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First Nations
First Nations is a term of ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis. There are currently over 630 recognised First Nations governments or bands spread across Canada, roughly half of which are in the provinces of Ontario and British Columbia. The total population is nearly 700,000 people. Under the Employment Equity Act, First Nations are a "designated group", along with women, visible minorities, and persons with physical or mental disabilities. They are not defined as a visible minority under the Act or by the criteria of Statistics Canada.
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Gwich’in
The Gwich’in (sometimes rendered as Kutchin or Gwitchin), literally "one who dwells" or "resident of [a region]", are a First Nations/Alaska Native people who live in the northwestern part of North America mostly above the Arctic Circle. The Gwichʼin were also known by the French name of Loucheux ("squinters") in historical documents, as well as the Tukudh used by Anglican missionaries. Gwich’in often self-reference using the term "Dinjii Zhuu" instead of Gwich’in. Dinjii Zhuu literally translates as "Small People" but figuratively it refers to 'Indians', not just Gwich’in.
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Inuit
The Inuit are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada (Northwest Territories, Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland), Russia (Siberia) and the United States (Alaska). The Inuit language is grouped under Eskimo-Aleut languages. An Inuk is an Inuit person.
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Netsilingmiut
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Nunatamiut
The Nunatamiut (people of the land) are an Alaskan Inuit nomadic group who lived in the Alaskan interior and were known as great caribou hunters. When caribou numbers dwindled in the 1800s, some Nunatamiut migrated towards the Mackenzie River delta. Around 1910, with continued insufficient caribou to sustain the native hunting grounds, further Nunatamiut migration occurred into the Siglit area spurred by increased demand for furs by the Hudson's Bay Company and the possibility of jobs within the whaling industry. The Inuvialuit of the Siglit area were unhappy with the arrival of the Nunatamiut, afraid that the Nunatamuit would deplete the Inuvialuit's Bluenose caribou herd. But the Nunatamiut, inland hunters of the Inupiat region, were in high demand by the American whalers.
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Thule people
The Thule (, , or ) or proto-Inuit were the ancestors of all modern Inuit. They developed in coastal Alaska by AD 1000 and expanded eastwards across Canada, reaching Greenland by the 13th century. In the process, they replaced people of the earlier Dorset culture that had previously inhabited the region. The appellation "Thule" originates from the location of Thule (in 1953 relocated to Qaanaaq) in northwest Greenland, facing Canada, where the archaeological remains of the people were first found at Comer's Midden. The links between the Thule and the Inuit are biological, cultural, and linguistic.
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Uummarmiut
The Uummarmiut (people of the green trees) is the name given to the Inuvialuit who live predominantly in the Mackenzie Delta communities of Aklavik and Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada. Their language is known as Uummarmiutun, an Inupiaq dialect of the Alaskan branch of the Eskimo-Aleut languages.
http://wn.com/Uummarmiut
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Alaska () is the largest state of the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Approximately half of Alaska's 698,473 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. As of 2009, Alaska remains the least densely populated state of the U.S.
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Amundsen Gulf is a gulf located in Canadian Northwest Territories, between Banks Island and Victoria Island and the mainland . It is approximately in length and about across where it meets the Beaufort Sea.
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The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region, is the smallest, and shallowest of the world's five major oceanic divisions. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea, classifying it as one of the mediterranean seas of the Atlantic Ocean. Alternatively, the Arctic Ocean can be seen as the northernmost lobe of the all-encompassing World Ocean.
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The Beaufort Sea () is the portion of the Arctic Ocean located north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska and west of Canada's Arctic islands. The sea is named after Huguenot-Irish hydrographer Sir Francis Beaufort. The major Mackenzie River empties into the Canadian part of the sea, west of Tuktoyaktuk, which is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea shores.
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#REDIRECTGjoa Haven, Nunavut
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Northern Canada, colloquially the North, is the vast northernmost region of Canada variously defined by geography and politics. Politically, the term refers to the three territories of Canada: Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. Similarly, the Far North (when contrasted to the North) may refer to the Canadian Arctic: the portion of Canada north of the Arctic Circle.
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Nunavut (from Inuktitut: ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ) is the largest and newest federal territory of Canada; it was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, though the actual boundaries had been established in 1993. The creation of Nunavut – meaning "our land" in Inuktitut – resulted in the first major change to Canada's map since the incorporation of the new province of Newfoundland in 1949.
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#REDIRECTPaulatuk, Northwest Territories
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Repulse Bay ( ᓇᐅᔮᑦ literally “seagulls’ nesting place”) is an Inuit hamlet located on the shore of Hudson Bay, Kivalliq Region, in Nunavut, Canada.
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Tuktoyaktuk, or Tuktuyaaqtuuq (Inuvialuktun: it looks like a caribou), is an Inuvialuit hamlet located in the Inuvik Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. Commonly referred to simply by its first syllable, Tuk, the settlement lies north of the Arctic Circle on the shore of the Arctic Ocean. Formerly known as Port Brabant, the community was renamed in 1950 as part of Canada's new trend at that time, changing community names to those originally given by the Native inhabitants.
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Yukon Territory or the Yukon is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three federal territories. It was named after the Yukon River. The word Yukon means "Great River" in Gwich’in. The territory's capital is Whitehorse.
http://wn.com/Yukon
- Aklavik
- Aklavik Indian Band
- Alaska
- Amundsen Gulf
- Arctic Ocean
- Beaufort Sea
- Cambridge Bay
- Canada 2006 Census
- CBC.ca
- Copper Inuit
- First Nations
- Gjoa Haven
- Gwich’in
- Hudson's Bay Company
- Inuinnaqtun
- Inuit
- Inuktitut syllabics
- Inupiatun
- Inuvialuktun
- Inuvik
- Kangiryuarmiut
- Kangiryuarmiutun
- Kugaaruk
- Kugluktuk
- Latin alphabet
- Natsilingmiutut
- Netsilingmiut
- Northern Canada
- Nunatamiut
- Nunavut
- Paulatuk
- Reindeer
- Repulse Bay, Nunavut
- Sachs Harbour
- Siglit
- Siglitun
- Taloyoak
- Thule people
- Tuktoyaktuk
- ulu
- Ulukhaktok
- Uummarmiut
- Uummarmiutun
- Yukon
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- 1984 in Canada
- Aklavik
- Aklavik Indian Band
- Alaska
- Amundsen Gulf
- Arctic Ocean
- Beaufort Sea
- Cambridge Bay
- Canada 2006 Census
- CBC.ca
- Copper Inuit
- First Nations
- Gjoa Haven
- Gwich’in
- Hudson's Bay Company
- Inuinnaqtun
- Inuit
- Inuktitut syllabics
- Inupiatun
- Inuvialuktun
- Inuvik
- Kangiryuarmiut
- Kangiryuarmiutun
- Kugaaruk
- Kugluktuk
- Latin alphabet
- Natsilingmiutut
- Netsilingmiut
- Northern Canada
- Nunatamiut
- Nunavut
- Paulatuk
- Reindeer
- Repulse Bay, Nunavut
- Sachs Harbour
- Siglit
- Siglitun
- Taloyoak
- Thule people
- Tuktoyaktuk
- ulu
- Ulukhaktok
- Uummarmiut
- Uummarmiutun
- Yukon
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History/Migration
Before the 20th century. the Inuvialuit Settlement Region was primarily inhabited by Siglit Inuit, but in the second half of the 19th century, their numbers were decimated by the introduction of new diseases. Nunatamiut, Alaskan Inuit, moved into traditional Siglit areas in the 1910s and 20s, enticed in part by renewed demand for furs from the Hudson's Bay Company and European markets. The Nunatamiut who settled in the Siglit area became known as Uummarmiut. Originally, there was an intense dislike between the Siglit and the Uummarmiut, but these differences faded over the years, and the two aboriginal peoples intermarried. With improved healthcare and Nunatamiut intermarriage, the Inuvialuit now number approximately 3,100.The Inuvialuit Settlement Region Traditional Knowledge Report of 2006 identified additional naming characteristics. Those Inuvialuit who live in the west are called Ualinirmiut (Ualiniq) by the people of the east. The Inuvialuit who occupy the east are known as Kivaninmiut (Kivaliniq) by the people of the west.
The Inuit of Ulukhaktok are neither Siglit nor Uummarmiut but are Copper Inuit and refer to themselves as Ulukhaktokmuit after Ulukhaktok, the native name for what used to be called Holman.
The proposed Mackenzie Valley Pipeline would pass through both Inuvialuit and Gwich'in territory.
Language
The traditional language is known as Inuvialuktun and it is made up of three or four dialects. Uummarmiutun spoken by the Uummarmiut of Aklavik and Inuvik is an Inupiatun dialect but is usually associated with Inuvialuktun. Siglitun is spoken by the Siglit of Sachs Harbour, Paulatuk, Tuktoyaktuk and Inuvik. Kangiryuarmiutun is used by the Kangiryuarmiut of Ulukhaktok. Kangiryuarmiutun is essentially the same as Inuinnaqtun which is also used in the Nunavut communities of Kugluktuk, Bathurst Inlet and Cambridge Bay. Natsilingmiutut used by the Netsilingmiut of Gjoa Haven, Taloyoak, Kugaaruk and Repulse Bay in Nunavut. Uummarmiutun, Siglitun and Inuinnaqtun (Kangiryuarmiutun) are all written using Roman orthography while Natsilingmiutut is written in Inuktitut syllabics.
Culture
Year-round, Inuvialuit hunt caribou from the Cape Bathurst and Bluenose herds, and have also shared the Porcupine herd with the Gwich’in. There has been some tension between the Inuvialuit and the Gwich’in over caribou hunting. Other activities are seasonal:Traditional games include:
Communities
Colspan=9 Align=Center Bgcolor=#Ccccff | Inuvialuit communities | |||||||
Colspan=2 Align=Center | Community | English translation | 2006 population| | Inuvaluit | First Nations | Métis people (Canada)>Métis | Other Aboriginal | non-Aboriginal |
Colspan=2 Align=Left | Aklavik | "barren-ground grizzly place"| | 594 | 350 | 185 | 10 | 0 | 40 |
Colspan=2 Align=Left | Inuvik | "place of man"| | 3,484 | 1,335 | 630 | 160 | 0 | 1,260 |
Colspan=2 Align=Left | Paulatuk | "place of coal"| | 294 | 260 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 |
Colspan=2 Align=Left | Sachs Harbour | traditionally called Ikahuak, meaning "where you go across to"| | 122 | 105 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 15 |
Colspan=2 Align=Left | Tuktoyaktuk | "resembling a caribou"; formerly known as Port Brabant| | 870 | 705 | 20 | 10 | 0 | 145 |
Colspan=2 Align=Left | Ulukhaktok | "a large bluff where we used to collect raw material to make ulus", formerly known as Holman| | 398 | 360 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 30 |
The area of the land covered by the Inuvialuit Settlement Region is . Aklavik (Aklavik Indian Band, Ehdiitat Gwich’in Council) and Inuvik (Nihtat Gwich’in Council) are shared with the Gwich’in people who are represented by the Gwich’in Tribal Council.
References
External links
Category:Inuit groups Category:Indigenous peoples of North America Category:Copper Inuit Category:Inuktitut words and phrases
av:БакътӀерхьул Канадаялъул инуитал ik:Qakmalialuk tr:Batı Kanada İnuitleri
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