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Pastoral nomads camping near Namtso in 2005. In Tibet, nomads constitute about 40% of ethnic Tibetan population.^[1]

Beja nomads from Northeast Africa

Nomadic people (Greek: νομάδες, nomádes, "those who let pasture herds"), commonly known as itinerants in modern-day contexts, are communities of people who move from one place to another, rather than settling permanently in one location. There are an estimated 30-40 million nomads in the world.^[2]

Many cultures have traditionally been nomadic, but traditional nomadic behavior is increasingly rare in industrialized countries. Nomadic cultures are discussed in three categories according to economic specialization: hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads, and "peripatetic nomads".

Nomadic hunting and gathering, following seasonally available wild plants and game, is by far the oldest human subsistence method. Pastoralists raise herds, driving them or moving with them, in patterns that normally avoid depleting pastures beyond their ability to recover. Peripatetic nomads, who offer the skills of a craft or trade to those with whom they travel, are most common in industrialized nations.

Hunter-gatherers[link]

Many groups of 'nomadic' hunter-gatherers (also known as foragers) moved from campsite to campsite, following game and wild fruits and vegetables. Hunting and gathering was the ancestral subsistence mode of Homo, and all modern humans were hunter-gatherers until around 10,000 years ago.

Following the development of agriculture, hunter-gatherers were displaced by farming or pastoralist groups in most parts of the world. Only a few contemporary societies are classified as hunter-gatherers, and many supplement, sometimes extensively, their foraging activity with farming and/or keeping animals.

Pastoralism[link]

Cuman nomads, Radziwiłł Chronicle, 13th century.

An 1848 Lithograph showing nomads in Afghanistan.

A yurt in front of the Gurvan Saikhan Mountains. Approximately 30% of the Mongolia's 3 million people are nomadic or semi-nomadic.

A Sami (Lapp) family in Norway around 1900. Reindeer have been herded for centuries by several Arctic and Subarctic people including the Sami and the Nenets.^[3]

Pastoral nomads are nomads moving between pastures. Nomadic pastoralism is thought to have developed in three stages that accompanied population growth and an increase in the complexity of social organization. Karim Sadr has proposed the following stages:

• Pastoralism: This is a mixed economy with a symbiosis within the family.
• Agropastoralism: This is when symbiosis is between segments or clans within an ethnic group.
• True Nomadism: This is when symbiosis is at the regional level, generally between specialized nomadic and agricultural populations.

The pastoralists are sedentary to a certain area, as they move between the permanent spring, summer, autumn and winter (or dry and wet season) pastures for their livestock. The nomads moved depending on the availability of resources.^[4]

Origin[link]

Nomadic pastoralism seems to have developed as a part of the secondary products revolution proposed by Andrew Sherratt, in which early pre-pottery Neolithic cultures that had used animals as live meat ("on the hoof") also began using animals for their secondary products, for example, milk and its associated dairy products, wool and other animal hair, hides and consequently leather, manure for fuel and fertilizer, and traction.

The first nomadic pastoral society developed in the period from 8500-6500 BC in the area of the southern Levant.^{[citation needed]} There, during a period of increasing aridity, PPNB cultures in the Sinai were replaced by a nomadic, pastoral pottery-using culture, which seems to have been a cultural fusion between a newly arrived Mesolithic people from Egypt (the Harifian culture), adopting their nomadic hunting lifestyle to the raising of stock.^[5]

This lifestyle quickly developed into what Jaris Yurins has called the circum-Arabian nomadic pastoral techno-complex and is possibly associated with the appearance of Semitic languages in the region of the Ancient Near East. The rapid spread of such nomadic pastoralism was typical of such later developments as of the Yamnaya culture of the horse and cattle nomads of the Eurasian steppe, or of the Greko-Mongol spread of the later Middle Ages.^[6]

Increase in the former Soviet Central Asia[link]

One of the results of the break-up of the Soviet Union and the subsequent political independence and economic collapse of its Central Asian republics has been the resurgence of pastoral nomadism.^[7] Taking the Kyrgyz people as a representative example nomadism was the centre of their economy prior to Russian colonization at the turn of the C19/C20, when they were settled into agricultural villages. The population became increasingly urbanized after World War II, but some people continued to take their herds of horses and cows to the high pasture (jailoo) every summer, i.e. a pattern of transhumance.

Since the 1990s, as the cash economy shrank, unemployed relatives were absorbed back on the family farm, and the importance of this form of nomadism has increased. The symbols of nomadism, specifically the crown of the grey felt tent known as the yurt, appears on the national flag, emphasizing the centrality of their nomadic history and past in the creation of the modern nation of Kyrgyzstan.pomp

Sedentarization[link]

By 1920; nomadic pastoral tribes represented over a quarter of Iran's population.^[8] Tribal pastures were nationalized during the 1960s. The National Commission of UNESCO registered the population of Iran at 21 million in 1963, of whom two million (9.5%) were nomads.^[9] Although the nomadic population of Iran has dramatically decreased in the 20th century, Iran still has one of the largest nomadic populations in the world, an estimated 1.5 million in a country of about 70 million.^[10]

In Kazakhstan where the major agricultural activity was nomadic herding,^[11] forced collectivization under Joseph Stalin’s rule met with massive resistance and major losses and confiscation of livestock.^[12] Livestock in Kazakhstan fell from 7 million cattle to 1.6 million and from 22 million sheep to 1.7 million. The resulting famine of 1931-1934 caused some 1.5 million deaths: this represents more than 40% of the total Kazakh population at that time.^[13]

In the 1950s as well as the 1960s, large numbers of Bedouin throughout the Middle East started to leave the traditional, nomadic life to settle in the cities of the Middle East, especially as home ranges have shrunk and population levels have grown. Government policies in Egypt and Israel, oil production in Libya and the Persian Gulf, as well as a desire for improved standards of living, effectively led most Bedouin to become settled citizens of various nations, rather than stateless nomadic herders. A century ago nomadic Bedouin still made up some 10% of the total Arab population. Today they account for some 1% of the total.^[14]

At independence in 1960, Mauritania was essentially a nomadic society. The great Sahel droughts of the early 1970s caused massive problems in a country where 85% of its inhabitants were nomadic herders. Today only 15% remain nomads.^[15]

As many as 2 million nomadic Kuchis wandered over Afghanistan in the years before the Soviet invasion, and most experts agreed that by 2000 the number had fallen dramatically, perhaps by half. The severe drought had destroyed 80% of the livestock in some areas.^[16]

Niger experienced a serious food crisis in 2005 following erratic rainfall and desert locust invasions. Nomads such as the Tuareg and Fulani, who make up about 20% of Niger's 12.9 million population, had been so badly hit by the Niger food crisis that their already fragile way of life is at risk.^[17] Nomads in Mali were also affected.^[18]

Contemporary peripatetic minorities in Europe and Asia[link]

A tent of Gypsies in Hungary, 19th century.

"Peripatetic minorities" are mobile populations moving among settled populations offering a craft or trade.

Each existing community is primarily endogamous, and subsists traditionally on a variety of commercial and/or service activities. Formerly, all or a majority of their members were itinerant, and this largely holds true today. Migration generally takes place within the political boundaries of a single state these days.

Each of the peripatetic communities is multilingual; it speaks one or more of the languages spoken by the local sedentary populations, and, additionally, within each group, a separate dialect or language is spoken.^{[citation needed]} The latter are either of Indic or Iranian origin,^{[citation needed]} and many are structured somewhat like an argot or secret language, with vocabularies drawn from various languages. There are indications that in northern Iran at least one community speaks Romani language, and some groups in Turkey also speak Romani.

Dom people[link]

In Afghanistan, the Nausar worked as tinkers and animal dealers. Ghorbat men mainly made sieves, drums, and bird cages, and the women peddled these as well as other items of household and personal use; they also worked as moneylenders to rural women. Peddling and the sale of various goods was also practiced by men and women of various groups, such as the Jalali, the Pikraj, the Shadibaz, the Noristani, and the Vangawala. The latter and the Pikraj also worked as animal dealers. Some men among the Shadibaz and the Vangawala entertained as monkey or bear handlers and snake charmers; men and women among the Baluch were musicians and dancers, and Baluch women also practiced prostitution. Jogi men and women had diverse subsistence activities, such as dealing in horses, harvesting, fortune-telling, bloodletting, and begging.^{[citation needed]}

In Iran the Asheq of Azerbaijan, the Challi of Baluchistan, the Luti of Kurdistan, Kermānshāh, Īlām, and Lorestān, the Mehtar in the Mamasani district, the Sazandeh of Band-i Amir and Marv-dasht, and the Toshmal among the Bakhtyari pastoral groups worked as professional musicians. The men among the Kowli worked as tinkers, smiths, musicians, and monkey and bear handlers; they also made baskets, sieves, and brooms and dealt in donkeys. Their women made a living from peddling, begging, and fortune-telling.

The Ghorbat among the Basseri were smiths and tinkers, traded in pack animals, and made sieves, reed mats, and small wooden implements. In the Fārs region, the Qarbalband, the Kuli, and Luli were reported to work as smiths and to make baskets and sieves; they also dealt in pack animals, and their women peddled various goods among pastoral nomads. In the same region, the Changi and Luti were musicians and balladeers, and their children learned these professions from the age of 7 or 8 years.^{[citation needed]}

The nomadic groups in Turkey make and sell cradles, deal in animals, and play music. The men of the sedentary groups work in towns as scavengers and hangmen; elsewhere they are fishermen, smiths, basket makers, and singers; their women dance at feasts and tell fortunes. Abdal men played music and made sieves, brooms, and wooden spoons for a living. The Tahtacı traditionally worked as lumberers; with increased sedentarization, however, they have taken to agriculture and horticulture.^{[citation needed]}

Little is known for certain about the past of these communities; the history of each is almost entirely contained in their oral traditions. Although some groups—such as the Vangawala—are of Indian origin, some—like the Noristani—are most probably of local origin; still others probably migrated from adjoining areas. The Ghorbat and the Shadibaz claim to have originally come from Iran and Multan, respectively, and Tahtacı traditional accounts mention either Baghdad or Khorāsān as their original home. The Baluch say they^{[clarification needed]} were attached as a service community to the Jamshedi, after they fled Baluchistan because of feuds.^[19][20]

Gallery[link]

• 

  A Scythian horseman from the general area of the Ili river, Pazyryk, c.300 BCE.

• 

  A young Bedouin lighting a camp fire in Wadi Rum, Jordan.

• 

  Kyrgyz nomads in the steppes of the Russian Empire, Uzbeckestan, by pioneer color photographer Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, ca. 1910.

• 

  Tuareg in Mali, 1974.

• 

  Kyrgyz nomads, 1869-1870.

• 

  Nomads in the Desert (Giulio Rosati).

See also[link]

• List of nomadic peoples
• Seasonal human migration
• Uncontacted peoples

Specific:

• Eurasian nomads for the historically and pre-historically important Horse People
• Mongol Empire
• Nomadic empires
• Nomadic tents
• Nomads of India
• Sea Gypsies

Concepts in industrialised societies:

• Global nomad
• Snowbird (people)
• Military brat
• Perpetual traveler
• RV lifestyle
• Third culture kid

References[link]

Further reading[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nomads

• Oberfalzerova, Alena. (2006): Metaphors and Nomads, Triton, Prague. ISBN 80-7254-849-2
• Sadr, Karim. The Development of Nomadism in Ancient Northeast Africa, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991. ISBN 0-8122-3066-3
• Cowan, Gregory. "Nomadology in Architecture: Ephemerality, Movement and Collaboration" University of Adelaide 2002 (available: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37830 [1])
• Chatty, Dawn. Articles on Nomadic life (1983–2009)
• Chatwin, Bruce. The Songlines (1987)
• Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus (1980)
• Melvyn Goldstein: The Impact of China's Reform Policy on the Nomads of Western Tibet
• The Remote World of Tibet's Nomads
• Grousset, René. L'Empire des Steppes (1939) (French)
• Michael Haerdter Remarks on modernity, mobility, nomadism and the arts
• Kradin, Nikolay. Nomadic Empires in Evolutionary Perspective. In Alternatives of Social Evolution. Ed. by N.N. Kradin, A.V. Korotayev, Dmitri Bondarenko, V. de Munck, and P.K. Wason (p. 274-288). Vladivostok: Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; reprinted in: The Early State, its Alternatives and Analogues. Ed. by Leonid Grinin et al. (р. 501-524). Volgograd: Uchitel', 2004.
• Kradin, Nikolay N. 2002. Nomadism, Evolution, and World-Systems: Pastoral Societies in Theories of Historical Development. Journal of World-System Research 8: 368-388.
• Kradin, Nikolay N. 2003. Nomadic Empires: Origins, Rise, Decline. In Nomadic Pathways in Social Evolution. Ed. by N.N. Kradin, Dmitri Bondarenko, and T. Barfield (p. 73-87). Moscow: Center for Civilizational Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences.
• Kradin, Nikolay N. 2006. Cultural Complexity of Pastoral Nomads. World Cultures 15: 171-189.
• Beall, Cynthia and Goldstein, Melvyn: Past becoming future gor Mongolian nomads National Geographic Magazine May 1993
• Vigo, Julian. 'Nomadic Sexualities and Nationalities: Postcolonial Performative Words and Visual Texts'. Inscriptions in the Sand Famagusta: Eastern Mediterranean University Press, 2005.

Mary Anne Hobbs
Born	(1964-05-16) 16 May 1964 (age 48) Preston, Lancashire, England
Show	Mary Anne Hobbs
Station(s)	Xfm
Time slot	19:00 - 22:00 Saturday 20:00 - 23:00 Monday - Thursday
Style	DJ (dubstep, grime, hip hop, drum and bass, techno, experimental)
Country	United Kingdom
Website	Mary Anne Hobbs

Hobbs in 2010

Mary Anne Hobbs (born 16 May 1964 in Preston, Lancashire, England) is an English DJ and music journalist from Garstang, Lancashire. She launched a new Primetime show on Xfm on 9 July 2011.

Early career[link]

In the 1980s, Hobbs lived on a bus in a carpark in Hayes, Hillingdon with the hard rock band Heretic before becoming a journalist for Sounds Magazine at age 19.^[1] She later went to work for the NME before going on to help found Loaded Magazine. While with the NME she served as a freelance U.K. music news correspondent in Canada on CBC Radio One, filing a weekly report for a program called The Beat. This contributed to her big break in radio with BBC GLR, working alongside Mark Lamarr.

She then worked at XFM before being headhunted by BBC Radio 1 after a confrontational interview on XFM with Radio 1's Trevor Dann.^[2] She shot a TV series about global biker culture 'Mary Anne's Bikes' in Japan, America, Russia, India, and Europe for BBC Choice & BBC World in 2003, and presented the World Superbikes series 2005 for British Eurosport. She also compèred the Leeds Festival between 1999 and 2003.

Radio shows[link]

A fan of rock, metal (and with a love of motorbikes) from an early age, Hobbs fronted the Radio 1 Rock Show and the experimental / electronic Breezeblock on BBC Radio 1 for fourteen years. In September 2006 the Breezeblock name was dropped for the title 'Experimental'. Most recently, Hobbs has been a notable champion of the dubstep and grime genres. Her 2 hour special 'Dubstep Warz' on BBC Radio 1 in January 2006 is considered the global tipping point for the dubstep sound. She released a groundbreaking dark electronic compilation album on Planet Mu records entitled Warrior Dubz in October 2006, drawing the sonic parallels between dubstep, grime, dark dancefloor, techno, d&b and hip hop. In June 2007, Hobbs curated the UK Dubstep showcase at the Sónar festival with Skream, Oris Jay and Kode9, taking the sound out of club environments and onto an international festival stage in front of 8,500 people for the very first time. On 7 February 2008 the "Dubstep Souljahs" documentary she made for BBC Radio 1 aired inside Pete Tong's In New Music We Trust show.^[3] Her second compilation album, Evangeline, was released on 16 June 2008 on Planet Mu records.^[4] This coincided with her second Sonar Festival Stage featuring Shackleton, Flying Lotus and Mala from Digital Mystikz. In 2009 she returned to the festival with Joker, The Gaslamp Killer and Martyn, and in 2010 again with Flying Lotus and also with new British producers/DJs Roska and Joy Orbison.

On 23 July 2010 Hobbs announced on her Myspace page that she was leaving the BBC. She spent a year mentoring students at University of Sheffield Union of Students.

Mary Anne Hobbs returned to radio in the primetime slot (7-10pm Saturdays) she always covered on 9 July 2011, broadcasting from Xfm in Manchester. On 5 September 2011 she began hosting the relaunched "Music:Response" show across the xfm network, Monday to Thursday from 8-11pm.

Hobbs is mentioned in the Half Man Half Biscuit song 'Nove On The Sly' from the album 'Trouble Over Bridgwater'.^[5]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Mary Anne Hobbs at BBC Programmes
• Mary Anne Hobbs on Myspace
• Mary Anne Hobbs on Twitter
• Mary Anne Hobbs's channel on YouTube
• Mary Anne Hobbs interview @ VeryVeryMuch

Anne Hobbs

Country	United Kingdom
Residence	New York, USA
Born	(1959-08-21) 21 August 1959 (age 52) Nottingham, England
Height	1.68 m (5 ft 6 in)
Weight	140 lbs
Plays	Right-handed
Career prize money	$166,045
Singles
Career record	39–51
Career titles	2
Highest ranking	No. 33 (30 November 1981)
Grand Slam Singles results
Australian Open	4R (1987)
French Open	4R (1983)
Wimbledon	4R (1981, 1984)
US Open	4R (1987)
Doubles
Career record	71–45
Career titles	8
Highest ranking	No. 6 (17 September 1984)
Grand Slam Doubles results
Australian Open	F (1983)
French Open	SF (1983)
Wimbledon	SF (1983)
US Open	F (1984)
Last updated on: 11 June 2011.

Anne Hobbs (born 21 August 1959 in Nottingham) is a British former professional tennis player.

Tennis career[link]

Hobbs represented Great Britain in the Wightman Cup and Federation Cup from 1978 to 1989.^[1] She was ranked as the top British player for periods during her 12 year career and achieved a best WTA ranking of 33 in singles and 6 in doubles.

Although primarily a doubles specialist, reaching the final of the Australian Open in 1983 and the U.S. Open in 1984 with Wendy Turnbull and the Australian Open Mixed Doubles in 1983 with Andrew Castle, she won singles titles at Indianapolis in 1983 and in Auckland in 1985 ^[2] and the British Closed in 1985.

Hobbs' industrious serve and volley game earned her singles victories over Virginia Wade, Rosie Casals, Jo Durie, Carling Bassett, and Zina Garrison, among other top ranked players of her time. She now works as a tennis coach and consultant in the area of sports psychology.^[3]

WTA Tour finals[link]

Singles: 2 (2 titles)[link]

Outcome	No.	Date	Tournament	Surface	Opponent	Score
Winner	1.	14 February 1983	Indianapolis, Indiana, USA	Hard	Ginny Purdy	6-4, 6-7, 6-4
Winner	2.	15 December 1985	Auckland, New Zealand	Grass	Louise Field	6-3, 6-1

Doubles: 19 (8 titles, 11 runner-ups)[link]

Outcome	No.	Date	Tournament	Surface	Partner	Opponents	Score
Runner-up	1.	10 December 1978	Sydney, Australia	Grass	Judy Chaloner	Kerry Reid Wendy Turnbull	2-6, 6-4, 2-6
Runner-up	2.	8 November 1981	Hong Kong	Clay	Susan Leo	Ann Kiyomura Sharon Walsh	3-6, 4-6
Winner	3.	13 June 1982	Birmingham, England	Grass	Jo Durie	Rosie Casals Wendy Turnbull	6-3, 6-2
Winner	4.	23 May 1983	German Open, Germany	Carpet	Jo Durie	Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Eva Pfaff	6-4, 7-6
Runner-up	5.	19 June 1983	Eastbourne, England	Grass	Jo Durie	Martina Navrátilová Pam Shriver	1-6, 0-6
Winner	6.	21 August 1983	Eastbourne, England	Grass	Andrea Jaeger	Rosalyn Fairbank Candy Reynolds	6-4, 5-7, 7-5
Winner	7.	20 November 1983	Brisbane, Australia	Grass	Wendy Turnbull	Pam Shriver Sharon Walsh	6-3, 6-4
Winner	8.	27 November 1983	Sydney, Australia	Grass	Wendy Turnbull	Hana Mandliková Helena Suková	6-4, 6-3
Runner-up	9.	12 December 1983	Australian Open, Australia	Grass	Wendy Turnbull	Martina Navrátilová Pam Shriver	4-6, 7-6, 2-6
Winner	10.	23 January 1984	Denver, Colorado, USA	Hard	Marcella Mesker	Sherry Acker Candy Reynolds	6-2, 6-3
Runner-up	11.	29 January 1984	Marco Island, Florida, USA	Clay	Andrea Jaeger	Hana Mandliková Helena Suková	6-3, 2-6, 2-6
Runner-up	12.	16 April 1984	Hilton Head, South Carolina, USA	Clay	Sharon Walsh	Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Hana Mandliková	5-7, 2-6
Runner-up	13.	22 April 1984	Amelia Island, Florida, USA	Clay	Mima Jaušovec	Kathy Jordan Anne Smith	4-6, 6-3, 4-6
Winner	14.	20 May 1984	German Open, Germany	Clay	Candy Reynolds	Kathy Horvath Virginia Ruzici	6-3, 4-6, 7-6
Runner-up	15.	9 September 1984	US Open, USA	Hard	Wendy Turnbull	Martina Navrátilová Pam Shriver	2-6, 4-6
Runner-up	16.	20 May 1985	Melbourne, Australia	Carpet	Kathy Jordan	Pam Shriver Liz Smylie	2-6, 7-5, 1-6
Winner	17.	15 December 1985	Auckland, New Zealand	Grass	Candy Reynolds	Lea Antonoplis Adriana Villagran	6-1, 6-3
Runner-up	18.	19 July 1987	Newport, Rhode Island, USA	Grass	Kathy Jordan	Gigi Fernández Lori McNeil	6-7, 5-7
Runner-up	19.	30 August 1987	Mahwah, Hawaii, USA	Hard	Liz Smylie	Gigi Fernández Lori McNeil	3-6, 2-6

Mixed doubles: 4 (1 title, 3 runner-ups)[link]

Outcome	No.	Date	Tournament	Surface	Partner	Opponents	Score
Runner-up	1.	25 January 1987	Australian Open, Australia	Grass	Andrew Castle	Sherwood Stewart Zina Garrison	6-3, 6-7(5), 2-6

References[link]

• ITF site

External links[link]

Anne Hobbs at the Women's Tennis Association

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