Statues showing the birth of a Caboclo.

A caboclo (Portuguese pronunciation: [kaˈboklu]; from Tupi kaa'boc, "deriving from the white") or caboco' is a person of a mixed Brazilian Indian and European ancestry. In Brazil, a caboclo is a specific type of mestiço as is the mulato, a person of a mixed Afro-Brazilian and European ancestry.

The term caboclo (which in Candomblé is usually pronounced without the l, as caboco) is said to come from the Tupi word kari'boka, meaning 'deriving from the white'. Thus its primary meaning is mestizo, 'a person of an Indian and European descent.' But it may also be used to refer to any Brazilian Indian."^[1] The term Indian should not be confused with people originating from South Asia.

There was a wave of caboclos created during the time of rubber soldiers, when young, primarily white Brazilian men were taken from North-Eastern Brazil and brought into the Amazonian interior to harvest rubber. The men were never granted permission to leave, and thus married locally.

Interestingly, the traditional caboclo populations in the Amazon region of Brazil are noted as voracious eaters of the açaí palm fruit. In a study, açaí palm was described as the most important plant species because the fruit makes up such a major component of diet (up to 42% of the total food intake by weight) and is economically valuable in the region (Murrieta et al., 1999).

The "Day of the Caboclo" (Dia do Caboclo), on June 24, is an official date of the State of Amazonas.

The term caboco is also used as an alternate term for the Orishas of the Candomblé religion. The caboclo is also an Orisha.

For multiculturalistic anthropology, the term "caboclo" has been criticized^{[by whom?]} as too vague and prejudgmental for scientific use.

See also[link]

• Mixed Race Day
• Mameluco

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Adams, C., Murrieta, R., & Neves, W. A. (2006). Sociedades caboclas amazônicas: modernidade e invisibilidade (1a ed.). Sâo Paulo: Annablume. ISBN 85-7419-644-4 and ISBN 978-85-7419-644-2
• Murrieta, R. S. S., Dufour, D. L., & Siqueira, A. D. (1999). Food consumption and subsistence in three Caboclo populations on Marajo Island, Amazonia, Brazil. Human Ecology, 27(3), 455-475.
• Nugent, S. (1993). Amazonian caboclo society: an essay on invisibility and peasant economy. Providence, RI: Berg. ISBN 0-85496-756-7

External links[link]

• http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/11/13/news/brazil.php
• http://www.nacaomestica.org

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Renato Russo
Background information
Birth name	Renato Manfredini, Jr.
Born	(1960-03-27)March 27, 1960 Rio de JaneiroBrazil
Died	October 11, 1996(1996-10-11) (aged 36) Rio de JaneiroBrazil
Genres	Post-punk, alternative rock, folk rock, punk rock
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, lyricist, musician
Instruments	Vocals, bass guitar, guitar, keyboards
Years active	1978–1996
Labels	EMI
Associated acts	Legião Urbana, Aborto Elétrico
Website	www.renatorusso.com.br

Renato Russo (born Renato Manfredini, Jr., March 27, 1960 – October 11, 1996) was a Brazilian singer and songwriter. His first band was a punk rock band called "Aborto Elétrico" (Electric Abortion). The band then broke up and split in two different ones: "Capital Inicial" and "Legião Urbana". He was the formal founder and leader of the Legião Urbana.

Biography[link]

Childhood[link]

Renato Manfredini Jr. was born in Rio de Janeiro. He started his studies at an early age, at Colégio Olavo Billac. During this period he wrote an excellent essay named "Old house, in ruins". His father was an executive at Banco do Brasil, and the family moved to Forest Hills, Queens, New York in 1967, when he was assigned a job position in the city. Renato and his family returned later to Rio de Janeiro and moved in with his uncle Sávio. As an 18-years-old, he admitted to his mother to being bisexual. And in 1988 he made it public by writing the song "Meninos e Meninas" ("Boys n' Girls") with the chorus stating, in English, "I like St. Paulo, I like St. João, I like St. Francisco and St. Sebastião, and I like boys and girls."

Adolescence[link]

In 1973, his family moved from Rio de Janeiro to Brasília, moving to the "Asa Sul" district. In 1975, aged 15, Renato went through one of the hardest phases of his life when he was diagnosed as suffering from epiphysiolysis, a bone disease. He underwent surgery and had three platinum pins implanted in his pelvis. He suffered greatly throughout his convalescence, being confined to bed for 6 months, almost immobile. While he was under treatment, he did little more than listening to music, collecting an extensive and varied album collection. In an interview, Renato stated that this period was crucial in shaping his musical ear.

Musical career[link]

During the years of 1978 and 1979, he was the bass player of punk rock band Aborto Elétrico (Electric Abortion) which lasted 4 years, from 1978 to 1982, but broke up due to constant arguing between Fê Lemos, the drummer, and Renato. Although the band did not last long, during this period Renato Russo wrote many songs that would later become hits of Capital Inicial (founded by the remaining members of Aborto Elétrico) and Legião Urbana (founded by Renato Russo).

After the end of Aborto Elétrico, Renato began a solo career as the "Trovador Solitário" (Lonely Minstrel). This period only lasted a few months, as in 1982, he joined Marcelo Bonfá (the drummer of the band Dado e o Reino Animal), Eduardo Paraná (guitar player, known as Kadu Lambach) and Paulo Guimarães (keyboard player, known as Paulo Paulista) to form Legião Urbana. Renato was the lead vocal and bass player. Their main influences were the post punk bands of the time, especially Robert Smith from The Cure and Morrissey from The Smiths.

After the first few concerts, Eduardo Paraná and Paulo Paulista left the band. Dado Villa-Lobos then took over the guitars, creating the classic line-up of the band. The band also had Renato Rocha as a bass player from 1984 to 1989.

Leading Legião Urbana, Renato Russo reached the peak of his career as a musician, being recognized as the most important songwriter of Brazilian rock, securing a cult status within his fanbase.

He used to write long songs. "Faroeste Caboclo" for instance lasts 9:05, "Clarisse" is 10:33 long and "Metal Contra as Nuvens" is 11:29 minutes. The song "Fátima" was written in ten minutes. He recorded two solo albums, with both English and Italian songs, in the 1990s.

Death[link]

Renato Russo died on October 11, 1996, at 01:15 a.m., weighing only 45 kilograms (99.2 pounds), due to complications caused by AIDS (he had been HIV-positive since 1989, but never revealed it publicly). He left a son, Giuliano Manfredini, at the time only 7 years old. His body was cremated and the ashes were spread on Roberto Burle Marx's garden.

On October 22, 1996, eleven days after his death, Dado and Bonfá announced the end of Legião Urbana. The bands estimated sales in Brazil during Renato's life amounted to roughly 20 million albums. More than a decade after his death, sales of his albums are still considerable.

Solo albums

• The Stonewall Celebration Concert (1994)
• Equilibrio Distante (1995)
• O Último Solo (1997)
• Presente (2003)

Compilation albums

• Série Bis: Renato Russo - Duplo (2000)
• Série Para Sempre: Renato Russo (2001)
• Série Identidade: Renato Russo (2002)
• O Talento de Renato Russo (2004)
• O Trovador Solitário (2008)
• Renato Russo: Duetos (2010)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Site
• Vídeos in Luciano Marinho Site

Margareth Menezes
Background information
Born	(1962-10-13) October 13, 1962 (age 49)
Origin	Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
Genres	Axé MPB Samba-Reggae World Music Afrobeat
Occupations	Singer, songwriter, dancer, actress
Instruments	Vocals
Years active	1987 - Present
Labels	Universal Music, EMI Music, Som Livre, Mango, Tratore, Dubas Música, RBM, MZA Music, Island Records, Warner Music Brasil e Polydor Records
Associated acts	Maria Bethânia, Gilberto Gil, Caetano Veloso, Ivete Sangalo, Daniela Mercury, Luís Represas, Carlinhos Brown, Alcione, Lenine, Cláudio Zoli
Website	MargarethMenezes.com.br

Margareth Menezes (born October 13, 1962) is a Brazilian singer from Salvador, Bahia.

Her style is considered axé but her music also steers into samba and MPB territory, at times drawing on African rhythms and reggae.

Menezes is best known in Brazil for her song "Me Abraça e Me Beija", a major hit in 1990. She also scored another hit with "Dandalunda", a song which became the unofficial anthem of the 2003 Salvador carnival.

Menezes has achieved superstardom in her native Bahia but only moderate success in wider Brazil. She is famed for her energetic live performances and regularly tours and performs at carnival celebrations.

In 1990, one of Menezes's tracks "Elegibô (Uma Historia De Ifa)" was used in the Mickey Rourke film Wild Orchid. This prompted Island Records in the US to release a compilation album of some of her older material from Brazil on their subsidiary label, Mango. The album, simply titled Elegibô, was an instant hit, reaching # 1 on the Billboard World Music chart at a time when David Byrne was championing Brazilian music in the US. The title track itself became a regular staple at clubs playing so-called world music throughout the US and Europe. The album also received a full release in the UK, Germany and France. A single, "Tenda do Amor", was also released from the album in some European territories. Menezes toured internationally on the back of this album, generating a lot of press in the process. A second US-released follow-up album Kindala, released late 1991, but repackaged in some territories from the Brazilian version of the same name, also achieved some success. This release also gave Menezes a minor hit album in France too.

In 2001, Menezes released the highly acclaimed Afropopbrasileiro (also known as "Maga") showcasing her trademark fusion of afro-Brazilian beats. The album was produced by Carlinhos Brown of Tribalistas fame and was well received in Brazil and internationally.

Menezes also co-wrote and performed on the 2003 Tribalistas hit "Passe Em Casa", from the million-selling Tribalistas album.

Her 2005 single, "Como Tu", a duet with Brazilian superstar Ivete Sangalo was released amidst much hype because Sangalo was achieving platinum album sales at the time. The track reached the lower reaches of the airplay Top 30 in Brazil but failed to emulate the success of recent Sangalo hits. The hit single was lifted from Menezes' 2005 album release Pra Você; the album received lukewarm reviews, possibly owing to a more poppier sound than previous releases. A second single, the reggae-tinged "Miragem na esquina" performed poorly at radio.

In 2006, the album Pra Você received a Grammy nomination for "Best Brazilian Contemporary Pop Album".

More recently, Menezes participated on the track "Beijo Descarado" by Timbalada which achieved some airplay success in Brazil during the 2007 Carnival celebrations.

In 2010, an acoustic version of her 2008 album Naturalmente was released. The album was recorded at Ilha dos Sapos and featured guests like Gilberto Gil, Carlinhos Brown and Portuguese singer Luis Represas.

Menezes remains one of the most dynamic and popular of the contemporary Brazilian artists achieving international recognition.

Discography[link]

External links[link]

• Margareth Menezes Official Website