Coordinates	49°25′″N20°21′″N
name	Prince Buster
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth name	Cecil Bustamente Campbell
born	May 28, 1938Kingston, Jamaica
origin	Jamaica
genre	Ska, rocksteady, reggae
occupation	Musician, songwriter, producer
label	Blue Beat
notable instruments	}}

Cecil Bustamente Campbell, O.D. (born 28 May 1938), better known as Prince Buster, and also known by his Muslim name Muhammed Yusef Ali, is a musician from Kingston, Jamaica. He is regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of ska and rocksteady music. The records he made on the Blue Beat label in the 1960s inspired many reggae and ska artists.

Biography

Early life

Campbell began his professional career as a singer in 1956; performing in Kingston nightclubs. He formed a succession of bands with several of his friends, none of which were successful.

Campbell's music career reached maturity with the growth of the sound system. Across Jamaica, music promoters drove vans filled with stereo equipment to stage mobile parties. The operators of the sound system would play the popular R&B; dance records of the day and often they would have a vocalist called a toaster call out the dancers' names, chant in rhythm, and make light-hearted boasts. Deejay "toasting" was one of the precursors to the style of vocal delivery that eventually evolved into rap.

Eventually, Campbell was introduced to Clement Dodd, a musically-inclined businessman who operated one of Kingston's most popular sound systems. Interestingly, Campbell was not hired as a musician but as security; because of rivalries between fans devoted to a particular sound system, the parties sometimes could become quite rough, and Campbell had been a skillful amateur boxer as a teenager. It was in this line of work that he earned the nickname "The Prince", which along with his boyhood moniker "Buster" (from his middle name Bustamente), formed the name under which he would later become famous.

Artistic and producing career

In 1960, Buster produced a record for the Folkes Brothers for the Wild Bells label, "Oh Carolina", under his nickname. Buster dubbed himself 'The Voice of the People', and gave a voice to those people with "Oh Carolina", which expressed black Jamaicans through a commerically successsful medium. This record was Jamaica's first to involve an element of African music - the drumming in the record was provided by Count Ossie, the lead nyabinghi drummer from the rastafarian camp, Camp David, in the hills above Kingston. It was an instant hit in Jamaica, and Buster's early records, which were released in the UK by Blue Beat Records, contributed greatly to the developing sound of ska. Buster was soon recording his own compositions as well as producing records for others.

From 1963 to the end of the decade, Buster wrote and produced hundreds of songs for Blue Beat. Soon after his initial success, Buster was drawing international attention. He toured Britain extensively during this period, playing to sellout crowds, and appeared on commercial TV broadcaster Rediffusion London's Friday early-evening pop show ''Ready, Steady, Go!'' in 1964. While in England, Buster met World Heavyweight Champion boxer Muhammad Ali, a meeting that resulted in Buster joining the Nation of Islam, as well as Ali being mentioned in the song "Earthquake on Orange Street", which was subsequently referenced by the UK group Madness, who took their name from one of his songs, in their first single "The Prince". He went on to be a popular as a recorded and touring artist in Europe, and though none of his singles charted as highly in the United States, he went on a successful American tour in 1967 to support the little-known RCA Victor LP release''The Ten Commandments (From Man To Woman)''. Today, the album (catalog LSP-3792) is a highly-sought-after rarity among collectors of ska and foundation reggae.

Prince Buster had two hit singles in the UK: first, "Al Capone" (#18, 1967), and much later, with an updated version of "Whine And Grine", which was used on a television advertisement (#21, 1998). In 1972 Buster gained notoriety for the title track of his album ''Big Five'', a raunched-up re-write of Brook Benton's "Rainy Night in Georgia" with explicit references to sex and drugs.

Besides being a pioneering musician, Buster, like Clement Dodd, was also very interested in business. He started a record shop in Kingston in the early 1960s which is still owned and operated by his family today. Later he founded a jukebox company. He also started the Prince Buster Records label, at first as an attempt to keep the Melodisc label viable, but today is used to reissue his music.

Post-recording life

The ska sound and rhythms were undergoing a change by the late 1960s, musicians were slowing the beat and introducing more subtle rhythmic pulses that audiences found less frantic and therefore easier to dance too. This new music was eventually called rocksteady, slower than ska and more influenced by gospel and soul. Rocksteady itself would eventually be replaced by reggae. In addition to the musical influence that ska and rocksteady exerted, many reggae lyrics expressed an Afrocentric, Marcus Garvey-inspired worldview, which had been present in some of Prince Buster's songs. Bob Marley, Toots Hibbert, and other reggae stars have acknowledged their debt. Buster also made a cameo appearance in the acclaimed international hit movie, ''The Harder They Come''. However, reggae's Rastafarian orientation led the Muslim Prince to keep an arms distance away from the new music. He turned toward more traditional tourist-based business ventures instead and gracefully exited the Jamaican music scene.

By the late 1970s, Buster was in serious financial trouble. His business ventures were all posting losses or low profits, and the loans he had taken out to start them were catching up. Fortunately for him, ska was experiencing a revival in the United Kingdom, and the most prominent bands of the revival drew from his material. In 1979, the band Madness released their first record, a tribute to Buster called "The Prince", which urged ska fans to remember "the man who set the beat". The b-side to this record was a cover of the Prince Buster song "Madness" from which they took their name. Their second single was a cover of Buster's "One Step Beyond" which reached the Top 10. On their first album, The Specials covered "Too Hot" and drew heavily on "Judge Dread" in the song "Stupid Marriage", and "Al Capone" in the song "Gangsters". The Specials also included a cover of Buster's version of "Enjoy Yourself" on their second album. Not to be outdone, the The Beat included covers of the Buster originals "Rough Rider" and "Whine & Grine" on its first album. Interest in Buster soared during this time; he received royalties when his songs were covered by 2-Tone bands, and his old records were re-issued and sold well. Buster's songs continued to be popular sources for ska bands in the U.S., an example being The Toasters covering "Hard Man Fe Dead" in 1996. In 1989, Prince Buster recorded a 12" single with London based ska and blues band, The Trojans, which was released on Gaz's Rockin' Records in the UK. "Stack O Lee" was a limited edition and it sold out within weeks.

Prince Buster now lives in Miami, Florida. He has performed at several shows over the past few years, including: the 2002 Legends Of Ska festival in Toronto; Dedham, Massachusetts in 2002; the 2006 Boss Sounds Reggae Festival in Newcastle upon Tyne, the 40th Montreux Jazz Festival in Switzerland with the Delroy Williams Junction Band, and 2007's Rhythm Festival. During the last day of the 2008 Notting Hill Carnival, Prince Buster made an appearance on the Gaz's Rockin' Blues stage, alongside The Trojans.

Prince Buster was due to make a rare live appearance in London on September 5, 2009 at Camden Centre, but it was cancelled two weeks beforehand, with ticket holders being informed by e-mail.

Album discography

''I Feel The Spirit'' (1963)

''Fly Flying Ska'' (1964)

''It's Burke's Law'' (1965)

''Pain In My Belly'' (1965)

''Ska-Lip-Soul'' (1965)

''What A Hard Man Fe Dead'' (1967)

''Prince Buster On Tour'' (1967)

''Judge Dread Rock Steady'' (1967)

''Ten Commandments'' - RCA (1967)

''Wreck A Pum Pum'' (1968)

''Tutti Frutti'' - Melodisc (1968)

''FABulous Greatest Hits'' - FAB (1968)

''The Outlaw'' - Blue Beat (1969)

''15 Oldies but Goodies'' - FAB

''Big Five'' - Melodisc (1972)

''The Message-Dub Wise'' - FAB/Melodisc (1972)

''Dance Cleopatra Dance'' - Blue Elephant (1972)

''Chi Chi Run'' - FAB (1973)

''She Was A Rough Rider'' (1978)

''Sister Big Stuff'' - Melodisc (1976)

''Jamaica's Greatest'' - Melodisc

''Subliminal Reaction'' - Subliminal Reacton

''FABulous Greatest Hits - 1963-1981'' - Sequel (1993)

''The Original Golden Oldies Volume 1'' (1998)

''The Original Golden Oldies Volume 2'' (1999)

''The King of Ska'' (2002)

''Prince of Peace: Prince Buster with Determinations Live in Japan'' (2003)

UK hit singles

! Date	! Song title	! UK Singles Chart peak	! Weeks on chart
23 February 67	"Al Capone"
4 April 98	"Whine and Grine"

References

Category:1938 births Category:Living people Category:People from Kingston, Jamaica Category:Converts to Islam Category:Jamaican reggae musicians Category:Jamaican record producers Category:Jamaican ska musicians Category:Jamaican Muslims

ca:Prince Buster de:Prince Buster es:Prince Buster fr:Prince Buster is:Prince Buster it:Cecill Bustamente Campbell ht:Prince Buster hu:Prince Buster nl:Prince Buster ja:プリンス・バスター pl:Prince Buster pt:Prince Buster ru:Принц Бастер sv:Prince Buster

:''For the comic book character, see Judge Dredd''

Coordinates	49°25′″N20°21′″N
name	Judge Dread
background	solo_singer
birth name	Alexander Minto Hughes
alias	Judge Dread, Jason Sinclair, Jamie Kent and JD Alex
birth date	May 02, 1945
death date	March 13, 1998
origin	snodland, Kent, England
instrument	Vocals
genre	SkaReggaeRocksteadycomedy
notable instruments	}}

Alexander Minto Hughes (2 May 1945 - 13 March 1998), better known as Judge Dread, was an English reggae and ska musician. He was the first white recording artist to have a reggae hit in Jamaica, and has the most banned songs of all time.

Career

Hughes was introduced to Jamaican music when he lodged as a teenager in a West Indian household in Brixton, South West London. He met Jamaican artists Derrick Morgan and Prince Buster through his job as a bouncer at London nightclubs such as the Ram Jam in Brixton, and through another job as a bodyguard. After a brief spell as a professional wrestler (performing under the name "The Masked Executioner"), and as a debt collector for Trojan Records, he worked as a DJ on local radio and ran his own sound system.

When Prince Buster had a big underground hit in 1969 with "Big 5", Hughes capitalized on it with the recording of his own "Big Six", based on Verne & Son's "Little Boy Blue", which was picked up by Trojan boss Lee Gopthal, and released on Trojan's 'Big Shot' record label under the stage name Judge Dread, the name taken from another of Prince Buster's songs. "Big Six" reached #11 in the UK Singles Chart in 1972, selling over 300,000 copies and spending six months on the chart, despite getting no radio airplay due to its lyrics. Further hit singles followed with "Big Seven" (co-written by Rupie Edwards) and "Big Eight" — both following the pattern of lewd versions of nursery rhymes over a reggae backing — as well as "Y Viva Suspenders" and "Up With The Cock".

He was the first white recording artist to have a reggae hit in Jamaica, leading him to travel to Jamaica to perform live, where many were surprised that he was white. Dread had 11 UK chart hits in the 1970s, which was more than any other reggae artist (including Bob Marley). The ''Guinness Book of World Records'' credits Judge Dread for having the highest number of banned songs of all time, 11. In the 1970s, tabloid newspapers expressed concerns that young fans of the comic book character Judge Dredd might buy Judge Dread's records by mistake, and hear things that may corrupt their minds. Several of his songs mentioned Snodland, the small town in Kent where Judge Dread lived. There is a road in the town of Snodland named after him, the Alex Hughes Close.

Judge Dread was also a songwriter who came to the attention of Elvis Presley, who had planned to record "A Child's Prayer" as a Christmas gift to his daughter Lisa Marie in 1977, but died before making the recording. The famine in Ethiopia prompted Dread to help organize a benefit concert featuring The Wailers and Desmond Dekker, and he also released a benefit single "Molly". Despite this single not featuring Dread's trademark innuendo, it was still banned from radio airplay, and failed to chart. The radio stations' wariness over Dread records led him to release singles under the pseudonyms JD Alex and Jason Sinclair, but the BBC still banned them.

Judge Dread died from a heart attack as he walked off stage after performing at The Penny Theatre in Canterbury on the 13 March 1998.

Discography

Singles

"Big Six" (1972) - UK Singles Chart # 11

"Big Seven" - (1972) - # 8

"Big Eight" - (1973) - # 14

"Je T'aime... Moi Non Plus" - (1975) - # 9

"Big Ten" - (1975) - # 14

"Christmas In Dreadland / Come Outside" (1975) - # 14

"The Winkle Man" - (1976) - # 35

"Y Viva Suspenders" (1976) - # 27

"5th Anniversary" (EP) - (1977) - # 31 §

"Up With The Cock" (1978) - # 49

"Hokey Cokey" / "Jingle Bells" - (1978) - # 59

"My Name's Dick" - (1982)

"Relax" - (1984)

§ The tracks on the "5th Anniversary EP", were "Jamaica Jerk (Off)" / "Bring Back The Skins" / "End Of The World" / "Big Everything".

Albums

''Dreadmania: It's All In The Mind'' (1972, Trojan)

''Working Class 'Ero'' (1974, Trojan)

''Bedtime Stories'' - (1975, Creole) - UK Albums Chart # 26

''Last of The Skinheads'' (1976, Cactus)

''40 Big Ones'' - (1977, Creole) - # 51

''Reggae and Ska'' - (1980, Cargo Records, Germany)

''Rub a Dub'' (1981, Creole)

''Not Guilty'' (1984, Creole)

''Live and Lewd'' (1988, Skank)

''King Of Rudeness'' (1989, Skank)

''Never Mind Up With The Cock, Here's Judge Dread'' (1994, Tring)

''Ska'd For Life'' (1996, Magnum)

''Dread White and Blue'' (1996, Magnum)

See also

List of reggae musicians

List of people from Kent

Trojan skinhead

Record Mirror

Caribbean music in the United Kingdom

References

External links

The Judge Dread Memorial Site

[ Judge Dread biography at Allmusic]

Obituary at The Dead Musician Directory

Fansite

Big Six video

Category:1945 births Category:1998 deaths Category:English songwriters Category:English male singers Category:People from Kent Category:Musicians who died on stage Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction Category:British reggae musicians Category:Trojan Records artists

cs:Judge Dread de:Judge Dread sk:Alex Hughes sl:Judge Dread fi:Judge Dread sv:Judge Dread

Coordinates	49°25′″N20°21′″N
name	Al Capone
image name	AlCaponemugshotCPD.jpg
birth date	January 17, 1899
birth place	Brooklyn, New York, United States
death date	January 25, 1947
death place	Palm Island (Florida), U.S.
charge	Tax evasion
conviction penalty	11 year sentence in Alcatraz
conviction status	Deceased
occupation	Gangster, bootlegger, criminal, racketeer, boss of Chicago Outfit
religion	Roman Catholic
spouse	Mae Capone
children	Albert Francis Capone|Albert Francis "sonny" Capone (1918–2004)
nickname	Scarface }}

Alphonse Gabriel "Al" Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947) was an American gangster who led a Prohibition-era crime syndicate. The Chicago Outfit, which subsequently became known as the "Capones", was dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging liquor, and other illegal activities such as prostitution, in Chicago from the early 1920s to 1931.

Born in Brooklyn, New York to Italian immigrants, Capone became involved with gang activity at a young age after being expelled from school at age 14. In his early twenties, he moved to Chicago to take advantage of a new opportunity to make money smuggling illegal alcoholic beverages into the city during Prohibition. He also engaged in various other criminal activities, including bribery of government figures and prostitution. Despite his illegitimate occupation, Capone became a highly visible public figure. He made various charitable endeavors using the money he made from his activities, and was viewed by many to be a "modern-day Robin Hood".

Capone was publicly criticized for his involvement in the Saint Valentine's Day Massacre, when seven rival gang members were executed. Capone was convicted on federal charges of tax evasion, and sentenced to federal prison. His incarceration included a term at the new Alcatraz federal prison. In the final years of Capone's life, he suffered mental and physical deterioration due to late-stage neurosyphilis, which he had contracted as a youth. On January 25, 1947, he died from cardiac arrest after suffering a stroke.

Early life

Alphonse Gabriel Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York on January 17, 1899. His parents Gabriele (December 12, 1864 – November 14, 1920) and Teresina Capone (December 28, 1867 – November 29, 1952) were immigrants from Italy. His father Gabriele was a barber from Castellammare di Stabia, a town about south of Naples, and his mother Teresina was a seamstress and the daughter of Angelo Raiola from Angri, a town in the province of Salerno.

Gabriele and Teresina had nine children: Alphonse "Scarface Al" Capone, James Capone (also known as Richard Two-Gun Hart), Raffaele Capone (also known as Ralph "Bottles" Capone, who took charge of his brother's beverage industry), Salvatore "Frank" Capone, John Capone, Albert Capone, Matthew Capone, Rose Capone, and Mafalda Capone (who married John J. Maritote). The Capone family immigrated to the United States in 1893 and settled at 95 Navy Street, in the Navy Yard section of downtown Brooklyn. The father Gabriele worked at a nearby barber shop at 29 Park Avenue. When Al was 11, the Capone family moved to 38 Garfield Place in Park Slope, Brooklyn.

Capone showed promise as a student, but had trouble with the rules at his strict parochial Catholic school. He dropped out of school at the age of 14, after being expelled for hitting a woman teacher in the face. He worked at odd jobs around Brooklyn, including a candy store and a bowling alley. During this time, Capone was influenced by gangster Johnny Torrio, whom he came to regard as a mentor.

Career

After his initial stint with small-time gangs that included the Junior Forty Thieves and the Bowery Boys, Capone joined the Brooklyn Rippers and then the powerful Five Points Gang based in Lower Manhattan. During this time, he was employed and mentored by fellow racketeer Frankie Yale, a bartender in a Coney Island dance hall and saloon called the Harvard Inn. Capone received the scars that gave him the nickname "Scarface" in a fight. After he inadvertently insulted a woman while working the door at a Brooklyn night club, Capone was attacked by her brother Frank Gallucio; his face was slashed three times on the left side. Yale insisted that Capone apologize to Gallucio, and later Capone hired him as a bodyguard. When photographed, Capone hid the scarred left side of his face. He said the injuries were war wounds. According to the 2002 ''Life'' article, titled ''Mobsters and Gangsters: from Al Capone to Tony Soprano'', Capone was called "Snorky" by his closest friends.

Marriage and family

On December 30, 1918, Capone wanted to get married. As he was under the age of 21, his parents had to agree in writing by signing a consent form. Capone married Mae Josephine Coughlin, who was Irish Catholic. Earlier that month she had given birth to their first son, Albert Francis ("Sonny") Capone.

Chicago career

Capone departed New York for Chicago without his new wife and son, who joined him later. In 1923 he purchased a small house at 7244 South Prairie Avenue in the Park Manor neighborhood on the city's south side for USD $5,500.

Capone was recruited for Chicago by Johnny Torrio, his Five Points Gang mentor. Torrio had gone there to resolve some family problems his cousin's husband was having with the Black Hand. Torrio killed the members of the Black Hand who had given his cousin's husband problems. He saw many business opportunities in Chicago, especially bootlegging following the onset of prohibition. Chicago's location on Lake Michigan gave access to a vast inland territory, and it was well-served by railroads. Torrio took over the crime empire of James "Big Jim" Colosimo after he was murdered. Yale was a suspect but legal proceedings against him were dropped due to a lack of evidence. Capone was suspected in the murders of Colosimo and two other men. He was seeking a safe haven and a better job to provide for his new family.

The 1924 town council elections in Cicero became known as one of the most crooked elections in the Chicago area's long history, with voters threatened by thugs at polling stations. Capone's mayoral candidate won by a huge margin and weeks later announced that he would run Capone out of town. Capone met with his puppet-mayor and knocked him down the town hall steps.

For Capone, the election victory was marred by the death of his younger brother Frank at the hands of the police. Capone cried at his brother's funeral and ordered the closure of all the speakeasies in Cicero for a day as a mark of respect.

Much of Capone's family settled in Cicero as well. In 1930, Capone's sister Mafalda married John J. Maritote took place at St. Mary of Czestochowa, a massive Neogothic edifice towering over Cicero Avenue in the Polish Cathedral style.

Capone's power grows in Cicero

The Torrio-Capone organization, as well as the Sicilian-American Genna crime family, competed with the North Side Gang of Dean O'Banion. In May 1924, O'Banion discovered that their Sieben Brewery was going to be raided by federal agents and sold his share to Torrio. After the raid, both O'Banion and Torrio were arrested. Torrio's people murdered O'Banion in revenge on October 10, 1924, provoking a gang war.

In 1925 Torrio was severely injured in an attack by the North Side Gang; he turned over his business to Capone and returned to Italy. During the Prohibition Era, Capone controlled large portions of the Chicago underworld, which provided The Outfit with an estimated US $100 million per year in revenue. This wealth was generated through numerous illegal vice enterprises, such as gambling and prostitution; the highest revenue was generated by the sale of liquor.

His transportation network moved smuggled liquor from the rum-runners of the East Coast, The Purple Gang in Detroit, who brought liquor in from Canada, and local production which came from Midwestern moonshine operations and illegal breweries. With the revenues gained by his bootlegging operation, Capone increased his grip on the political and law-enforcement establishments in Chicago. He made his headquarters at Chicago's Lexington Hotel; after the St. Valentine's Day Massacre, it was nicknamed "Capone's Castle".

According to one source, while Al Capone was in charge of the Chicago Outfit it has been reported that some members of organization would take the train from Chicago to Wabash County, Illinois and stay at a remote hotel called the Grand Rapids Hotel on the Wabash River next to the Grand Rapids Dam. The hotel was only in existence for nine years but many residents of the area remember seeing men who claimed to be from the Chicago Outfit at the Grand Rapids Hotel. Suspiciously, the Grand Rapids Hotel was burned down by a man with one leg who dropped a blowtorch. It is not currently known if the men who travelled to the Grand Rapids Hotel were smuggling liquor in violation of prohibition or merely vacationing.

The organized corruption included the bribing of Chicago Mayor William "Big Bill" Hale Thompson, and Capone's gang operated largely free from legal intrusion. He operated casinos and speakeasies throughout the city. With his wealth, he indulged in custom suits, cigars, gourmet food and drink (his preferred liquor was Templeton Rye from Iowa), jewelry, and female companionship. He garnered media attention, to which his favorite responses were "I am just a businessman, giving the people what they want," and "All I do is satisfy a public demand." Capone had become a celebrity.

His rivals retaliated for the violence of Capone's enforcement of control. North Side gangsters Hymie Weiss and Bugs Moran wanted to bring him down. More than once, Capone's car was riddled with bullets. On September 20, 1926, the North Side gang shot into Capone's entourage as he was eating lunch in the Hawthorne Hotel restaurant. A motorcade of ten vehicles, using Thompson submachine guns and shotguns riddled the outside of the Hotel and the restaurant on the first floor of the building. Capone's bodyguard, Frankie Rio, threw him to the ground at the first sound of gunfire. Several bystanders were hurt from flying glass and bullet fragments in the raid. Capone paid for the medical care of a young boy and his mother who would have lost her eyesight otherwise. This event prompted Capone to call for a truce, but negotiations fell through. The attacks were believed to have been made at Moran's direction and left Capone shaken.

Capone had his Cadillac fitted with bullet-proof glass, run-flat tires and a police siren. In 1932, Treasury agents working on prohibition issues seized the car; it was later used as President Franklin D. Roosevelt's limousine.

Capone placed armed bodyguards around the clock at his headquarters at the Lexington Hotel, at 22nd Street (later renamed Cermak Road) and Michigan Avenue. For his trips away from Chicago, Capone was reputed to have had several other retreats and hideouts located in: | width="50%" align="}" valign="}" style="border:0"|

Brookfield, Wisconsin

Saint Paul, Minnesota

French Lick, Indiana

Lansing, Michigan

Jacksonville, Florida

Hot Springs, Arkansas

| width="50%" align="}" valign="}" style="border:0"|

Johnson City, Tennessee

Olean, New York

Fontana, California

Terre Haute, Indiana

Grand Haven, Michigan

Dubuque, Iowa

Former New York gang member Owney "The Killer" Madden retired to Hot Springs and invited his former colleagues to visit him there; this was also the place that Lucky Luciano was first arrested. As a further precaution, Capone and his entourage would often show up suddenly at one of Chicago's train depots and buy up an entire Pullman sleeper car on night trains to places like Cleveland, Omaha, Kansas City, Little Rock or Hot Springs, where they would spend a week in luxury hotel suites under assumed names. In 1928, Capone bought a 14-room retreat on Palm Island, Florida close to Miami Beach.

Saint Valentine's Day Massacre

It is believed Capone ordered the 1929 Saint Valentine's Day Massacre in the Lincoln Park neighborhood on Chicago's North Side. Details of the killing of the seven victims in a garage at 2122 North Clark Street (then the SMC Cartage Co.) and the extent of Capone's involvement are widely disputed. No one was ever brought to trial for the crime. The massacre was thought to be the Outfit's effort to strike back at Bugs Moran's North Side gang. They had been increasingly bold in hijacking the Outfit's booze trucks, assassinating two presidents of the Outfit-controlled ''Unione Siciliane'', and made three assassination attempts on Jack McGurn, a top enforcer of Capone.

To monitor their targets' habits and movements, Capone’s men rented an apartment across from the trucking warehouse that served as a Moran headquarters. On the morning of Thursday February 14, 1929, Capone’s lookouts signaled gunmen disguised as police to start a 'raid'. The faux police lined the seven victims along a wall without a struggle then signaled for accomplices with machine guns. The seven victims were machine-gunned and shot-gunned. Photos of the massacre victims shocked the public and damaged Capone's reputation. Federal law enforcement worked to investigate his activities.

Conviction and imprisonment

In 1929, the Bureau of Prohibition agent Eliot Ness began an investigation of Capone and his business, attempting to get a conviction for Prohibition violations. Frank J. Wilson investigated Capone's income tax violations, which the government decided was more likely material for a conviction. In 1931 Capone was indicted for income tax evasion and various violations of the Volstead Act (Prohibition). His attorneys made a plea deal, but the presiding judge warned he might not follow the sentencing recommendation from the prosecution. Capone withdrew his plea of guilty.

His attempt to bribe and intimidate the potential jurors was discovered by Ness's men. The ''venire'' (jury pool) was switched with one from another case, and Capone was stymied. Following a long trial, he was found guilty on some income tax evasion counts (the Volstead Act violations were dropped). The judge gave him an 11-year sentence along with heavy fines, and liens were filed against his various properties. His appeal was denied.

In May 1932, Capone was sent to Atlanta U.S. Penitentiary, but he was able to obtain special privileges. Later, for a short period of time, he was transferred to the Lincoln Heights Jail. He was transferred to Alcatraz on August 11, 1934, which was newly established as a prison on an island off San Francisco. The warden kept tight security and cut off Capone's contact with colleagues. His isolation and the repeal of Prohibition in December 1933, which reduced a major source of revenue, diminished his power.

Capone had some problems at Alcatraz. While working in the prison basement, he got into an argument with an inmate who was standing in line waiting for a haircut; this person then stabbed him with a pair of shears. Capone was admitted into the prison hospital with a minor wound and released a few days later. In addition, his health declined as the syphilis which he had contracted as a youth progressed. He spent the last year of his sentence in the prison hospital, confused and disoriented. Capone completed his term in Alcatraz on January 6, 1939, and was transferred to the Federal Correctional Institution at Terminal Island in California, to serve his one-year misdemeanor sentence. He was paroled on November 16, 1939, and, after having spent a short time in a hospital, returned to his home in Palm Island, Florida.

Later years

Capone's control and interests within organized crime diminished rapidly after his imprisonment, and he was no longer able to run the Outfit after his release. He had lost weight, and his physical and mental health had deteriorated under the effects of neurosyphilis. He had become incapable of resuming his gang activity. In 1946, his physician and a Baltimore psychiatrist performed examinations and concluded that Capone then had the mental capability of a 12-year-old child. He often raved about Communists, foreigners, and George Moran, whom he was convinced was plotting to kill him from his Ohio prison cell.

On January 21, 1947, Capone had a stroke. He regained consciousness and started to improve but contracted pneumonia on January 24. He suffered a fatal cardiac arrest the next day. He died in his home in Miami Beach, Florida, surrounded by his family.

In popular culture

One of the most notorious American gangsters of the 20th century, Capone has been the subject of numerous articles, books, and films. Capone's personality and character have been used in fiction as a model for crime lords and criminal masterminds ever since his death. The stereotypical image of a mobster wearing a blue pinstriped suit and tilted fedora is based on photos of Capone. His accent, mannerisms, facial construction, physical stature, and parodies of his name have been used for numerous gangsters in comics, movies, music, and literature.

Literature

Capone is featured in the Kinky Friedman novel, ''The Love Song of J. Edgar Hoover'' (1997). Al Capone is referenced in Gennifer Choldenko's 2004 historical fiction book, ''Al Capone Does My Shirts'', and its sequel ''Al Capone Shines My Shoes''. In a book of photographs titled ''New York City Gangland'' (2010), both Capone and his NYC bootlegging ally, Giuseppe "Joe the Boss" Masseria, appear in Prohibition-era "bathing beauty" portraits.

A reincarnated Capone is a major character in science fiction author Peter F. Hamilton's ''Night's Dawn Trilogy''.

Film and television

In the film ''The Godfather'', Marlon Brando's Vito Corleone refers to the Chicago crime families.

Capone has been portrayed on screen by: Rod Steiger in ''Al Capone'' (1959). Neville Brand in ''The George Raft Story'' (1961). José Calvo in ''Due mafiosi contro Al Capone'' (1966). Jason Robards in ''The St. Valentine's Day Massacre'' (1967). Ben Gazzara in ''Capone'' (1975). Robert De Niro in ''The Untouchables'' (1987).

Ray Sharkey in ''The Revenge of Al Capone'' (1989)

Eric Roberts in ''The Lost Capone'' (1990)

William Forsythe in ''The Untouchables'' (1993–1994)

William Devane as Al Capone in "Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman" (13 November 1994)

F. Murray Abraham in Dillinger and Capone (1995).

Anthony LaPaglia in ''Road to Perdition'' (2002), in a deleted scene.

Julian Littman in ''Al's Lads'' (2002)

Jon Bernthal in ''Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian'' (2009).

Stephen Graham in ''Boardwalk Empire'' (2010)

Actors playing characters based on Capone include: Wallace Beery as Louis 'Louie' Scorpio in ''The Secret Six'' (1931). Ricardo Cortez as Goldie Gorio in ''Bad Company'' (1931). Paul Lukas as Big Fellow Maskal in ''City Streets'' (1931). Edward Arnold as Duke Morgan in ''Okay, America!'' (1932). Jean Hersholt as Samuel 'Sam' Belmonte in ''The Beast of the City'' (1932).

Paul Muni as Antonio 'Tony' Camonte in ''Scarface'' (1932).

C. Henry Gordon as Nick Diamond in ''Gabriel Over the White House'' (1933). John Litel as 'Gat' Brady in ''Alcatraz Island'' (1937). Barry Sullivan as Shubunka in ''The Gangster'' (1947). Ralph Volkie as Big Fellow in ''The Undercover Man'' (1949). Edmond O'Brien as Fran McCarg in ''Pete Kelly's Blues'' (1955). Lee J. Cobb as Rico Angelo in ''Party Girl'' (1958). George Raft as Spats Colombo and Nehemiah Persoff as Little Bonaparte in ''Some Like It Hot'' (1959).

Frank Ronzio as Litmus in Escape from Alcatraz (film) (1979) introduces himself to newcomer Charlie Butts as "Al Capone". The movie is set in 1962, 15 years after Capone's death.

Al Pacino as Alphonse "Big Boy" Caprice in ''Dick Tracy'' (1990).

Music

Prince Buster, Jamaican ska and rocksteady musician, had his first hit in the UK with the single "Al Capone" in 1967. The Specials, a UK ska revival group, reworked Prince Buster's track into their first single, "Gangsters", which featured the line "Don't call me Scarface!" Al Capone is referenced heavily in Prodigy's track "Al Capone Zone", produced by The Alchemist and featuring Keak Da Sneak. Al Capone transcribed a love song called ''Madonna Mia'' while in prison. In May 2009, his rendition of the song was recorded for the first time in history.

He is referenced in a homonymous song by Brazilian singer Raul Seixas.

Sport

Fans of Serbian football club Partizan are using Al Capone's character as a mascot for one of their subgroups called "Alcatraz", named after a prison in which Al Capone served his sentence. Also, as an honour to Al Capone, a graffiti representation of him exists in the center of Belgrade.

See also

American Mafia

List of Depression-era outlaws

Scarface (1932 film)

Scarface (1983 film)

The Mystery of Al Capone's Vaults

Timeline of organized crime

Grand Rapids Hotel

References

Further reading

Capone, Deirdre Marie; ''Uncle Al Capone - The Untold Story from Inside His Family''. Recap Publishing LLC ISBN 978-0982845103

Kobler, John. ''Capone: The Life and Times of Al Capone''. New York: Da Capo Press, 2003. ISBN 0-306-81285-1

Pasley, Fred D. ''Al Capone: The Biography of a Self-Made Man''. Garden City, New York: Garden City Publishing Co., 2004. ISBN 1-4179-0878-5

Schoenberg, Robert J. ''Mr. Capone''. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1992. ISBN 0-688-12838-6

MacDonald, Alan. ''Dead Famous – Al Capone and his Gang'' Scholastic.

Hoffman Dennis E. Scarface Al and the Crime Crusaders: Chicago's Private War Against Capone Southern Illinois University Press; 1st edition (November 24, 1993) ISBN 978-0-8093-1925-1

External links

Al Capone: The Original Gangster – slideshow by ''Life magazine''

Mario Gomes' site on everything related to Al Capone

South Beach Magazine The Un-Welcomed Visitor: Al Capone in Miami. (with photos)

Complete FBI files on Al Capone

Al Capone at the Crime Library

Category:1899 births Category:1947 deaths Category:Alcatraz inmates Category:American Roman Catholics Category:American mobsters of Italian descent Category:American people convicted of tax crimes Category:Bootleggers Category:Chicago Outfit bosses Category:Chicago Outfit mobsters Category:Disease-related deaths in Missouri Category:Five Points Gang Category:American mob bosses Category:People from Brooklyn Category:People from Chicago, Illinois Category:Prohibition-era gangsters Category:The Untouchables

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Coordinates	49°25′″N20°21′″N
name	Georgie Fame
background	solo_singer
birth name	Clive Powell
born	June 26, 1943Leigh, LancashireEngland
instrument	Vocals, piano, keyboards
genre	R&B;, jazz
occupation	Musician, musical director
years active	1959–present
label	Columbia, Polydor
associated acts	Blue FlamesGeorgie Fame and the Blue Flames Alan PriceBill Wyman's Rhythm KingsVan Morrison
notable instruments	Hammond organ, piano }}

Georgie Fame (born Clive Powell, 26 June 1943, Leigh, Lancashire) is a British rhythm and blues and jazz singer and keyboard player. The one-time rock and roll tour musician, who had a string of 1960s hits, is still a popular performer, often working with contemporaries such as Van Morrison and Bill Wyman.

Biography

Early life

Fame took piano lessons from the age of seven and after leaving Leigh Central County Secondary School at 15, he worked for a brief period in a cotton weaving mill and played piano for a band called The Dominoes in the evenings. After taking part in a singing contest at the Butlins Holiday Camp in Pwllheli, North Wales he was offered a job there by the band leader, early British rock'n'roll star Rory Blackwell.

At sixteen years of age, Fame went to London and, on the recommendation of Lionel Bart, entered into a management agreement with Larry Parnes, who had given new stage names to such artists as Marty Wilde and Billy Fury. Fame later recalled that Parnes had given him an ultimatum over his forced change of name:

Over the following year he toured the UK playing beside Wilde, Joe Brown, Gene Vincent, Eddie Cochran and others. Fame played piano for Billy Fury in his backing band The Blue Flames. When the backing band got the sack at the end of 1961, the band were re-billed as "Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames" and went on to enjoy great success with a repertoire largely of rhythm and blues numbers.

The Blue Flames

Fame was influenced from early on by jazz and such blues musicians as Willie Mabon and Mose Allison, and was one of the first white artists to be influenced by the ska music he heard in Jamaican cafes in and around Ladbroke Grove. Black American soldiers who visited the Flamingo Club, where the band had a three-year residency, would play him the latest jazz and blues releases from America, "Midnight Special" by Jimmy Smith, "Grooving With Jug" by Gene Ammons and Richard "Groove" Holmes, and "Green Onions" by Booker T. & the M.G.'s. Fame Later recalled;

In August 1963 the band took a weekly Friday night spot at "The Scene" on Great Windmill Street. In September 1963 the band recorded its debut album ''Rhythm And Blues At the Flamingo'' live at the Flamingo Club. Produced by Ian Samwell, who had previously played with Cliff Richard, and engineered by Glyn Johns, the album was released, in place of a planned single, on the EMI Columbia label. It failed to reach the chart but the October 1964 follow-up ''Fame At Last'' achieved No. 15 on the UK album chart. In 1964 Fame and the band appeared on five episodes of ITV's ''Ready Steady Go!''.

When Ronan O'Rahilly, who then managed him, could not get Fame's first record played by the BBC and was also turned down by Radio Luxembourg, he announced he would start his own radio station in order to promote the record. The station became the offshore pirate radio station, Radio Caroline.

Later Fame enjoyed regular chart success with singles, having three Top 10 hits, which all made number one in the UK Singles Chart. The follow-up, "Sitting In The Park", made No. 12. His greatest chart success was "The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde" in 1967, which was a number one hit in the United Kingdom, and No.7 in the United States. "Yeh Yeh" and "The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde" sold over one million copies, and were awarded gold discs.

Price of Fame

Fame continued playing into the 1970s, having a hit, "Rosetta", with his close friend Alan Price, ex-keyboard player of The Animals, in 1971, and they worked together extensively for a time. In 1974, Fame reformed the Blue Flames and also began to sing with Europe's finest orchestras and big bands, a musical tradition he still currently pursues. During the 1970s, he also wrote jingles for several UK radio and TV commercials, and composed the music for the feature films ''Entertaining Mr Sloane'' and ''The Alf Garnett Saga'' (1972).

Recent work

Fame has collaborated with some of the most successful performers in the world of popular music. He has been a core member of Van Morrison's band, as well as his musical producer. Fame also played keyboards and sang harmony vocals on such tracks as "In the Days before Rock 'n' Roll" from the album ''Enlightenment'', whilst still recording and touring as an artist in his own right. Fame played organ on all of the Van Morrison albums between 1989 and 1997, and starred at Terry Dillon's 60th birthday party on 10 May 2008. Morrison refers to Fame in the line "I don't run into Mr. Clive" in his song "Don't Go to Nightclubs Anymore" featured on the 2008 ''Keep It Simple'' album. Fame appeared as a special guest on Morrison's television concert show presented by BBC Four series on 25 April and 27 April 2008.

Fame was also founding member of friend Bill Wyman's early band Rhythm Kings, touring with the band. He has also worked with Count Basie, Eric Clapton, Muddy Waters, Joan Armatrading and The Verve.

Fame has frequently played residences at jazz clubs, such as Ronnie Scott's. He has also played organ on Starclub's album. He was the headline act on the Sunday night at the Jazz World stage at the 2009 Glastonbury Festival, this following a headline gig the night before at the "Midsummer Music @ Spencers" festival in Essex.

On 18 April 2010, Fame, together with his two sons Tristan Powell (guitar) and James Powell (drums), performed at the Live Room at Twickenham Stadium, as part of the 10th birthday celebrations of "The Eel Pie Club". Part of the proceeds from the concert will benefit The Otakar Kraus Trust, which provides music and voice therapy for children and young people with physical and mental difficulties. The trio performed later that same year at the opening night at Towersey Festival.

Fame has made several albums on his own Three Line Whip label since the late 1990s, mostly new original compositions with a jazz/R&B; framework.

Personal life

In 1972, Fame married Nicolette (née Harrison), Marchioness of Londonderry, the former wife of the 9th Marquess. Lady Londonderry already had given birth to one of Fame's children during marriage to the marquess; the child, Tristan, bore the courtesy title Viscount Castlereagh and was believed to be heir to the marquessate. When tests determined that the child was actually Fame's, the Londonderrys divorced. The couple had one son, James, after their marriage. Nicolette Powell died on 13 August 1993, after jumping off the Clifton Suspension Bridge.

Views and advocacy

Fame is a supporter of the Countryside Alliance and has played concerts to raise funds for the organisation, and a supporter of The Otakar Kraus Music Trust.

Discography

Singles

"Do the Dog"/"Shop Around" (January 1964) Columbia DB 7193

"Do Re Mi"/"Green Onions" (Apr 1964) Columbia DB 7255

"Bend a Little" (Jul 1964) Columbia DB 7328

"Yeh Yeh" (Dec 1964) Columbia DB 7428

"In the Meantime" (Mar 1965) Columbia DB 7494

"Like We Used to Be" (Jul 1965) Columbia DB 7328

"Something" (Oct 1965) Columbia DB 7727

"Get Away" (Jun 1966) Columbia DB 7946

"Sunny" (Sep 1966) Columbia DB 8015

"Sitting in the Park" (Dec 1966) Columbia DB 8096

"Because I Love You" (1967)

"Try My World" (1967)

"The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde" (1967) CBS CBS 3124

"Peaceful" (1969) CBS 4295

"Seventh Son" (1969)

"Rosetta" (with Alan Price) (1971)

"Ali Shuffle" (1974)

"Yes Honestly" (1976)

"Sweet Perfection" (1976)

"New York Afternoon" (1986) (Mondo Kane feat Georgie Fame, produced by Stock Aitken Waterman)

"That's Life" (with Van Morrison) (1996)

EPs

"Rhythm & Blue-Beat" (1964) Columbia SEG 8334

"Fame At Last" (1964) Columbia SEG 8393

Albums

''Rhythm and Blues at the Flamingo '' (1964) Columbia 33SX 1599

''Fame at Last!'' (1965) Columbia

''Sweet Things'' (1966) Columbia

''Sound Venture'' (1966) Columbia

''The Two Faces of Fame'' (1967) CBS

''The Third Face of Fame'' (1968) CBS

''Seventh Son'' (1969) CBS

''Shorty featuring Georgie Fame'' (1969 - live album not issued in the UK) CBS

''Georgie Does His Thing with Strings'' (1970) CBS

''Fame and Price, Price and Fame: Together!'' (1971) CBS

''Going Home'' (1971) CBS

''All Me Own Work'' (1972) Reprise

''Georgie Fame'' (1973) Island

''Right Now'' (1979)

''Closing the Gap'' (1980)

''In Hoagland'' (with Annie Ross) (1981) (featuring the songs of Hoagy Carmichael)

''Samba'' (1986) Ensign Records ENYX 605

''No Worries'' (1988)

''Cool Cat Blues'' (1991)

''Three Line Whip'' (1994)

''The Blues and Me'' (1996)

''Tell Me Something: The Songs of Mose Allison'' (1996)

''Name Droppin': Live at Ronnie Scott's, Vol. 1'' (1997)

''Walkin' Wounded: Live at Ronnie Scott's, Vol. 2'' (1998)

''Endangered Species'' with The Danish Radio Big Band'' (recorded 1993, released 1999)

''Poet in New York'' (2000)

''Relationships'' (2001)

''The Birthday Big Band'' (1998 55th birthday concert) (2007)

''Charleston'' (2007)

''Tone-Wheels 'A' Turnin''' (2009)

Compilation albums

''Hall of Fame'' (1967)

''Fame Again'' (1979)

''On the Right Track: Beat, Ballad and Blues (1992)

''The Very Best of Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames'' (1998)

''Funny How Time Slips Away'' (2001)

''Somebody Stole My Thunder: 1967–1971'' (2007)

''Georgie Fame: Mod Classics 1964–1966'' (2010) Ace Records (CDBGPD 206)

References

External links

[ Georgie Fame biography, Steve Huey, AllMusic]

"The Entertainers: Georgie Fame", on Grampian Television, broadcast 28 May 1979, at youtube.com

Category:English male singers Category:English jazz organists Category:English jazz pianists Category:British jazz musicians Category:Imperial Records artists Category:Epic Records artists Category:People from Leigh, Greater Manchester Category:Van Morrison Category:1943 births Category:Living people Category:British rhythm and blues boom musicians

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