Koreans in Peru (Spanish: coreanos en Perú) formed Latin America's seventh-largest Korean diaspora community as of 2011^[update], according to the statistics of South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade.^[1] They are relatively small in size compared to the other Asian communities in Peru.

Migration history[link]

The first Korean migrant to Peru is believed to have been Park Man-bok, who was invited to Peru to coach the women's national volleyball team in 1972. Under his tutelage, the team would go onto a variety of successes in the 1980s, culminating in the winning of a silver medal for their country at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.^[2][3][4][5]

However, few of Park's countrymen joined him in Peru; as late as 1985, there were only nine Korean families resident in the country, totalling 27 individuals.^[2] A large portion did not come directly from Korea, but had instead first settled in Bolivia, Paraguay, or Chile. The population began to increase in 1993, as the economic and social situation in Peru stabilised; during the 1990s, roughly two or three new Korean families arrived in Peru every month.^[2][3] However, after 1997, their population fell by nearly 56% from 1,774 to just 788 by 2005, largely due to outward migration to Mexico and Guatemala in 1998 and 1999; some of those who had arrived via Chile also returned there.^[2][6]

By 2011, Peru's Korean population had recovered slightly to 1,305. According to South Korean government statistics, 24 took up Peruvian nationality, 342 stayed in Peru as permanent residents, 30 were international students, and the remaining 909 had other kinds of visas.^[1]

Professions[link]

The economic profile of the Korean community in Peru is widely varied and has continued to shift over the years. In the 1980s, many were involved in calamari fishing. The roughly 900 Koreans resident in Peru in 2001 included among their number 500 business people, 90 representatives of the South Korean government, 48 factory owners, 39 religious workers, and 25 sportspeople.^[3] Many businesspeople are involved in the import of products from South Korea, especially used cars, computers, and construction equipment; however, the largest portion of Koreans in Peru are involved with the textile industry.^[2]

Aside from Park Man-bok, other Koreans have made notable contributions to sport in Peru. Lee Ki-Hyung, a 1973 taekwondo world champion, went on to work as a martial arts instructor in the Peruvian Air Force.^[2] Chung Eui-Hwang, 9th dan black belt and four-time taekwondo world champion, arrived in Peru in 1979, and from then until 1989 trained the Military Academy of Chorrillos, the Peruvian Commando Special Forces, the Technical Academy of the Military, and the First Brigade of the Special Forces.^[7] These efforts began the trend of popularisation of taekwondo in Peru, which grew to 30,000 practitioners as of 2005^[update].^[2]

Politics[link]

Despite the small size of its Korean population, Peru was the site of a major precedent for Korean immigrants' political integration when the city of Chanchamayo, Junín elected Mario Jung (정흥원, also spelled Mario Yung) as its mayor in 2011.^[8] Jung thus became the first mayor of Korean descent not just in Peru but in all of South America, even though neighbouring countries such as Brazil have larger Korean populations and a much longer history of migration from Korea.^[9] Jung, a South Korean citizen, had originally settled in Argentina in 1986 before coming to Peru in 1996.^[9][10] Politically, Jung is a supporter of Fujimorism, and was known locally for his charitable work with the poor. Peruvian law requires that the president and members of Congress be Peruvian citizens, but does not place any requirements on lower-level politicians. Jung's inauguration was attended by South Korean consul Lee You-bum on behalf of ambassador Han Byung-kil.^[11][12]

Religion[link]

Unlike the surrounding population, many Koreans in Peru are Protestant rather than Catholic. The largest Korean church in Peru, the Iglesia Evangélica Coreana, claims roughly 250 attendees. However, Korean Catholics in Peru also have a parish devoted to them, the Parroquia San Andrés Kim, named for the Korean saint Andrew Kim Taegon.^[2]

References[link]

v t e Korean diaspora Africa Canary Islands1 · South Africa Americas Argentina · Brazil · Canada · Chile · Cuba · Guatemala · Mexico · Paraguay · Peru · United States (Hawaii) · Uruguay Asia Arab world · China (Hong Kong) · India · Indonesia · Iran · Japan · Malaysia · Mongolia · Nepal · Philippines · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Taiwan · Thailand · Vietnam Europe Czech Republic · France · Germany · Netherlands · Poland · Russia (Sakhalin · North Koreans) · Spain · United Kingdom Oceania Australia · New Zealand · Micronesia Related topics Languages Koryo-mar · Zainichi Korean Misc. Adoptees · Koreatowns · Koryo-saram · North Korean defectors 1 An autonomous community of Spain off the northwest coast of Africa

Koreans
한국인/韓國人
조선인/朝鮮人

1st row: Eulji Mundeok • Wang Geon • King Sejong 2nd row: Yun Duseo • Kim Jeonghui • Kim Gu 3rd row: Kim Dae-jung • Park Ji-Sung • Kim Yu-na
Korean people
Total population
80,000,000 (est.)[1]
Regions with significant populations
South Korea      50,062,000 (2009 est.)[2]  North Korea      24,051,218 (2009 est.)[3] Overseas populations as of 2009[update]
People's Republic of China 2,336,771 [4]  United States 2,102,283 [4][5]  Japan 904,512 [4]  Canada 223,322 [4]  Russia 222,027 [4][6]  Uzbekistan 175,939 [4]  Australia 125,669 [4]  Philippines 115,400 [4]  Kazakhstan 103,952 [4]  Vietnam 88,120 [4]  Denmark 48,419 [4]  United Kingdom 45,295 [4]  Thailand 40,370 [4]  Ukraine 35,000 [7]  Indonesia 31,760 [4]  Germany 31,248 [4]  New Zealand 30,792 [4]  Argentina 22,024 [4]  Kyrgyzstan 19,420 [4]  France 14,738 [4]  Malaysia 14,580 [4]  Singapore 13,509 [4]  Mexico 12,072 [4]  Guatemala 9,921 [4]  India 8,337 [4]  Sweden 7,000 [4]  Paraguay 5,229 [4]  Cambodia 4,772 [4]  Italy 4,203 [4]  South Africa 3,949
Languages
Korean speakers: 78 million (1999 est.)[8]
Religion
Korean Christianity, Korean Buddhism, Muism (Korean Shamanism), Cheondoism. Large non-religious and atheist segment. Background of Korean Confucianism.[9][10]

This article contains Korean text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Hangul or Hanja.

The Korean people are an ethnic group originating in the Korean peninsula.

Names[link]

South Koreans call Koreans Hanguk-in (한국인; 韓國人)—or simply 한인/Han-in for South Koreans living abroad—or informally Hanguk saram (한국 사람; 韓國 사람), while North Koreans call Koreans Chosŏnin (조선인; 朝鮮人) or Chosŏn saram (조선 사람; 朝鮮 사람). See Names of Korea, Korean romanization, Hangul (한글) and Hanja (한자).

Origins[link]

Linguistic and archaeological studies[link]

Koreans are believed^{[by whom?]} to be descendants of peoples of Manchuria, often said to be Altaic-^[11][12] or proto-Altaic^[13]-speaking tribes, linking them with Mongols, Turkic and Tungusic peoples. Archaeological evidence suggests proto-Koreans were migrants from south-central Siberia,^[14] who populated ancient Korea in successive waves from the Neolithic age to the Bronze Age.^[15] The same tomb style is an indication telling who lived there. The largest concentration of dolmen in the world is found on the Korean peninsula. In fact, with an estimated 35,000 dolmen Korea counts for nearly 40% of the world’s total. Similar dolmens can be found outside of Korea, in Manchuria, Shandong, and Kyushu. Yet it is unclear why this culture only flourished so extensively on the Korean peninsula in the area of Northeastern Asia.^[16]

Genetic studies[link]

Studies of polymorphisms in the human Y-chromosome have so far produced evidence to suggest that the Korean people have a long history as a distinct, mostly endogamous ethnic group, with successive waves of people moving to the peninsula and three major Y-chromosome haplogroups.^[17]

Y-DNA haplogroups[link]

Korean males display a high frequency of Haplogroup O2b* (P49), a subclade of possibly Manchurian origin, and O3 (M122), a common Y-DNA haplogroup among East Asians in general.^[18][19] Haplogroup O2b* occurs in approximately 14%^[20][21][22] to 33%^[23] of all Korean males, while haplogroup O3 has been found in approximately 40% of sampled Korean males.^[21][24][25]

Korean males also exhibit a moderate frequency of Haplogroup C3. Haplogroup C3 is thought to be the original inhabitants of the area related to the Evenks.

mtDNA haplogroups[link]

Studies of Korean mtDNA lineages have shown that there is a high frequency of Haplogroup D4, ranging from approximately 23% among ethnic Koreans in Arun Banner, Inner Mongolia^[26] to approximately 27% among ethnic Koreans in Jilin, China and South Korea.^[22] Haplogroup D4 is the modal mtDNA haplogroup among Koreans and among northern East Asians in general. Haplogroup B, which occurs very frequently in many populations of Southeast Asia, Polynesia, and the Americas, is found in approximately 10% (5/48 ethnic Koreans from Arun Banner, Inner Mongolia) to 15% (27/185 Koreans from South Korea) of Koreans.^[22][26] Haplogroup A has been detected in approximately 8% (15/185 Koreans from South Korea) to 15% (7/48 ethnic Koreans from Arun Banner, Inner Mongolia) of Koreans.^[22][26] Haplogroup A is the most common mtDNA haplogroup among the Chukchi, Eskimo, Na-Dene, and many Amerind ethnic groups of North and Central America.

The other half of the Korean mtDNA pool consists of an assortment of various haplogroups, each found with relatively low frequency, such as G, N9, F, D5, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, R11, C, Z and Q1a1.^[22]

Sung-Soo Hung of the Department of Biology at Seoul National University found that Mongoloids, including Koreans, were relatively homogenous in 9-bp deletion type of the mtDNA COM/ tRNA^Lys intergenic region and Hung found 16% of Koreans in Seoul (N=175) had this mutation while only 7.8% of Koreans in Cheju (N=38) had this mutation.^[27]

Autosomal studies[link]

In an autosomal study led by Yale University researchers, Koreans differentiated from the Chinese groups and clustered with the Japanese in the principal component analysis and in the best least-squares tree. The majority of Koreans were difficult to distinguish from the Japanese.^[28]. Other study done by National University of Singapore concluded similarly that the Koreans are more closely related to the Japanese and quite distant from the Chinese.^[29]. A study led by Korean researchers found that of the East Asians, the Koreans are the most genetically distant from Africans. In the same study, the Japanese are relatively close to southwest Koreans from the Jeolla regions than to Koreans in the midwest region, while Koreans in the midwest region are close to Manchurian populations.^[30]

A recent paper published in 2009 shows Koreans have no Austronesian DNA, whereas the Japanese and Chinese have some Austronesian DNA in their genome. Among the East Asians, Koreans share the least DNA with the Austronesians, while the Han Chinese have the most DNA in common with Austronesians, indicating some interaction between Austronesians and Han Chinese.^[31] The Japanese are shown to have slightly more DNA in common with Austronesians than the Koreans.^[32]

Regional differences[link]

Distinct regional differences, culturally and politically, exist among the Koreans, as they do among other ethnicities.

Within South Korea, the most important regional difference is between the Yeongnam region, embracing Gyeongsangbuk-do and Gyeongsangnam-do provinces in the southeast, and the Honam region, embracing Jeollabuk-do and Jeollanam-do provinces in the southwest. This regional rivalry is said to reach back to the Three Kingdoms Period, which lasted from the fourth to the seventh century A.D., when the kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla struggled for control of the peninsula.

Observers noted that interregional marriages are rare, as the two areas have been long separated. As of 1990, a new four-lane highway completed in 1984 between Gwangju and Daegu, the capitals of Jeollanam-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do, had limited success in promoting travel between the two areas.

South Korea's political elite, including presidents Park Chung-hee, Chun Doo-hwan, and Roh Tae-woo, have come largely from the Yeongnam region. As a result, Yeongnam has been a special beneficiary of government development assistance. By contrast, historically the Honam region has remained comparatively rural and undeveloped. Regional social disturbances intensified in the May 1980 Gwangju Democratization Movement or 5.18 Democratization Movement, in which about 200 and perhaps many more college students and citizens of the Gwangju were killed by Chun Doo-hwan's troops. They were sent to quell demonstrations of students and citizens against the government and the military regime. Chun Doo-hwan represented the Gwangju Democratization Movement as if it had been infiltrated by communism by controlling the media. The demonstrations against the military regime occurred all over the country, but only Gwangju was heavily damaged in retaliation. Because the Saenuri (New Frontier Party) stems from the military regime, the people of Honam don't vote for Saenuri in most elections.

Regional stereotypes, like regional dialects, have been breaking down under the influence of centralized education, nationwide media, and the several decades of population movement since the Korean War. Stereotypes remain important, however, in the eyes of many South Koreans. For example, the people of Gyeonggi-do, surrounding Seoul, are described as being cultured, and Chungcheong people, inhabiting the region embracing Chungcheongbuk-do and Chungcheongnam-do provinces, are thought to be mild-mannered, manifesting true yangban virtues. The people of Gangwon-do in the northeast were viewed as farmers in a rural, countryside area, while Koreans from the northern provinces of Pyongan, Hwanghae, and Hamgyong, now in North Korea, are perceived as being diligent and aggressive. Jeju-do is known for its strong-minded and independent women.

Culture[link]

North Korea and South Korea share a common heritage, but the political division since 1945 has resulted in some divergence of modern culture.

Language[link]

The language of the Korean people is the Korean language, which uses Hangul as its main writing system. There are more than 78 million speakers of the Korean language worldwide.^[8]

North Korea data[link]

North Korean soldiers in the Joint Security Area.

Estimating the size, growth rate, sex ratio, and age structure of North Korea's population has been extremely difficult. Until release of official data in 1989, the 1963 edition of the North Korea Central Yearbook was the last official publication to disclose population figures. After 1963 demographers used varying methods to estimate the population. They either totaled the number of delegates elected to the Supreme People's Assembly (each delegate representing 50,000 people before 1962 and 30,000 people afterward) or relied on official statements that a certain number of persons, or percentage of the population, was engaged in a particular activity. Thus, on the basis of remarks made by President Kim Il Sung in 1977 concerning school attendance, the population that year was calculated at 17.2 million persons. During the 1980s, health statistics, including life expectancy and causes of mortality, were gradually made available to the outside world.

In 1989 the Central Statistics Bureau released demographic data to the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) in order to secure the UNFPA's assistance in holding North Korea's first nationwide census since the establishment of the state in 1948. Although the figures given to the United Nations might have been distorted, it appears that in line with other attempts to open itself to the outside world, the North Korean regime has also opened somewhat in the demographic realm. Although the country lacks trained demographers, accurate data on household registration, migration, and births and deaths are available to North Korean authorities. According to the United States scholar Nicholas Eberstadt and demographer Judith Banister, vital statistics and personal information on residents are kept by agencies on the ri (“village”, the local administrative unit) level in rural areas and the dong (“district” or “block”) level in urban areas.

Korean diaspora[link]

A Russian stamp honouring rock star Viktor Tsoi

Large-scale emigration from Korea began as early as the mid-1860s, mainly into the Russian Far East and Northeast China; these populations would later grow to nearly three million Koreans in China and several hundred thousand Koryo-saram (ethnic Koreans in Central Asia).^[33][34] During the Colonial Korea of 1910–1945, Koreans were often recruited and or forced into labour service to work in mainland Japan, Karafuto Prefecture, and Manchukuo; the ones who chose to remain in Japan at the end of the war became known as Zainichi Koreans, while the roughly 40 thousand who were trapped in Karafuto after the Soviet invasion are typically referred to as Sakhalin Koreans.^[35][36] Korean emigration to America was known to have begun as early as 1903, but the Korean American community did not grow to a significant size until after the passage of the Immigration Reform Act of 1965; as of 2007, roughly 2 million Koreans emigrants and people of Korean descent live in the United States.^{[citation needed]}

The Los Angeles and New York City metropolitan areas in the United States contain the largest populations of ethnic Koreans outside of Korea. Significant Korean populations are present in China, Japan, and Canada as well. There are also Korean communities in Latin American countries such as Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico. During the 1990s and 2000s, the number of Koreans in the Philippines and Koreans in Vietnam have also grown significantly.^[37][38] Koreans in the United Kingdom now form Western Europe's largest Korean community, albeit still relatively small; Koreans in Germany used to outnumber those in the UK until the late 1990s.

The Korean population in the United States is a small share of the US economy, but it has a disproportionately favorable impact. Korean Americans have a savings rate double that of the average American and also graduate from college at a rate double that of the average American, providing a highly skilled and educated addition to the U.S. workforce. According to the U.S. Census Bureau's Census 2000 data, mean household earnings for Koreans in the U.S. were $59,981, approximately 5.1% higher than the U.S. average of $56,604.^[39]

Gallery[link]

• 

  Hanbok dress

• 

  Korean dressed as a Joseon Queen

• 

  Korean wedding

• 

  Models of a Korean family in hanbok

• 

  Display of Korean traditional wedding scene

See also[link]

• Demographics of North Korea
• Demographics of South Korea
• Korean diaspora
• Koreatown
• List of Korea-related topics
• Evenks

Notes[link]

References[link]

•  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies.
• 서의식 and 강봉룡. 뿌리 깊은 한국사, 샘이 깊은 이야기: 고조선, 삼국, ISBN 89-8133-536-2
• Barnes, Gina. The Rise of Civilization in East Asia: the Archaeology of China, Korea and Japan, ISBN 0-500-27974-8

External links[link]

• Korean American Museum
• Korean Residents Union in Japan (Mindan)

v t e Korean diaspora Africa Canary Islands1 · South Africa Americas Argentina · Brazil · Canada · Chile · Cuba · Guatemala · Mexico · Paraguay · Peru · United States (Hawaii) · Uruguay Asia Arab world · China (Hong Kong) · India · Indonesia · Iran · Japan · Malaysia · Mongolia · Nepal · Philippines · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Taiwan · Thailand · Vietnam Europe Czech Republic · France · Germany · Netherlands · Poland · Russia (Sakhalin · North Koreans) · Spain · United Kingdom Oceania Australia · New Zealand · Micronesia Related topics Languages Koryo-mar · Zainichi Korean Misc. Adoptees · Koreatowns · Koryo-saram · North Korean defectors 1 An autonomous community of Spain off the northwest coast of Africa