest with a per capita income of $110,683.
Education[link]
Michigan's education system provides services to 1.6 million K-12 students in public schools. More than 124,000 students attend private schools and an uncounted number are home-schooled under certain legal requirements.[107][108] The public school system has a $14.5 billion budget in 2008–2009.[109] Michigan has a number of public universities spread throughout the state and numerous private colleges as well. Michigan State University has one of the largest enrollments of any U.S. school. Michigan State University, the University of Michigan, and Wayne State University are the three major research institutions in the state.[110]
Professional sports[link]
Main article: List of Michigan professional sports teams
Michigan's major-league sports teams include: Detroit Tigers baseball team, Detroit Lions football team, Detroit Red Wings ice hockey team, and the Detroit Pistons men's basketball team. All of Michigan's major league teams play in the Metro Detroit area.
The Pistons played at Detroit's Cobo Arena until 1978 and at the Pontiac Silverdome until 1988 when they moved into The Palace of Auburn Hills. The Detroit Lions played at Tiger Stadium in Detroit until 1974, then moved to the Pontiac Silverdome where they played for 27 years between 1975–2002 before moving to Ford Field in Detroit in 2002. The Detroit Tigers played at Tiger Stadium (formerly known as Navin Field and Briggs Stadium) from 1912 to 1999. In 2000 they moved to Comerica Park. The Red Wings played at Olympia Stadium before moving to Joe Louis Arena in 1979.
Thirteen-time Grand Slam champion Serena Williams was born in Saginaw. The Michigan International Speedway is the site of NASCAR races and Detroit was formerly the site of a Formula One World Championship Grand Prix race. From 1959 to 1961, Detroit Dragway hosted the NHRA's U.S. Nationals.[111] Michigan is home to one of the major canoeing marathons: the 120-mile (190 km) Au Sable River Canoe Marathon. The Port Huron to Mackinac Boat Race is also a favorite. Professional hockey got its start in Houghton, when the Portage Lakers were formed.
State symbols and nicknames[link]
Michigan is, by tradition, known as "The Wolverine State," and the University of Michigan takes the wolverine as its mascot. The association is well and long established: for example, many Detroiters volunteered to fight during the American Civil War and George Armstrong Custer, who led the Michigan Brigade, called them the "Wolverines". The origins of this association are obscure; it may derive from a busy trade in wolverine furs in Sault Ste. Marie in the 18th century or may recall a disparagement intended to compare early settlers in Michigan with the vicious mammal. Wolverines are, however, extremely rare in Michigan. A sighting in February 2004 near Ubly was the first confirmed sighting in Michigan in 200 years.[112] The animal was found dead in 2010.[113]
- State nicknames: Wolverine State, Great Lakes State, Mitten State, Water-Winter Wonderland
- State motto: Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam circumspice (Latin: If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look about you) adopted in 1835 on the coat-of-arms, but never as an official 'motto'. This is a paraphrase of the epitaph of British architect Sir Christopher Wren about his masterpiece, St. Paul's Cathedral.[114][115]
- State song: My Michigan (official since 1937, but disputed amongst residents),[116] Michigan, My Michigan (Unofficial State Song, since the civil war)
- State bird: American Robin (since 1931)
- State animal: Wolverine (traditional)
- State game animal: White-tailed deer (since 1997)
- State fish: Brook trout (since 1965)
- State reptile: Painted Turtle (since 1995)
- State fossil: Mastodon (since 2000)
- State flower: Apple blossom (adopted in 1897, official in 1997)
- State wildflower: Dwarf Lake Iris (since 1998). Known as Iris lacustris, it is a federally listed threatened species.
- State tree: White pine (since 1955)
- State stone: Petoskey stone (since 1965). It is composed of fossilized coral (Hexagonaria pericarnata) from long ago when the middle of the continent was covered with a shallow sea.
- State gem: Isle Royale greenstone (since 1973). Also called chlorastrolite (literally "green star stone"), the mineral is found on Isle Royale and the Keweenaw peninsula.
- State Quarter: U.S. coin issued in 2004 with the Michigan motto "Great Lakes State."
- State soil: Kalkaska Sand (since 1990), ranges in color from black to yellowish brown, covers nearly 1,000,000-acre (4,000 km2) in 29 counties.
Sister states[link]
See also[link]
- Outline of Michigan
- List of National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
- List of people from Michigan
- Michigan fossil hunting
- USS Michigan
References[link]
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Further reading[link]
- Bald, F. Clever, Michigan in Four Centuries (1961)
- Browne, William P. and – Kenneth VerBurg. Michigan Politics & Government: Facing Change in a Complex State University of Nebraska Press. 1995.
- Bureau of Business Research, Wayne State U. Michigan Statistical Abstract (1987).
- Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University, Bibliographies for Michigan by region, counties, etc..
- Dunbar, Willis F. and George S. May. Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State (1995) excerpt and text search
- Michigan, State of. Michigan Manual (annual), elaborate detail on state government.
- Press, Charles et al., Michigan Political Atlas (1984).
- Public Sector Consultants. Michigan in Brief. An Issues Handbook (annual)
- Rich, Wilbur. Coleman Young and Detroit Politics: From Social Activist to Power Broker (Wayne State University Press, 1988).
- Rubenstein, Bruce A. and Lawrence E. Ziewacz. Michigan: A History of the Great Lakes State. (2nd ed. 2008)
- Sisson, Richard, Ed. The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia (2006)
- Weeks, George, Stewards of the State: The Governors of Michigan (Historical Society of Michigan, 1987).
External links[link]
 |
Look up Michigan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Michigan |
Geographic data related to Michigan at OpenStreetMap
- State of Michigan government website
- Energy Data & Statistics for Michigan
- Info Michigan, detailed information on 630 cities
- Michigan Historic Markers
- Michigan History Magazine
- Michigan Lighthouse Chronology – Clark Historical Library
- Michigan State Guide from the Library of Congress
- Michigan Official Travel Site
- Michigan travel guide from Wikitravel
- Michigan at the Open Directory Project
- Michigan State Fact Sheet from the U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Michigan Underwater Preserves Council
- The Michigan Municipal League
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Michigan
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Upper Michigan |  Canada Ontario |
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| Lake Michigan | |
Lake Huron | ||
| Michigan: Outline • Index East |
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 Illinois |
 Indiana •  Ohio |
Lake Erie |
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| Preceded by Arkansas |
List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on January 26, 1837 (26th) |
Succeeded by Florida |
Coordinates: 44°20′N 85°35′W / 44.34°N 85.58°W / 44.34; -85.58
http://wn.com/Michigan
Related pages:
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Barack Obama | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 44th President of the United States | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 20, 2009 |
|
| Vice President | Joe Biden |
| Preceded by | George W. Bush |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Barack Hussein Obama II[1] (1961-08-04) August 4, 1961 (age 50) Honolulu, Hawaii, United States[1] |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Michelle Robinson (m. 1992) |
| Children | Malia (b.1998) Sasha (b.2001) |
| Residence | The White House |
| Alma mater | Occidental College Columbia University (B.A.) Harvard Law School (J.D.) |
| Profession | Community organizer Attorney Author Constitutional law professor United States Senator President of the United States |
| Religion | Christian,[2] former member of United Church of Christ[3][4] |
| Signature |  |
| Website | WhiteHouse.gov |
 |
This article is part of a series on Barack Obama |
|---|---|
The Presidency of Barack Obama began at noon EST on January 20, 2009, when he became the 44th President of the United States. Obama was a United States Senator from Illinois at the time of his victory over Arizona Senator John McCain in the 2008 presidential election. Barack Obama is the first African-American president of the United States, as well as the first born in Hawaii.
His policy decisions have addressed a global financial crisis and have included changes in tax policies, legislation to reform the United States health care industry, foreign policy initiatives and the phasing out of detention of prisoners at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp in Cuba. He attended the G-20 London summit and later visited U.S. troops in Iraq. On the tour of various European countries following the G-20 summit, he announced in Prague that he intended to negotiate substantial reduction in the world's nuclear arsenals, en route to their eventual extinction. In October 2009, Obama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for "his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."
Contents
|
Transition period[link]
Main article: Presidential transition of Barack Obama
The presidential transition period began following Obama's election to the presidency on November 4, 2008. The Obama-Biden Transition Project was co-chaired by John Podesta, Valerie Jarrett, and Pete Rouse. During the transition period, Obama announced his nominations for his Cabinet and administration. Shortly after the election on November 4, Obama chose Representative Rahm Emanuel of Illinois as White House Chief of Staff.[5]
Cabinet nominations included former Democratic primary opponents Hillary Rodham Clinton for Secretary of State and Bill Richardson for Secretary of Commerce (although the latter withdrew on January 4, 2009). Obama appointed Eric Holder as his Attorney General, the first African-American appointed to that position. He also nominated Timothy F. Geithner to serve as Secretary of the Treasury.[6] On December 1, Obama announced that he had asked Robert Gates to remain as Secretary of Defense, making Gates the first Defense head to carry over from a president of a different party.[7] He nominated former Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Susan Rice to the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, which he restored to a Cabinet-level position.[8]
During his transition, he maintained a website Change.gov, on which he wrote blogs to readers and uploaded video addresses by many of the members of his new cabinet.[9] He announced strict rules for federal lobbyists, restricting them from financially contributing to his administration and forcing them to stop lobbying while working for him.[10] The website also allowed individuals to share stories and visions with each other and the transition team in what was called the Citizen's Briefing Book, which was given to Obama shortly after his inauguration.[11] Most of the information from Change.gov was transferred to the official White House website whitehouse.gov just after Obama's inauguration.[12]
Inauguration[link]
Main article: Inauguration of Barack Obama
Barack Obama was inaugurated on January 20, 2009. He officially assumed the presidency at 12:00 noon, EST,[13] and completed the oath of office at 12:05 PM, EST. He delivered his inaugural address immediately following his oath. After his speech, he went to the President's Room in the House Wing of the Capitol and signed three documents: a commemorative proclamation, a list of Cabinet appointments, and a list of sub-Cabinet appointments, before attending a luncheon with congressional and administration leaders and invited guests.[14] To commemorate the 200th anniversary of the birth of former President Abraham Lincoln, the same Bible that was used for Lincoln's inauguration was used in Obama's inauguration.[15]
In administering the oath, Chief Justice John G. Roberts misplaced the word "faithfully" and erroneously replaced the phrase "President of the United States" with "President to the United States" before restating the phrase correctly; since Obama initially repeated the incorrect form, some scholars argued the President should take the oath again.[16] On January 21, Roberts readministered the oath to Obama in a private ceremony in the White House Map Room, making him the seventh U.S. president to retake the oath; White House Counsel Greg Craig said Obama took the oath from Roberts a second time out of an "abundance of caution".[17]
First 100 days[link]
Main article: First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency
Expectations[link]
Obama's 100th day in office was April 29, 2009. In his first post-election interview with 60 Minutes, Obama said that he has been studying Franklin Roosevelt's first 100 days,[18] while adding, "The first hundred days is going to be important, but it's probably going to be the first thousand days that makes the difference."[19]
Obama's first 100 days were highly anticipated ever since he became the presumptive nominee.[20] Several news outlets created web pages dedicated to covering the subject.[21] Commentators weighed in on challenges and priorities within domestic, foreign, economic, and environmental policy.[22][23][24][25] CNN lists a number of economic issues that "Obama and his team will have to tackle in their first 100 days", foremost among which is passing and implementing a recovery package to deal with the financial crisis.[24] Clive Stafford Smith, a British human rights lawyer, expressed hopes that the new president will close Guantanamo Bay detention camp in his first 100 days in office.[23] After aides of the president announced his intention to give a major foreign policy speech in the capital of an Islamic country, there were speculations in Jakarta that he might return to his former home city within the first 100 days.[26]
The New York Times devoted a five-part series, which was spread out over two weeks, to anticipatory analysis of Obama's first hundred days. Each day, the analysis of a political expert was followed by freely edited blog postings from readers. The writers compared Obama's prospects with the situations of Franklin D. Roosevelt (January 16, Jean Edward Smith),[27] John F. Kennedy (January 19, Richard Reeves),[28] Lyndon B. Johnson (January 23, Robert Dallek),[29] Ronald Reagan (January 27, Lou Cannon),[30] and Richard Nixon.
Legislation and executive orders[link]
Within minutes of taking the Oath of Office on January 20, Obama's Chief of Staff, Rahm Emanuel, issued an order suspending last-minute federal regulations pushed through by outgoing President George W. Bush, planning to review everything still pending.[31] Due to the economic crisis, the President enacted a pay freeze for Senior White House Staff making more than $100,000 per year,[32] as well as announcing stricter guidelines regarding lobbyists in an effort to raise the ethical standards of the White House.[33] He asked for a waiver to his own new rules, however, for the appointments of William Lynn to the position of Deputy Defense Secretary, Jocelyn Frye to the position of director of policy and projects in the Office of the First Lady, and Cecilia Muñoz to the position of director of intergovernmental affairs in the executive office of the president, leading to some criticism of hypocrisy and violation of his pledge for governmental openness.[34][35]
In his first week in office, Obama signed Executive Order 13492 suspending all the ongoing proceedings of Guantanamo military commission and ordering the detention facility to be shut down within the year.[36][37][38] He also signed Executive Order 13491 - Ensuring Lawful Interrogations requiring the Army Field Manual to be used as a guide for terror interrogations, banning torture and other coercive techniques, such as waterboarding.[39] Obama also issued an executive order entitled "Ethics Commitments by Executive Branch Personnel", setting stricter limitations on incoming executive branch employees and placing tighter restrictions on lobbying in the White House.[40] Obama signed two Presidential Memoranda concerning energy independence, ordering the Department of Transportation to establish higher fuel efficiency standards before 2011 models are released and allowing states to raise their emissions standards above the national standard.[41] He also ended the Mexico City Policy, which banned federal grants to international groups that provide abortion services or counseling.[42][43]
In his first week he also established a policy of producing a weekly Saturday morning video address available on whitehouse.gov and YouTube,[44][45][46] much like those released during his transition period.[47][48] The first address had been viewed by 600,000 YouTube viewers by the next afternoon.[49]
The first piece of legislation Obama signed was the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 on January 29, which revised the statute of limitations for filing pay discrimination lawsuits. Lilly Ledbetter joined Obama and his wife, Michelle, as he signed the bill, fulfilling his campaign pledge to nullify Ledbetter v. Goodyear.[50] On February 3, he signed the Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (CHIP), expanding health care from 7 million children under the plan to 11 million.[51]
 President Obama signs the ARRA into law on February 17, 2009 in Denver, Colorado. Vice President Joe Biden stands behind him.
 Obama addresses a joint session of Congress, with Vice President Joe Biden and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi.
|
 The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 was a focal point of Barack Obama's February 24, 2009 Address Before a Joint Session of Congress.
|
| Problems listening to these files? See media help. | |
After much debate, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) was passed by both the House and Senate on February 13, 2009. Originally intended to be a bipartisan bill, the passage of the bill was largely along party lines. No Republicans voted for it in the House, and three moderate Republicans voted for it in the Senate (Susan Collins and Olympia Snowe of Maine and Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania).[52] The bill combined tax breaks with spending on infrastructure projects, extension of welfare benefits, and education.[53][54] The final cost of the bill was $787 billion, and almost $1.2 trillion with debt service included.[55] Obama signed the Act into law on February 17, 2009, in Denver, Colorado.[56]
On March 9, 2009, Obama lifted restrictions on federal funding of embryonic stem cell research,[57] and in doing so, called into question some of George W. Bush's signing statements. Obama stated that he too would employ signing statements if he deems upon review that a portion of a bill is unconstitutional,[58][59] and he has issued several signing statements.[60]
Early in his presidency, Obama signed a law raising the tobacco tax 62 cents on a pack of cigarettes.[61] The tax is to be "used to finance a major expansion of health insurance for children", and "help some [smokers] to quit and persuade young people not to start".[61]
In October 2011, Obama instituted the We Can't Wait program, which involved using executive orders, administrative rulemaking, and recess appointments to institute policies without the support of Congress.[62] The initiative was developed in response to Congress's unwillingness to pass economic legislation proposed by Obama, and conflicts in Congress during the 2011 debt ceiling crisis.[63]
Approval ratings and opinion[link]
2009[link]
After his transition period, Obama entered office with an approval rating of 82%.[64] At the end of his first week, 68% of respondents in a Gallup poll approved of how Obama was handling his job, the second highest approval rating for a President shortly after being elected since World War II.[65] Throughout early February polls showed scattered approval ratings: 62% (CBS News),[66] 64% (USA Today/Gallup), 66% (Gallup), and 76% in an outlier poll (CNN/Opinion Research).[67][68] Gallup reported the congressional address in late February boosted his approval from a term-low of 59% to 67%.[69]
Throughout autumn 2009, Rasmussen estimated Obama's approval as fluctuating between 45% and 52% and his disapproval between 48% and 54%;[70] as of November 11, Pew Research estimated Obama's approval between 51% and 55% and his disapproval between 33% and 37% since July.[71]
Handling of the economy[link]
Rasmussen reported in mid-February 2009, that 55% of voters gave Obama good or excellent marks on his handling of the economy.[72] In early March, a The Wall Street Journal survey of 49 economists gave Obama an average grade of 59 out of 100, with 42% of the respondents surveyed giving the administration's economic policies a grade below 60 percent. In comparison, only 30% of those same economists considered the response of governments around the world to the global recession to have been adequate.[73] In April, a Gallup poll showed trust in Obama's economic policy with 71% saying they had "a fair amount" or "a great deal" of confidence in Obama's handling of the economy, higher than for Ben Bernanke, Tim Geithner, or leaders of Congress.[74] Another Gallup poll in June showed 55% of Americans approved Obama's overall handling of the economy, but 48% and 51% disapproved of his handling of the federal budget deficit and controlling federal spending, respectively.[75] A CBS News poll taken August 27–31 showed 53% of those polled approved of his handling of the economy.[76] A Rasmussen poll taken on November 12 found 45% of Americans rating Obama's handling of the economy as poor and 39% rating him as doing a good or excellent job. They found 72% of Democrats rated his handling of the economy as good or excellent, while only 10% of Republicans and 27% of voters not affiliated with either party agreed.[77]
2010[link]
On March 25, 2010, following his signing of landmark health care reform legislation into law, Obama's polling was revealed by Bloomberg to be 50%, with higher marks for relations with other countries (58%) and his running of the war in Afghanistan (54%). "Obama's approval rating is roughly equal to what Bill Clinton had at this point in his presidency, according to data maintained by Gallup (and) higher than the 45 percent Ronald Reagan recorded in April 1982" and more favorable than Democrats or Republicans office in 2010. They found Obama's approval rating was at 85% among Democrats, compared with 46% among independents and 11% among Republicans.[78]
Fox News released the results of two polls on April 8–9, 2010. The first showed a drop in Obama's approval rating to 43%, with 48% disapproving. In that poll, Democrats approved of Obama's performance 80–12%, while independents disapproved 49–38%.[79] The other poll, which concentrated on the economy, showed disapproval of Obama's handling of the economy by a 53–42% margin, with 62% saying they were dissatisfied with the handling of the federal deficit.[80] According to a Gallup Poll released April 10, 2010, President Obama had a 45% approval rating, with 48% disapproving.[81] In a poll from Rasmussen Reports, released April 10, 2010, 47% approved of the President's performance, while 53% disapproved.[82][83]
2011[link]
Obama's approval rating jumped to a high following the death of Osama Bin Laden on May 2, 2011. A GfK poll conducted May 5, 2011 found his approval rating to be 60%. During the debt ceiling debate in August 2011, Obama's approval rating dropped to the low-40s.[84]
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This section requires expansion. |
Major legislation[link]
2009[link]
- January 29: Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act
- February 4: Children's Health Insurance Reauthorization Act
- February 11: DTV Delay Act
- February 17: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
- March 30: Omnibus Public Lands Management Act of 2009
- April 21: Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act
- May 20: Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act
- May 20: Helping Families Save Their Homes Act of 2009
- May 22: Credit Card Accountability, Responsibility, and Disclosure Act of 2009
- June 22: Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act
- August 6: Cash For Clunkers Extension Act
- October 22: Veterans Health Care Budget Reform and Transparency Act
- October 28: Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act
- October 30: Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Extension Act
- November 6: Worker, Homeownership, and Business Assistance Act of 2009
2010[link]
- January 27: Emergency Aid to American Survivors of Haiti Earthquake Act
- March 4: Travel Promotion Act
- March 18: Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act (HIRE Act)
- March 23: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
- March 30: Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010
- May 5: Caregivers and Veterans Omnibus Health Services Act of 2010
- May 17: Daniel Pearl Freedom of the Press Act
- July 1: Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act
- July 21: Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
- July 22: Unemployment Compensation Extension Act of 2010
- July 22: Improper Payments Elimination and Recovery Act of 2010
- August 10: SPEECH Act
- September 27: Small Business Jobs and Credit Act of 2010
- December 9: Animal Crush Video Prohibition Act of 2010
- December 13: Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010
- December 17: Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010
- December 22: Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010
2011[link]
- January 2: James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010 (H.R. 847)
- January 4: Food Safety and Modernization Act, Pub.L. 111-353, H.R. 2751
- August 2: Budget Control Act of 2011
- October 21: United States-Colombia Free Trade Agreement Implemention Act
- October 21: United States-Panama Free Trade Agreement Implemention Act
- October 21: United States-South Korea Free Trade Agreement Implemention Act
Personnel[link]
Cabinet appointees[link]
Main articles: First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency#Administration and Cabinet and Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet
 |
||
| The Obama Cabinet | ||
|---|---|---|
| Office | Name | Term |
| President | Barack Obama | 2009–present |
| Vice President | Joe Biden | 2009–present |
| Secretary of State | Hillary Clinton | 2009–present |
| Secretary of Treasury | Timothy Geithner | 2009–present |
| Secretary of Defense | Robert Gates* | 2006–2011 |
| Leon Panetta | 2011–present | |
| Attorney General | Eric Holder | 2009–present |
| Secretary of the Interior | Ken Salazar | 2009–present |
| Secretary of Agriculture | Tom Vilsack | 2009–present |
| Secretary of Commerce | Gary Locke | 2009–2011 |
| John Bryson | 2011–present | |
| Secretary of Labor | Hilda Solis | 2009–present |
| Secretary of Health and Human Services |
Kathleen Sebelius | 2009–present |
| Secretary of Education | Arne Duncan | 2009–present |
| Secretary of Housing and Urban Development |
Shaun Donovan | 2009–present |
| Secretary of Transportation | Ray LaHood | 2009–present |
| Secretary of Energy | Steven Chu | 2009–present |
| Secretary of Veterans Affairs | Eric Shinseki | 2009–present |
| Secretary of Homeland Security | Janet Napolitano | 2009–present |
| Chief of Staff | Rahm Emanuel | 2009–2010 |
| William Daley | 2011–2012 | |
| Jacob Lew | 2012–present | |
| Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency |
Lisa Jackson | 2009–present |
| Director of the Office of Management and Budget |
Peter Orszag | 2009–2010 |
| Jacob Lew | 2010–2012 | |
| Jeffrey Zients** | 2012–present | |
| Ambassador to the United Nations | Susan Rice | 2009–present |
| United States Trade Representative | Ron Kirk | 2009–present |
| *Retained from previous administration **Acting |
||
Twenty-two members of the Obama administration are either in the United States Cabinet (15) or are in positions considered to be Cabinet-level (7). The members of the Cabinet are the heads of the fifteen major departments (State, Defense, Justice, etc.), and the seven cabinet-level positions are the Vice President, White House Chief of Staff, Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, Director of the Office of Management and Budget, U.S. Trade Representative, Ambassador to the United Nations, and the Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers.[85][86] Since Robert Gates was a member of the previous administration, his letter of resignation (a formality at the end of a President's term) was simply not accepted, and he did not need confirmation.[87] On January 19, 2009, Senate Democratic leaders requested fifteen of the twenty positions to be ratified by unanimous consent,[88] and seven gained unanimous confirmation by voice vote the next day: Ken Salazar, Steven Chu, Arne Duncan, Peter Orszag, Eric Shinseki, Tom Vilsack, and Janet Napolitano.[87][89] On January 21, Obama presided over the swearing in of the seven unanimous nominees.[90] Later that day, the Senate confirmed Hillary Clinton by a 94–2 vote. On January 22, several more confirmations were approved unanimously: Susan E. Rice, Ray LaHood, Lisa P. Jackson, and Shaun Donovan.[91] On January 26, the Senate confirmed Geithner by a 60–34 margin.[92][93]
At the conclusion of Obama's first week as President, Hilda Solis, Tom Daschle, Ron Kirk, and Eric Holder had yet to be confirmed, and there had been no second appointment for Secretary of Commerce.[93] Holder was confirmed by a vote of 75–21 on February 2,[94] and on February 3, Obama announced Senator Judd Gregg as his second nomination for Secretary of Commerce.[95] Daschle withdrew later that day amid controversy over his failure to pay income taxes and potential conflicts of interest related to the speaking fees he accepted from health care interests.[96] Solis was later confirmed by a vote of 80-17 on February 24,[97] and Ron Kirk was confirmed on March 18 by a 92-5 vote in the Senate.[98]
Gregg, who was the leading Republican negotiator and author of the TARP program in the Senate, after publication that he had a multi-million dollar investment in the Bank of America, on February 12, withdrew his nomination as Secretary of Commerce, citing "irresolvable conflicts" with President Obama and his staff over how to conduct the 2010 census and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.[99][100] Former Washington governor Gary Locke was nominated on February 26[101] as Obama's third choice for Commerce Secretary and confirmed on March 24 by voice vote.[102]
On March 2, Obama introduced Kansas governor Kathleen Sebelius as his second choice for Secretary of Health and Human Services. He also introduced Nancy-Ann DeParle as head of the new White House Office of Health Reform, which he suggested would work closely with the Department of Health and Human Services.[103][104] At the end of March, Sebelius was the only remaining Cabinet member yet to be confirmed.[102]
Six high-ranking cabinet nominees in the Obama administration had their confirmations delayed or rejected among reports that they did not pay all of their taxes, including Tom Daschle, Obama's original nominee for Health and Human Services Secretary, and Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner.[105] Though Geithner was confirmed, and Senator Max Baucus, chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, thought Daschle would have been confirmed, Daschle withdrew his nomination on February 3.[96] Obama had nominated Nancy Killefer for the position of Chief Performance Officer, but Killefer also withdrew on February 3, citing unspecified problems with District of Columbia unemployment tax.[106] A senior administration official said that Killefer's tax issues dealt with household help.[106] Hilda Solis, Obama's nominee for Secretary of Labor, faced delayed confirmation hearings due to tax lien concerns pertaining to her husband's auto repair business,[107] but she was later confirmed on February 24.[97] While pundits puzzled over U.S. Trade Representative-designate Ron Kirk's failure to be confirmed by March 2009, it was reported on March 2 that Kirk owed over $10,000 in back taxes. Kirk agreed to pay them in exchange for Senate Finance Committee Chairman Max Baucus's aid in speeding up the confirmation process;[108] he was later confirmed on March 18.[98] On March 31, Kathleen Sebelius, Obama's nominee for Health and Human Services secretary, revealed in a letter to the Senate Finance Committee that her Certified Public Accountant found errors in her tax returns for years 2005-2007. She, along with her husband, paid more than $7,000 in back taxes, along with $878 in interest.[109]
Notable non-Cabinet positions[link]
Appointees serve at the pleasure of the President and were nominated by Barack Obama except as noted.
- Chair of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
- Sheila Bair1 (2009–2011)
- Special envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan
- Richard Holbrooke (2009–2010)
- Marc Grossman (2011–present)
- Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs
- Retired General James L. Jones (2009–2011)
- Thomas E. Donilon (2011–present)
- Special envoy to the Middle East
- George J. Mitchell (2009–2011)
- David Hale (2011–present)
- Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
- Robert Mueller2 (2009–present)
- Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
- Leon Panetta (2009–2011)
- Michael Morell (Acting-2011)
- David Petraeus (2011–present)
- Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers
- Christina Romer (2009–2010)
- Austan Goolsbee (2010–2011)
- Alan Krueger (2011–present)
- Chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission
- Mary Schapiro (2009–present)
- Assistant to the President for Economic Policy and Director of National Economic Council
- Lawrence Summers (2009–2010)
- Gene Sperling (2011–present)
- Chairman of the Economic Recovery Advisory Board
- Paul Volcker (2009–2011)
- Replaced by Council on Jobs and Competitiveness in 2011
- Chairperson of the Council on Jobs and Competitiveness
- Jeffrey R. Immelt (2011–present)
1Appointed by George W. Bush in 2006 to a five-year term
2Appointed by George W. Bush in 2001 to a ten-year term
Judicial nominees[link]
Main articles: Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates and List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama
United States Supreme Court[link]
Obama appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:
Further information: List of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States
Other courts[link]
Outside of the Supreme Court, by October 2009, Obama had nominated fewer than two dozen judges to fill judicial vacancies, of which there were close to 100. This has prompted some Democrats to criticize the pace of Obama's judicial appointments as too slow.[110] In December 2009, Senator Patrick Leahy criticized Republicans for stalling those judicial nominations that had been made, noting that the Senate confirmed more district and circuit court nominees during the first year of the George W. Bush administration than it had approved by that point during the Barack Obama presidency.[111]
As of July 2010, Obama's nominees to the district and circuit courts had been confirmed at a rate of only 43.5 percent, compared to 87.2 percent during Bill Clinton's administration and 91.3 percent for George W. Bush. The Center for American Progress, which compiled the data, commented:
Judicial confirmations slowed to a trickle on the day President Barack Obama took office. Filibusters, anonymous holds, and other obstructionary tactics have become the rule. Uncontroversial nominees wait months for a floor vote, and even district court nominees—low-ranking judges whose confirmations have never been controversial in the past—are routinely filibustered into oblivion. Nominations grind to a halt in many cases even after the Senate Judiciary Committee has unanimously endorsed a nominee. [112]
Policies[link]
Economy[link]
Upon entering office, Obama planned to center his attention on handling the global financial crisis.[113] Even before his inauguration he lobbied Congress to pass an economic stimulus bill,[114] which became the top priority during his first month in office.[115] As President, Obama made a high profile trip to Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C. to dialog with Congressional Republicans and advocate for the bill.[116] On February 17, 2009, Obama signed into law a $787 billion plan that included spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and incentives, and direct assistance to individuals.[117] The tax provisions of the law reduced taxes for 98 percent of taxpayers, bringing tax rates to their lowest levels in 60 years.[118]
As part of the 2010 budget proposal, the Obama administration has proposed additional measures to attempt to stabilize the economy, including a $2–3 trillion measure aimed at stabilizing the financial system and freeing up credit. The program includes up to $1 trillion to buy toxic bank assets, an additional $1 trillion to expand a federal consumer loan program, and the $350 billion left in the Troubled Assets Relief Program. The plan also includes $50 billion intended to slow the wave of mortgage foreclosures.[117] The 2011 budget includes a three-year freeze on discretionary spending, proposes several program cancellations, and raises taxes on high income earners to bring down deficits during the economic recovery.[119]
In a July 2009 interview with ABC News, Biden was asked about the sustained increase of the U.S. unemployment rate from May 2007 to October 2009[120] despite the administration's multi-year economic stimulus package passed five months earlier. He responded "The truth is, we and everyone else, misread the economy. The figures we worked off of in January were the consensus figures and most of the blue chip indexes out there ... the truth is, there was a misreading of just how bad an economy we inherited."[121][122] The White House indicates that 2 million jobs were created or saved due to the stimulus package in 2009[123] and self reporting by recipients of the grants, loans, and contracts portion of the package report that the package saved or created 608,317 jobs in the final three months of 2009.[124]
The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.1% and averaging 10.0% in the fourth quarter.[125] Following a decrease to 9.7% in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6% in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.[125] Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8%, which was less than the average of 1.9% experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.[126] GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a 1.6% pace, followed by a 5.0% increase in the fourth quarter.[127] Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7% in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.[127] Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9% in 2010.[128]
During November–December 2010, Obama and a lame duck session of the 111th Congress focused on a dispute about the temporary Bush tax cuts, which were due to expire at the end of the year. Obama wanted to extend the tax cuts for taxpayers making less than $250,000 a year. Congressional Republicans agreed but also wanted to extend the tax cuts for those making over that amount, and refused to support any bill that did not do so.[129] All the Republicans in the Senate also joined in saying that, until the tax dispute was resolved, they would filibuster to prevent consideration of any other legislation, except for bills to fund the U.S. government.[130][131] On 7 December, Obama strongly defended a compromise agreement he had reached with the Republican congressional leadership that included a two-year extension of all the tax cuts, a 13-month extension of unemployment insurance, a one-year reduction in the FICA payroll tax, and other measures.[132] On December 10, Senator Bernie Sanders (I-VT) led a filibuster against the compromise tax proposal, which lasted over eight hours.[133] Obama persuaded many wary Democrats to support the bill,[134] but not all; of the 148 votes against the bill in the House, 112 were cast by Democrats and only 36 by Republicans.[135] The $858 billion Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010, which The Washington Post called "the most significant tax bill in nearly a decade",[136] passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress and was signed into law by Obama on December 17, 2010.[134]
Ethics[link]
Lobbying reform[link]
Early in his presidential campaign, Obama stated that "they [lobbyists] won't find a job in my White House", but softened his stance later in the campaign.[137] On January 21, 2009, Obama issued an executive order for all future appointees to his administration, which stated, no appointee who was a registered lobbyist within the two years before his appointment could participate on matters in which he lobbied for a period of two years after the date of appointment.[40] Three formal waivers were initially issued in early 2009, out of 800 executive appointments:[138][139] to William J. Lynn III, a lobbyist for Raytheon, to hold the position of Deputy Secretary of Defense;[34] to Jocelyn Frye, former general counsel at the National Partnership for Women and Families, to serve as Director of Policy and Projects in the Office of the First Lady; and to Cecilia Muñoz, former senior vice president for the National Council of La Raza,[138] to serve as Director of Intergovernmental Affairs in the Executive Office of the President.[139] As of March 21, 2009, at least thirty officials appointed by Obama had been lobbyists in the past five years.[137] Ten additional waivers were announced in September 2009.[140]
Not all recent former lobbyists require waivers; those without waivers write letters of recusal stating issues from which they must refrain because of their previous jobs.[138] USA Today reported that 21 members of the Obama administration have at some time been registered as federal lobbyists, although most have not within the previous two years.[141] Lobbyists in the administration include William Corr, an anti-tobacco lobbyist, as Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services[142] and Tom Vilsack, who lobbied in 2007, for a national teachers union, as Secretary of Agriculture.[141] Also, the Secretary of Labor nominee, Hilda Solis, formerly served as a board member of American Rights at Work, which lobbied Congress on two bills Solis co-sponsored,[143] and Mark Patterson, Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner's chief of staff, is a former lobbyist for Goldman Sachs.[141]
The Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington have criticized the administration, claiming that Obama is retreating from his own ethics rules barring lobbyists from working on the issues about which they lobbied during the previous two years by issuing waivers. According to Melanie Sloan, the group's executive director, "It makes it appear that they are saying one thing and doing another."[141]
Transparency[link]
The Obama administration has said that all executive orders, non-emergency legislation, and proclamations will be posted to the official White House website, whitehouse.gov, allowing the public to review and comment for five days before the President signs the legislation.[144] The pledge was twice broken during Obama's first month in office when he signed SCHIP legislation and the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act with less than the full five days of "sunlight before signing". The administration has said that they are still "working through implementation procedures and some initial issues with the congressional calendar".[145][146]
During his first week in office, Obama announced plans to post a video address each week on the site,[44] and on YouTube,[45] informing the public of government actions each week. During his speech at the 2008 Democratic National Convention, Obama stated, "I will also go through the federal budget, line by line, eliminating programs that no longer work and making the ones we do need work better and cost less - because we cannot meet twenty-first century challenges with a twentieth century bureaucracy."[147]
On January 21, 2009, by executive order, Obama revoked Executive Order 13233, which had limited access to the records of former United States Presidents.[148] Obama issued instructions to all agencies and departments in his administration to "adopt a presumption in favor" of Freedom of Information Act requests.[149] In April 2009, the United States Department of Justice released four legal memos from the Bush administration to comply voluntarily with a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit filed by the American Civil Liberties Union.[150] The memos were written by John Yoo[151] and signed by Jay Bybee and Steven Bradbury, then Principal Assistant Attorneys General to the Department of Justice, and addressed to John A. Rizzo, general counsel of the Central Intelligence Agency.[152] The memos describe in detail controversial interrogation methods the CIA used on prisoners suspected of terrorism.[153][154] Obama became personally involved in the decision to release the memos, which was opposed by former CIA directors Michael Hayden, Porter Goss, George Tenet and John Deutch.[152] Former Vice President Dick Cheney criticized Obama for not releasing more memos; Cheney claimed that unreleased memos detail successes of CIA interrogations.[155]
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act requires all recipients of the funds provided by the act to publish a plan for using the funds, along with purpose, cost, rationale, net job creation, and contact information about the plan to a website Recovery.gov so that the public can review and comment. Inspectors General from each department or executive agency will then review, as appropriate, any concerns raised by the public. Any findings of an Inspector General must be relayed immediately to the head of each department and published on Recovery.gov.[156]
On June 16, 2009, Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW) filed a lawsuit against the Obama administration in order to get information about the visits of coal company executives. Anne Weismann, the chief counsel for CREW, stated "The Obama administration has now taken exactly the same position as the Bush administration... I don't see how you can keep people from knowing who visits the White House and adhere to a policy of openness and transparency." On June 16, MSNBC reported that its more comprehensive request for visitor logs since Obama's January 20 inauguration had been denied.[157] The administration announced that White House visitor logs will be made available to the public on an ongoing basis, with certain limitations, for visits occurring after September 15, 2009.[158] Beginning on January 29, 2010, the White House did begin to release the names of its visitor records.[159] Since that time, names of visitors (which includes not only tourists, but also names of union leaders, Wall Street executives, lobbyists, party chairs, philanthropists and celebrities), have been released. The names are released in huge batches up to 75,000 names at a time.[160] Names are released 90–120 days after having visited the White House. The complete list of names is available online by accessing the official White House website.[161]
Obama stated during the 2008 Presidential campaign that he would have negotiations for health care reform televised on C-SPAN, citing transparency as being the leverage needed to ensure that people stay involved in the process taking place in Washington. This did not fully happen and Politifact gives President Obama a "Promise Broken" rating on this issue.[162] After White House press secretary Robert Gibbs initially avoided addressing the issue,[163] President Obama himself acknowledged that he met with Democratic leaders behind closed doors to discuss how best to garner enough votes in order to merge the two (House and Senate) passed versions of the health care bill. Doing this violated the letter of the pledge, although Obama maintains that negotiations in several congressional committees were open, televised hearings. Obama also cited an independent ethics watchdog group describe his administration as the most transparent in recent history.[164]
The Obama administration has been characterized[165] as much more aggressive than the Bush and other previous administrations in their response to whistleblowing and leaks to the press. Three people have been prosecuted under the rarely used Espionage Act of 1917. They include Thomas Andrews Drake, a former National Security Agency (NSA) employee who was critical of the NSA's Trailblazer Project,[166][167][168] Stephen Jin-Woo Kim, a State Department contractor who allegedly had a conversation about North Korea with James Rosen of Fox News,[169][170] and Jeffrey Sterling, who allegedly was a source for James Risen's book State of War. Risen has also been subpoenaed to reveal his sources, another rare action by the government.[171]
Foreign policy[link]
Main articles: Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration and List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama
In his inaugural address, Obama suggested that he plans to begin the process of withdrawing from Iraq and continuing to focus on the war in Afghanistan. He also mentioned lessening the nuclear threat through "working tirelessly with old friends and former foes". He spoke about America's determination to combat terrorism, proclaiming America's spirit is "stronger and cannot be broken — you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you." To the Muslim world, Obama extended an invite to "a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect". He also said the USA would "extend a hand" to those "who cling to power through corruption and deceit" if they "are willing to unclench" their fists.[172] Shortly after his inauguration President Obama first called President Abbas of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). Calls were also made to President Mubarak of Egypt, Prime Minister Olmert of Israel and King Abdullah of Jordan.[173] Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton named George Mitchell as Special Envoy for Middle East peace and Richard Holbrooke as special representative to Pakistan and Afghanistan on January 23, 2009.[174] At the same time, Obama called on Israel to open the borders of Gaza, detailing early plans on his administration's peace plans for the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[175]
On February 18, 2009, Obama announced that the U.S. military presence in Afghanistan would be bolstered by 17,000 new troops by summer.[176] The announcement followed the recommendation of several experts including Defense Secretary Robert Gates that additional troops be deployed to the war-torn nation.[177][178]
Obama declared his plan for ending the Iraq War on February 27, 2009, in a speech at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, before an audience of Marines stationed there. According to the president, combat troops will be withdrawn from Iraq by August 2010, leaving a contingent of up to 50,000 servicemen and servicewomen to continue training, advisory, and counterterrorism operations until as late as the end of 2011.[179][180]
Other characteristics of the Obama administration on foreign policy include a tough stance on tax havens,[181] continuing military operation in Pakistan,[182] and avowed focus on diplomacy to prevent nuclear proliferation in Iran[183] and North Korea.[184]
On April 1, 2009, Obama and China's President, Hu Jintao, announced the establishment of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue and agreed to work together to build a positive, cooperative, and comprehensive U.S.-China relationship for the 21st century.[185]
In that same month, Obama requested that Congress approve $83.4 billion of supplemental military funding, mostly for the war in Iraq and to increase troop levels in Afghanistan. The request also includes $2.2 billion to increase the size of the US military, $350 million to upgrade security along the US-Mexico border, and $400 million in counterinsurgency aid for Pakistan.[186]
In May 2009, it was reported that Obama plans to expand the military by 20,000 employees.[187]
On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at Cairo University in Egypt.[188] The wide ranging speech called for a "new beginning" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States.[189][190] The speech received both praise and criticism from leaders in the region.[191][192][193][194][195] In March 2010, Secretary of State Clinton criticized the Israeli government for approving expansion of settlements in East Jerusalem.[196]
On April 8, 2010, Obama and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed the latest Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), a "major" nuclear arms control agreement that reduces the nuclear weapons stockpiles of both countries.[197]
In March 2011, international reaction to Muammar Gaddafi's military crackdown on rebel forces and civilians in Libya culminated in a United Nations resolution to enforce a no fly zone in Libya. Obama authorized U.S. forces to participate in international air attacks on Libyan air defenses using Tomahawk cruise missiles to establish the protective zone.[198]
Guantánamo Bay detention camp[link]
On his first day in office, Obama requested a 120-day suspension of all trials for alleged terrorists held at the Guantánamo Bay detention camp, so the new administration could "review the military commissions process, generally, and the cases pending before military commissions as of 2011[update], specifically".[199] Another order established a task force to lead a review of detention policies, procedures and individual cases. Obama addressed the State Department that "the United States will not torture" and drafted an executive order to close Guantánamo within a year.[200] On January 22, 2009, Obama signed an executive order ensuring safe, lawful, and humane treatment of individuals detained in armed conflicts. This order restricts interrogators to methods listed and authorized by an Army Field Manual.[201] A detainee released since Obama took office claimed in an interview with Agence France-Presse that conditions at Guantánamo had worsened, stating guards wanted to "take their last revenge" before the facility is closed.[202] On March 13, 2009, the administration announced that it would no longer refer to prisoners at Guantánamo Bay as enemy combatants, but it also asserted that the president has the authority to detain terrorism suspects there without criminal charges.[203]
The case review of detainee files by administration officials and prosecutors was made more difficult than expected as the Bush administration had failed to establish a coherent repository of the evidence and intelligence on each prisoner. By September 2009, prosecutors recommended to the Justice Department which detainees are eligible for trial, and the Justice Department and the Pentagon worked together to determine which of several now-scheduled trials will go forward in military tribunals and which in civilian courts. While 216 international terrorists are already held in maximum security prisons in the U.S., Congress was denying the administration funds to shut down the camp and adapt existing facilities elsewhere, arguing that the decision was "too dangerous to rush".[204] In November, Obama stated that the U.S. would miss the January 2010 date for closing the Guantánamo Bay prison as he had ordered, acknowledging that he "knew this was going to be hard". Obama did not set a specific new deadline for closing the camp, citing that the delay was due to politics and lack of congressional cooperation.[205] The state of Illinois has offered to sell to the federal government the Thomson Correctional Center, a new but largely unused prison, for the purpose of housing detainees. Federal officials testified at a December 23 hearing that if the state commission approves the sale for that purpose, it could take more than six months to ready the facility.[206]
Killing of Osama bin Laden[link]
Main article: Death of Osama bin Laden
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Starting with information received in July 2010, intelligence developed by the CIA over the next several months determined what they believed to be the location of Osama bin Laden in a large compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles from Islamabad.[207] CIA head Leon Panetta reported this intelligence to Obama in March 2011.[207] Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by United States Navy SEALs.[207] The operation took place on May 1, 2011, resulting in the death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers and computer drives and disks from the compound.[208][209] Bin Laden's body was identified through DNA testing,[210] and buried at sea several hours later.[211] Within minutes of Obama's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's Ground Zero and Times Square.[208][212] Reaction to the announcement was positive across party lines, including from predecessors George W. Bush and Bill Clinton,[213] and from many countries around the world.[214]
Overseas Contingency Operation[link]
Obama discontinued use of the term "War on Terror" and instead uses the term "Overseas Contingency Operation". However, Obama has stated that the U.S. is at war with Al-Qaeda, saying "Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred."[215]
In April 2010, the Obama administration authorized the targeted killing of the radical Muslim cleric and American citizen Anwar al-Awlaki, who was believed to have shifted from encouraging attacks on the United States to directly participating in them.[216]
Gun control[link]
During the presidential campaign, Obama announced that he favors measures that respect Second Amendment rights, while at the same time keeping guns away from children and criminals.[217][218] On February 25, 2009, Attorney General Eric Holder announced that the Obama administration would seek a new assault weapons ban across the United States, saying that it would have a positive impact on the drug-related violence in Mexico.[219] After the statement drew criticism from the NRA and some House Democrats, the Administration reportedly ordered the Justice Department to end public discussion of the issue.[220] Obama has signed into law two bills containing amendments reducing restrictions on gun owners, one which permits guns to be transported in checked baggage on Amtrak trains[221] and another which allows carrying loaded firearms in national parks located in states allowing concealed carry.[222][223]
See also: Operation Fast and Furious
Science and technology[link]
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Wikinews has related news: NSA to participate in U.S. cybersecurity |
Cybersecurity[link]
Obama initiated a 60-day review of cybersecurity[224] by Melissa Hathaway, a consultant for Booz Allen Hamilton, appointed Acting Senior Director for Cyberspace.[225][226]
The New York Times reported in 2009, that the NSA is intercepting communications of American citizens including a Congressman, although the Justice Department believed that the NSA had corrected its errors.[227] United States Attorney General Eric Holder resumed the wiretapping according to his understanding of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008 that Congress passed in July 2008, but without explaining what had occurred.[228]
Environment[link]
On January 27, 2009, Obama issued two presidential memoranda concerning energy policy. One directed the Department of Transportation to raise fuel efficiency standards incrementally to 35 miles per US gallon (15 km/L) by 2020, and the other directed the Environmental Protection Agency to allow individual states to set stricter tailpipe emissions regulations than the federal standard.[41][229]
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provides $54 billion in funds to double domestic renewable energy production, renovate federal buildings making them more energy-efficient, improve the nation's electricity grid, repair public housing, and weatherize modest-income homes.[230]
On February 10, 2009, Obama overturned a Bush administration policy that had opened up a five-year period of offshore drilling for oil and gas near both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Interior Secretary Ken Salazar has been quoted as saying, "To establish an orderly process that allows us to make wise decisions based on sound information, we need to set aside" the plan "and create our own timeline".[231]
On May 19, 2009, Obama announced a plan to increase the Corporate Average Fuel Economy national standards for gasoline mileage, by creating a single new national standard that will create a car and light truck fleet in the United States that is almost 40 percent cleaner and more fuel-efficient by 2016, than it is today, with an average of 35.5 miles per gallon.[232] Environmental advocates and industry officials welcomed the new program, but for different reasons. Environmentalists called it a long-overdue tightening of emissions and fuel economy standards after decades of government delay and industry opposition. Auto industry officials said it would provide the single national efficiency standard they have long desired, a reasonable timetable to meet it and the certainty they need to proceed with product development plans.[232]
On March 30, 2010, Obama partially reinstated Bush administration proposals to open certain offshore areas along the Atlantic coastline, the eastern Gulf of Mexico and the north coast of Alaska to oil and natural gas drilling. The proposals had earlier been set aside by President Obama after they were challenged in court on environmental grounds.[233]
On May 27, 2010, Obama extended a moratorium on offshore drilling permits after the April 20, 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill which is considered to be the worst oil spill in U.S. history.[234][235] Although BP took responsibility for the disaster and its ongoing after effects, Obama began a federal investigation along with forming a bipartisan commission to review the incident and methods to avoid it in the future.[236][237][238] Obama visited the Gulf Coast on May 2 and May 28 and expressed his frustration on the June 8 NBC Today Show, by saying "I don't sit around just talking to experts because this is a college seminar. We talk to these folks because they potentially have the best answers, so I know whose ass to kick."[239] Obama's response to the disaster drew confusion and criticism within segments of the media and public.[240]
NASA[link]
Main article: Space policy of the Barack Obama administration
Obama set up the Augustine panel to review the Constellation program in 2009, and announced in February 2010, that he was cutting the program from the 2011 United States federal budget, describing it as "over budget, behind schedule, and lacking in innovation."[241][242][243][244][245] After the decision drew criticism in the United States, a new "Flexible path to Mars" plan was unveiled at a space conference in April 2010.[246][247][248] It included new technology programs, increased R&D spending, a focus on the International Space Station and contracting out flying crew to space to commercial providers.[249] The new plan also increased NASA's 2011 budget to $19 billion from $18.3 billion in 2010.[246]
In July 2009, Obama appointed Charles Bolden, a former astronaut, to be administrator of NASA.[250]
Stem cell research[link]
On March 9, 2009, Obama repealed a Bush-era policy that prevented federal tax dollars from being used to fund research on new lines of embryonic stem cells. Such research has been a matter of debate between those who emphasize the therapeutic potential of such research and those who suggest that elements of this research breach ethical limitations. Obama stated that "In recent years, when it comes to stem cell research, rather than furthering discovery, our government has forced what I believe is a false choice between sound science and moral values...In this case, I believe the two are not inconsistent. As a person of faith, I believe we are called to care for each other and work to ease human suffering. I believe we have been given the capacity and will to pursue this research — and the humanity and conscience to do so responsibly."[251]
Social policy[link]
On January 23, 2009, Obama rescinded the Mexico City Policy, a measure from the Reagan and Bush eras that required any non-governmental organization receiving U.S. Government funding to refrain from performing or promoting abortion services in other countries.[252]
On June 17, 2009, Obama authorized the extension of some benefits (but not health insurance or pension benefits) to same-sex partners of federal employees.[253] Obama has chosen to leave larger changes, such as the repeal of Don't ask, don't tell and the Defense of Marriage Act, to Congress.[254][255]
On October 19, 2009, the U.S. Department of Justice issued a directive to federal prosecutors in states with medical marijuana laws not to investigate or prosecute cases of marijuana use or production done in compliance with those laws.[256]
On December 16, 2009, President Obama signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010, which repealed a 21-year-old ban on federal funding of needle exchange programs.[257]
On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, a bill that provides for repeal of the Don't ask, don't tell policy of 1993, that has prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the United States Armed Forces.[258] Repealing "Don't ask, don't tell" had been a key campaign promise that Obama had made during the 2008 presidential campaign.[259][260]
Health care reform[link]
See also: Health care reform in the United States
Once the stimulus bill was enacted, health care reform became Obama's top domestic priority. On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,000 page plan for overhauling the US health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of the year.[261]
The U.S. Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimated the ten-year cost to the federal government of the major insurance-related provisions of the bill at approximately $1.0 trillion.[262] In mid-July 2009, Douglas Elmendorf, director of the CBO, testified that the proposals under consideration would significantly increase federal spending and did not include the "fundamental changes" needed to control the rapid growth in health care spending.[263][264] However after reviewing the final version of the bill introduced after 14 months of debate the CBO estimated that it would reduce federal budget deficits by $143 billion over 10 years and by more than a trillion in the next decade.[265]
After much public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered a speech to a joint session of Congress on September 9 where he addressed concerns over his administration's proposals.[266] In March 2010, Obama gave several speeches across the country to argue for the passage of health care reform.[267][268] On March 21, 2010, after Obama announced an executive order reinforcing the current law against spending federal funds for elective abortion services, the House, by a vote of 219 to 212, passed the version of the bill previously passed on December 24, 2009, by a 60-vote supermajority in the Senate. The bill, which includes over 200 Republican amendments, was passed without a single Republican vote. On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed the bill into law. Immediately following the bill's passage, the House voted in favor of a reconciliation measure to make significant changes and corrections to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which was passed by both houses with two minor alterations on March 25, 2010, and signed into law on March 30, 2010.[269][270]
Education reform[link]
On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, which ended the role of private banks in lending out federally-insured student loans.[271] By directly lending to students, the government is projected to save taxpayers $68 billion dollars over the next several years.[272] Federally-insured student loans will instead be distributed by the Department of Education.[273] The law also increased the amount of Pell Grant awards given each year, doubling its current funding.[274][275] Starting in 2014, the law permits borrowers to cap the amount they spend on student loans each year to ten percent of their discretionary income and have their balance forgiven if they have faithfully paid the balance of their loan over 20 years.[274][276] Additionally, the law seeks to make it easier for parents to qualify for Grad PLUS loans, and spends billions on poor and minority schools and $2 billion for community colleges.[272][273]
Gates arrest controversy[link]
Further information: Henry Louis Gates arrest controversy
From left to right: Gates, Crowley, and President Obama.
Photo taken before Vice President Biden's arrival.
On July 16, 2009, prominent African American Harvard University professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr., was arrested at his Cambridge, Massachusetts home by a local white police officer, Cambridge Police Sgt. James Crowley, for disorderly conduct. Gates, who was locked out of his house, had attempted to break into his own property, thus causing the initial alarm from a neighbor who called 9-1-1. The incident sparked national controversy over whether Gates's civil rights had been violated by Crowley. On July 21, the Cambridge Police Department dropped charges against Gates. On July 22, President Barack Obama, commented on the incident over national and international television, criticized the arrest, and stated the police acted "stupidly" in handling the incident. National law enforcement organizations and members objected to Obama's comments and criticized his handling of the issue. In the aftermath, Obama stated that he regretted his comments exacerbating the situation, and hoped that the situation could become a "teachable moment". To reduce tensions, on July 24, Obama invited both parties to the White House to discuss the issue over beers, and on July 30, Obama and Vice President Joe Biden joined Crowley and Gates in a private, cordial meeting in a courtyard near the White House Rose Garden; this became known colloquially as the "Beer Summit".[277]
Wall Street reform[link]
On July 21, 2010, Obama signed Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, considered to be the largest financial system overhaul since the New Deal. The law recognizes complex financial derivatives and makes rules to protect consumers from unfair practices in loans and credit cards by establishing a new consumer protection agency. At the signing ceremony in the Ronald Reagan Building in Washington D.C. Obama proclaimed, "There will be no more taxpayer-funded bailouts. Period." Obama also mentioned that "These reforms represent the strongest consumer financial protections in history." At the ceremony were Sen. Christopher Dodd, D-Conn., and Rep. Barney Frank, D-Mass., the two committee chairmen who sponsored the bill.[278]
2010 midterm elections[link]
Due in large part to voter frustration over high unemployment and a stalled economy, Republicans won control of the House in the 2010 midterm elections. On reflection after the election, Obama blamed himself, in part, for the many Democrats who went down to defeat knowing that they had risked their careers to support his agenda of economic stimulus legislation and a landmark health care bill.[279] Democrats narrowly retained the Senate majority and will continue to control it through the 112th Congress.[280]
Obama called the elections "humbling" and a "shellacking".[281] He said that the results came because not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery.[282]
2012 re-election campaign[link]
On April 4, 2011, President Obama announced that he would seek re-election in the 2012 presidential election. The campaign will be based in Chicago and is being run by many former members of the White House staff and members of the successful 2008 campaign.[283]
References[link]
- ^ a b "Obama's birth certificate: Final chapter". Politifact. June 27, 2008. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2008/jun/27/obamas-birth-certificate-part-ii/. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
- ^ "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized". Associated Press. msnbc.com. November 17, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757/. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
- ^ "Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President" (Press release). United Church of Christ. January 20, 2009. http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html. Retrieved January 21, 2009. "Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States."
- ^ An Associated Press wire story on Obama's resignation from Trinity United Church of Christ in the course of the Jeremiah Wright controversy stated that he had, in doing so, disaffiliated himself with the UCC. (See "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized". Associated Press. msnbc.com. November 17, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757/. Retrieved January 20, 2009. )
- ^ Zeleny, Jeff; Baker, Peter (November 6, 2008). "Rahm Emanuel Accepts Post as White House Chief of Staff". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/06/us/politics/07elect.html. Retrieved December 6, 2008.
- ^ "Geithner, Summers among key economic team members announced today" (Press release). Office of the President-elect. November 24, 2008. http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/geithner_summers_among_key_economic_team_members_announced_today/. Retrieved December 6, 2008.
- ^ Baker, Peter (November 25, 2008). "Defense Secretary Said to Be Staying On". The New York Times. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/defense-secretary-said-to-be-staying-on/. Retrieved December 6, 2008.
- ^ Baker, Peter (November 30, 2008). "Obama's Choice for U.N. Is Advocate of Strong Action Against Mass Killings". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/01/us/politics/01rice.html. Retrieved December 6, 2008.
- ^ "Official Obama-Biden Transition Website". Office of the President-elect. http://change.gov/content/home. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
- ^ "Obama Transition announces rules for lobbyists in Transition" (Press release). Office of the President-elect. November 11, 2008. http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/obama_transition_announces_rules_for_lobbyists_in_transition. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
- ^ "Citizen's Briefing Book". Office of the President-elect. http://citizensbriefingbook.change.gov/. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
- ^ Marisa Taylor (January 20, 2009). "Change Has Come To WhiteHouse.Gov". The Wall Street Journal. http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2009/01/20/change-has-come-to-whitehousegov/. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
- ^ United States Constitution. "20th Amendment to the United States Constitution". http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.amendmentxx.html. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
- ^ "Obama Signs First Presidential Proclamation". CNN. January 20, 2009. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/01/20/obama-signs-first-presidential-proclamation/. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
- ^ Kelley, Matt (January 19, 2009). "Obama to be sworn in on 'Lincoln Bible'". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-01-19-Lincoln-bible_N.htm. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
- ^ "Chief justice fumbles oath". The Washington Times. January 20, 2009. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jan/20/obama-roberts-fumble-oath/. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
- ^ "Obama takes presidential oath again after stumble". China Daily. January 22, 2009. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2009-01/22/content_7421457.htm. Retrieved March 10, 2010.
- ^ Chernus, Ira (December 16, 2008). "The First Hundred Days or the Last Hundred Days?". The LA Progressive. http://www.laprogressive.com/2008/12/16/the-first-hundred-days-or-the-last-hundred-days/. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
- ^ Reid, Tim (November 1, 2008). "Barack Obama lays plans to deaden expectation after election victory". London: The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article5051118.ece. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
- ^ Dorning, Mike (May 28, 2008). "Obama's priorities for first 100 days". Chicago Tribune. http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/05/obamas_priorities_for_first_10.html. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
- ^ Examples of "100 days" – portals:
- "Obama's First 100 Days". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/100-days. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
- "Special Reports - The First 100 Days of the 44th President Barack Obama". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2009/44.president/first.100.days/. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
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- ^ Richardson, Chris (November 4, 2010). "Obama calls midterm elections a 'shellacking' for Democrats". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/Vox-News/2010/1104/Obama-calls-midterm-elections-a-shellacking-for-Democrats. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
- ^ Norris, Michele; Siegel, Robert (November 3, 2010). "Obama: Midterm Election Was A 'Shellacking'". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=131048554. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
- ^ "Lack of change you can believe in". The Economist. http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2011/04/barack_obamas_re-election_campaign.
External links[link]
*"President Barack Obama: The Man and His Journey"
- "Obama's People" (photography: Nadav Kander)
- The Official White House YouTube page
- "President Barack Obama's Inaugural Address". The White House.
- "Wrapping Up Open for Questions". The White House.
- "President Obama's State of the Union Address" C-SPAN.
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http://wn.com/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama
Related pages:
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http://es.wn.com/Anexo Administración Obama
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named Francis Collins, see Francis Collins (disambiguation).
| Francis Collins | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Director of the National Institutes of Health | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office August 7, 2009 |
|
| President | Barack Obama |
| Preceded by | Raynard Kington (Acting) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1950-04-14) April 14, 1950 (age 62) Staunton, Virginia, U.S. |
| Alma mater | University of Virginia Yale University University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill |
Francis Sellers Collins (born April 14, 1950), is an American physician-geneticist, noted for his discoveries of disease genes and his leadership of the Human Genome Project (HGP). He currently serves as Director of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. Prior to being appointed Director, he founded and was president of the BioLogos Foundation. Collins has written a book about his Christian faith, and Pope Benedict XVI appointed Francis Collins to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.[1]
Contents |
Early years[link]
Raised on a small farm in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley, Collins was home schooled until the sixth grade.[2] He attended Robert E. Lee High School. Through most of his high school and college years, he aspired to be a chemist, and had little interest in what he then considered the "messy" field of biology. What he refers to as his "formative education" was received at the University of Virginia, where he earned a B.S. in Chemistry in 1970. He went on to attain a Ph.D. in physical chemistry at Yale University in 1974. While at Yale, however, a course in biochemistry sparked his interest in the subject. After consulting with his old mentor from the University of Virginia, Carl Trindle, he changed fields and enrolled in medical school at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, earning there an M.D. in 1977.
From 1978 to 1981, he served a residency and chief residency in internal medicine at North Carolina Memorial Hospital in Chapel Hill. He then returned to Yale, where he was named a Fellow in Human Genetics at the medical school from 1981 to 1984. He worked under the direction of Sherman Weissman, and in 1984 they published an important work, a paper titled Directional cloning of DNA fragments at a large distance from an initial probe: a circularization method.[3] This method was named chromosome jumping, to remark the contrast with the then current method of chromosome walking, that required to walk along the DNA chain.[4]
He joined the University of Michigan in 1984, rising to the rank of Professor of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics. He heightened his reputation as a gene hunter. That gene-hunting approach, which he named "positional cloning",[5][6] developed into a powerful component of modern molecular genetics.
In the 1980s, several scientific teams were working to identify the genes for cystic fibrosis. Toward the end of the decade, progress had been made, but Lap-Chee Tsui, heading the team working at Toronto's Hospital for Sick Children, considered that a shortcut was needed, to speed up the process. For this purpose, he contacted Francis Collins, who joined the team and used his chromosome jumping technique. subsequently, the gene was discovered in June 1989.[7][8] The discovery was covered by Science Sept 8, 1989.[9] This was soon followed by other scientific teams genetic discoveries, including isolation of the genes for Huntington's disease,[10] neurofibromatosis,[11][12] and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.[13]
Mention of his guitar playing and motor-cycle riding can often be found in articles about him.[14] Collins' music draws on a sense of humor and fun. While directing the National Human Genome Research Institute, he formed a rock band with other NIH scientists. In its rare appearances, the band entertained selected Maryland and Washington, D.C.-area audiences, such as science writers. Sometimes the band, called "The Directors", dueled with a rock band from Johns Hopkins University, led by cancer researcher Bert Vogelstein. Lyrics of The Directors' songs included spoofs of rock and gospel classics re-written to address the challenges of contemporary biomedical research.[15]
Leadership at NHGRI[link]
Collins accepted an invitation in 1993 to succeed James D. Watson as Director of the National Center for Human Genome Research, which became National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) in 1997. As Director, he oversaw the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium.
In 1994, he founded NHGRI's Division of Intramural Research (DIR),[16] a collection of investigator-directed laboratories that conduct genome research on the NIH campus and has developed into one of the nation's premier research centers in human genetics.
The milestones of NHGRI during the time Collins was director are documented in the article List of events in NHGRI history.
A working draft of the human genome was announced in June 2000, and Collins was joined by US President Bill Clinton and biologist Craig Venter in making the announcement.[17] Venter and Collins thus shared the "Biography of the Year" title from A&E Network.[18] An initial analysis was published in February 2001. HGP scientists continued to work toward finishing the sequence of all three billion base pairs by 2003, coinciding with the 50th anniversary of Watson and Crick's seminal publication of the structure of DNA. In 2005 Collins and Venter were also honored as two of "America's Best Leaders" by U.S. News & World Report and the Harvard Center for Public Leadership [19] Collins's commitment to free, rapid access to genomic information helped to make all data immediately available to the worldwide scientific community.
One of the main activities at NHGRI during his tenure as director was the composition of the haplotype map of the human genome. The now-completed "hap map" project produced a catalog of genetic variations—called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)—which is now being widely used to discover genetic variations correlated with disease risk.
In addition to his basic genetic research and scientific leadership, Collins is known for his close attention to ethical and legal issues in genetics. He has been a strong advocate for protecting the privacy of genetic information and has served as a national leader in efforts to prohibit gene-based insurance discrimination.[20] Building on his own experiences as a physician volunteer in a rural missionary hospital in Nigeria,[21] Collins is also very interested in opening avenues for genome research to benefit the health of people living in developing nations.
Collins announced his resignation from NHGRI on May 28, 2008, saying he would continue to lead an intramural research laboratory as a "volunteer"; this will allow several graduate and postdoctoral students to complete projects undertaken under his tenure.[22]
He has received numerous awards and honors, including election to the Institute of Medicine and the National Academy of Sciences. He was a Kilby International Awards recipient in 1993. In 2007, he was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.[23] And, in 2008, he was awarded the National Medal of Science.[24]
NIH Director[link]
On July 8, 2009 President Barack Obama nominated him to the position of Director of the National Institutes of Health.[25] The US Senate unanimously confirmed him for this post, announced by HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius on August 7, 2009.[26]
According to Science,[27] Collins "is known as a skilled administrator and excellent communicator" and President Obama's nomination of him to lead the NIH "did not come as a big surprise", and produced many praising analysis from researchers and biomedical groups. It also found critics, mainly due to his outspoken Christian faith. Others think that this fact may prove to be positive to establish bridges with those that see gene-based research as contrary to religious values.[28] His appointment was welcomed by the CEO of the AAAS[28] and by Bernadine Healy.[29]
In the summer of 2009 some preeminent scientists were meeting in Cambridge, England, celebrating the hundred-and-fiftieth anniversary of publication of "The Origin of Species" and word arrived that President Obama had chosen Collins to head the NIH, and, according to Nobel laureate Harold Varmus who was also present, some of them were alarmed. Varmus had been a NIH director under Bill Clinton, and as such, Collins' boss. He tried to calm the distress by saying that he "is a terrific scientist, and very well organized and a great spokesperson for the N.I.H., has terrific connections in Congress, and is a delightful person to work with".[30] In November 2011, Collins was included on The New Republic's list of Washington's most powerful, least famous people.[31]
In October 2009, shortly after his nomination as NIH director, Collins stated in an interview in the New York Times,“I have made it clear that I have no religious agenda for the N.I.H., and I think the vast majority of scientists have been reassured by that and have moved on.”[32]
On October 1, 2009, Collins appeared for the second time on The Colbert Report, discussing his leadership at the NIH and other topics such as personalized medicine and stem cell research.[33]
Collins was nominated by the National Institutes of Health to be one of the USA Science and Engineering Festival's Nifty Fifty Speakers to speak about his work and career to middle and high school students in October 2010.[34]
A new center at NIH was slated to open in October 2011, and to be called the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) to help develop new drugs. Dr. Collins, frustrated by the declining productivity in the pharmaceutical industry, is leading the effort. For it to work, they have to close one of the 27 institutes already at NIH and give its functions to the new center—something that has never been done before. The idea is to downgrade the National Center for Research Resources, and give some of its functions to NCATS.[35] As of January 2011, over 1000 comments were archived about the proposed NCATS.[36] Nevertheless, in September 2011 there were doubts about the possibility to meet the deadline, because of delays in Congressional approval.[37]
Christianity[link]
Collins has described his parents as "only nominally Christian" and by graduate school he considered himself an atheist. However, dealing with dying patients led him to question his religious views, and he investigated various faiths. He familiarized himself with the evidence for and against God in cosmology, and used Mere Christianity by C. S. Lewis[38] as a foundation to re-examine his religious view. He eventually came to a conclusion, and became an Evangelical Christian during a hike on a fall afternoon. He has described himself as a "serious Christian".[20]
In his 2006 book The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief, Collins considers scientific discoveries an "opportunity to worship". In his book Collins rejects Young Earth creationism and intelligent design. His own belief is theistic evolution or evolutionary creation which he prefers to term BioLogos. He appeared in December 2006 on The Colbert Report television show and in a March 2007 Fresh Air radio interview to discuss this book.[39][40] While not outspoken on the subject, Collins seems to hold a pro-life view of the abortion issue. In a 1998 interview with Scientific American, he stated that he is "intensely uncomfortable with abortion as a solution to anything" and does not "perceive a precise moment at which life begins other than the moment of conception".[41]
In an interview with National Geographic in February 2007, John Horgan, an agnostic journalist, criticized Collins' description of agnosticism as "a cop-out". In response, Collins clarified his position on agnosticism so as not to include "earnest agnostics who have considered the evidence and still don't find an answer. I was reacting to the agnosticism I see in the scientific community, which has not been arrived at by a careful examination of the evidence. I went through a phase when I was a casual agnostic, and I am perhaps too quick to assume that others have no more depth than I did".[42]
Collins rejects intelligent design, and for this reason was not asked to participate in the 2008 documentary Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed. Walt Ruloff, a producer for the film, claimed that Collins was "toeing the party line" by rejecting intelligent design, which Collins called "just ludicrous".[43] In 2009, Collins founded the BioLogos Foundation to "contribute to the public voice that represents the harmony of science and faith". He served as the foundation's president until he was confirmed as director of the NIH.[44]
Publications[link]
Books[link]
- The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief (Free Press, 2006), which spent many weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list
- The Language of Life: DNA and the Revolution in Personalized Medicine (HarperCollins, published in early 2010)[26]
- Belief: Readings on the Reason for Faith (HarperOne, March 2, 2010).[45]
- The Language of Science and Faith: Straight Answers to Genuine Questions with Karl Giberson IVP Books (February 15, 2011)
References[link]
- ^ "Pope names NIH director to Vatican think tank". USA Today. October 14, 2009. http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2009-10-14-PopeNIH_N.htm. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
- ^ Google Book Search The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief, Chapter 1
- ^ Francis S. Collins and Sherman M. Weissman (Nov, 1984). "Directional cloning of DNA fragments at a large distance from an initial probe: a circularization method". Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. http://www.pnas.org/content/81/21/6812.full.pdf+html?sid=4509210e-8129-4da3-b99c-dd5829a5a9c2. Retrieved 2011-09-29.
- ^ Leon. E. Rosenberg (2006). "Introductory Speech for Francis S. Collins". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1559551. Retrieved 2011-09-29.
- ^ "Positional cloning of human disease genes: a reversal of scientific priorities". University of Alberta, Department of Biological Science. https://rowan.biology.ualberta.ca/courses/genet302/uploads/winter11/gane/private/genet302-GW-week3_noQ.pdf. Retrieved 2011, Oct.
- ^ Collins, F. Positional Cloning: Let's not call it reverse anymore. Nature Genetics, 1,3-6, 1992
- ^ Pines, Maya (2008). "Blazing a Genetic Trail/.../Jumping Toward the Gene". Howard Hughes Medical Institute. http://www.hhmi.org/genetictrail/a120.html. Retrieved 2011 Oct.
- ^ Pines, Maya (2008). "Stalking a Lethal Gene:Discovering the Gene for Cystic Fibrosis". Howard Hughes Medical Institute. http://www.hhmi.org/genetictrail/a130.html. Retrieved 2011 Oct.
- ^ Marx, Jean L. (1989-09-08). "The Cystic Fibrosis Gene Is Found". Science. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/245/4921/923.full.pdf?sid=6bfea77b-a77f-403e-a2eb-c5116bdd1baa. Retrieved 2011, Oct.
- ^ Macdonald M (1993). "A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes. The Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Group". Cell 72 (6): 971–83. DOI:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90585-E. PMID 8458085. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(93)90585-E.
- ^ Raphael Rubin, David S. Strayer (2008 Baltimore). Rubin's Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundation of Medicine (5 ed.). Wolters Kluwer Health: Lippincot Williams & Wilkins. pp. 201–3. ISBN 978-0-7817-9516-6.
- ^ Fauci, et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (Small textbook) (16 ed.). pp. 2453.
- ^ Chandrasekharappa SC, Guru SC, Manickam P, Olufemi SE, Collins FS, Emmert-Buck MR, Debelenko LV, Zhuang Z, Lubensky IA, Liotta LA, Crabtree JS, Wang Y, Roe BA, Weisemann J, Boguski MS, Agarwal SK, Kester MB, Kim YS, Heppner C, Dong Q, Spiegel AM, Burns AL, Marx SJ (April 1997). "Positional cloning of the gene for multiple endocrine neoplasia-type 1". Science 276 (5311): 404–7. DOI:10.1126/science.276.5311.404. PMID 9103196.
- ^ *"Jesus Goes to Bethesda: Just how religious is Obama's nominee for director of the NIH?". Chris Wilson. Slate. July 9, 2009.
- "Dr. Francis S. Collins: On The Trail Of Disease Genes". Businessweek. John Carey. May 9, 2005.
- "Collins Forms BioLogos Foundation". Newsletter of the American Scientific Affiliation. Jul/Aug 2009.
- ^ *"Science Writers Entertained By High-Powered Battle Of The Bands". The NIH Catalyst. Celia Hooper. Jan/Feb 1998.
- ^ National Human Genome Research Institute, ed. "The Division of Intramural Research". http://www.genome.gov/10001036. Retrieved 2011, Oct.
- ^ Jamie Shreeve, "The Blueprint of Life," U.S. News and World Report, 10/31/05, URL accessed 30 January 2007.
- ^ "Montgomery County, Maryland, Press Releases," December 19, 2000, URL accessed 30 January 2007.
- ^ "U.S. News & World Report," 2005, URL accessed 4 February 2008.
- ^ a b "Transcript, Bob Abernethy's interview with Dr. Francis Collins, director of the Human Genome Project at the National Institutes of Health.". PBS, Religion and Ethics Newsweekly. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/transcripts/collins.html. Retrieved 2011, Oct.
- ^ "Scientist at work: Francis S. Collins; unlocking the secrets of the Genome". The New York Times. 1993, Nov. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/30/science/scientist-at-work-francis-s-collins-unlocking-the-secrets-of-the-genome.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm.
- ^ Chemical & Engineering News, Vol. 86 No. 31, Aug. 04, 2008, p. 33, "Francis Collins leaves NIH"
- ^ NIH Record - Collins Wins Presidential Medal of Freedom
- ^ National Science Foundation - The President's National Medal of Science
- ^ http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/President-Obama-Announces-Intent-to-Nominate-Francis-Collins-as-NIH-Director/ President Obama Announces Intent to Nominate Francis Collins as Director
- ^ a b Secretary Sebelius Announces Senate Confirmation of Dr. Francis Collins as Director of the National Institutes of Health 7-Aug-09
- ^ "White House Taps Former Genome Chief Francis Collins as NIH Director". 2009, july. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5938/250.1.summary. Retrieved 2011, Oct.
- ^ a b "Obama picks Francis Collins as new NIH Director". Washington Post. 2009, July, 8. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/08/AR2009070802769.html. Retrieved 2011, Oct.
- ^ Francis Collins Leader for the 21st Century NIH US News & World Report 9-June-09
- ^ The Covenant The New Yorker September 6, 2010
- ^ The Editors (2011-11-03). "Washington's Most Powerful, Least Famous People". The New Republic. http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/96131/washingtons-most-powerful-least-famous-people?passthru=ZTM3Y2VhYmZjNmIzMjllNzQ3MjMxOGEzMmJlZjg1NzI. Retrieved 2011-10-25.
- ^ Harris, Gardiner (October 6, 2009). "For N.I.H. Chief, Issues of Identity and Culture". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/06/health/06nih.html. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
- ^ "Francis Collins". The Colbert Report. 2009-10-01. http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/250628/october-01-2009/francis-collins. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
- ^ http://www.usasciencefestival.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=74&Itemid=95 retrieved 2010-03-26
- ^ [1] [Federal Research Center Will Help Develop Medicines, NY Times, 22 Jan 2011]
- ^ [2] [(The 1105 comments received on the proposed NCATS during the first month after Feedback NIH was launched have been archived here. December 8, 2010)]
- ^ "Congressional Paralysis Puts NIH Drug-Development Center in Limbo". Scientific American. Sept 5, 2011. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=drug-development-limbo-nih-ncats. Retrieved Oct 2011.
- ^ The believer Aug. 7, 2006
- ^ "Francis Collins". The Colbert Report. 2006-12-06. http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/79238/december-07-2006/francis-collins. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
- ^ "[Francis Collins on 'The Language of God'|]". Fresh Air. 2007-03-29.
- ^ Beardsley, T. (1995) Profile: Where Science and Religion Meet, Scientific American 278(2), 28-29.
- ^ Francis Collins: The Scientist as Believer Feb. 2007
- ^ Dean, Cornelia (September 27, 2007). "Scientists Feel Miscast in Film on Life's Origin". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/27/science/27expelled.html?_r=3&pagewanted=1&oref=slogin. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
- ^ BioLogos website
- ^ [3], Belief on Amazon.com.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Francis Collins |
| Political offices | ||
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| Preceded by Raynard Kington Acting |
Director of the National Institutes of Health 2009–present |
Incumbent |
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Collins, Francis |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | April 14, 1950 |
| Place of birth | Staunton, Virginia, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Bo Schembechler | |
|---|---|
 Schembechler from 1970 Michiganensian |
|
| Sport(s) | Football |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | (1929-04-01)April 1, 1929 Barberton, Ohio |
| Died | November 17, 2006(2006-11-17) (aged 77) Southfield, Michigan |
| Playing career | |
| 1948–1950 | Miami (OH) |
| Position(s) | Tackle |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1952 1954 1955 1956–1957 1958–1962 1963–1968 1969–1989 |
Ohio State (assistant) Presbyterian (assistant) Bowling Green (assistant) Northwestern (assistant) Ohio State (assistant) Miami (OH) Michigan |
| Administrative career (AD unless noted) | |
| 1988–1990 1990–1992 |
Michigan Detroit Tigers (president) |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 234–65–8 |
| Bowls | 5–12 |
| Statistics College Football Data Warehouse |
|
| Accomplishments and honors | |
| Championships 2 Mid-American (1965–1966) 13 Big Ten (1969, 1971–1974, 1976–1978, 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988–1989) |
|
| Awards AFCA Coach of the Year (1969) Walter Camp Coach of the Year (1969) Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award (1977) Sporting News College Football COY (1985) George Munger Award (1989) Amos Alonzo Stagg Award (1999) MAC Coach of the Year (1965) 6x Big Ten COY (1972, 1976, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1989) |
|
| College Football Hall of Fame Inducted in 1993 (profile) |
|
Glenn Edward "Bo" Schembechler, Jr. (April 1, 1929 – November 17, 2006) was an American football player, coach, and athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at Miami University from 1963 to 1968 and at the University of Michigan from 1969 to 1989, compiling a career record of 234–65–8. Only Joe Paterno and Tom Osborne have recorded 200 victories in fewer games as a coach in major college football. In his 21 seasons as the head coach of the Michigan Wolverines, Schembechler's teams amassed a record of 194–48–5 and won or shared 13 Big Ten Conference titles. Though his Michigan teams never won a national championship, in all but one season they finished ranked, and 16 times they placed in the final top ten of both major polls.
Schembechler played college football as a tackle at Miami University, where in 1949 and 1950 he was coached by Woody Hayes, for whom he served as an assistant coach at Ohio State University in 1952 and from 1958 to 1962. In his first ten years at Michigan, Schembechler's teams squared off in a fierce rivalry against Hayes's Buckeyes squads. During that stretch in the Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry, dubbed the "Ten-Year War," Hayes and Schembechler's teams won or shared the Big Ten Conference crown every season and usually each placed in the national rankings.
In 1988, Schembechler assumed the role of athletic director at Michigan, succeeding Don Canham, the man who hired him as football coach in 1969. Schembechler retired as head football coach after the 1989 season. His longtime assistants, Gary Moeller and Lloyd Carr, helmed the team for the next 18 years. Schembechler left the University of Michigan in 1990 to take a job as president of Major League Baseball's Detroit Tigers, which he held until 1992. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1993. During his later years, Schembechler remained in Southeast Michigan and hosted a sports radio show. He died in 2006 at the age of 77 on the eve of that year's Michigan–Ohio State football game, a historic #1 versus #2 showdown.
A consummate "coach's coach", Schembechler combined superb technical command of the game with a fiery disposition. Schembechler's Michigan teams were known for their fundamentally sound, physical, and fierce style of play. Under his watch, the Wolverines traditionally featured strong defense, dominating offensive lines, and a power-running attack. In the words of one commentator, Schembechler coached a "remorseless and punishing" brand of football. If he perceived a weakness in the opponent, his teams hammered at it time and time again. Though somewhat combative during games — he was prone to sideline outbursts — he was generally regarded by his peers as having great personal integrity.[citation needed]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Schembechler was born and raised in Barberton, Ohio, a suburb of Akron. His nickname "Bo" came from his sister's attempts to say "brother" when they were young children. Schembechler's father was a firefighter. One of Schembechler's seminal experiences was seeing his father refuse to accept a stolen copy of a civil-service exam—despite the fact that the other applicant was reported to have received a stolen copy himself. Schembechler's father took the exam without having received the answers, missed one more question than the other applicant, and did not receive the promotion he coveted. Schembechler often told the story, saying the experience taught him more about integrity than any lecture ever could have. Hard work and integrity were two themes of Schembechler's career.[1]
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Schembechler attended Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. He was a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. He played football under two legendary, and completely different, coaches. Sid Gillman, his first coach at Miami, was an innovative offensive mind and one of the fathers of the modern passing game. His concepts helped to form the foundation for football's West Coast offense. Prior to Schembechler's last season, Gillman departed to become head coach at the University of Cincinnati. He was replaced by the renowned and fiery Woody Hayes, who could not have been more unlike Gillman. Hayes embraced the run, eschewed the pass, and demanded tough, physical play from his linemen. Rather than innovation, Hayes stressed repetition—he wanted his players to run each play flawlessly. Over the next forty years, Hayes' impact on his young protege was clearly evident. Schembechler's teams at Michigan were molded in the spirit of Hayes' Ohio State teams.
Schembechler graduated from Miami in 1951 and earned his master's degree at Ohio State University in 1952 while working as a graduate assistant coach under Hayes, who had become OSU's head coach. After a tour of duty in the U.S. Army, Schembechler served as an assistant at Presbyterian College in 1954, followed by a year as freshman coach at Bowling Green. When Schembechler's former college teammate Ara Parseghian, Hayes' successor at Miami University, was hired as head coach at Northwestern in 1956, Schembechler joined him and spent the next two seasons there as a defensive assistant. In 1958, Hayes hired Schembechler to serve again on his staff at Ohio State. Schembechler spent five more years at Ohio State and became one of Hayes' most trusted assistants. During that time the two cemented their lifelong friendship. Schembechler was fond of recounting the number of times that Hayes "fired" him, only to send a graduate assistant to fetch him after tempers had calmed.
Schembechler, Hayes, Parseghian, and several of their "Cradle of Coaches" compatriots are the subject of the book Fields of Honor, written by coach John Pont's niece, Sally Pont.
Miami University[link]
In 1963, Schembechler returned to Miami University to become head coach of his alma mater. Over the next six seasons, Schembechler led the Redskins (now RedHawks) to a 40–17–3 record, winning a pair of Mid-American Conference titles and finishing second three times.
University of Michigan[link]
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Schembechler became Michigan's 15th head coach after the 1968 season, succeeding Bump Elliott. He was hired in 15 minutes. It took athletic director Don Canham that long "to sense the intensity, the enthusiasm of a man destined to be a winner."[2] Besides a stellar record at Miami he also "brought a unique five-man angle defense and a guarantee that he would make it work within five years."[3] At Michigan, Schembechler became one of college football's greatest coaches. He won a school-record 194 games, lost only 48, and tied five for a winning percentage of .796. His teams never posted a losing season. In Big Ten Conference play, he had a record of 143–24–3 for a winning percentage of .850. His Michigan teams won or shared 13 Big Ten titles and made 10 Rose Bowl appearances. His 96–16–3 record during the 1970s was the best of any Division I coach. Schembechler led the Wolverines to a total of 17 bowl games, going 5–12 in 21 years, placing him ninth in all-time bowl appearances. He was voted national coach of the year in 1969 by both the American Football Coaches Association and the Football Writers Association of America.
Schembechler's greatest victory came in his first season, when he led the Wolverines to an upset victory over a standout Ohio State team coached by his old mentor, Woody Hayes. Hayes' Buckeyes dominated the series during the late 1950s and for most of the 1960s as Michigan fielded a number of uncharacteristically mediocre teams. In 1968, the year before Schembechler became head coach, Hayes made it clear how far Michigan had fallen behind its traditional rival, when the Wolverines lost 50–14. At the end of the game, Hayes decided to pursue a two-point conversion rather than a simple kick for an extra point. Legend has it that when Hayes was asked why he "went for two," he responded "Because I couldn't go for three." The embarrassment of that outcome set the stage for the 1969 rematch.
In 1969, the Buckeyes entered the game as defending national champions and 17-point favorites with the top ranking in the country and a 22-game winning streak. Hayes' 1969 squad included five first-team All-Americans. But Schembechler's 7–2 Wolverines dominated a team Hayes later considered his best, beating Ohio State 24–12. In a single afternoon, Schembechler and his charges resurrected Michigan's football tradition and returned the program among college football's elite. Both Schembechler and Hayes, who remained personal friends until Hayes' death in 1987, agreed it was Hayes' best team and Schembechler's biggest victory. Michigan's win over Ohio State in 1969 is considered to be one of the greatest upsets in college football history and the most significant win for a Michigan team ever.[4]
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The Wolverines and Buckeyes proceeded to engage in a fierce "Ten Year War" that elevated an already storied Michigan – Ohio State rivalry into one of college football's greatest annual grudge matches. For ten years the two dominated the Big 10, splitting ten conference titles between them and finishing second eight times. They were so dominant that the Big Ten earned a nickname of "Big Two, Little Eight" during that era. After a decade of memorable on-field stratagems, sideline antics, and locker room psychological ploys, Schembechler held a 5–4–1 advantage.
Schembechler's tenure at Michigan was also notable for the renewal of Michigan's rivalry with Notre Dame. Despite the fact that the two schools are located within 200 miles of one another and ranked first/second in both total wins and winning percentage in college football, they had not played each other since the 1940s. The resurrection of the rivalry was facilitated by Schembechler's close friendship with Ara Parshegian, Notre Dame's coach at the time of Bo's arrival. Schembechler, however, never had a chance to coach against his former mentor, as scheduling commitments prevented the series from resuming until 1978, after Parshegian had left Notre Dame and was succeeded by Dan Devine.
Despite Schembechler's success during the regular season, he was less successful in bowl games. His overall record was 5–12, which includes a 2–8 record in the Rose Bowl. The Wolverines lost the 1970 Rose Bowl, their first bowl game under Schembechler, while he was hospitalized after suffering a heart attack on the previous day. Schembechler's Michigan teams went on to lose their next six bowl games before winning five of their last ten.
Following the 1980 season, Schembechler gained the first of his two Rose Bowl victories by beating the University of Washington. The 1980 Michigan team featured the talents of Anthony Carter, a three-time consensus All-American. In 1980 Michigan stumbled early in the season, losing two of its first three games. As a result of the two losses, Michigan was eliminated from consideration for college football's national championship, finishing 4th in the end-of-season polls. But Schembechler maintained that his first Rose Bowl champions were the country's best team by season's end. They did not allow a touchdown over the course of their last five games, giving up nine points total.
Perhaps spurred by Carter's success, Schembechler's teams began to pass more during the 1980s, but Schembechler never completely shed his image as a run-first offensive coach. At the same time, his teams continued to enjoy consistent success throughout the decade. Jim Harbaugh, a future NFL All-Pro quarterback and current head coach of the San Francisco 49ers, led Schembechler's 1985 team to a 10–1–1 record, a 27–23 win over Nebraska in the Fiesta Bowl, and a #2 ranking in the final polls, the highest finish ever for one of Schembechler's teams. Schembechler's last two teams went to the Rose Bowl, splitting two games with USC.
Schembechler retired from coaching after the Rose Bowl in 1990. He decided to retire at the relatively young age of 60 because of his history of heart problems and was succeeded by Michigan's offensive coordinator Gary Moeller, whom he handpicked.
Schembechler was also the athletic director at Michigan from 1988 until early 1990. Just before the 1989 NCAA basketball tournament, men's basketball head coach Bill Frieder announced that he was taking the head coach position at Arizona State University, effective at the end of the season. Insisting on those in the program being dedicated to the school, Schembechler immediately fired Frieder and appointed assistant basketball coach Steve Fisher as interim head coach, while famously announcing that "a Michigan man is going to coach a Michigan team" in the NCAA tournament. Ironically, Frieder was an alumnus of Michigan, while Fisher was not. Fisher led Michigan to six straight victories in the tournament and the 1989 national championship. Schembechler witnessed the championship game on his 60th birthday.
"Those Who Stay Will Be Champions"[link]
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Schembechler began his tenure as head coach at Michigan with a rallying cry to his players: "Those who stay will be champions!" This slogan foreshadowed the challenges Michigan football players would endure from the dramatic culture change initiated by Schembechler, who emphasized toughness and introduced practices and conditioning far more rigorous than any the players had been exposed to before. His first training camp in 1969 saw around 140 players enter but a mere 75 emerging from the grueling camp and choosing to embrace Schembechler's system. Schembechler's subsequent successes and legacy of propelling the Michigan football program to further national prominence immortalized his promise to his players after accepting the head coaching position at Michigan. Every Michigan football player who played for Bo Schembechler and stayed at Michigan for four years left Michigan with at least one Big Ten championship ring. Furthermore, not once did any Michigan player under Bo endure a losing season during his tenure. As such, "Those Who Stay Will Be Champions" remains a beloved team slogan for the Michigan Wolverines and has been immortalized into the tradition and mythology of Michigan football.
Offer from Texas A&M[link]
On January 15, 1982, Texas A&M offered Schembechler nearly $3 million for 10 years—the richest contract in the history of college athletics—to become the school's football coach and athletic director. Schembechler turned it down. "Frankly, I've come to the conclusion that there are things more important in this world than money," Schembechler said. "For that reason, I've decided to stay at Michigan."[5]
After Michigan[link]
From 1990 to 1992, Schembechler was president of the Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball. In 1991, he presided over the firing of Tigers' longtime broadcaster Ernie Harwell. The move was decried by fans and the press. Management at the Tigers' flagship radio station WJR later claimed responsibility for the sacking, but Schembechler and club owner Tom Monaghan were denounced for the decision.[6] After being fired by the Tigers,[7] Schembechler maintained an office at the University of Michigan's football facility, which is named "Schembechler Hall". Schembechler's former assistants, Gary Moeller (1990–94) and Lloyd Carr (1995–2007), followed him as head coach. Schembechler was also active in numerous private charities.
Schembechler also hosted a pre-game show on the Detroit ABC affiliate, WXYZ-TV along with Sports Anchor Don Shane named "Big Ten Ticket". It was devoted to his analysis of the Wolverines, the Michigan State Spartans and other Big Ten Conference teams.
On April 30, 2005, at Michigan's annual spring commencement, Schembechler was awarded an honorary doctor of laws degree.[8]
Health problems[link]
Schembechler had a long history of heart trouble. On December 31, 1969, the eve of his first Rose Bowl appearance, he suffered a heart attack, and had another in 1987 while he happened to be at University of Michigan Medical Center for tests.[9] He had two quadruple heart bypass operations, the first in 1976 and the second following his second heart attack.
During a taping of the WXYZ-TV program Big Ten Ticket in late October 2006, Schembechler collapsed and was taken to the hospital. Following the episode, he had a heart pacemaker implanted into his chest to regulate his heartbeat. As late as a week before his death, he had stated his doctors were still adjusting the device, which covered about half his chest.[10]
On Thursday, November 16, 2006, and though he was not feeling well, Schembechler attended the funeral of his close friend and 1971 quarterback, Tom Slade. That night, Bo delivered his traditional Thursday night pep talk before the Ohio State game. According to The Detroit News: "Bo's speech was not about Ohio State, the Big Ten title or a national championship. The whole speech was about Tom Slade and how, if the players worked hard, listened to their coaches and stuck together as teammates, one day they might be as good a Michigan man as Slade. That was the goal at Michigan, not national championships."[11] Schembechler finished by exhorting them to remember "the team, the team, the team!"
Death[link]
The next day, on November 17, 2006, Schembechler collapsed in a bathroom at WXYZ-TV just prior to the taping of Big Ten Ticket around 9:15 AM.[12] He was taken to Providence Hospital in Southfield, Michigan where he was pronounced dead at 11:43 AM. At a press conference a few hours after his death, it was reported by his doctor, Dr. Kim Eagle of the University of Michigan Health System, that his death was from the terminal stage of heart disease, where the heart muscle itself does not respond to the pacemaker, a common cause of death for persons afflicted with severe heart disease.
Schembechler died the day before one of the biggest games in the history of the Michigan – Ohio State football rivalry. He was not planning to attend the November 18 game in Columbus, because his doctors had advised him that attending the game might be too much stress for his heart. Instead, Bo and his wife, Cathy, had packed the car and had planned to drive to suburban Dayton, Ohio to watch the game with his former Miami teammate and best friend, Bill Gunlock.
The University's Board of Regents approved a plan for the renovation and expansion of Michigan Stadium on the day of Schembechler's death.
On November 21, 2006, the University of Michigan held a memorial service for Schembechler in Michigan Stadium. Approximately 20,000 fans, ex-players and coaches including former Schembechler player and assistant coach and current LSU head football coach Les Miles turned out during the middle of a work-day to pay their respects to Schembechler and to celebrate his life. Former Ohio State head coaches Earle Bruce and John Cooper attended, along with then current head coach Jim Tressel and his entire staff.
Before his death, Schembechler had agreed to be an honorary pallbearer for former Michigan Wolverine and University of Michigan alumnus President Gerald Ford. Ford, himself an All-American center at Michigan in the 1930s, died on December 26, 2006. A pew inside Washington National Cathedral was draped with a UM stadium blanket in Schembechler's memory. Air Force One flew low over Michigan Stadium as Ford's casket was en route from Washington, DC to Grand Rapids.
Personal life[link]
After Schembechler married Mildred (Millie) in 1968, he adopted her three sons: Donald (Chip), Geoffrey and Matthew. Schembechler and Millie then had a son together, Glenn III (Shemy). Matt played football at Western Michigan University and Shemy works as a scout for the Washington Redskins.[13] Chip died in a car accident in 2003. Geoff is a Domino's pizza franchisee based out of Lowell, MA. Following Millie's death in 1992, he founded the Millie Schembechler Adrenal Cancer fund at the University of Michigan which has provided the most advanced research for this rare form of cancer in the world. He married Cathy Aikens on November 27, 1993.
Head coaching record[link]
| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs | Coaches# | AP° | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Miami Redskins (Mid-American Conference) (1963–1968) | |||||||||
| 1963 | Miami | 5–3–2 | 4–1–1 | 2nd | |||||
| 1964 | Miami | 6–3–1 | 4–2 | T–2nd | |||||
| 1965 | Miami | 7–3 | 5–1 | T–1st | |||||
| 1966 | Miami | 9–1 | 5–1 | T–1st | |||||
| 1967 | Miami | 6–4 | 4–2 | T–3rd | |||||
| 1968 | Miami | 7–3 | 5–1 | 2nd | |||||
| Miami: | 40–17–3 | 27–8–1 | |||||||
| Michigan Wolverines (Big Ten Conference) (1969–1989) | |||||||||
| 1969 | Michigan | 8–3 | 6–1 | T–1st | L Rose | 8 | 9 | ||
| 1970 | Michigan | 9–1 | 6–1 | 2nd | 7 | 9 | |||
| 1971 | Michigan | 11–1 | 8–0 | 1st | L Rose | 4 | 6 | ||
| 1972 | Michigan | 10–1 | 7–1 | T–1st | 6 | 6 | |||
| 1973 | Michigan | 10–0–1 | 7–0–1 | T–1st | 6 | 6 | |||
| 1974 | Michigan | 10–1 | 7–1 | T–1st | 5 | 3 | |||
| 1975 | Michigan | 8–2–2 | 7–1 | 2nd | L Orange | 8 | 8 | ||
| 1976 | Michigan | 10–2 | 7–1 | T–1st | L Rose | 3 | 3 | ||
| 1977 | Michigan | 10–2 | 7–1 | T–1st | L Rose | 8 | 9 | ||
| 1978 | Michigan | 10–2 | 7–1 | T–1st | L Rose | 5 | 5 | ||
| 1979 | Michigan | 8–4 | 6–2 | 3rd | L Gator | 19 | 18 | ||
| 1980 | Michigan | 10–2 | 8–0 | 1st | W Rose | 4 | 4 | ||
| 1981 | Michigan | 9–3 | 6–3 | T–3rd | W Bluebonnet | 10 | 12 | ||
| 1982 | Michigan | 8–4 | 8–1 | 1st | L Rose | 15 | |||
| 1983 | Michigan | 9–3 | 8–1 | 2nd | L Sugar | 9 | 8 | ||
| 1984 | Michigan | 6–6 | 5–4 | T–6th | L Holiday | ||||
| 1985 | Michigan | 10–1–1 | 6–1–1 | 2nd | W Fiesta | 2 | 2 | ||
| 1986 | Michigan | 11–2 | 7–1 | T–1st | L Rose | 7 | 8 | ||
| 1987 | Michigan | 8–4 | 5–3 | 4th | W Hall of Fame | 18 | 19 | ||
| 1988 | Michigan | 9–2–1 | 7–0–1 | 1st | W Rose | 4 | 4 | ||
| 1989 | Michigan | 10–2 | 8–0 | 1st | L Rose | 8 | 7 | ||
| Michigan: | 194–48–5 | 143–24–3 | |||||||
| Total: | 234–65–8 | ||||||||
| National championship Conference title Conference division title | |||||||||
| #Rankings from final Coaches' Poll. °Rankings from final AP Poll. |
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Coaching tree[link]
Played under:
Coached under:
- Doyt Perry,[16] Bowling Green
- Ara Parseghian,[17] Northwestern University
- Woody Hayes,[15] Ohio State University
Assistant coaches who became NCAA Division I head coaches:
- Cam Cameron,[18] Indiana, Miami Dolphins (NFL)
- Lloyd Carr,[18] Michigan
- Jack Harbaugh,[19] Western Michigan, Western Kentucky
- Bill McCartney,[19][20] Colorado
- Frank Maloney,[21] Syracuse
- George Mans,[21] Eastern Michigan
- Les Miles,[22] Oklahoma State, LSU
- Gary Moeller,[18] Illinois, Michigan, Detroit Lions (NFL)
- Don Nehlen,[19] West Virginia
- Tom Reed, Miami University, NC State
- Paul Schudel, Ball State, Central Connecticut State
- Larry Smith,[21] Tulane, Arizona, Southern Cal, Missouri
- Chuck Stobart,[21] Toledo, Utah, Memphis
- Elliot Uzelac,[18] Navy, Western Michigan
- Jim Young,[21] Arizona, Purdue, Army
See also[link]
- List of Michigan Wolverines head football coaches
- List of college football coaches with 200 wins
- List of presidents of the American Football Coaches Association
References[link]
- ^ Schembechler collapses, dies at 77 - College Football - ESPN
- ^ Perry, Will: The Wolverines: A Story of Michigan Football, page 340. The Strode Publishers, 1974.
- ^ Richards, Gregory B. and Larson, Melissa H.: Big-10 Football, page 95. Crescent Books, 1987.
- ^ Sunday night NFL options hardly must see TV
- ^ AP (December 15, 1989). "Schembechler chronology". The Argus-Press. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=O4YyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2KwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2531,4287970. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
- ^ detnews.com | Michigan History
- ^ Newhan, Ross (August 4, 1992). "Bo Gets Ax by Fax : Tigers' Message to Schembechler: You're Fired". LA Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1992-08-04/sports/sp-5216_1_president-bo-schembechler. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
- ^ University of Michigan
- ^ ESPN - Schembechler collapses, dies at 77 - College Football
- ^ SPORTS - Comcast.net
- ^ Bacon, John (2007-11-17). "Bo's lasting lessons: A coach to the end". The Detroit News.
- ^ "Report: Michigan legend Schembechler hospitalized again". ESPN. 2009-11-17. http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=ncf&id=2665880. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ^ page disabled : Lindys Sports
- ^ a b "Video". CNN. November 27, 2006. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1114067/index.htm.
- ^ a b UM vs OSU Woody vs Bo
- ^ BGSUsports.com - Doyt Perry
- ^ Glenn E. Schembechler - Bo Schembechler - Ohio History Central - A product of the Ohio Historical Society
- ^ a b c d 1987 Football Team - University of Michigan Athletics
- ^ a b c 1977 Football Team - University of Michigan Athletics
- ^ Meisler, Natalie (November 22, 2010). "Buffs, Huskers going separate ways after seeing their series turn serious". Denver Post. http://www.denverpost.com/cu/ci_16675705.
- ^ a b c d e 1970 Football Team - University of Michigan Athletics
- ^ 1990 Football Team - University of Michigan Athletics
External links[link]
- Profile at Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan Athletics History
- Bo Schembechler at the College Football Hall of Fame
- Bo Schembechler at the College Football Data Warehouse
- Bo Schembechler at the Internet Movie Database
- Bo Schembechler at Find a Grave
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Schembechler, Bo |
| Alternative names | Schembechler, Glenn Edward |
| Short description | American college football player and coach, sports administrator |
| Date of birth | April 1, 1929 |
| Place of birth | Barberton, Ohio, United States |
| Date of death | November 17, 2006 |
| Place of death | Southfield, Michigan, United States |
http://wn.com/Bo_Schembechler
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Schembechler
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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