A snowboarder making a turn in fresh snow.
First played	1960s, United States
Characteristics
Categorization	Outdoor
Equipment	Snowboard deck, bindings, boots
Olympic	1998

Snowboarding is a winter sport that involves descending a slope that is covered with snow while standing on a board attached to a rider's feet, using a special boot set onto a mounted binding. The development of snowboarding was inspired by skateboarding, sledding, surfing and skiing. It was developed in the United States in the 1960s to 1970s and became a Winter Olympic Sport in 1998.

History[link]

Freeride snowboarding is often done in the trees off of the main trails

Snowboarding has been around since the 1920s, when boys and men would tie plywood or wooden planks from barrels to their feet using clotheslines and horse reins in order to steer themselves down hills. Modern snowboarding began in 1965 when Sherman Poppen, an engineer in Muskegon, Michigan, invented a toy for his daughter by fastening two skis together and attaching a rope to one end so she would have some control as she stood on the board and glided downhill. Dubbed the "snurfer" (combining snow and surfer), the toy proved so popular among his daughter's friends that Poppen licensed the idea to a manufacturer that sold about a million snurfers over the next decade. And, in 1966 alone over half a million snurfers were sold.^[2]

In the early 1970s, Poppen organized snurfing competitions at a Michigan ski resort that attracted enthusiasts from all over the country. One of those early pioneers was Tom Sims, a devotee of skateboarding (a sport born in the 1950s when kids attached roller skate wheels to small boards that they steered by shifting their weight). As an eighth grader in Haddonfield, New Jersey, in the 1960s, Sims crafted a snowboard in his school shop class by gluing carpet to the top of a piece of wood and attaching aluminum sheeting to the bottom. He produced commercial snowboards in the mid 70's. During this same time, Dimitrije Milovich—an American surfing enthusiast who had also enjoyed sliding down snowy hills on cafeteria trays during his college years in upstate New York—constructed a snowboard called "Winterstick," inspired by the design and feel of a surfboard. Articles about his invention in such mainstream magazines as Newsweek helped publicize the young sport.

Also during this same period, in 1977, Jake Burton Carpenter, a Vermont native who had enjoyed snurfing since the age of 14, impressed the crowd at a Michigan snurfing competition with bindings he had designed to secure his feet to the board. That same year, he founded Burton Snowboards in Londonderry, Vermont. The "snowboards" were made of wooden planks that were flexible and had water ski foot traps. Very few people picked up snowboarding because the price of the board was considered too high at $38, but eventually Burton would become the biggest snowboarding company in the business.^[3] In the spring of 1976 Welsh skateboarders Jon Roberts and Pete Matthews developed a Plywood deck with foot bindings for use on the Dry Ski Slope at the school camp, Ogmore-by-Sea, Wales. UK. Further development of the board was limited as Matthews suffered serious injury while boarding at Ogmore and access for the boarders was declined following the incident. The 'deck' was much shorter than current snow boards. Bevelled edges and a convex, polyurethane varnished bottom to the board, allowed quick downhill movement, but limited turning ability.

In 1979, the first ever World Snurfing Championship was held at Pando Winter Sports Park near Grand Rapids, Michigan. Jake Burton Carpenter, came from Vermont to compete with a snowboard of his own design. There were many protests from the competitors about Jake entering with a non-snurfer board. Paul Graves, the top snurfer at the time, and others, advocated that Jake be allowed to race. A "modified" division was created and won by Jake as the sole entrant. That race was considered the first competition for snowboards and is the start of what has now become competitive snowboarding.^[4][5]

During the 1970s and 1980s as snowboarding became more popular, pioneers such as Dimitrije Milovich, Jake Burton Carpenter (founder of Burton Snowboards from Londonderry, Vermont), Tom Sims (founder of Sims Snowboards), Chuck Barfoot (founder of Barfoot Snowboards) and Mike Olson (founder of Gnu Snowboards) came up with new designs for boards and mechanisms that slowly developed into the snowboards and other related equipment that we know today.^[6]

In 1982, the first National Snowboard race was held near Woodstock, Vermont, at Suicide Six. The race was won by Burton's first team rider Doug Bouton.^[7]

In 1983, the first World Championship halfpipe competition was held at Soda Springs, California. Tom Sims, founder of Sims Snowboards, organized the event with the help of Mike Chantry, a snowboard instructor at Soda Springs.^[8]

Snowboarding's growing popularity is reflected in its recognition as an official sport: in 1985, the first World Cup was held in Zürs, Austria. The International Snowboard Federation (ISF) was founded in 1990 to provide universal contest regulations. In addition, the United States of America Snowboard Association (USASA) provides instructing guidelines and runs snowboard competitions in the U.S. today, high-profile snowboarding events like the Winter X Games, Air & Style, US Open, Olympic Games and other events are broadcast worldwide. Many alpine resorts have terrain parks.

Initially, ski areas adopted the sport at a much slower pace than the winter sports public. Indeed, for many years, there was animosity between skiers and snowboarders, which led to an ongoing skier vs snowboarder feud.^[9] Early snowboards were banned from the slopes by park officials. For several years snowboarders would have to take a small skills assessment prior to being allowed to ride the chairlifts. It was thought that an unskilled snowboarder would wipe the snow off of the mountain. In 1985, only seven percent of U.S. ski areas allowed snowboarding,^[10] with a similar proportion in Europe. As equipment and skills improved, gradually snowboarding became more accepted. In 1990, most major ski areas had separate slopes for snowboarders. Now, approximately 97% of all ski areas in North America and Europe allow snowboarding, and more than half have jumps, rails and half pipes.

An excellent year for snowboarding was 2004 with 6.6 million participants.^[11] An industry spokesman said that "twelve year-olds are out-riding adults." The same article said that most snowboarders are 18–24 years old and that females constitute 25% of participants. Now, entering the second decade of the 2000s, snowboarding continues to increase in popularity among all demographic regimes regardless of age, sex, or ability levels.

Styles[link]

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Since snowboarding's inception as an established winter sport, it has developed various styles, each with its own specialized equipment and technique. The most common styles today are: free-ride, freestyle, and free-carve/race. These styles are used for both recreational and professional snowboarding. There is also a relatively new style known as Splitboarding. While each style is unique, there is overlap between them. See also List of snowboard tricks.

Jibbing[link]

Directly influenced by grinding a skateboard, jibbing is a freestyle snowboarding technique of riding on any surface other than snow. Most common surfaces include metal rails, boxes, benches, concrete ledges, walls, rocks and logs. Typically jibbing occurs in a snowboard resort park but can also be done in urban environments.

Free-ride snowboarders also commonly find incidental jibs, such as a downed tree, that prove suitable to ride over in the course of their line or run.

Free-riding[link]

The free-ride style is the most common and easily accessible style of snowboarding. It consists of riding down any terrain available, but most often consists of groomed runs. Free-riding may include aerial tricks and jib (any type of fixture which can be ridden with the board that is not snow) tricks borrowed from freestyle, or deep carve turns more common in alpine snowboarding, utilizing whatever natural terrain the rider may encounter. Free-ride aptitude is the first step to accessing other, more difficult forms of snowboarding terrain; such as freestyle (tricks), alpine, back country, and gladed terrain. Free-riding, which is more popularly known as "all-mountain snowboarding" is achieved by establishing a mastery of style in many areas of the sports including the abilities to ride, carve, and perform jumps on virtually any terrain.^[12]

Free-riding equipment is usually a stiffer boot with a directional snowboard: since the free-ride style may encounter many different types of snow conditions, such as ice and deep powder, a medium-stiffness setup is recommended to maintain stability in deeper snow or at higher speeds.

Freestyle snowboarding

Snowboarder in Tannheim, Tyrol, Austria

Freestyle[link]

In freestyle, the rider uses man-made terrain features such as rails, jumps, boxes, and innumerable other innovative features to perform tricks on. The term "box" refers to an object with a slick top, usually of polyethylene(HDPE), that the rider can slide on with the base of their board. Like all freestyle features, boxes come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and difficulty levels. The intent of freestyle is to use these terrain features to perform a number of aerial or jib tricks. The term "jib" refers to the rider doing a slide or press on an object not made of snow. This most commonly refers to tricks done on boxes, rails, or even trees.

The equipment used in freestyle is usually a soft boot with a twin tipped board for better balance while riding regular or switch, though free-ride equipment is often used successfully. The most common binding stance used in freestyle is called "duck foot", in which the trailing foot has a negative degree of arc setup while the leading foot is in the positive range i.e. +12°/-9°. Freestyle riders who specialize in jibbing often use boards that are shorter than usual, with softer flex and filed down edges. Shorter length enables the board to be rotated faster, and a softer flex requires less energy for a rider to press a feature. Reverse camber boards, or better known as rocker boards, are most often used as freestyle boards due to their softer flex and inverted 'camber' design.^[13] Pressing refers to a type of jib where the rider leans heavily toward the nose or tail of their board- causing the opposite end of their board to lift off of the feature they are sliding on. This trick is typically done for added style. Freestyle also includes halfpipe tricks. A halfpipe (or "pipe") is a trench-like half-tube made of snow. Tricks performed may be rotations such as a 360° (a full turn) in the air, or an off-axis spin like a "McTwist". Tricks can be modified while hitting different features.

Free-carve[link]

Similar to skiing, this race and slalom focused style is still practiced, though infrequently. Sometimes called alpine snowboarding, or the 'euro-carve', free-carving takes place on hard packed snow or groomed runs and focuses on the ultimate carving turn, much like traditional skiing. Little or no jumping takes place in this discipline. Free-carve equipment is a ski-like hardshell boot and plate binding system with a true directional snowboard that is usually very stiff and narrow to facilitate fast and responsive turns. Shaped-skis can thank these "free-carve" snowboards for the cutting-edge technology leading to their creation.^[14] Carvers make perfect half-circles out of each turn, changing edges when the snowboard is perpendicular to the fall line and starting every turn on the downhill edge. Carving on a snowboard is like riding a roller coaster, because the board will lock into a turn radius and provide what feels like multiple Gs of acceleration.^[15]

Safety and precautions[link]

Like some other winter sports, snowboarding comes with a certain level of risk.^[16]

The injury rate for snowboarding is about four to six per thousand persons per day, this is around double the injury rate for alpine skiing.^[17] Injuries are more likely amongst beginners, especially those who do not take lessons with professional instructors. A quarter of all injuries occur to first-time riders and half of all injuries occur to those with less than a year of experience. Experienced riders are less likely to suffer injury, but the injuries that do occur tend to be more severe.^[18]

Two thirds of injuries occur to the upper body and one third to the lower body. This contrasts with alpine skiing where two thirds of injuries are to the lower body. The most common point of injury is the wrists – 40% of all snowboard injuries are to the wrists and 24% of all snowboard injuries are wrist fractures.^[18] There are around 100,000 wrist fractures worldwide among snowboarders each year.^[19] For this reason the use of wrist guards, either separate or built into gloves, is very strongly recommended. They are often compulsory in beginner's classes and their use reduces the likelihood of wrist injury by half.^[20] In addition it is important for snow boarders to learn how to fall without stopping the fall with their hand by trying to "push" the slope away, as landing a wrist which is bent at a 90 degree angle increase the chance of it breaking. Rather, landing with the arms scratched out (like a wing) and slapping the slope with the entire arm is an effective way to break a fall. This is the method used by practitioners of Judo and other martial arts to break a fall when they are thrown against the floor, by a training partner.

The risk of head injury is two to six times greater for snowboarders than for skiers and injuries follow the pattern of being rarer, but more severe, with experienced riders. Head injuries can occur both as a consequence of a collision and when failing to carry out a heel-side turn. The latter can result in the rider landing on his or her back and slamming the back of his or her head onto the ground, resulting in an occipital head injury.^[21] For this reason, helmets are widely recommended. Protective eye-wear is also recommended as eye injury can be caused by impact and snow blindness can be a result of exposure to strong ultra-violet light in snow-covered areas. The wearing of ultra-violet-absorbing goggles is recommended even on hazy or cloudy days as ultra-violet light can penetrate clouds.^[22]

Unlike ski bindings, all snowboard bindings are not designed to release automatically in a fall. The mechanical support provided by the feet being locked to the board has the effect of reducing the likelihood of knee injury – 15% of snowboard injuries are to the knee, compared with 45% of all skiing injuries. Such injuries are typically to the knee ligaments, bone fractures are rare.^[18] Fractures to the lower leg are also rare but 20% of injuries are to the foot and ankle. Fractures of the talus bone are rare in other sports but account for 2% of snowboard injuries – a lateral process talus fracture is sometimes called "snowboarder's ankle" by medical staff. This particular injury results in persistent lateral pain in the affected ankle yet is difficult to spot in a plain X-ray image. It may be misdiagnosed as just a sprain, with possibly serious consequences as not treating the fracture can result in serious long-term damage to the ankle.^[18] The use of portable ultrasound for mountainside diagnostics has been reviewed and appears to be a plausible tool for diagnosing some of the common injuries associated with the sport.^[23]

Four to eight percent of snowboarding injuries take place while the person is waiting in ski-lift lines or entering and exiting ski lifts. Snowboarders push themselves forward with a free foot while in the ski-lift line, leaving the other foot (usually that of the lead leg) locked on the board at a 9–27 degree angle, placing a large torque force on this leg and predisposing the person to knee injury if a fall occurs.^[24][25] Snowboard binding rotating devices are designed to minimize the torque force, Quick Stance^[26] being the first developed in 1995.^[27] They allow snowboarders to turn the locked foot straight into the direction of the tip of the snowboard without removing the boot from the boot binding.

Avalanches are a clear danger when on snowy mountain slopes.^[28] It is best to learn the different kinds of avalanches, how to prevent causing one and how to react when one is going to happen. Also when going out onto the snow, all who practice an activity with increased chances of injury should have a basic First Aid knowledge and know how to deal with injuries that may occur.^[29]

Snowboarding boots should be well-fitted, with toes snug in the end of the boot to minimize movement. Padding or "armor" is recommended on other body parts such as hips, knees, spine, and shoulders. To further help avoid injury to body parts, especially knees, it is recommended to use the right technique. To acquire the right technique, one should be taught by a qualified instructor, this way you will hear about other people's mistakes and are less likely to have to learn from your own. Also, when snowboarding alone, precaution should be taken to avoid tree wells, a particularly dangerous area of loose snow that may form at the base of trees.

Some care is also required when waxing a board as fluorocarbon waxes emit toxic fumes when overheated. Waxing is best performed in a ventilated area with care being taken to use the wax at the correct temperature – the wax should be melted but not smoking or smoldering.^[21]

Competition[link]

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There are several competitive events that snowboards compete in today. The three main ones that are seen are the Giant Parallel Slalom, the half-pipe, and Snowboard Cross which are run in the Olympics and the X Games. The Giant Parallel slalom started off in the Nagano Olympics, when boarders would race against the clock weaving in and out of blue and red gates; similar to how the skiing competition is. Eventually in the Salt Lake City Olympics, the rules were modified so borders would race each other in nine rounds instead. It will begin will a timed round, where the top 16 qualification times will advance borders with the best times into the next round. Next, two borders will compete against each other head-to-head. These borders will race twice (once from each side) the winner of both to go on into the next round. If each border only wins once, then it depends on the times of each border combined rounds. The final two riders compete for the gold and silver and the semi-finalist compete for the bronze. The more known competition is the Half-pipe, where borders ride up and down a half-cylinder in order to complete tricks and acrobatics using the speed and incline. Most borders gain speed in order to project themselves up the wall in order to create and perform tricks for judges to score them on. There are five judges at the finish line, which will score the borders on their overall impression of the routine, technical merit, the height of tricks, rotation, fall, and standard air. Each score is between 0 and 10. Each border has two runs down the half-pipe with only their best score being used. The most recent competitive event that was added is the snowboard cross, which is a downhill race that includes bumps, jumps, and sometimes full body contact. It’s a race to the finish line down an inclined track.

Slopestyle[link]

Competitors perform tricks while descending a course, moving around, over, across, up, or down terrain features. The course is full of obstacles including boxes, rails, jumps, jibs (includes anything the board or rider can slide across). Slope-style contests consists of choosing your own line in a terrain park using a variety of boxes, jibs and jumps. To win a slope-style contest one must pick the best and most difficult line in the terrain park and have a smooth flowing line of tricks performed on the obstacles. Style is also a huge factor in winning a slope-style contest. The rider who lands the hardest tricks will not always win over the rider who lands easy tricks but makes them look good.

Big air[link]

Sebastien Toutant at the downtown Québec big air competition

Snowboarder in the halfpipe

Big air competitions are contests where riders perform tricks after launching off a man made jump built specifically for the event.^[30] Competitors perform tricks in the air, aiming to attain sizable height and distance, all while securing a clean landing. Many competitions also require the rider to do a trick to win the prize. Not all competitions call for a trick to win the gold; some intermittent competitions are based solely on height and distance of the launch of the snowboarder.^{[citation needed]} One of the first snowboard competitions where Travis Rice attempted and landed a "double back flip backside 180" took place at the 2006 Red Bull Gap Session.^[31]

Half-pipe[link]

The half-pipe is a semi-circular ditch or purpose built ramp (that is usually on a downward slope), between 8 and 23 feet (7.0 m) deep. Competitors perform tricks while going from one side to the other and while in the air above the sides of the pipe.

Boarder-cross[link]

In Boarder-cross, also known as "Boarder X" and "Snowboard X", several riders (usually 4, but sometimes 6) race down a course similar to a motorcycle motocross track (with jumps, berms and other obstacles constructed out of snow on a downhill course). Unlike traditional head-to-head races, competitors use the same terrain, sometimes resulting in accidental collisions.

Competitions involve a series of heats, traditionally with the first 2 riders in each heat advancing to the next round. The overall winner is the rider that finishes first in the final round.

Big mountain and free-ride[link]

A big mountain contest is one that takes place in open terrain, and challenges riders to find their way down the mountain with the most style and difficulty. Big mountain events usually take place in powder snow conditions in closed off areas of resorts or in the back-country. There are a number of big mountain events in Europe, the United States and in New Zealand and this aspect of snowboarding competition is quickly rising in popularity. Snowboarders consider Alaska the pinnacle of this style of riding, being featured in some of the most popular snowboarding videos and has given rise to one of the sport's most popular events, Tailgate Alaska, a yearly gathering of riders on Alaska's Thompson Pass.

Rail jam[link]

A rail jam is a jib contest. Riders perform tricks on rails, boxes, pipes, wall rides, and several other creative features. Rail jams are done in a small area, usually with two or three choices of features for the rider to hit on a run. They are sometimes done in an urban setting, due to the relatively small amount of snow required. Scoring is done in the "jam" format, where every rider can take as many runs as time allows, usually around an hour; prizes are typically awarded for best overall and best trick in the male and female category.

Slalom[link]

Slalom snowboarding is akin to slalom skiing, where riders must complete a downhill course constructed by laying out a series of gates; they must pass between the two poles forming the gates. As with skiing. there are several types of courses: slalom, giant slalom, and super G. In slalom, boarders race downhill through sets of gates that force extremely tight turns, requiring plenty of technical skill. Giant slalom uses a much longer course with gates set further apart, resulting in even higher speeds. Super G is the fastest of all, with speeds of up to 45 mph (72 km/h).

Well-known events[link]

Some of the larger snowboarding contests include: the Air & Style, the X-Trail Jam, Burton Global Open Series, Shakedown, and the X Games.

The Ticket to Ride (World Snowboard Tour) is the largest culmination of independent freestyle events acting under one common Tour Flag. Officially recognized as the TTR World Snowboard Tour or simply 'The TTR', this culmination of Independent Freestyle Snowboard events has grown substantially over the last four years. Now in its seventh year, the TTR has a 10-month competition season including snowboarding events over four geographical zones. The Tour includes events like the TTR 6Star Air & Style, The Arctic Challenge and the US Open of Snowboarding.

Snowboarder Magazine's Superpark^[32] event was created in 1996. Over 150 of the World's top pros are invited to advance freestyle snowboarding on the most progressive terrain parks.^[33]

Tailgate Alaska is one of the sports most recognized and popular events. It is a backcounty gathering in Valdez, Alaska where riders challenge themselves in the worlds best mountains and snow conditions. It is a two week festival held every March–April. The legendary King of the Hill was also brought back by Tailgate Alaska founder Mark Sullivan and is considered the top freeriding event in the world.

A wave of Anti Contests^[34] have taken over snowboarding including The Holy Oly Revival^[35] at The Summit at Snoqualmie, The Nate Chute Hawaiian Classic at Whitefish, the original anti-contst, the World Quarterpipe Championships and the Grenade Games.

One of the more unique and legendary contests is the Mt. Baker Legendary Banked Slalom. Since 1985, it has been won by some of the biggest names in the history of the sport and continues to be an event that attracts the top riders from around the world. Terje Håkonsen and Karleen Jeffery are the riders that have won the most in the race with six wins each.

The North Face Masters of Snowboarding^[36] brought a return to competitive big mountain snowboarding in 2008. This contest has included such notable competitors as Travis Rice, and Rob Kingwill with three stops throughout the western United States. The North Face Masters also has such luminaries as Tom Burt, Temple Cummins, and Andy Hetzel acting as judges for the event.

USASA events[link]

The United States of America Snowboarding Association (USASA) features three different divisions which include alpine, freestyle, and boardercross. Alpine consists of giant slalom and slalom which is a competition in which the agility and ability to make sharp turns of the snowboarders are tested. Freestyle consists of slopestyle and halfpipe. In boardercross, the idea is to be the first snowboarder down the mountain where everyone is racing each other through an obstacle course of harsh turns and wipeout potential is very likely.^[37] The USASA has 36 regional snowboard series in which anyone can compete.^[38]

Subculture[link]

The snowboarding way of life came about as a natural response to the culture from which it emerged. Early on, there was a rebellion against skiing culture and the view that snowboarders were inferior. Skiers did not easily accept this new culture on their slopes. The two cultures contrasted each other in several ways including how they spoke, acted, and their entire style of clothing. Snowboarders first embraced the punk and later the hip-hop look into their style. Words such as "dude", "gnarly", and "Shred the Gnar" are some examples of words used in the snowboarding culture. Snowboarding subculture became a crossover between the urban and suburban styles on snow, which made an easy transition from surfing and skateboarding culture over to snowboarding culture.^[39]

The early stereotypes of snowboarding have been known to be "lazy", "grungy", "punk", "stoners", "troublemakers", and numerous others, many of which are associated with skateboarding and surfing as well. However, these stereotypes may be considered "out of style". Snowboarding has become a sport that encompasses a very diverse international based crowd and fanbase, so much so that it's hard to stereotype such a large community. Reasons for these dying stereotypes include how mainstream and popular the sport has become, with the shock factor of snowboarding's quick take off on the slopes wearing off. Skiers and snowboarders are becoming used to each other, showing more respect to each other on the mountain. "The typical stereotype of the sport is changing as the demographics change".^[40]

Local scenes[link]

Snowboarding culture thrives in the communities of Alaska, the Pacific Northwest, parts of New England, Colorado, Utah, California and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and New Brunswick. Countries with strong snowboarding subcultures and many local riders include Norway, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Greece, Austria, Slovenia, Switzerland, France, Japan, Russia, Chile, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.

Media[link]

Films[link]

Snowboarding films have become a main part of progression in the sport. Each season, many films are released, usually in Autumn. These are made by many snowboard specific video production companies as well as manufacturing companies that use these films as a form of advertisement. Snowboarding videos usually contain video footage of professional riders sponsored by companies. An example of commercial use of snowboarding films would be The White Album, a film by snowboarding legend and filmmaker Dave Seoane about Shaun White, that includes cameos by Tony Hawk and was sponsored by PlayStation, Mountain Dew and Burton Snowboards. Snowboarding films are also used as documentation of snowboarding and showcasing of current trends and styles of the sport.

Magazines[link]

Snowboard magazines are integral in promoting the sport, although less so with the advent of the internet age. Photo incentives are written into many professional riders' sponsorship contracts giving professionals not only a publicity but a financial incentive to have a photo published in a magazine. Snowboard magazine staff travel with professional riders throughout the winter season and cover travel, contests, lifestyle, rider and company profiles, and product reviews. Snowboard magazines have recently made a push to expand their brands to the online market, and there has also been a growth in online-only publications. Popular magazines include Transworld Snowboarding (USA), Snowboarder Magazine (USA), Snowboard Magazine (USA), Whitelines (UK), Pleasure (Germany), Method (Europe), Onboard (Europe), Whiteroom Magazine (BG), Snowboard Canada (Canada),^[41] NZ Snowboarder, (New Zealand)^[42] and Snowboard Colorado, (USA).^[43]

Video games[link]

Snowboarding video games provide interactive entertainment on and off season. Most games for this genre have been made for consoles, such as the Xbox and PlayStation. A plethora of online casual snowboarding games also exist. More recently games in this genre have been made for mobile devices.

See also[link]

• Extreme snowboarding
• List of professional snowboarders
• Monoskiing
• U.S. intercollegiate snowboarding champions

References[link]

External links[link]

Find more about Snowboarding on Wikipedia's sister projects:
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	Images and media from Commons
	Learning resources from Wikiversity
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	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource
	Textbooks from Wikibooks

• Snowboarding links at the Open Directory Project

Travis Rice (born October 9, 1982^[1]) is an American professional snowboarder. He is #13 on Snowboarder magazine’s list of the Top Twenty Most Influential Riders,^[2] He has been considered "the Paul Revere" of the big mountain freestyle movement.^[3]

Early life[link]

Rice was born in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. He was raised near Jackson Hole Mountain Resort, where he continues to reside. Raised a skier by his father, a member of Jackson Hole Ski Patrol, Rice initially did not understand the rave of the new sport springing up on his mountain. However, he would soon catch on and join the local team.

Competition[link]

In 2001, without a sponsor and only 18 years old, Rice drove to Mammoth Mountain in California to ride at Snowboarder magazine’s “Superpark”. Recognition from the snowboarding world would come at this event, when Rice launched a backside rodeo off a 110 foot gap jump.^[4] Absinthe Films' producer Justin Hostynek immediately approached Rice to begin filming for their upcoming movie, Transcendence.^[2]

Films and Other Media[link]

Rice has filmed outstanding video parts year after year, producing jaw-dropping shots like his switch 540 over Chad's Gap in Utah, a 120 foot backcountry gap jump. On top of that, he has won several US Opens, an X-Games gold, and an Icer Air gold, where he landed the first double rodeo 1080 in competition.^[5]

In 2008, Rice co-produced (with filmmaker Curt Morgan) and starred in the snowboarding film That’s It That’s All. This film featured Troy Blackburn, Jeremy Jones, Mark Landvik, Terje Haakonsen, Nicolas Müller, Scotty Lago, Pat Moore, John Jackson, Jake Blauvelt, Danny Kass, and fellow Jackson Hole residents Bryan Iguchi and Kyle Clancy.^[6] Rice’s part in That’s It That’s All, which included the first ever double cork 1260, heavily influenced his sweep at the Transworld Magazine Rider’s Poll. He won Rider of the Year, Video Part of the Year, Standout of the Year, and Readers’ Choice award.^[7] On September, 07 2011, Rice released The Art of Flight, a film made in collaboration with the same team behind 'That's It, That's All, including John Jackson, Mark Landvik, Nicolas Müller and Jeremy Jones,Scotty Lago,Mark McMorris. The film divides the snowboard community, described as one of the best snowboard movies ever made, with a budget being well into the millions of dollars by some, and seen as a boring and soulless display of budget, far from the snowboard spirit and the respect of nature by others. It truly is one of the most inspirational movies ever filmed.^[8]

His sponsors are Quiksilver, LIB Tech, DC, Red Bull, Union bindings, Bluebird Wax, Contour, Jack’s Garage & Jackson Hole Mountain Resort.^[9]

He is also a downloadable, playable character in SSX. He is the first "real-life" snowboarder to ever be featured in the franchise.

Highlights[link]

Travis Rice's professional snowboarding career started in 2001. Various competition results taken from EXPN.^[10]

2008–2009

• 1st in X-Games Big Air Competition
• 4th - CJ - 5Star Red Bull Snow Scrapers (Ticket to Ride (World Snowboard Tour))
• Transworld Rider of the Year

2007–2008

• 11th, Nokia Air & Style Big Air Competition ^[11]
• 1st, ICER AIR, San Francisco, CA (Big Air event). With a best run score of 95^[12] for his Double backside Rodeo 1080.^[13]
• 1st Winter X Games Big Air Double Cork 1080

2005–2006

• 12th, FIS World Cup #1, Valle Nevado, Chile (Halfpipe)
• 8th, Nokia Air & Style, Munich, Germany (Slopestyle)
• 51st, Chevrolet US Snowboard Grand Prix Halfpipe #1
• 26th, Chevrolet US Snowboard Grand Prix Halfpipe #2
• 9th, X Games 10 (Slopestyle)
• 2nd, Honda Session at Vail, Co (Rail)
• 3rd, Honda Session at Vail, Co (Slopestyle)
• 33rd, Ticket To Ride World Snowboard Tour (Season End Rankings, Overall)

2004–2005

• Transworld Rider of the Year
• Named by Faces Magazine as one of the Top 20 Greatest Athletes Now
• 2nd, X-Trail Jam, Tokyo, Japan (Quarterpipe)
• 3rd, X-Trail Jam, Tokyo, Japan (Straight Jump)
• 1st, US Snowboard Grandprix, Breckenridge, Co (Rails)
• 2nd, US Snowboard Grandprix, Breckenridge, Co (Halfpipe)
• 8th, US Snowboard Grandprix Season End Ranking (Halfpipe)
• 10th, X Games 2005 (Superpipe)
• 3rd, X Games 2005 (Slopestyle)
• 2nd, Abominable Snow Jam, Mount Hood, Oregon (Quarterpipe)
• 3rd, Abominable Snow Jam, Mount Hood, Oregon (Slopestyle)

2003–2004

• 1st, Arctic Challenge, Trysilfjellet, Norway (Quarterpipe Overall)
• 9th, Arctic Challenge, Trysilfjellet, Norway (Slopestyle)
• 1st, Boost Mobile Pro-Jam (Rail)
• 1st, Boost Mobile Pro-Jam
• 4th, Winter X Games 2003 (Slopestyle)
• 21st, Winter X Games 2003 (Superpipe)
• 1st, Abominable Snow Jam (Slopestyle)
• 1st, Abominable Snow Jam (Quarterpipe)
• 1st, Grand Prix, Breckenridge, Co. (Rail)
• 1st, X-Rail Jam Tokyodome 2003 (Jam Session)
• 1st, US Open Rail Jam
• 1st, The Session, Vail, Co. (Rail)
• 4th, The Session, Vail, Co. (Slopestyle)
• 1st, Montana Christchurch Big Air, New Zealand

2002–2003

• 1st, X-Games (Slopestyle)
• 1st, Grand Prix, Breckenridge (Big Air)
• 4th, World Snowboard Federation Season End (Slopestyle)
• 4th, The Session, Vail, Colorado (Slopestyle)
• 1st, The Session, Vail, Colorado (Rail Jam)
• 2nd, Toyota Slopestyle, Kijimadaira, Japan (Slopestyle)
• 3rd, US Open, Stratton, Vermont (Slopestyle)
• 1st, US Open, Stratton, Vermont (Rail Jam)

2001–2002

• TransWorld Rookie Of The Year
• 1st (FIS Halfpipe), FIS, Park City
• 2nd, Vans Triple Crown Series, Breckenridge, Colorado (Slopestyle)^[14]
• 3rd, Vans Triple Crown Series, Snow Summit, California (Slopestyle)^[14]
• 4th, World Championships, Vail, Co. (Slopestyle)
• 1st, Yahoo Big Air, Breckenridge, Co. (Big Air)
• 7th, US Grand Prix, Mount Bachelor, Oregon (Halfpipe)
• 9th, Vans Triple Crown (Season End, Overall)

Video parts[link]

• The Art of Flight - Brainfarm (2011)
• Neverland - Absinthe Films (2009)
• That's It, That's All (2008)
• DC MTN.LAB 1.5 (2007)^[15]
• Billabong - Lines (2007)^[16]
• DC MTN.LAB
• The Gap Sessions
• First Descent
• The Community Project^[17]
• Pop
• Night of the Living Shred
• The Prophecy (2002)
• Revenge of the Grenerds
• Futureproof
• More
• Full Metal Edges
• Saturation
• Vivid (2002)
• Deeper (2010)
• Transcendence (2002)^[18]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Posts tagged 'Travis Rice' on SuperStoker
• Posts tagged 'Travis Rice' on THEBLEND

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (April 2010)

Shaun White

White in 2008
Personal information
Full name	Shaun Roger White
Born	(1986-09-03) September 3, 1986 (age 25) San Diego, California, U.S.
Height	5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)
Weight	154 pounds (70 kg)
Sport
Country	United States
Sport	Snowboarding, Skateboarding
Medal record Competitor for the  United States Men's snowboarding Olympic Games Gold 2006 Torino Halfpipe Gold 2010 Vancouver Halfpipe Winter Dew Tour medal record Gold 2008 Breckenridge Slopestyle Gold 2008 Breckenridge Superpipe Gold 2009 Mt. Snow Slopestyle Gold 2009 Mt. Snow Superpipe Gold 2009 Northstar Slopestyle Gold 2009 Northstar Superpipe Winter X Games medal record Gold 2003 Aspen Slopestyle Gold 2003 Aspen Superpipe Gold 2004 Aspen Slopestyle Gold 2005 Aspen Slopestyle Gold 2006 Aspen Slopestyle Gold 2006 Aspen Superpipe Gold 2008 Aspen Superpipe Gold 2009 Aspen Slopestyle Gold 2009 Aspen Superpipe Gold 2010 Aspen Superpipe Gold 2011 Aspen Superpipe Gold 2012 Aspen Superpipe Silver 2002 Aspen Slopestyle Silver 2002 Aspen Superpipe Silver 2007 Aspen Superpipe Bronze 2007 Aspen Slopestyle Bronze 2008 Aspen Slopestyle TTR World Snowboard Tour record Gold 2007 Overall Silver 2008 Overall U.S. Snowboarding Grand Prix medal record Gold 2006 Overall X Games medal record Men's skateboarding Gold 2007 Los Angeles Vert Gold 2011 Los Angeles Vert Silver 2005 Los Angeles Vert Silver 2010 Los Angeles Vert Bronze 2008 Los Angeles Vert Dew Tour medal record Men's skateboarding Gold 2007 Vert Gold 2007 Vert Gold 2008 Vert

Shaun Roger White (born September 3, 1986) is an American professional snowboarder and skateboarder. He is a two-time Olympic gold medalist. He rides regular stance, twelve and negative three degrees on his board.^[1]

Early life[link]

White was born in San Diego, California. His ancestry includes Irish and Italian.^[2][3] He was born with a Tetralogy of Fallot, a congenital heart defect for which he endured two open-heart operations before the age of one.^[4] He stands 5'8" (1.73 m) tall. White spent his formative years riding Okemo Mountain and Bear Mountain, small ski resorts found in Ludlow, Vermont, and the San Bernardino Mountains of Southern California.

Snowboarding career[link]

White's skateboard career took place during the same time he was rising through the snowboard ranks. White quickly drew the eyes of many in the skateboarder scene including professional skateboarder Tony Hawk. At this point Hawk befriended the nine-year-old White at a local skatepark and mentored him, helping him turn pro in skateboarding at the age of 17. White has gone on to win many titles on his skateboard, most notably winning the overall title of Action Sports Tour Champion, as well as being the first person to compete in and win both the Summer and Winter X Games in two different sports. Following in his older brother's footsteps, White switched from skiing to snowboarding at age six, and by age seven he received his first sponsorship. White has participated in two Winter Olympics in his career. At both the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics, White won gold in the snowboard halfpipe event. White has also participated in the Winter X Games, where he has won a medal every year since 2002. Including all winter X Games competitions through 2009, his medal count stands at 15 (10 gold, 3 silver, 2 bronze), among which is the first quadruple win streak by a male athlete in one discipline, the snowboard slopestyle. White's streak was snapped in 2007 when he lost to Andreas Wiig and Teddy Flandreau, with White taking the bronze. He won the Air & Style Contest in 2003 and 2004.

2006 Winter Olympics[link]

At the 2006 Winter Olympics, White won gold in the half-pipe.^[5] After his first run in qualifications, White was almost out of competition, scoring only 37.7. On his second run, he recorded a score of 45.3. In the finals, White recorded a score of 46.8 (50 is the highest possible score) to win. Fellow American Danny Kass won the silver with a points total of 44.0.^[6]

2008[link]

Executing a near-flawless second run, White captured his third consecutive snowboard halfpipe title at the 2008 U.S. Open Snowboarding Championships to go along with his third US Open slopestyle competition. This followed White's win at the 25th (2007) Burton US Open, where he placed third in slopestlyle and first in the halfpipe. At the 2007 Open, White was also crowned the first "Burton Global Open Champion". His take for the event was $100,000 (Global Open Champ), $20,000 (1st Place Halfpipe), $90,000 (3rd Place Slopestyle), and a new Corvette.

On November 16, 2008 White released his first videogame "Shaun White Snowboarding" in North America (November 14, 2008 in Europe). Shaun White:Snowboarding was the 20th best-selling game of December 2008 in the United States.^{[citation needed]}

2009[link]

White with Richard Branson in 2009

There was a lot of controversy over who won the 2009 SuperPipe at Winter X Games XIII^{[citation needed]}. Kevin Pearce had 5 hits in the pipe, and all were the same tricks White did in his final run. White, on the other hand, had 6 hits and he started off his run with a big backside rodeo 540 where Pearce started his run off with a big grab. Although Pearce went bigger, he only had 5 hits, and his first hit wasn't as technical as White's first hit.^{[citation needed]} Judges came to the conclusion that White deserved the better score because he started off with a more technical trick and he had 1 more hit than Pearce.^{[citation needed]} With the win, White became the second competitor, after Tanner Hall, to win a gold medal in the superpipe in consecutive years at the Winter X Games. He also won a gold medal in Slopestyle, finally winning gold after 2 straight years of bronze.

On February 14, 2009, White won the FIS World Cup Men's Halfpipe event at Vancouver's Cypress Mountain. Out of the gate in his first qualifying run, he qualified immediately with the day's best score of 45.5. With a thumb sprained on an over-rotated backside 1080 in the second qualifying run, he clinched the event with the first of his two runs in the finals. His first finals run was awarded the highest score ever in FIS halfpipe, a 47.3.

2010 Winter Olympics[link]

At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, White again won gold in the halfpipe.^[7] In the finals, White recorded a score of 46.8 on his first run, which proved a high enough score to secure the gold medal without a second run. He performed his second run anyway, as a victory lap, ending his run with a well-anticipated Double McTwist 1260 which he named The Tomahawk.^[8] This second run resulted in a record score of 48.4 (50 is the highest possible score) enlarging his margin of victory. His nearest competitor won the silver with a points total of 45.0, 3.4 behind White.^[9]

2011[link]

After a sub-par performance in the Slopestyle, failing to reach the finals, White "redeemed" himself in the Superpipe. With an 89, he sat in second place going into his 2nd of three runs. He completed the run, landing his infamous Double McTwist 1260 and finishing with a score of 97.33 to take the lead and claim the historical 4th straight Gold in the Winter X Games, held in Aspen Colorado. The score tied an X Games record, which was set by White one year before. His 3rd run was a simple victory run featuring mostly straight air.^[10]

2012[link]

At Winter X, White became the first person to score a perfect 100 in the men's Snowboard Superpipe in the history of Winter X Games.

Athletic achievements[link]

• In 2003 White was the first to compete and medal in both the Summer and Winter X Games in two different sports.
• White is the first snowboarder ever to land back to back double corks, at the Red Bull superpipe.
• He remains the only skater to land the frontside heelflip 540 body varial. (The Armadillo).^[11]
• He was the first to land a Cab 7 Melon Grab in vert skateboarding.
• He is the first snowboarder to win back-to-back gold medals in the Winter X-Games Superpipe.
• He is also the first athlete ever (on snowboard or skis) to win gold medals four years in a row in the Winter X-Games Superpipe.
• He is the first (and only) person to win both a Summer and Winter Dew Cup.^[12]
• White was the first to "three-peat" in SuperPipe at the Winter X Games.
• Shaun White holds the record for the highest score in the men's halfpipe at the Winter Olympics. In 2006, his 46.8 points bested Ross Powers' previous record of 46.1 from 2002. In 2010, during the Winter Olympics in Vancouver, he improved his own record with 48.4 points in his final run.

Non-competition awards and accolades[link]

• White was named the "Chairman of the Board" on the Spike TV Guys' Choice Awards on June 13, 2007 and again on June 19, 2010.^[13]
• In the March 2009 issue of Snowboarder Magazine, he was named the ninth-best snowboarder in the World.^[14]
• He won the Revolver Golden Gods Award for "Most Metal Athlete".
• White has been named Transworld Snowboarding's Rider Of The Year twice.^[15]

Endorsements[link]

White has had a sponsor since he was seven years old. White signed CAA Sports for representation after working with IMG for eight years.^[16] Corporate endorsement deals include or have included Burton Snowboards, Oakley, Inc., Birdhouse Skateboards, Park City Mountain Resort, Target Corporation, Red Bull, Ubisoft, Adio and Hewlett-Packard. White also has his own character on the game Shaun Palmer's Pro Snowboarder as well as the video game Shaun White Snowboarding and the upcoming video game Shaun White Skateboarding. In 2009, Forbes magazine estimated that he had earned $9 million from his endorsements in 2008.^[17]

Media appearances[link]

• He had his first published interview in TransWorld SNOWboarding Magazine in 2003.^[18]
• White starred in the 2005 snowboarding documentary First Descent.
• In 2007, White appeared on the E! reality TV show "The Girls Next Door" as a snowboarding teacher for Holly Madison, Bridget Marquardt and Kendra Wilkinson.^[19]
• White was one of the few pro snowboarders to be a guest editor of Snowboarder Magazine (February 2008 issue).^[20]
• The 2008 video game Shaun White Snowboarding is named after him, and the game was personally played and demonstrated by him at Nintendo's E3 2008 Press Conference.
• A film, Don't Look Down has been released on DVD and ESPN. The film tracks his journey through the year following his Olympic success.^[21]
• White was on the cover for The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics: 2010 Edition.^[22]
• White appeared as a guest on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, March 2, 2010, recounting the story of how his mother had his first Olympic gold medal dry cleaned.^[23]
• White had a cameo appearance as himself in the 2011 film Friends with Benefits, starring Justin Timberlake and Mila Kunis.

Personal life[link]

Addressing his perception of the nickname "The Flying Tomato", Rolling Stone wrote, "he used to embrace it, even wearing headbands with a flying-tomato logo, but he has grown tired of it." He has also been nicknamed as "animal", a reference to a character from the satirical puppet show The Muppet Show.^[24][25]

In February 2009, Red Bull built White a halfpipe completely out of natural snow in the back country of Colorado on the backside of Silverton Mountain, coordinates (37.838801,-107.710299).

See also[link]

• List of professional snowboarders

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Shaun White

• Shaun White at the International Ski Federation
• Official Site of Shaun White
• Red Bull's Secret Halfpipe — New Tricks
• TTR World Snowboard Tour Rider Profile (current standings in the world ranking with contest results)
• TransWorld SNOWboarding Magazine — coverage of White from age 14 on
• Snowboardermag.com — interviews and videos
• Shaun White at the Internet Movie Database
• Shaun White's U.S. Olympic Team bio
• AP Winter Games Athlete Profile: Shaun White
• AP: White's showstopper caps second Olympic gold
• AP: Inside the Rings: Shaun White blazes trails
• Shaun White Interview: Pop Magazine

Medal record
Competitor for  Norway
Men's snowboarding
Dew Tour Medal Record
Gold	2009	Slopestyle
X Games Medal Record
Gold	2011 Aspen	Big Air
Gold	2008 Aspen	Big Air
Silver	2012 Aspen	Big Air
Silver	2010 Aspen	Big Air
Silver	2009 Aspen	Big Air

Torstein Horgmo (born 18 February 1987) is a Norwegian pro snowboarder. He is 5'8" tall. He is known for his flawless style and executing very technical jumps along with a mastery skill of rails.

Life and career[link]

Torstein won a gold medal in Snowboard Big Air at the 2008 Winter X Games XII in Aspen, Colorado, after first beating Travis Rice in the finals, and Kevin Pearce in the semifinal. He also won 1st in the Slopestyle Final at the 2009 Winter Dew Tour, beating Shaun White, who won the Slopestyle Final in Breckenridge, Colorado.^[1] At the 2009 Winter X-Games XIII, Horgmo was defeated in Big Air by friend and teammate Travis Rice. This event trialed the text-voting system as the only judging system. The riders, including Rice himself, have stated that they do not believe that this voting system produces fair results, as nationality, popularity, and crowd appeal of the tricks can outweigh the technicality of the trick itself. Horgmo performed switch backside 1260's, but was defeated by Rice's backside double rodeo 1080. It is worth noting that both riders threw the same tricks against each other in previous competitions, with Horgmo getting the higher score. Torstein landed his switch backside 1260 without reverting, whereas Travis had to revert both his landings (turning another 180 degrees after landing, because he couldn't stop the rotation).

In Dew Tour winter 2009/10 he took two first place victories over Shaun White in slopestyle, stating his place as one of the best jumpers in the sport.

In the summer of 2010 he was the first to land a triple cork (three off axis flips before coming back in contact with the ground) off a 100 ft jump in Folgefonna, Norway.^[2]

In the Winter X Games XV Finals Torstein landed an attempt of the triple cork in competition in the Big Air Final on January 28, 2011, winning gold medal over Sebastien Toutant, even doing so with a broken rib and a concussion. He agrees it wasn't a true triple cork because the jump wasn't big enough for the full rotation, calling it the "stupidest thing I've done in my whole life, by far." Its a trick that not many people have landed since.

Torstein followed this up in January 2012 landing a true triple cork 1440 in the Winter XGames Big Air Final, scoring a perfect score of 50/50. ^[3]

Results[link]

Swatch TTR World Tour events 2007/08 season[link]

^[4]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Posts tagged 'Torstein Horgmo' on SuperStoker

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