An Science Ministry or Department of Science is a ministry or other government agency charged with science. The ministry is often headed by a Minister for Science.

Many countries know a Ministry of Science or Ministry of Science and Technology:

• Ministry of Science and Technology (Brazil)
• Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China
• Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation of Denmark
• Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (Iceland)
• Ministry of Science and Technology (India)
• Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (Iran)
• Ministry of Science and Technology (Japan)
• Ministry of Science and Technology (Pakistan)
• Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
• Ministry of Science and Technology (South Korea)
• Ministry of Science and Technology (Sri Lanka)

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)

Science and technology is a term of art used to encompass the relationship between science and technology. It frequently appears within titles of academic disciplines (science and technology studies) and government offices.

See also[link]

• Engineering
• History of science and technology
• Science and technology by country
• Science and technology studies
• Technoscience

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The ministry building

The Danish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Higher Education (Danish: Ministeriet for Forskning, Innovation og Videregående Uddannelser) is the Danish ministry in charge of research, innovation and education above high school/upper secondary school.

The Ministry is formerly also known as "Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation of Denmark" or "The Science Ministry" or "The Research Ministry" or "The Ministry of Research and Technology".

Its primary purpose is to promote and coordinate the interaction between the industry and trade, centres of research and education and strengthen industry and research policies.

External links[link]

• Ministry of Science, Innovation and Higher Education

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Dan Shechtman דן שכטמן
Distinguished Prof. Dan Shechtman, 2011 Nobel Laureate, at Stockholm University in 2011.
Born	(1941-01-24) January 24, 1941 (age 71) Tel Aviv, British Mandate of Palestine
Residence	Israel
Citizenship	Israel
Fields	Materials Science
Institutions	Wright Patterson Air Force Base Johns Hopkins University NIST Iowa State University Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
Alma mater	Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
Known for	Quasicrystals
Notable awards	Israel Prize (1998) Wolf Prize in Physics (1999) Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2011)

Dan Shechtman (Hebrew: דן שכטמן; born January 24, 1941 in Tel Aviv)^[1] is the Philip Tobias Professor of Materials Science at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, an Associate of the US Department of Energy's Ames Laboratory, and Professor of Materials Science at Iowa State University. On April 8, 1982, while on sabbatical at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C., Shechtman discovered the icosahedral phase, which opened the new field of quasiperiodic crystals.^[2] He was awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "the discovery of quasicrystals".^[3] Shechtman is the fourth Israeli to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in under a decade.^[4]

Technion President Peretz Lavie, Dan Shechtman and Wayne Kaplan at the Nobel Prize press conference at Technion, Israel.

Biography[link]

Interview with Dan Shechtman after his Nobel lecture

Dan Shechtman was born in Tel Aviv, British Mandate of Palestine. He is married to Prof. Tzipora Shechtman, Head of the Department of Counseling and Human Development at Haifa University, and author of two books on psychotherapy.^[5][6] They have a son Yoav Shechtman (a PhD student in physics) and three daughters: Tamar Finkelstein (an organizational psychologist at the Israeli police leadership center), Ella Shechtman-Cory (a PhD in clinical psychology), and Ruth Dougoud-Nevo (also a PhD in clinical psychology).^[7][8]

Academic career[link]

After receiving his Ph.D. in Materials Engineering from the Technion in 1972, where he also obtained his B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering in 1966 and M.Sc. in Materials Engineering in 1968,^[1] Prof. Shechtman was an NRC fellow at the Aerospace Research Laboratories at Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio, where he studied for three years the microstructure and physical metallurgy of titanium aluminides. In 1975 he joined the department of materials engineering at Technion. In 1981–1983 he was on Sabbatical at Johns Hopkins University, where he studied rapidly solidified aluminum transition metal alloys, in a joint program with NBS. During this study he discovered the Icosahedral Phase which opened the new field of quasiperiodic crystals.

In 1992–1994 he was on sabbatical at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), where he studied the effect of the defect structure of CVD diamond on its growth and properties. Shechtman's Technion research is conducted in the Louis Edelstein Center, and in the Wolfson Centre which is headed by him. He served on several Technion Senate Committees and headed one of them.

Shechtman joined the Iowa State faculty in 2004. He currently spends about five months a year in Ames on a part-time appointment.^[9][3]

Work on quasicrystals[link]

Meeting at NIST in 1985 where Shechtman (left) explains the atomic structure of quasicrystals

Shechtman's Nobel Prize winning work was in the area of quasicrystals, ordered crystalline materials lacking repeating structures, such as this Al-Pd-Mn alloy.^[10]

From the day Shechtman published his findings on quasicrystals in 1984 to the day Linus Pauling died, Shechtman experienced hostility from him toward the non-periodic interpretation. "For a long time it was me against the world," he said. "I was a subject of ridicule and lectures about the basics of crystallography. The leader of the opposition to my findings was the two-time Nobel Laureate Linus Pauling, the idol of the American Chemical Society and one of the most famous scientists in the world. For years, 'til his last day, he fought against quasi-periodicity in crystals. He was wrong, and after a while, I enjoyed every moment of this scientific battle, knowing that he was wrong."

Linus Pauling is noted saying "There is no such thing as quasicrystals, only quasi-scientists."^[11]). Pauling was apparently unaware of a paper in 1981 by H. Kleinert and K. Maki which had pointed out the possibility of a non-periodic Icosahedral Phase in quasicrystals^[12] (see the historical notes). The head of Shechtman's research group told him to "go back and read the textbook" and then "asked him to leave for 'bringing disgrace' on the team."^[when?] Shechtman felt rejected.^[11] Later,^[when?] other scientists began to confirm and accept empirical findings of the existence of quasicrystals.^[13][14]

The Nobel Committee at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said that "his discovery was extremely controversial," but that his work "eventually forced scientists to reconsider their conception of the very nature of matter."^[11] Through Shechtman's discovery, several other groups were able to form similar quasicrystals,^[when?] finding these materials to have low thermal and electrical conductivity, while possessing high structural stability. Quasicrystals have also been found naturally.

Quasicrystalline materials could be used in a large number of applications, including the formation of durable steel used for fine instrumentation, and non-stick insulation for electrical wires and cooking equipment.^[15][16]

The prize is worth 10-million swedish Krona ($1.5-million).^[11]

Awards[link]

• 2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of quasicrystals
• 2008 European Materials Research Society (E-MRS) 25th Anniversary Award
• 2002 EMET Prize in Chemistry
• 2000 Muriel & David Jacknow Technion Award for Excellence in Teaching
• 2000 Gregori Aminoff Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
• 1999 Wolf Prize in Physics.^[17]
• 1998 Israel Prize, for Physics.^[18]
• 1993 Weizmann Science Award^{[citation needed]}
• 1990 Rothschild Prize in Engineering^{[citation needed]}
• 1988 New England Academic Award of the Technion^{[citation needed]}
• 1988 International Award for New Materials^{[citation needed]} of the American Physical Society
• 1986 Physics Award of the Friedenberg Fund for the Advancement of Science and Education^{[citation needed]}

Published works[link]

• "Metallic Phase with Long-Range Orientational Order and No Translational Symmetry". Physical Review Letters 53 (20): 1951. 1984. Bibcode 1984PhRvL..53.1951S. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.1951. 
• "Nuclear γ-ray resonance observations in an aluminum-based icosahedral quasicrystal". Physical Review B 32 (2): 1383. 1985. Bibcode 1985PhRvB..32.1383S. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.32.1383. 
• "Pauling's model not universally accepted". Nature 319: 102. 1986. Bibcode 1986Natur.319..102C. DOI:10.1038/319102a0. 
• "The Icosahedral Quasiperiodic Phase". Physica Scripta 49: 49. 1988. Bibcode 1988PhST...23...49S. DOI:10.1088/0031-8949/1988/T23/008. 

See also[link]

• List of Israel Prize recipients
• List of Jewish Nobel laureates

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• D. P. DiVincenzo and P. J. Steinhardt, eds. 1991. Quasicrystals: The State of the Art. Directions in Condensed Matter Physics, Vol 11. ISBN 981-02-0522-8.
• T. Janssen. 2007. Quasicrystals: Comparative dynamics. Nature Materials, Vol 6., 925-926.

External links[link]

• Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
• Story of quasicrystals as told by Shechtman to APS News in 2002.
• Biography/CV Page – Technion
• TechnionLIVE e-newsletter
• Dan Shechtman (Iowa State faculty page)
• 2012 interview with The Times of Israel

The Honourable Gary Goodyear PC, MP
Member of the Canadian Parliament for Cambridge
Incumbent
Assumed office 2004
Preceded by	Janko Peric
Personal details
Born	(1958-03-10) March 10, 1958 (age 54) Cambridge, Ontario
Political party	Conservative
Spouse(s)	Valerie Goodyear
Residence	Cambridge
Profession	Chiropractor

Gary T. Goodyear, PC, MP (born March 10, 1958 in Cambridge, Ontario) is a Canadian politician. He is a current member of the Canadian House of Commons, having been elected to represent the riding of Cambridge as a Conservative in 2004. On October 30, 2008 he was named Minister of State for Science & Technology within Prime Minister Stephen Harper's Cabinet.^[1] Goodyear was re-elected in the May 2nd elections in 2011 and returned to Stephen Harper's cabinet as Minister of State for Science & Technology.

Education and chiropractic career[link]

Goodyear was raised and educated in Cambridge. After high school he attended the University of Waterloo, studying in Biomechanics and Psychology, but left without completing a degree.

He afterwards attended the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, where he graduated cum laude^{[citation needed]}, was class president, and valedictorian.^[2] He started his full-time practice in Cambridge in 1984 where he was Clinic Director, Director of Patient Services and Past President of Future Recovery Canada. He was a co-designer of the three year post-graduate Sports Fellowship Program. He also co-authored “Practice Guidelines” and was Public Relations Director and Past President for the College of Chiropractic Sports Sciences in Toronto.^{[citation needed]} He was also the health columnist for the Cambridge Times newspaper from 1986 to 1996, and has taught at the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College and the University of Waterloo.^{[citation needed]}. Goodyear has not published any peer-reviewed scientific journal articles to date.

Political career[link]

In the 2004 federal election, Goodyear defeated incumbent Liberal Janko Peric by 224 votes (as confirmed on recount) to win the Cambridge riding. After the election, Goodyear was named Ontario Chair of the Conservative Party caucus.^[3] He was re-elected in 2006 with the endorsement of Vote Marriage Canada, and was also endorsed by the Canadian Islamic Congress receiving a grade of A ^[4] In 2006, he won the riding of Cambridge by almost 6,000 votes.

After the 2006 federal election Goodyear was elected Standing committee chair of the Procedure and House Affairs Committee (of which he chairs the Subcommittee on Parliament Hill Security.) In March 2008 the Procedure and House Affairs Committee ousted Goodyear by moving a motion of non-confidence in him. The committee then elected Conservative MP Joe Preston as the chair against his will, and he called no meetings before resigning from his position. The committee currently has no chair and has not met since March 6. Jay Hill, Conservative party whip, said he is adamant that unless the opposition is willing to meet to re-elect Goodyear as the chair and to withdraw the motion to study the In and Out scandal, there will be no Procedure and House Affairs committee meetings.^[5] The Speaker of the House made a ruling on the events in this committee and others which stated rulings by committee chairs are being routinely overturned by majority votes, even when the rulings are procedurally sound. Such a state of affairs has led to "general lawlessness" at committees.^[6] Goodyear also chairs Subcommittee on Agenda and Procedure He was also named Chairman of the all-party Canada-Armenia Parliamentary Friendship Group.

A former campaign manager for Goodyear admits he negotiated a lease for a campaign headquarters in 2004 that said the landlord would make a political donation to Goodyear's election bid. In a compliance agreement with the Commissioner of Canada Elections, Reg Petersen "acknowledged an act that constitutes an offence" under the Elections Act.^[7]

Role in cabinet[link]

Following the Conservative victory in the 2008 federal election, Goodyear was appointed to the cabinet portfolio of Minister of State for Science and Technology. In 2009 he was also named Minister of State responsible for the Federal Economic Development Agency for Southern Ontario (FedDev Ontario)

Political controversies[link]

Evolution controversy[link]

In a March 2009 interview, The Globe and Mail asked Goodyear if he believed in evolution. He responded, "I am a Christian, and I don't think anybody asking a question about my religion is appropriate." While many scientists and educators expressed shock at this,^[8] others defended the minister, citing statistics that show a majority of Canadians believe God played a role in creation.^[9] Later that day, however, Goodyear said that he believed in evolution during an interview with CTV News.^[10] When asked to clarify this belief, Goodyear responded "We are evolving, every year, every decade. That’s a fact. Whether it’s to the intensity of the sun, whether it’s to, as a chiropractor, walking on cement versus anything else, whether it’s running shoes or high heels, of course, we are evolving to our environment."^[11]

Funding cuts[link]

In early 2009, Goodyear oversaw $147.9 million in funding cuts ^[12] for science programs, the most prominent being the lack of any funding for new projects for Genome Canada.^[13] Critics of the cuts, including a team of neuroscientists who lost funding, argued that when coupled with the Obama administration's increased funding for science, the cuts could produce a brain drain as researchers move to the United States and secure funding.^[14]

June 2009 saw Goodyear recommending the SSHRC withdraw a $19,750 funding grant for a future of Israel and Palestine conference^[15] because it was deemed by the Minister to be too anti-Israel.^[16]

Imagine Adoption bankruptcy[link]

Goodyear and his wife Valerie are co-owners of Constant Energy Inc. Constant Energy is a creditor in the bankruptcy of Imagine Adoption.^[17] Constant Energy’s total outstanding claim at $96,000 is the first entry on the list of preferred creditors for wages/rent/etc. TheStar also reported on the issue.^[18] Valerie was also an employee of Imagine Adoption.^[19]

Electoral record[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gary Goodyear

• Gary Goodyear official site
• Profile at Parliament of Canada
• Parliamentarian profile at ParlInfo
• Speeches, votes and activity at OpenParliament.ca
• Voting history at How'd They Vote?

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