Treeshrews[1] Temporal range: ?Middle Eocene – Recent
Madras Treeshrew (Anathana ellioti)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Eutheria
Superorder:	Euarchontoglires
Order:	Scandentia Wagner, 1855
Families
Tupaiidae Ptilocercidae

The treeshrews (or tree shrews or banxrings^[2]) are small mammals native to the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. They make up the families Tupaiidae, the treeshrews, and Ptilocercidae, the pen-tailed treeshrews, and the entire order Scandentia. There are 20 species in 5 genera. Treeshrews have a higher brain to body mass ratio than any mammals, including humans,^[3] though this is not uncommon for animals weighing less than a kilogram.

Although called treeshrews, they are not true shrews (although they were previously classified in the Insectivora), and not all species are necessarily arboreal. Among other things, they eat Rafflesia fruit.

Among orders of mammals, treeshrews are closely related to primates, and have been used as an alternative to primates in experimental studies of myopia, psychosocial stress and hepatitis.^[4]

Characteristics[link]

Treeshrews are slender animals with long tails and soft, greyish to reddish-brown fur. The terrestrial species tend to be larger than the arboreal forms, and to have larger claws, which they use for digging up insect prey. They are omnivorous, feeding on insects, small vertebrates, fruit, and seeds. They have poorly developed canine teeth and unspecialised molars, with an overall dental formula of: Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \tfrac{ 2.1.3.3}{ 3.1.3.3} ^[5]

Treeshrews have good vision, which is binocular in the case of the more arboreal species. Most are diurnal, although the Pen-tailed Treeshrew is nocturnal.

Female treeshrews give birth to up to three young after a gestation period of 45 to 50 days, in nests lined with dry leaves inside tree hollows. The young are born blind and hairless, but are able to leave the nest after about a month. During this period, the mother provides relatively little maternal care, visiting her young only for a few minutes every other day to suckle them. Treeshrews reach sexual maturity after around four months, and breed for much of the year, with no clear breeding season in most species.^[5]

These animals live in small family groups, which defend their territory from intruders. They mark their territories using various scent glands, or urine, depending on the particular species.

The name Tupaia is derived from tupai the Malay word for squirrel^[6] and was provided by Sir Stamford Raffles.^[7]

In 2008, researchers found that the Pen-tailed Treeshrew in Malaysia was able to consume large amounts of naturally fermented nectar of up to 3.8% alcohol content the entire year without having any effects on behaviour. Investigation to how these animals cope with that diet is still ongoing.^[8]

Classification[link]

Dentition of Tupaia

Treeshrews were moved from Insectivora to the Primates order, because of certain internal similarities to the latter (for example, similarities in the brain anatomy, highlighted by Sir Wilfred Le Gros Clark), and classified as a primitive prosimian. However, recent molecular phylogenetic studies have strongly suggested that treeshrews should be given the same rank (order) as the primates and, with the primates and the flying lemurs (colugos), belong to the clade Euarchonta. According to this classification, the Euarchonta are sister to the Glires (lagomorphs and rodents), and the two groups are combined into the clade Euarchontoglires.^[9] Other arrangements of these orders have been proposed.^[10]

• ORDER SCANDENTIA
  • Family Tupaiidae
    • Genus Anathana
      • Madras Treeshrew, Anathana ellioti
    • Genus Dendrogale
      • Bornean Smooth-tailed Treeshrew, Dendrogale melanura
      • Northern Smooth-tailed Treeshrew, Dendrogale murina
    • Genus Tupaia
      • Northern Treeshrew, Tupaia belangeri
      • Golden-bellied Treeshrew, Tupaia chrysogaster
      • Striped Treeshrew, Tupaia dorsalis
      • Common Treeshrew, Tupaia glis
      • Slender Treeshrew, Tupaia gracilis
      • Horsfield's Treeshrew, Tupaia javanica
      • Long-footed Treeshrew, Tupaia longipes
      • Pygmy Treeshrew, Tupaia minor
      • Calamian Treeshrew, Tupaia moellendorffi
      • Mountain Treeshrew, Tupaia montana
      • Nicobar Treeshrew, Tupaia nicobarica
      • Palawan Treeshrew, Tupaia palawanensis
      • Painted Treeshrew, Tupaia picta
      • Ruddy Treeshrew, Tupaia splendidula
      • Large Treeshrew, Tupaia tana
    • Genus Urogale
      • Mindanao Treeshrew, Urogale evereti
  • Family Ptilocercidae
    • Genus Ptilocercus
      • Pen-tailed Treeshrew, Ptilocercus lowii

Fossil record[link]

The fossil record of treeshrews is poor. The oldest putative treeshrew, Eodendrogale parva, is from the Middle Eocene of Henan, China, but the identity of this animal is uncertain. Other fossils have come from the Miocene of Thailand, Pakistan, India, and Yunnan, China, as well as the Pliocene of India. Most belong to the family Tupaiidae, but some still-undescribed fossils from Yunnan are thought to be closer to the pen-tailed treeshrew (Ptilocercus). Named fossil species include Prodendrogale yunnanica, Prodendrogale engesseri, and Tupaia storchi from Yunnan, Tupaia miocenica from Thailand, and Palaeotupaia sivalicus from India.^[11]

References[link]