Robert Kubica

Robert Kubica at the 2010 Malaysian Grand Prix
Born	(1984-12-07) 7 December 1984 (age 27)
Formula One World Championship career
Nationality	Polish
Active years	2006–2010
Teams	BMW Sauber, Renault
Races	76
Championships	0
Wins	1
Podiums	12
Career points	273
Pole positions	1
Fastest laps	1
First race	2006 Hungarian Grand Prix
First win	2008 Canadian Grand Prix
Last win	2008 Canadian Grand Prix
Last race	2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix

Robert Józef Kubica (Polish pronunciation: [ˈrÉ”bÉ›rt kuˈbitÍ¡sa] ( listen); born 7 December 1984 in Kraków, Poland) is the first Polish racing driver to compete in Formula One. Between 2006 and 2009 he drove for the BMW Sauber F1 team, promoted from test driver to race driver during 2006. In June 2008, Kubica took his maiden F1 victory in the Canadian Grand Prix, becoming the 99th driver to win a World Championship race.

On 6 February 2011, Kubica was seriously injured in a crash at the Ronde di Andora rally, in which his forearm was partially severed.^[1] He was taking part in the rally for personal enjoyment.^[2] The Renault driver told Italian newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport in a bedside interview that he could feel the fingers in his right hand, and is determined to make a swift return to Formula One in 2011.^[3][4] Kubica had to miss the whole 2011 season, and although he is expected to fully recover from his injuries, his future in Formula One racing for the long term remained unclear. In November 2011, Kubica confirmed that he would not be ready for the start of the 2012 season.^[1][5]

Career[link]

Pre-Formula One[link]

Karting[link]

Kubica developed his love for all kinds of cars at the young age of four when he spotted a small off-road vehicle, powered by a 4 bhp (3.0 kW) petrol engine. After long talks with his parents, his father, Artur, bought him the car and young Kubica spent long hours driving around plastic bottles. When he got older it became apparent that he needed better equipment, so his father bought him a go-kart. However, Kubica was too young to start racing in the Polish Karting Championship as he was under the age of ten. When he entered the championship, he won six titles in three years. After his third season, Kubica decided to switch to a more competitive league in Italy. In 1998 Kubica became the first foreigner to win the International Italian Junior Karting Championship.

Kubica also scored second place in the European Junior Karting Championship and won the Junior Monaco Kart Cup held on part of the Formula One Grand Prix track. A year later, he defended his title in Italy and also competed in the International German Karting Championship. He also won the Monaco Kart Cup for the second time in a row, as well as the Margutti Trophy and Elf Masters races. In 2000, his last season in karting, Kubica scored fourth places in both the European and World Championships.

Junior formulae[link]

Kubica with the Epsilon Euskadi team

Kubica started his professional career in 2000, as a test driver for a Formula Renault 2000 car. During his first professional season in Formula Renault, Kubica scored his maiden pole position and also became a member of Renault's driver development programme. In 2002 Kubica won four races and scored a second place in the Italian Formula Renault 2000. He was also seventh in the Formula Renault Eurocup. At the end of the year he took part in a Brazilian Formula Renault 2000 race held at the Interlagos circuit. This one-off appearance resulted in a dominant win.

After Formula Renault, Kubica moved to the Formula Three Euro Series. However, his move was delayed by a road accident which left him with a broken arm, and titanium screws holding it together. At his delayed debut at Norisring, Kubica, driving with a plastic brace and 18 titanium bolts in his arm, won the race. He finished the season in 12th place. At the end of the year, Kubica won a street race in Sardinia and came fifth in races held in Macau and Korea. He ended his second season in the Formula 3 Euro Series, spent with the factory Mercedes team, in 7th position. In November 2004, he scored pole position in the Macau F3 Grand Prix, where he broke the lap record, but finished second in the race.

In 2005 he won the World Series by Renault championship with the Epsilon Euskadi team, earning Formula One tests with Renault.

Formula One (2006–present)[link]

BMW Sauber (2006–2009)[link]

2006[link]

In 2006, Kubica became the official reserve driver for the BMW Sauber Formula One team.^[6] His results in both Friday testing and private test sessions, along with the words of BMW Sauber team principal Mario Theissen, led to speculation that he would become Poland's first ever Formula One racing driver in 2007. In August 2006, Kubica's teammate, Jacques Villeneuve, complained about headaches after his accident during the German Grand Prix; he was deemed unfit to race by the team, against his own belief, and Kubica was chosen by the team management to replace him at the Hungarian Grand Prix.^[7] Kubica qualified ninth, beating his more experienced teammate Nick Heidfeld. In the race, he finished in seventh place, but was disqualified after the race for having an underweight car.^[8] Villeneuve decided to leave the BMW Sauber team soon after the race,^[9] and Kubica's position in the team for the remainder of the season was confirmed by BMW.^[10]

Kubica as BMW Sauber's third driver at the 2006 United States Grand Prix

Kubica had a more disappointing race at the Turkish Grand Prix, finishing in 12th place after a mistake in tyre choice. Heidfeld, who was delayed in a first-corner accident, placed behind Kubica. In his third race, the Italian Grand Prix, Kubica finished in third position, and became the first Polish driver to appear on a Formula One podium, as well as the first Polish driver to lead a Grand Prix. He was the first driver since Alexander Wurz in 1997 to finish on the podium within his first three Formula One starts.

In China, he finished 13th, again after a mistake in tyre choice. After going off track at the first turn of the race, he moved from 17th position to fifth, before pitting. He was the first to change from intermediate tyres to dry tyres after the wet track started to dry. This decision was made too early: a very slow next lap in extremely wet and slippery conditions and another pit stop to change back to intermediates cost him his place in the points.

2007[link]

Kubica driving for BMW Sauber at the 2007 British Grand Prix

Kubica performed well during the 2007 season, finishing consistently in point scoring positions. At the Canadian Grand Prix Kubica had a serious crash approaching the hairpin on lap 27, in which his car made contact with Jarno Trulli's Toyota, and hit a hump in the grass which lifted the car's nose into the air and left him unable to brake or steer. The car then hit the concrete retaining wall and rolled as it came back across the track, striking the opposite wall on the outside of the hairpin and coming to rest on its side.^[11] The speed measured when his car clipped the barrier was 300.13 km/h (186.49 mph), at a 75-degree angle, subjecting Kubica to an average deceleration of 28 g. After data from the onboard accident data recorder had been analysed it was found that he had been subjected to a peak G-force of 75 G.^[12] Under safety car conditions, Kubica was removed from the car and taken to the circuit's medical centre, where he was announced to be "stable", although no information regarding potential injuries was known at this time. Shortly afterwards, his manager Daniele Morelli said Kubica was conscious and talking.^[13] It was initially reported that Kubica could have a broken leg.^[14] However, Mario Theissen later confirmed that he was not seriously injured.^[15][16] Further reports from late evening on race day, directly from the hospital, confirmed that Kubica had suffered a light concussion alongside a sprained ankle. After being kept in overnight for observation, Kubica left hospital the following day.^[17] On 14 June it was announced that as a precaution, Kubica would not race at the United States Grand Prix and would be replaced by test driver Sebastian Vettel.^[18] After missing Indianapolis, he returned for the French Grand Prix where he qualified and finished in fourth place, receiving ITV broadcaster Martin Brundle's driver of the day award. He then went on to finish fourth again at the British Grand Prix.

2008[link]

Kubica's retention as race driver for 2008 was confirmed on 21 August 2007.^[19] Over the first half of the season, Kubica qualified and finished strongly, including his and BMW Sauber's first pole position at the Bahrain Grand Prix and second place finishes at the Malaysian and Monaco Grands Prix.

Kubica achieved the first win of his F1 career at the 2008 Canadian Grand Prix.

On 8 June 2008 at the Canadian Grand Prix, Kubica achieved his first Formula 1 victory. He started second on the grid and passed race leader Lewis Hamilton in the first round of pitstops after the BMW Sauber pit crew completed a faster pitstop. On leaving the pits, Kubica and Kimi Räikkönen's Ferrari halted at the pit lane exit, waiting for the red pit exit light to change. Hamilton, running immediately behind them, missed the light and crashed into Räikkönen's Ferrari, eliminating both cars from the race. Kubica rejoined the race well positioned for the eventual victory. He passed Heidfeld's sister BMW Sauber, running one refuelling stop to Kubica's two stop strategy, and gained the necessary 24 seconds over Heidfeld to ensure that he maintained the lead after his second stop 22 laps later. The BMW Saubers remained first and second to the end of the race.^[20] Kubica later joked that he should thank Hamilton for electing to crash into Räikkönen instead of him.^[21] The win gave Kubica the lead in the drivers' championship.

BMW Sauber's results were weaker over the second half of the season. At the French Grand Prix at Magny-Cours, Kubica finished 5th, reporting that this was a lost race, complaining about aerodynamic problems with the car.^{[citation needed]} Kubica's strongest result of the latter part of the year was in Japan where he qualified sixth. At the start, several drivers braked too late for the first corner. Kubica took an inside line overtaking several cars and emerged in the lead. He led for 16 laps, but lost his lead to Fernando Alonso at the first round of pit stops. Kubica finished second after defending his position towards the end of the race against Räikkönen in a faster Ferrari (his fastest race lap was 0.6 seconds quicker than the Pole's)^[22][23] Apart from that, Kubica achieved podiums in the Street race in Valencia and in the rain affected race at Monza. Kubica finished the year fourth in the drivers' championship.

2009[link]

Kubica driving for BMW Sauber at the 2009 Turkish Grand Prix

At the 2009 season opener in Melbourne, Kubica managed to qualify fourth on the grid. During the race, he was in third place and closing the gap to the front two cars before making contact with Sebastian Vettel while trying to overtake him. After the incident, Kubica continued briefly, but crashed into a wall at the next corner because his front wing had become stuck under the car.^[24] Vettel was later deemed responsible for the accident, and given a 10-place penalty on the grid for the next race in Malaysia.^[25]

BMW motorsport director, Mario Theissen, claimed that Kubica would have won the race ahead of Jenson Button had it not been for Vettel.^[26]

Kubica at the 2009 British Grand Prix

At the Malaysian Grand Prix, Kubica qualified in eighth place, but was promoted to sixth following Vettel's ten-place grid penalty for causing the crash in Australia, and Rubens Barrichello's five-place grid drop for changing his gearbox. However, he retired very early in the race with engine problems. The next two races, the Chinese Grand Prix and the Bahrain Grand Prix were disappointing for the BMW Sauber team as both Kubica and his teammate Heidfeld finished outside the points with a non-competitive car. For the next race in Barcelona, BMW Sauber prepared a modified version of the F1.09. The car proved more competitive but a mistake in fitting the tyres to Kubica's car during Q3 meant he could only qualify in 10th position. In the race, after a bad start (due to a clutch issue)^[27] he finished once more out of the points. Kubica suffered from an engine failure during second practice in Monaco, and retired from the Grand Prix due to a brake issue. At the Turkish Grand Prix, the team introduced the double diffuser. The car's performance improved and Kubica managed to score his first points of the season with a 7th place. In the next 3 races both BMW Sauber drivers finished outside the points again, but during the European and Belgian Grands Prix again proved to be competitive, scoring 8th and 4th positions respectively. In Italy, Kubica suffered engine trouble in qualifying and then retired from the race due to an oil leak. At the Singapore Grand Prix, Kubica finished 8th, defending his position from Kazuki Nakajima and Räikkönen in the last laps. He later stated it was "the most difficult point I have ever scored".^[28][29] At the Brazilian Grand Prix, Kubica scored his first podium of the season despite engine temperature problems by finishing in 2nd place, 7.6 seconds behind winner Mark Webber. The podium was BMW's second of the season.

On 29 July 2009, BMW announced that they would leave Formula One at the end of 2009, which made Kubica a free agent for the 2010 season.^[30][31] For the 2010 season, it was announced that he had signed for Renault F1, the team he tested for during his junior career.^[32]

Renault (2010–2011)[link]

2010[link]

Kubica driving for Renault at the 2010 Bahrain Grand Prix, the opening round of the season.

Kubica moved to the Renault team for 2010. His position was briefly put in doubt, however, by the team evaluating its future in the sport following the 2009 season in the wake of the "Crashgate" scandal and the parent company's financial problems. This resulted in a Luxembourg-based investment firm, Genii Capital, taking a 75% stake in the team; Renault retaining the remaining 25%.^[33] Eric Boullier was also appointed as the new team manager. Kubica said he might not stay with Renault, as his contract was only valid if the parent company had a controlling stake in the team, but he then decided to remain with them.^[34][35] On 31 January 2010, it was announced that Vitaly Petrov was to be Kubica's team-mate.

It was reported in Autosport that Ferrari driver Felipe Massa had until the 2010 British Grand Prix to prove the Maranello outfit that he is worth hanging onto or Kubica could take his seat in 2011.^[36] However Ferrari re-signed Massa for 2011, leaving Kubica without a seat at the Italian team.

On 7 July 2010, it was confirmed that Kubica had extended his contract with Renault to 2012.^[37]

Kubica scored both his and the team's best result of the year with second place at the Australian Grand Prix.

At the opening race of the 2010 season in Bahrain, Kubica was tagged by Adrian Sutil and spun on the opening lap but recovered to 11th. At the next race in Australia, he finished second after starting in ninth position. Fourth in Malaysia and fifth in China left him in seventh place in the drivers' championship, 20 points behind championship leader Jenson Button. Kubica felt that had there not been a second safety car period in China he could have finished on the podium. In Spain he finished eighth, but followed this up with another podium in Monaco, holding third throughout after losing second at the start to Sebastian Vettel. At the Turkish Grand Prix, he was held up behind Nico Rosberg for the second time in the season after Malaysia, and finished sixth.

In Canada, Kubica finished seventh after an eventful race and problems with tyre degradation which made his race difficult,^[38] but did set the first fastest lap of his career in the race's closing stages. He added a fifth in Valencia and seventh in Germany before taking his third podium of the season in Belgium. He was competitive throughout the weekend, qualifying third, and only a bungled pitstop cost him second to Mark Webber. In Singapore, he qualified eighth in front of Schumacher. During the late stages of the race, he was forced to pit from sixth place due to a puncture. He was released from the pits to twelfth place, but with the help from superior grip and a series of overtaking moves—his move against Sutil was favourably compared to the incident between Webber and Hamilton—was able to claim seventh place, ultimately gaining a place from his qualifying result. In Suzuka, he managed to trail the Red Bulls throughout the weekend and translated it into a strong third place in qualifying. However, despite getting a good start and overtaking Webber at the start of the race, but would retire during the safety car period after losing one of his rear tyres.

Formula One journalist Mark Hughes remarked that Kubica is currently "arguably the best driver", considering the season so far. He emphasised Kubica's strong showing in tracks where Hughes believes that the differences in driver skills are able to overwhelm the differences in the capability of the cars; namely, Monaco, Spa and Suzuka.^[39] Kubica managed to finish on the podium behind the Red Bulls except in Suzuka where he was strong throughout the weekend nevertheless, despite retiring from the race through no fault of his own.

2011[link]

Kubica during pre-season testing at Valencia in February 2011.

Kubica was retained by Renault – rebranded as Lotus Renault GP through Lotus Cars sponsorship – into the 2011 season, again partnered by Vitaly Petrov.^[40] He tested the team's new car, the Renault R31, for the first time in Valencia on 2 February.^[40] On the last day of testing in Valencia he set the fastest time of the session.^[41]

On 6 February 2011, Kubica was injured in a crash on the first stage of the Ronde di Andora rally. He was driving a Super 2000-specification Škoda Fabia,^[42] in Testico when his car left the road at high speed and hit a crash barrier,^[43] near the church of San Sebastiano.^[44][45] Kubica was trapped in the car for more than an hour before rescue workers were able to extricate him.^[46] He was flown by helicopter to Santa Corona Hospital in Pietra Ligure^[47] near Savona, where it was confirmed that he had suffered partial amputation of his forearm, compound fractures to his right elbow, shoulder and leg, as well as significant loss of blood.^[46][48][49] The severity of his injuries was the result of the crash barrier penetrating the car's cockpit, and hitting Kubica, while leaving his co-driver unscathed. Kubica underwent a seven hour operation by seven doctors split into two teams, without complications.^[46] Two more lengthy operations to repair fractures to his leg, shoulder and arm were performed successfully a few days later.^[50][51] The condition of his hand was not clear for some time and as a result he missed the 2011 season.^[52][53][54] As he was unable to start the season, Lotus Renault signed Nick Heidfeld as his replacement on 16 February, while Kubica still remained signed with the team for the 2011 season.^[55] Bruno Senna replaced Heidfeld later in the season, at the Belgian Grand Prix. Kubica was released from hospital to begin his rehabilitation on 24 April 2011.^[56] In November 2011 it was announced that Kubica would not be ready for the beginning of the 2012 season, forcing Renault to begin the season with two other drivers, Kimi Räikkönen and Romain Grosjean.^[57]

His recovery was dealt another setback after he re-broke his right leg, when he reportedly slipped on ice near his home in Italy, on 11 January 2012.^[58]

Racing record[link]

Career summary[link]

^† As Kubica was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score points.

Complete Formula Renault 2000 Eurocup results[link]

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

Complete Formula Three Euroseries results[link]

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results[link]

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results[link]

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Footnotes[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Robert Kubica

• Robert Kubica f1.com
• Official web site
• Career details
• Kubica statistics in Formula One
• Robert Kubica at the Internet Movie Database
• Pictures of his rally car after the 2011 crash

This list concerns the historical monarchs of Poland, from the Middle Ages to 1795 and 19th and early 20th century claimants to the Polish throne. For presidents and other heads of state of Poland during the 20th and 21st centuries, see List of heads of state of Poland.

History of Poland
This article is part of a series
Chronology List of Polish monarchs
Prehistory and protohistory
Stone Age
Bronze and Iron Age
Antiquity
Middle Ages
Early Middle Ages
Kingdom of the Piasts (966–1385)
Kingdom of the Jagiellons (1385–1572)
Early Modern
Elective Monarchy (1572–1648)
The Deluge and Decline (1648–1764)
Three Partitions (1764–1795)
Modern
Partitions - Duchies - Kingdoms (1795–1918)
World War 1 (1914–1918)
Second Republic (1918–1939)
World War 2 (1939–1945)
People's Republic (1945–1989)
Contemporary
Third Republic (1989–present)
Poland Portal v t e

Poland, or at least its nucleus, was ruled at various times either by dukes (the 10th-14th century) or by kings (the 11th-18th century). The longest-reigning dynasties were the Piasts (ca. 960 – 1370) and Jagiellons (1386–1572). Intervening and subsequent monarchs were often rulers of foreign countries or princes recruited from foreign dynasties.

During the latter period a tradition of free election of monarchs made it a uniquely electable position in Europe (16th-18th centuries). Polish independence ended with the Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1795) and was restored at the end of World War I (1918) on a republican basis.

Legendary rulers[link]

Ruler		Tribe	Reign	Notes
Lech		Lechites	6th century	legendary founder of the Polish nation
Krakus		Lechites	8th century	legendary founder of Kraków
Wanda		Lechites	8th century	legendary daughter of Krakus

[edit] Semi-legendary rulers of the western Polans (Greater Poland)

Ruler		Dynasty	Reign	Notes
Popiel І		Popielids	Duke, 9th century	a semi-legendary ruler of the West Slavic ("proto-Polish") tribe of Goplans and Polans
Popiel ІІ		Popielids	Duke, 9th century	a semi-legendary ruler of the West Slavic ("proto-Polish") tribe of Goplans and Polans
Siemowit		Piast	Duke, 9th century	semi-legendary son of Piast the Wheelwright
Lestek		Piast	Duke, 9th-10th centuries	semi-legendary son of Siemowit
Siemomysł		Piast	Duke, 10th century	semi-legendary son of Lestko

[edit] Monarchs of Poland

Ruler		Dynasty	Reign	Notes
Mieszko I of Poland		Piast	Duke 960?–992	son of Siemomysł first Christian monarch Misico, dux Wandalorum
Bolesław I the Brave		Piast	Duke 992–1025 King 1025	son of Mieszko I and Dobrawa of Bohemia first to be crowned King Regnum Sclavorum, Gothorum sive Polonorum
Mieszko II Lambert		Piast	King 1025–1031	son of Bolesław I and Emnilda of Lusatia
Bezprym		Piast	Duke 1031–1032	son of Bolesław I and Judith of Hungary (disputed)
Otto Bolesławowic		Piast	Duke 1032	son of Bolesław I and Emnilda
Theodorick (Dytryk)		Piast	Duke 1032	grandson of Mieszko I and Oda of Haldensleben
Mieszko II Lambert		Piast	Duke 1032–1034	restored
Bolesław the Forgotten		Piast	Duke 1034-1039	son of Mieszko II and Richeza of Lotharingia
Casimir I the Restorer		Piast	Duke 1039–1058	son of Mieszko II and Richeza of Lotharingia
Bolesław II the Bold		Piast	Duke 1058–1076 King 1076–1079	son of Casimir I and Maria Dobroniega of Kiev
Władysław I Herman		Piast	Duke 1079–1102	son of Casimir I and Maria Dobroniega
Zbigniew		Piast	Duke 1098–1107	son of Ladislas I and Przecława, Prawdzic coat of arms (disputed) first jointly with Ladislas I 1098-1102
Bolesław III Wrymouth		Piast	Duke 1107–1138	son of Ladislas I and Judith of Bohemia first jointly with Ladislas 1098-1102 introduced senioral principle
Władysław II the Exile		Piast	High Duke 1138–1146	son of Bolesław III and Zbyslava of Kiev also Duke of Silesia exiled by his brothers
Bolesław IV the Curly		Piast	High Duke 1146–1173	son of Bolesław III and Salomea of Berg also Duke of Masovia
Mieszko III the Old		Piast	High Duke 1173–1177	son of Bolesław III and Salomea also Duke of Greater Poland
Casimir II of Poland		Piast	High Duke 1177–1190	son of Bolesław III and Salomea also Duke of Wiślica and Sandomierz
Mieszko III the Old		Piast	High Duke 1190	restored
Casimir II the Just		Piast	High Duke 1190–1194	restored
Leszek I the White		Piast	High Duke 1194–1198	son of Casimir II and Helen of Znojmo also Duke of Sandomierz
Mieszko III the Old		Piast	High Duke 1198–1199	restored
Leszek I the White		Piast	High Duke 1199	restored
Mieszko III the Old		Piast	High Duke 1199-1202	restored
Władysław III Spindleshanks		Piast	High Duke 1202	son of Mieszko III and Eudoxia of Kiev also Duke of Greater Poland
Leszek I the White		Piast	High Duke 1202–1210	restored
Mieszko IV Tanglefoot		Piast	High Duke 1210–1211	son of Ladislas II and Agnes of Babenberg also Duke of Silesia
Leszek I the White		Piast	High Duke 1211–1225	restored
Henryk I the Bearded		Piast	High Duke 1225	grandson of Ladislas II, son of Bolesław I the Tall and Krystyna also Duke of Silesia
Leszek I the White		Piast	High Duke 1225–1227	restored assassinated
Władysław III Spindleshanks		Piast	High Duke 1227–1229	restored
Konrad I of Masovia		Piast	High Duke 1229–1232	son of Casimir II and Helen of Znojmo also Duke of Masovia
Henryk I the Bearded		Piast	High Duke 1232–1238	restored
Henryk II the Pious		Piast	High Duke 1238–1241	son of Henry I and Saint Hedwig of Andechs (Saint Hedwig of Silesia) also Duke of Wroclaw and Greater Poland fell at Battle of Legnica
Bolesław II Rogatka		Piast	High Duke 1241	son of Henry II and Anne of Bohemia also Duke of Silesia
Konrad I of Masovia		Piast	High Duke 1241–1243	restored
Bolesław V the Chaste		Piast	High Duke 1243–1279	son of Leszek the White and Grzymislawa of Luck
Leszek II the Black		Piast	High Duke 1279–1288	paternal grandson of CI maternal grandson of Henry II son of Casimir I of Kuyavia and Constance of Wrocław
Bolesław II of Masovia		Piast	High Duke 1288	grandson of Konrad of Masovia Duke of Masovia
Henryk IV Probus		Piast	High Duke 1288–1289	paternal grandson of Henry II maternal grandson of Konrad I son of Henry III the White and Judyta of Masovia Duke of Lower Silesia
Bolesław II of Masovia		Piast	High Duke 1289	restored
Władysław I the Elbow-high		Piast	High Duke 1289	grandson of Konrad I of Masovia son of Casimir I of Kuyavia and Euphrosyne of Opole
Henryk IV Probus		Piast	High Duke 1289–1290	restored
Przemysł II		Piast	High Duke 1290–1291 King 1295–1296	grandson of Henry II son of Przemysł I and Elisabeth of Wrocław also Duke of Poznań, Greater Poland and Pomerania
Wenceslaus II of Bohemia (Wacław II Czeski)		Přemyslid	High Duke 1291–1300 King 1300–1305	son of Ottokar II of Bohemia and Kunigunda of Slavonia married Premyslas II's daughter Elisabeth Richeza of Poland also King of Bohemia
Wenceslaus III of Bohemia (Wacław III Czeski)		Přemyslid	King 1305–1306	son of Wenceslaus II and Judith of Habsburg uncrowned assassinated
Władysław I the Elbow-high		Piast	High Duke 1306–1320 King 1320–1333	restored re-united the Kingdom of Poland
Casimir III the Great		Piast	King 1333–1370	son of Ladislas IV/I and Hedwig of Kalisz regarded as one of the greatest Polish monarchs
Louis I of Hungary (Ludwik Węgierski)		Anjou	King 1370–1382	son of Charles I of Hungary and Elisabeth of Poland nephew of Casimir III elected King and crowned on 17 November also King of Hungary
Jadwiga of Poland		Anjou	King 1384–1399	daughter of Louis I and Elisabeth of Bosnia crowned "king", 1384 reigned jointly with her husband Władysław II Jagiełło from 1386

[edit] Kings of Poland and Grand Dukes of Lithuania

[edit] Jagiellon Dynasty

Ruler		Dynasty	Reign Began	Reign Ended	Notes
Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila)		Jagiellon	4 March 1386	1 June 1434	son of Algirdas of Lithuania and Uliana of Tver Grand Duke of Lithuania, 1377-1434 reigned jointly with his wife Jadwiga till 1399 the longest-reigning king of Poland
Władysław III of Varna (Władysław Warneńczyk, Vladislovas III)		Jagiellon	25 July 1434	10 November 1444	son of Władysław II Jagiełło and Sophia of Halshany also king of Hungary, as Ulászló I fell at Battle of Varna, in Bulgaria, hence called "of Varna"
Casimir IV Jagiellon (Kazimierz Jagiellończyk, Kazimieras Jogailaitis)		Jagiellon	25 June 1447	7 June 1492	son of Ladislas II and Sophia of Halshany also Grand Duke of Lithuania, 1440–92
John I Albert (Jan Olbracht, Jonas Albrechtas)		Jagiellon	23 September 1492	16 June 1501	son of Casimir IV and Elisabeth of Austria
Alexander Jagiellon (Aleksander, Aleksandras)		Jagiellon	12 December 1501	19 August 1506	son of Casimir IV and Elisabeth of Austria also Grand Duke of Lithuania 1492-1506
Sigismund I the Old (Zygmunt Stary, Žygimantas Senasis)		Jagiellon	8 December 1506	1 April 1548	son of Casimir IV and Elisabeth of Austria also Grand Duke of Lithuania forced Prussian Homage in 1525 annexed Duchy of Masovia in 1526 entered alliance with Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Sigismund II Augustus (Zygmunt August, Žygimantas Augustas)		Jagiellon	1 April 1548	7 July 1572	son of Sigismund I and Bona Sforza also Grand Duke of Lithuania replaced the personal union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with a real union and an elective monarchy (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) in 1569

[edit] Kings of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Ruler		Dynasty	Reign Began	Reign Ended	Notes
Henryk Walezy (Henry III)		Valois	21 February 1574	12 May 1575	son of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici abandoned the Polish-Lithuanian throne three months after his coronation in order to become King of France
Anna		Jagiellon	King 15 December 1575	12 December 1586	daughter of Sigismund I and Bona Sforza reigned together with her husband Stephen Báthory
Stefan Batory (Stephen I Báthory)		Báthory	15 December 1575	12 December 1586	son of Stephen VIII Báthory and Catherine Telegdi Prince of Transylvania reigned together with his wife Anna regarded as one of the greatest kings of Poland
Zygmunt III (Sigismund III )		Vasa	18 September 1587	19 April 1632	grandson of Sigismund I son of John III of Sweden and Catherine Jagellon also King of Sweden 1592-1599, titular King 1599-1632
Władysław IV		Vasa	8 November 1632	20 May 1648	son of Sigismund III and Anne of Austria Titular Tsar of Russia 1610-1634, titular King of Sweden 1632-1648
Jan II Kazimierz (John II Casimir)		Vasa	20 November 1648	16 September 1668	son of Sigismund III and Constance of Austria Titular King of Sweden 1648-1660 abdicated
Michał Korybut (Michael I)		Wiśniowiecki	19 June 1669	10 November 1673	son of a successful but controversial military commander, Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, and Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska
Jan III (John III)		Sobieski	21 May 1674	17 June 1696	son of Jakub Sobieski and Zofia Teofillia Daniłowicz most famous for his brilliant victory over the Turks at the Battle of Vienna in 1683
August II Mocny (Augustus II the Strong)		Wettin	15 September 1697	16 February 1704 (deposed) 24 September 1706 (abdicates)	son of John George III and Anna Sophie of Denmark Elector of Saxony as Frederick Augustus I, 1694–1733
Stanisław I		Leszczyński	4 October 1705	8 August 1709	son of Rafał Leszczyński and Anna Jabłonowska yielded to Augustus II
August II Mocny (Augustus II the Strong)		Wettin	8 August 1709	1 February 1733	restored
Stanisław I		Leszczyński	12 September 1733	30 June 1734 (deposed) 27 January 1736 (abdicates)	restored defeated in War of the Polish Succession became Duke of Lorraine until his death
August III Sas (Augustus III)		Wettin	17 January 1734 (in opposition) 30 June 1734 (effectively)	5 October 1763	son of Augustus II and Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
Stanisław II August		Poniatowski	25 November 1764	7 January 1795	son of Stanisław Poniatowski and Konstancja Czartoryska forced to abdicate when the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (the Polish Republic since May 3, 1791) ceased to exist

[edit] Claim made by foreign states after Partitions of Poland

[edit] Kings and Tsars of the Kingdom of Poland

Ruler		Dynasty	Reign Began	Reign Ended	Notes
Alexander I (Aleksander I)		Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov	9 June 1815	1 December 1825	The Kingdom of Poland created at the Congress of Vienna and therefore dubbed "Congress Poland".
Nicholas I (Mikołaj I)		Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov	1 December 1825	2 March 1855	deposed by the Polish Parliament (Sejm) on 25 January 1831 during November Uprising (1830–1831), autonomy abolished in 1832.
Alexander II (Aleksander II)		Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov	2 March 1855	13 March 1881	The Kingdom of Poland annexed into the Russian Empire after January Uprising (1863–1864), and the name of the kingdom was changed to Vistula Land (1867–1915)
Alexander III (Aleksander III)		Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov	13 March 1881	1 November 1894
Nicholas II (Mikołaj II)		Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov	1 November 1894	15 March 1917	during World War I "Vistula Land" was looted and abandoned by the retreating Russian army in 1915; abdicated in 1917

[edit] Kings and Queens of Galicia and Lodomeria (Galicja)

Ruler		Dynasty	Reign Began	Reign Ended	Notes
Maria Theresa (Maria Teresa)		Habsburg	22 September 1772	29 November 1780	the area annexed by the Habsburg Monarchy in the First Partition of Poland (the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth); Empress Maria Theresa of Austria (who was also Queen of Hungary, Queen of Bohemia, etc.) recalled the old Hungarian claims to the Regnum Galiciæ et Lodomeriæ, and Czech claims to the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator
Joseph II (Józef II)		Habsburg-Lorraine	29 November 1780	20 February 1790
Leopold II (Leopold II)		Habsburg-Lorraine	20 February 1790	1 March 1792
Francis II (Franciszek II)		Habsburg-Lorraine	1 March 1792	2 March 1835	the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he abdicated and the Empire was formally dissolved. In 1804, he had founded the Austrian Empire and became Francis I, the first Emperor of Austria (Kaiser von Österreich)
Ferdinand I (Ferdynand I)		Habsburg-Lorraine	2 March 1835	2 December 1848	after the unsuccessful Cracow Uprising of 1846, the Free City of Cracow was annexed by Austria on 16 November 1846 as the Grand Duchy of Cracow; the full official name of the province was extended to Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and the Grand Duchy of Cracow with the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator
Francis Joseph I (Franciszek Józef I)		Habsburg-Lorraine	2 December 1848	21 November 1916	after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, and the reorganization of the Empire as the Dual Monarchy, a broad autonomy was granted to Galicia and Lodomeria within Cisleithania, the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary
Charles I (Karol I)		Habsburg-Lorraine	21 November 1916	11 November 1918	renounced all participation in affairs of state but did not abdicate

[edit] Dukes of Warsaw (Warszawa)

Ruler		Dynasty	Reign Began	Reign Ended	Notes
Frederick Augustus I (Fryderyk August)		Wettin	9 July 1807	14 March 1813	grandson of Augustus III King of Saxony 1805–1827 Duchy of Warsaw established by Napoleon I in 1807 as a protectorate of the French Empire, dissolved at the Congress of Vienna and divided into the Kingdom of Poland, protectorate of the Russian Empire, and the Grand Duchy of Posen, protectorate of the Kingdom of Prussia

[edit] Dukes of Dantzig (Gdańsk)

Ruler		Dynasty	Reign Began	Reign Ended	Notes
François Joseph Lefebvre (Franciszek Józef Lefebvre)		Lefebvre	9 September 1807	2 January 1814	Free City of Danzig, a semi-independent state established by Napoleon I in 1807, dissolved at the Congress of Vienna and reincorporated into Prussia

[edit] Grand Dukes of Posen (Poznań)

Ruler		Dynasty	Reign Began	Reign Ended	Notes
Frederick William III (Fryderyk Wilhelm III)		Hohenzollern	9 June 1815	7 June 1840	The Grand Duchy of Posen created at the Congress of Vienna; represented by Duke-Governor Antoni Radziwiłł until 1831.
Frederick William IV (Fryderyk Wilhelm IV)		Hohenzollern	7 June 1840	2 January 1861	autonomy abolished on June 28, 1848; the Grand Duchy was formally replaced by the Province of Posen in the Prussian constitution of 5 December 1848.
William I (Wilhelm I)		Hohenzollern	2 January 1861	9 March 1888	The Province of Posen, within the Kingdom of Prussia, became a part of the German Empire (1871–1918)
Frederick III (Fryderyk III)		Hohenzollern	9 March 1888	15 June 1888
William II (Wilhelm II)		Hohenzollern	15 June 1888	9 November 1918	abdicated in 1918

See also[link]

• Kings of Poland family tree
• Royal coronations in Poland
• Dukes of Greater Poland
• Dukes of Masovia
• Dukes of Pomerania
• Dukes of Sieradz-Å�Ä™czyca
• Dukes of Silesia
• List of Galician rulers
• List of heads of state of Poland
• List of Prime Ministers of Poland
• List of Poles

External links[link]

• Górczyk, Wojciech, "Półksiężyc, orzeÅ‚, lew i smok. Uwagi o godÅ‚ach napieczÄ™tnych Piastów" Histmag.org June 14, 2009