A poster advertising the 1933 World's Fair in Chicago

"Viking" replica of the Gokstad Viking ship at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair

1939 New York World's Fair sundial, (image taken in 1940)

General Motors "Avenue of Progress" with concept car "GM-X Stiletto" on display at 1964 New York World's Fair

A world's fair, world fair, universal exposition, or world expo (expo short for exposition) is a large public exhibition. These exhibitions vary in character and are held in varying parts of the world.

The main attractions at world's fairs are the national pavilions, created by participating countries. At Expo 2000 Hanover, where countries created their own architecture, the average pavilion investment was about €13 million.^{[citation needed]} Given these costs, governments are sometimes hesitant to participate, because benefits are often assumed not to outweigh the costs. Tangible effects are difficult to measure, but an independent study for the Dutch pavilion at Expo 2000 estimated that the pavilion (which cost around €35 million) generated around €350 million of potential revenues for the Dutch economy. It also identified several key success factors for world-exposition pavilions in general.^[1]

Since the entering into force of the 1928 Convention Relating to International Exhibitions, the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE; English: International Exhibitions Bureau) has served as an international sanctioning body for world's fairs. BIE-approved fairs are of three types: universal, international, and specialized. They usually last from three weeks to six months.

History[link]

World's fairs originated in the French tradition of national exhibitions, a tradition that culminated with the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 held in Paris. This fair was soon followed by other national exhibitions in continental Europe, and eventually the United Kingdom.

The best-known 'first World Expo' was held in The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, United Kingdom, in 1851, under the title "Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations". The Great Exhibition, as it is often called, was an idea of Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's husband, and is usually considered as the first international exhibition of manufactured products. It influenced the development of several aspects of society, including art-and-design education, international trade and relations, and tourism.^[2] These events have resulted in a remarkable form of Prince Albert's life history, one that continues to be reflected in London architecture in a number of ways, including in the Albert Memorial later erected to the Prince. This expo was the most obvious precedent for the many international exhibitions, later called world's fairs, that have continued to be held to the present time.

Since their inception in 1851, the character of world expositions has evolved. Three eras can be distinguished: the era of industrialization, the era of cultural exchange, and the era of nation branding.^[3]

Industrialization (1851–1938)[link]

The first era could be called^{[by whom?]} the era of "industrialization" and covered, roughly, the period from 1800 to 1938. In these days, world expositions were especially focused on trade, and were famous for the display of technological inventions and advancements. World expositions were the platforms where the state-of-the-art in science and technology from around the world was brought together. The world expositions of 1851 London, 1853 New York, 1862 London, Philadelphia (1876), 1889 Paris, 1893 Chicago, 1900 Paris, 1901 Buffalo, 1904 St. Louis and 1915 San Francisco were landmarks in this respect.^{[citation needed]} Inventions such as the telephone were first presented during this era. An important part of the image of world's fairs stems from this first era.

Cultural exchange (1939–1987)[link]

Ice Follies at the Seattle 1962 World's Fair

The international exhibition in New York City in 1939–1940 presented a departure from the original focus of the expositions. From then on, world's fairs became more strongly based on a specific theme of cultural significance, and began to address issues of humankind. They became more future oriented and utopian in scope. Technology and inventions remained important, but no longer were the principal subjects of fairs. "Building The World of Tomorrow" (New York, 1939–40), "Peace Through Understanding" (New York, 1964–65) and "Man and His World" (Montreal, 1967) are examples of these themes. Cross-cultural dialogue and the exchange of solutions became defining elements of the expos. The dominant fair of this era arguably^{[by whom?]} is Montreal's Expo '67. It was also during Expo '67 that organizers started calling world's fairs "expos". (Montreal's Major League Baseball team, which played from 1969 until it moved to Washington, D.C. in December 2004, was named the Expos, in honor of the 1967 fair).^[4]

Nation branding (1988–present)[link]

From Expo '88 in Brisbane onwards, countries started to use world expositions more widely and more strongly as a platform to improve their national images through their pavilions. Finland, Japan, Canada, France and Spain are cases in point. A large study by Tjaco Walvis called "Expo 2000 Hanover in Numbers" showed that improving national image was the primary participation goal for 73% of the countries at Expo 2000^{[citation needed]}. In a world where a strong national image is a key asset, pavilions became advertising campaigns, and the Expo a vehicle for 'nation branding'. Apart from cultural and symbolic reasons, organizing countries (and the cities and regions hosting them) also utilize the world exposition to brand themselves. According to branding expert Wally Olins, Spain used Expo '92 and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona in the same year to underline its new position as a modern and democratic country and present itself as a prominent member of the European Union and the global community^{[citation needed]}.

Today's world expositions embody elements of all three eras. They present new inventions, facilitate cultural exchange based on a theme, and are used for city, region and nation branding.

Types[link]

St. Louis 1904 World's Fair Boer War program. Battle recreations took 2–3 hours and included several Generals and 600 veteran soldiers from both sides of the war. At the conclusion of the show, the Boer General Christiaan de Wet would escape on horseback by leaping from a height of 35 feet (11 m) into a pool of water.

Presently, there are two types of world expositions: registered and recognized (sometimes unofficially known as "major" and "minor" fairs, respectively^[5]). Registered exhibitions are the biggest category events. Previously, registered expositions were called "Universal Expositions". Even though this name lingers on in public memory, it is no longer in use as an official term. At registered exhibitions, participants generally build their own pavilions. They are therefore the most extravagant and most expensive expos. Their duration may be between six weeks and six months. Since 1995, the interval between two registered expositions has been at least five years. Most recently, the registered exposition Expo 2010 in Shanghai was held from May 1 through November 1, 2010.

Recognized expositions are smaller in scope and investments and generally shorter in duration; between three weeks and three months. Previously, these expositions were called "International or Specialized Expositions" but these terms are no longer used officially. Their total surface area must not exceed 25 ha and organizers must build pavilions for the participating states, free of rent, charges, taxes and expenses. The largest country pavilions may not exceed 1,000 m². Only one recognized exhibition can be held between two registered exhibitions.^[6]

There are also two types of auxiliary expositions: the horticultural exhibitions, which are joint BIE and AIPH-sanctioned 'garden' fair in which participants present gardens and garden pavilions; and the Milan Triennial Exhibition of Decorative Arts and Modern Architecture.^[7]

"Registered Expositions" or Universal Expositions[link]

Universal expositions encompass universal themes that affect the full gamut of human experience, and international and corporate participants are required to adhere to the theme in their representations. Universal expositions are usually held less frequently than specialized or international expositions because they are more expensive as they require total design of pavilion buildings from the ground up. As a result, nations compete for the most outstanding or memorable structure—recent examples include Japan, France, Morocco & Spain at Expo '92. Recent Universal Expositions include Brussels Expo '58, Montreal Expo 67, Osaka Expo '70, and Seville Expo '92. Sometimes prefabricated structures are also used to minimize costs for developing countries or for countries from a geographical block to share space (i.e. Plaza of the Americas at Seville '92).

The only universal exposition to be held without BIE approval was the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair.^{[citation needed]} The sanctioning organization at Paris denied them "official" status because its president, Robert Moses, did not comply with BIE rules in place at the time, namely the one limiting the duration for universal expositions to six months only. Both World's Fairs in New York (1939–40 and 1964–65) have the distinction of being the only two-year world expositions in history.^{[citation needed]} The Fair proceeded without BIE approval and turned to tourism and trade organizations to host national pavilions in lieu of official government sponsorship. However, a large number of countries did participate in the world's fair including several newly independent African and Asian states.^[8] Frederick Pittera, a producer of international fairs and exhibitions and author of the history of world's fairs in the Encyclopædia Britannica and Compton Encyclopedia), was commissioned by Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. of New York City in 1959 to prepare the first feasibility studies for the 1964 New York World's Fair. Pittera was joined in his study by Austrian architect Victor Gruen (Inventor of the 'Shopping Mall').^{[citation needed]} The Eisenhower Commission ultimately awarded the world's fair bid to New York City against several major U.S. cities.^{[citation needed]}

Since the turn of the 21st century the BIE has moved to sanction expos only every five years;^{[citation needed]} following the numerous expos of the 1980s and 1990s, some see this as a means to cut down potential expenditure by participating nations. The move was also seen by some as an attempt to avoid conflicting with the Summer Olympics^{[citation needed]}. The rule may apply to all expos, or it may end up that universal expositions will be restricted to every five years or so, with international or specialized expositions in the in-between years for countries wishing to celebrate a special event.^{[citation needed]} The most recent universal expo was Expo 2010 in Shanghai.

"Recognized Expositions" or International or Specialized Expositions[link]

International expositions are usually united by a common theme—such as 'Transportation' (Vancouver Expo 86), or, 'Leisure in the Age of Technology' (Brisbane, Expo '88). Such themes are narrower than the wider scope of universal expositions.

The International Exposition, Tsukuba, Japan, popularly known as Expo '85 was held in the city of Tsukuba located near Tokyo. This Exposition is more formerly known as "The International Science Technology Exposition".

Specialized and international expositions are usually smaller in scale and cheaper to run for the host committee and participants because the architectural fees are lower and they only have to rent the space from the host committee, usually with the prefabricated structure already completed. Countries then have the option of 'adding' their own colours, design etc. to the outside of the prefabricated structure and filling in the inside with their own content. One example of this is China, which has often chosen to add a Chinese archway in the front of its prefabricated pavilions to symbolize the nation (Expo '88, Expo '92, Expo '93).

The 2008 International Exhibition was hosted by the Spanish city of Zaragoza with the theme "Water and the Sustainable Development".

Expo 2012 will be held in Yeosu, South Korea, with the theme "The Living Ocean and Coast: Diversity of Resources and Sustainable Activities".^[9]

List of expositions[link]

List of hitherto official world expositions (Universal, International/Specialised, Horticultural) according to the Bureau International des Expositions^[10] and ExpoMuseum:^[11] International Registered Exhibitions now held every five years are in bold. Upcoming world expositions are in italics.

International Horticultural Exhibition[link]

The BIE, since 1960, grants recognition to the International Horticultural Exhibitions approved by the International Association of Horticultural Producers (AIPH).^[12]

And a list of these International Horticultural Exhibitions (upcoming in italics):

Aftermath[link]

Seattle world fair stamp, 1962

The majority of the structures are temporary, and are dismantled at the end of the expo. Towers from several of these fairs are notable exceptions. By far the most famous of these is the Eiffel Tower, built for the Exposition Universelle (1889), which is now the most recognized symbol of its host city Paris. Some critics of the time wanted the tower dismantled after the fair's conclusion.

Other major structures that were held over from these fairs:

• The Crystal Palace, from the first World's Fair in London in 1851, chosen because it could be recycled to recoup losses, was such a success that it was moved and intended to be permanent, only to be destroyed by a fire (of its contents) in 1936.
• The 1876 Centennial Exposition's main building is still in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, and serving as the new home for the Please Touch Museum
• The World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne, constructed for the Melbourne International Exhibition (1880).
• The Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago), originally the Beaux-Arts Building for the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago, remains one of the most famous buildings of Chicago architecture today.
• The New York State pavilion at the 1901 Pan-American Exposition remains today as the home of the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society, and is set in grounds originally laid out by Frederick Law Olmstead. Across the man made lake on the Scajaquada Creek is the Albright–Knox Art Gallery, originally intended as the Beaux Arts Exhibition Hall, but not completed in time for the exhibition.
• The St. Louis Art Museum in Forest Park was originally the Palace of the Fine Arts and Brookings Hall at Washington University, are remnants of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition also known as the 1904 St. Louis Worlds Fair. The aviary in Forest Park gave root to the St. Louis Zoo.
• The landscaping (by the Olmsted brothers) from the 1909 Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition in Seattle still forms much of the University of Washington campus. The only major building left from the AYPE, Architecture Hall, is used by the UW architecture school.
• The famous Plaza de España in Sevilla, Spain, used as the Spanish pavilion using the Ibero-American Exposition of 1929. Most of the Expo pavilions have survived, and have been adapted for other uses, with many of them becoming consulates-general for the respective countries that built them.
• The famous German pavilion designed by Mies van der Rohe for the 1929 Barcelona expo was destroyed, but later recreated on the original site^[14]
• In Brussels, the Atomium still stands at the site of the 1958 exposition. It is a 165-billion-times enlarged Iron-crystal shaped building.
• The Space Needle in Seattle was the symbol of the 1962 World's Fair, and the US pavilion from that fair became the Pacific Science Center. The Seattle Center Monorail still operates daily.
• The Unisphere in Queens New York still remains from the 1964 World's Fair
• In Vancouver, many Expo 86 projects were designed as legacy projects, of note are the Skytrain, Science World and Canada Place.
• The main buildings of Expo '98, in Lisbon, were completely integrated in the city itself and many of the art exhibition pieces still remain.
• San Francisco Palace of Fine Arts and the Japanese Tea Garden (San Francisco, California).

Other outstanding exceptions:

• The remains of Expo '29 in Seville where the 'Plaza de España' forms part of a large park and forecourt, and many of the pavilions have become offices for Consulate-Generals.
• An elevated railway with trains running at short intervals was built for the Milan 1906 expo. It linked the fair to the city centre. It was dismantled in the 1920s.
• The aquarium of Milan Expo of (1906) was built for the fair and after 100 years is still open and was recently renovated.
• The ICOH (International Commission on Occupational Health), was settled in Milan during the Expo '06 and had the first congress in the Expo pavilions. In June 2006 the ICOH celebrated the first century of life in Milan.
• The pavilions of Expo '92 in Seville had been reconverted into a technological square and a theme park.
• The M. H. de Young Museum in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park was a survivor of the 1894 California Midwinter International Exposition until it was replaced with a larger building.
• The rebuilt Palace of Fine Arts is all that remains from the 1915 San Francisco Panama-Pacific International Exposition. This can be seen on the fair grounds near the Golden Gate Bridge.
• San Antonio kept the Tower of the Americas, the Institute of Texan Cultures and the Convention Center from HemisFair '68.
• Among the structures still standing from Expo 67 in Montreal are Moshe Safdie's Habitat 67, Buckminster Fuller's American pavilion, and the French pavilion (now the Montreal Casino).
• The Sunsphere remains as a figure in the Knoxville skyline, left from the 1982 World's Fair.
• The Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago is housed in one of the last remaining buildings of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, which had been the Palace of Fine Arts. The intent or hope was to make all Columbian structures permanent, but most of the structures burned, possibly the result of arson during the Pullman Strike. Another survivor is the Norway pavilion, a small house located at a museum in Wisconsin. However, the foundation of the world's first Ferris wheel, which operated at the Exposition, was unearthed on the Chicago Midway during a construction project by the University of Chicago, whose campus now surrounds the Midway. Finally, a third remaining building is the Maine State Building, now housed at the Poland Springs Resort, in Poland Springs, Maine.
• The Skyneedle, the symbol tower of Brisbane's World Expo '88, as well as the Nepal Peace Pagoda of the Nepalese representation, now at the transformed World Expo '88 site South Bank Parklands, and the Japan Pond and Garden from the Japanese representation, now at the Brisbane Mount Cooth-tha Botanic Gardens remain from Expo '88 in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
• A particular case is the EUR quarter in Rome, built for a World's Fair planned for 1942, was never used for its intended purpose, because of World War II, and today hosts various offices, governmental or private, and some museums.
• The "American Theatre" on the Brussels Expo in 1958 is now frequently used as a television studio by the VRT.
• The home of Satsuki & Mei Kusakabe, built for the 2005 Expo in Aichi, remains operating at its original site in Morikoro Park and is a popular tourist attraction.

Some World's Fair sites became (or reverted to) parks incorporating some of the expo elements, such as:

• Audubon Park, New Orleans: Site of New Orleans's World Cotton Centennial in 1884
• Jackson Park, Chicago and the Chicago Midway: Site of the 1893 Columbian Exposition
• Nashville: Tennessee Centennial Expo
• Forest Park, Saint Louis: Home of the Saint Louis Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904
• San Diego: Panama-California Exposition (1915) & California Pacific International Exposition (1935)
• Seattle: Century 21 Exposition
• Flushing Meadows Park, Queens, New York City: Site of both the 1939/1940 and 1964/1965 New York World's Fairs
• Montreal: Expo 67
• San Antonio: HemisFair '68
• Expo Commemoration Park, Osaka: Expo '70
• Spokane: Expo '74
• World's Fair Park, Knoxville: 1982 World's Fair
• Vancouver: Expo 86
• Brisbane: Expo '88: now represented with the South Bank Parklands^[15]
• Seville: Expo '92
• Daejeon (Taejŏn): Expo '93
• Lisbon: Expo '98 which was divided in several structures, namely Pavilhão Atlântico, Casino Lisboa, Oceanário and Pavilhão da Ciência.

Some pavilions have been moved overseas intact:

• The Argentinian Pavilion from the 1889 Paris is now in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
• The Chilean Pavilion from 1889 Paris is now in Santiago, Chile and following significant refurbishment in 1992 functions as the Museo Artequin^[16]
• The Peruvian Pavilion from 1900 Paris is now in Lima, as home to the Military Academy of History.
• The Japanese Tower of the 1900 World's Fair in Paris was relocated to Laken (Brussels) on request of King Leopold II of Belgium.
• The Belgium Pavilion from the 1939 New York World's Fair was relocated to Virginia Union University in Richmond, Virginia.
• The USSR Pavilion from Expo 67 is now in Moscow.
• The Sanyo Pavilion from Expo '70 is the Asian Centre at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.
• The Portugal Pavilion from Expo 2000 is now in Coimbra, Portugal.

The Brussels Expo '58 relocated many pavilions within Belgium: the pavilion of Jacques Chocolats moved to the town of Diest to house the new town swimming pool. Another pavilion was relocated to Willebroek and has been used as dance hall Carré^[17] ever since. One smaller pavilion still stands on the impressive boulevard towards the Atomium: the restaurant "Salon 58" in the pavilion of Comptoir Tuilier.

Many exhibitions and rides created by Walt Disney and his WED Enterprises company for the 1964 New York World's Fair (which was held over into 1965) were moved to Disneyland after the closing of the Fair. Many of the rides, including "it's a small world", "Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln", and "Carousel of Progress" (since moved to the Walt Disney World Resort and updated), are still in operation.

Disney had contributed so many exhibits to the New York fair in part because the corporation had originally envisioned a "permanent World's Fair" at the Flushing site. That concept instead came to fruition with the Disney theme park Epcot, an extension of the Walt Disney World Resort, near Orlando, Florida. Epcot has many of the characteristics of a typical universal exposition: national pavilions, as well as exhibits concerning technology and/or the future, along with more typical amusement park rides. Meanwhile, several of the 1964 attractions, relocated to Disneyland, have been duplicated at the Walt Disney World Resort.

Occasionally other bits and pieces of the Fairs remain. In the New York subway system, signs directing people to Flushing Meadows, Queens remain from the 1964–65 event. In the Montreal subway at least one tile artwork of its theme, "Man and His World", remains. Also, a seemingly endless supply of souvenir items from Fair visits can be found, and in the United States, at least, can often be bought at garage or estate sales. Many of these events also produced postage stamps and commemorative coins. The 1904 Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the III Olympiad, were held in conjunction with the 1904 St. Louis Fair, although no particular tie-in seems to have been made. (The 1900 Paris Exposition was also loosely tied to the Olympic Games.)

Future potential expositions[link]

Seattle - World's Fair sign at 47th and Aurora, 1962

2017 or 2018 will see a recognized exposition. Several Canadian cities have been interested in 2017 as it is the year of Canada's 150th anniversary, or sesquicentennial. In 2007, a Vancouver, British Columbia based group (Expo 17 Inc) publicly unveiled a 51-page proposal^[18] to stage a sustainable "hybrid" expo in Montreal, consisting of a BIE approved recognized expo, a horticultural expo, and a housing expo. Following a recent decision by Canadian Heritage which allows only the city of Edmonton, Alberta to bid for an expo, however, the group is now pursuing alternative events to mark Canada's sesquicentennial. Meanwhile, Edmonton had been actively developing a bid for Edmonton EXPO 2017 since 2008, but failed to receive Federal funding in support of it.^[19][20] In May 2009, Calgary, announced to Canadian Heritage it would begin to develop a bid for 2017 as well, but withdrew in November 2009.^[21] Ottawa, Canada's capital city, had also considered bidding for 2017.^[22] As of November 2009, Edmonton is the only Canadian bidder.^[23][24][25]

Thessaloniki unsuccessfully bid for the 2008 World EXPO, this time won by Zaragoza in Spain, but another planned bid for 2017 was announced in September 2006 and is now in full development.^[26]

2020 will see a registered exposition. Bidding may begin as early as 2011 for this larger sized exposition.

Although the United States is not a member of the Bureau of International Expositions, there are citizen efforts with the intention of bringing a World's Fair to the United States:

• Houston – "Inspired Innovation"^[27]
• New York – "Showcasing the World"^[28]
• San Francisco – "Interculture: Celebrating the World's Cultures while Creating New Ones through Interaction and Exchange."^[29]
• Los Angeles – "Pacific Rim and Gateway to the World", according to Jonathan Beutler
• Las Vegas – "The future of my future," according to the Wall Street Journal^[30]

Reportedly, a national competition between Ankara, the capital of Turkey, and İzmir has been proceeding for granting the Expo 2020. Seemingly, the capital will cut-out İzmir's efforts and become victorious in the national bidding process in couple of months.^[31]

The Philippines is also possibly bidding for the Expo 2020.

• Manila – "Manila, Celebrating Light and Life"^[32]

Brisbane, Queensland, Australia also proposes to host an Exposition in 2020^[33]

Media reports^[34] also suggest that Sydney, New South Wales, Australia may bid for the Australian 2020 time slot.

Copenhagen, Denmark, is also considering whether to bid for the Expo 2020.

São Paulo, Brazil's largest city is bidding for the 2020 World Expo.

And Yekaterinburg, the Russian capital of the Urals region, is also bidding for the 2020 Expo.

Ayutthaya is Thailand's official bid city to host World Expo 2020.^[35] The province was chosen and approved as Thailand's bid city for World Expo 2020 by Thai cabinet.^[36] after the Prime Minister, Abhisit Vejjajiva announced in Shanghai World Expo 2010.^[37][38] Ayutthaya will propose the "Redefine Globalisation - Balanced Life, Sustainable Living"^[39] concept when bidding on behalf of Thailand to be the host country.^[40]

References[link]

Literature[link]

• Alexander C. T. Geppert: Fleeting Cities. Imperial Expositions in Fin-de-Siècle Europe, Basingstoke/New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.

• Findling, John E. and Kimberly D. Pelle, ed. Encyclopedia of World's Fairs and Expositions Jefferson, NC and London:McFarland, 2008.

External links[link]

Look up Expo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: World's Fairs

• ExpoBids.com, information about bids for future world's fairs
• Expo '85, Tsukuba 1985
• ExpoMuseum, The Online World's Fair Museum
• ExpoMedals, Award medals of American World's Fairs and Expos
• Expo FAQs foundationexpo88.org
• Fairs and Exhibitions in Malta
• The International Exposition, Tsukuba, Japan, written in Japanese but equipped with a lot of pictures of representative pavilions.
• A lot of World's Fairs presented by a lot of photographs
• Oliveira, Elida (04/01/2010). "Deu na Imprensa—Disputa acirrada" (in Portuguese). Portal da Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo. http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/noticias/?p=13802. 
• "Spin City". CNBC Business. April 2009. http://www.cnbcmagazine.com/story/spin-city/934/. 
• "Exposition Posters". Paintings and Drawings. Victoria and Albert Museum. http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/prints_books/object_stories/posters/index.html. Retrieved 2007–11–19. 
• "A Treasury of World's Fair Art and Architecture: A Digital Archive, 1851–1986". essays, images, virtual exhibits, postcards and ephemera. University of Maryland Libraries, Digital Collections. http://www.lib.umd.edu/digital/worldsfairs/. Retrieved 2007–12–12. 
• Burnham, Beaux-Arts, Plan of Chicago, & Fairs: Ryerson & Burnham Libraries: Archives Collection
• Alexander C.T. Geppert, Jean Coffey, Tammy Lau: International Exhibitions, Expositions Universelles and World's Fairs, 1851–1951. A Bibliography.
• Donald G. Larson Collection on International Expositions and Fairs, from the website of California State University, Fresno
• World's Fairs and the Landscapes of the Modern Metropolis Posters, photographs, pamphlets, commemorative books, maps, government reports, and ephemera from the collection of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University

Marjorie Lord
Lord with Danny Thomas, 1957.
Born	Marjorie F. Wollenberg (1918-07-26) July 26, 1918 (age 93) San Francisco, California, U.S.
Occupation	Actress
Years active	1934–present
Spouse	John Archer (1941–1955) Randolph Hale (1958–1974) Harry Volk (1976–2000)
Website
http://www.marjorielord.com

Marjorie Lord (born Marjorie F. Wollenberg; July 26, 1918) is an American television and film actress. She played Kathy "Clancy" Williams opposite Danny Thomas on Make Room for Daddy and later Make Room for Granddaddy.

Life and career[link]

Lord was born in San Francisco, California, the daughter of Lillian Rosalie (née Edgar) and George Charles Wollenberg.^[1] Her paternal grandparents were German, as were two of her maternal great-grandparents. In 1934, at the age of sixteen, Lord made her Broadway debut in The Old Maid with Judith Anderson. The following year, she was signed with RKO Radio Pictures. While appearing in Springtime for Henry with Edward Everett Horton, director Henry Koster approached her and signed her to a contract with Universal Studios. She appeared in six feature films for Universal.

Her film work includes a number of wartime pictures, including the 1943 mystery Sherlock Holmes in Washington, starring Basil Rathbone in the title role. She appeared on the 1951 episode "The Return of Trigger Dawson" of Bill Williams's syndicated western television series The Adventures of Kit Carson.

In 1956, while she was appearing in Anniversary Waltz, Lord caught the attention of Danny Thomas, who asked her to replace Jean Hagen as his television wife on Make Room for Daddy. Hagen had played Thomas' wife since the series' inception, but she was written out of the script in 1956. Lord accepted, and played the role until the show was cancelled in 1964. In 1970, Lord and Thomas, along with several other original supporting actors, returned to television with Make Room for Granddaddy. The show lasted just one season.

In 1966, she played Mrs. Martha Meade, the wife of Bob Hope's character in the screwball comedy Boy, Did I Get a Wrong Number!.

Personal life[link]

Lord has been married three times. Her first husband was actor John Archer, with whom she had two children, including actress Anne Archer. They were married from 1941 until their divorce in 1955. Her second husband was producer Randolph Hale, to whom she was married from 1958 until his death in 1974. Her third husband was banker Harry Volk, to whom she was married from 1976 until his death in 2000.

Lord has continued to remain active beyond her 90th birthday. On May 8, 2008, she participated in a "Salute to Television Moms" panel discussion organized by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences.

Her memoir is entitled A Dance and a Hug.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Marjorie Lord Website
• Marjorie Lord at the Internet Movie Database
• Marjorie Lord at the Internet Broadway Database