Pudahuel
—  City and Commune  —
Coat of arms	Pudahuel Location in Chile
Map of Pudahuel commune within Greater Santiago
Flag
Coordinates (city): 33°26.5′S 70°46′W / 33.4417°S 70.767°W / -33.4417; -70.767Coordinates: 33°26.5′S 70°46′W / 33.4417°S 70.767°W / -33.4417; -70.767
Country	Chile
Region	Santiago Metro.
Province	Santiago Province
Government[1] [2]
• Type	Municipality
• Alcalde	Johnny Carrasco Cerda (PS)
Area[3]
• Total	197.4 km2 (76.2 sq mi)
Population (2002 Census)[3]
• Total	230,658
• Density	1,200/km2 (3,000/sq mi)
• Urban	230,658
• Rural	3.395
Sex[3]
• Men	96,328
• Women	99,325
Time zone	CLT [4] (UTC-4)
• Summer (DST)	CLST [5] (UTC-3)
Area code(s)	56 +
Website	Municipality of Pudahuel

Pudahuel (Mapudungun "place of pools/water" or "place where seagulls gather") is a commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region. Santiago's international airport Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez is located there. The commune is serviced by the library Biblioteca Pública N° 11 "Jaime Quilan" which administered by the Municipal Social Development Corporation of Pudahuel.^[6]

Demographics[link]

According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Pudahuel spans an area of 197.4 km² (76 sq mi) and has 195,653 inhabitants (96,328 men and 99,325 women). Of these, 192,258 (98.3%) lived in urban areas and 3,395 (1.7%) in rural areas. The population grew by 41.8% (57,713 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.^[3]

Stats[link]

• Area: 197.4 km²^{[7][dead link]}
• Population: 237,863 (2006 projection)^{[7][dead link]}
• Average annual household income: US$19,766 (PPP, 2006)^{[7][dead link]}
• Population below poverty line: 7.1% (2006)^{[8][dead link]}
• Regional quality of life index: 71.61, mid-low, 39 out of 52 (2005)^{[citation needed]}
• Human Development Index: 0.735, 59 out of 341 (2003)^[9]

Administration[link]

As a commune, Pudahuel is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Johnny Carrasco Cerda (PS).^[1][2]

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Pudahuel is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Patricio Melero (UDI) and Gabriel Silber (PDC) as part of the 16th electoral district, (together with Colina, Lampa, Tiltil and Quilicura). The commune is represented in the Senate by Guido Girardi Lavín (PPD) and Jovino Novoa Vásquez (UDI) as part of the 7th senatorial constituency (Santiago-West).

References[link]

External links[link]

• (Spanish) Municipality of Pudahuel

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Juana Maria (died October 18, 1853), better known to history as the Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island (her Indian name is unknown), was a Native American woman who was the last surviving member of her tribe, the Nicoleño. She lived alone on San Nicolas Island from 1835 until her discovery in 1853. Scott O'Dell's award-winning children's novel Island of the Blue Dolphins (1960) was inspired by her story.

Lost woman of San Nicolas Island[link]

A plaque commemorating Juana Maria at Santa Barbara Mission cemetery, placed there by the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1928.

In 1811, approximately 30 Aleutian hunters from Russian Alaska began scouring the California coast for otters, whose pelts were referred to as "soft gold." Under contract to the Russian-American Company, the Aleuts were hired to hunt for several weeks on San Nicolas. This outing grew into a year. The otter population was decimated, and a bloody conflict between the Aleutians and islanders (who opposed the hunting) drastically reduced the population of the local men. By 1835, the island's Native American population, which had once numbered 300, had shrunk to around 20. Some sources give the number as seven, all female except for one man named Black Hawk.

When news of the massacre reached the mainland, the Santa Barbara Mission decided to sponsor a rescue operation. In late November 1835, the schooner Peor es Nada, commanded by Charles Hubbard, left Monterey, California under contract to remove the remaining people living on San Nicolas Island. Upon arriving at the island, Hubbard's party gathered the Indians on the beach and brought them aboard. Juana Maria, however, was not among them by the time a strong storm arose, and the Peor es Nada's crew, realizing the imminent danger of being wrecked by the surf and rocks, panicked and sailed toward the mainland, leaving her behind. A more romantic version tells of Juana Maria diving overboard after realizing her younger brother had been left behind , although archeologist Steven Schwartz notes "The story of her jumping overboard does not show up until the 1880s… By then the Victorian era is well underway, and literature takes on a flowery, even romantic flavor."^[1] This version is recorded by Juana Maria's eventual rescuer, George Nidever, who heard it from a hunter who had been on the Peor es Nada; however, he makes it clear he may be misremembering what he heard.^[2]

Hubbard brought the islanders to San Pedro Bay, where many chose to live at the San Gabriel Mission. The missions, however, despite their best intentions, had a high fatality rate, since the Indians had no immunity to Old World diseases. Black Hawk, the last male islander, reportedly became blind shortly thereafter and drowned after falling from a steep bank. Hubbard was unable to return for Juana Maria at the time, as he had orders to take a shipment of lumber to Monterey, and unfortunately, within a month the Peor es Nada sank at the entrance to San Francisco Bay after hitting a "heavy board" which caused the schooner to roll "over and over and over" until it sank. A lack of available ships in the mid-1830s delayed any further rescue attempts.

Discovery[link]

In 1850, Father Gonzales of the Santa Barbara Mission paid one Thomas Jeffries $200 to find Juana Maria, though he was unsuccessful. However, the tales Jeffries told upon returning managed to capture the imagination of George Nidever, a Santa Barbara fur trapper, who launched several expeditions of his own. He failed to find her at first, but on an attempt in the fall of 1853, one of Nidever's men, Carl Dittman, discovered human footprints on the beach and pieces of seal blubber which had been left out to dry. Further investigation led to the discovery of Juana Maria, who was living on the island in a crude hut partially constructed of whale bones.^[3] She was dressed in a skirt made of greenish cormorant feathers.

Afterwards, Juana Maria was taken to the Santa Barbara Mission, but was unable to communicate with anyone. The local Chumash Indians could not understand her, so the mission sent for a group of Tongva or Gabrieleño who had formerly lived on Santa Catalina Island, but they were unsuccessful as well. Four words and two songs recorded from Juana Maria suggest she spoke one of the Uto-Aztecan languages native to Southern California, but it is not clear to which branch it is related. A University of California, Los Angeles study by linguist Pamela Munro focusing on the words and songs suggests that her language was most similar to those of the Luiseños of Northern San Diego County and of the Juaneños near San Juan Capistrano. Both groups traded with the San Nicolas islanders and their languages may have had some influence. This evidence, when taken as a whole, suggests that Juana Maria was a native Nicoleño. However, other scholars contend that because all attempts to decipher her dialect by local Indians were in vain, Juana Maria may have been the descendant of an Aleut man and a Nicoleño widow.

Life at Santa Barbara Mission[link]

Juana Maria was reportedly fascinated and ecstatic upon arrival, marveling at the sight of horses, along with European clothing and food. She was allowed to stay with Nidever, who described her as a woman of "medium height, but rather thick… She must have been about 50 years old, but she was still strong and active. Her face was pleasing as she was continually smiling. Her teeth were entire but worn to the gums."^[2] Juana Maria apparently enjoyed visits by curious Santa Barbara residents, singing and dancing for her audiences.

One of the songs Juana Maria sang is popularly called the "Toki Toki" song. Knowledge of this song came from a Ventureño man named Malquiares, an otter hunter who had joined Nidever's expedition to the island and who had heard Juana Maria sing it.^[4] Malquiares later recited the words to his friend Fernando Kitsepawit Librado (1839 – 1915). The song's words are as follows:

Toki Toki yahamimena (x 3)

weleshkima nishuyahamimena (x 2)

Toki Toki…(continue as above)

Librado recited the words to a Cruzeño Indian named Aravio Talawiyashwit, who translated them as "I live contented because I can see the day when I want to get out of this island;" however, given the lack of any other information on Juana Maria's language, this translation's accuracy is dubious, or perhaps was an intuitive guess.^[4] Anthropologist and linguist John P. Harrington recorded Librado singing the song on a wax cylinder in 1913.^[5]

The following text was published by an anonymous writer in a Sacramento newspaper on October 13, 1853:

Death[link]

Just seven weeks after arriving on the mainland, Juana Maria died. Modern analysis suggests she contracted dysentery, but Nidever claimed her fondness for green corn, vegetables and fresh fruit after years of little such nutrient-laden food caused the severe and ultimately fatal illness.^[2] Before she died, Father Gonzales baptized and christened her with the Spanish name Juana Maria. She was buried in an unmarked grave on the Nidever family plot at the Santa Barbara Mission cemetery. In 1928, a plaque commemorating her was placed at the site by the Daughters of the American Revolution.

Juana Maria's water basket, clothing and various artifacts, including bone needles which had been brought back from the island, were part of the collections of the California Academy of Sciences, but were destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. Her cormorant feather dress was apparently sent to the Vatican, but it appears to have been lost.

Legacy[link]

Scott O'Dell's Island of the Blue Dolphins was largely based on Juana Maria's story. The novel's protagonist, Karana, endures many of the trials that Juana Maria must have faced while alone on San Nicolás. In the 1964 film version of the novel, Celia Kaye played Karana.

See also[link]

• California Fur Rush
• Russian colonization of the Americas
• Spanish missions in the Americas
• Population of Native California

References[link]

Luis Rojas

Personal information
Full name	Luis Enrique Rojas Carpena
Nationality	Venezuela
Born	(1979-07-05) July 5, 1979 (age 32) Guanare, Portuguesa
Height	6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
Weight	80 kg (180 lb)
Sport
Sport	Swimming
Stroke(s)	Freestyle
College team	Hawaii Rainbow Warriors (1999-'01) Arizona Wildcats (2002-'04)
Medal record Pan American Games Silver 2003 Santo Domingo 4×100 m freestyle Bronze 1999 Winnipeg 4×100 m freestyle Bronze 2011 Guadalajara 4×100 m freestyle Central American and Caribbean Games Gold 2006 Cartagena 4×100 m freestyle Gold 2006 Cartagena 4×100 m medley

Luis Enrique Rojas Carpena (born July 5, 1979 in Guanare, Venezuela)^[1] is an Olympic swimmer and National Record holder from Venezuela. He swam for his native country at the 2004 Olympics. He swam collegiately in the United States, first at the University of Hawaii (1999–2001) and then at the University of Arizona (2002–2004).^[1]

References[link]

This biographical article related to a Venezuelan swimmer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Pablo Alborán
Background information
Birth name	Pablo Moreno de Alborán Ferrándiz
Also known as	Pablo Alborán
Born	(1989-05-31) 31 May 1989 (age 23)
Origin	Málaga, Spain
Genres	Latin pop, Pop, Flamenco
Instruments	Voice, Guitar, Piano
Years active	2010–present
Labels	EMI Music Spain
Associated acts	Diana Navarro, Estrella Morente, Carminho
Website	http://www.pabloalboran.es/

Pablo Moreno de Alborán Ferrándiz (born May 31, 1989 in Málaga) best known as Pablo Alborán is a Latin Grammy nominated Spanish singer.^[1]

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Alborán, born in Málaga on May 31, 1989, is the son of Spanish architect Salvador Moreno de Alborán Peralta and French Elena Ferrándiz Martínez. He is also the great-grandson of Francisco Moreno Fernández, 1st Marquess of Alborán, and has two siblings: Casilda and Salvador.

From a very young age, he was interested in learning to play various musical instruments such as piano, classical guitar, flamenco guitar, and acoustic guitar, and attended singing lessons with professional artists in Málaga and Madrid.

In 2002, at the age of 12, he composed his first songs, "Amor de Barrio" (Neighbourhood Love) and "Desencuentro" (Disagreement) which would be featured 10 years later on his debut album. In Málaga he performed for the first time with a Flamenco band in a restaurant, and he was nicknamed El Blanco Moreno (The White Moreno), because he "was very pale-skinned and Moreno was my family name", as he stated in an interview in early 2011.^[2] Later, Pablo met producer Manuel Illán and recorded a demo, which included a cover of "Deja de Volverme Loca" (Stop Driving Me Crazy) by Diana Navarro. Upon hearing this recording, Navarro expressed great interest in Alborán and became his musical mentor.^[3]

[edit] Pablo Alborán and En Acústico

In preparation for his first album, Alborán composed a total of 40 songs from which the playlist would be selected. During the recording of this studio album, Pablo Alborán, he uploaded a few songs on YouTube, which gained the attention of many, including singer Kelly Rowland who was amazed by his voice, as far as saying "I'm in love with Pablo Alboran!".^[4] His videos have since received millions of views.

"Solamente Tú" (Only You) was digitally released in Spain in October 2010 as the first single of his debut album, which was released in February 2011. Both the single and the album were a huge success, managing to top the Spanish music charts for several consecutive weeks.^[5][6] The album won multiple awards, including 2011 RTVE's Album of the Year, ^[7] and became Spain's best-selling album in 2011.^[8]

Alborán began his first world tour on May 27, 2011 in Madrid at the Palacio Vistalegre, and has since performed in many Latin American countries, among which are Argentina, Chile and Mexico.^[9] Following his success, he released his first live album, En Acústico, in November of the same year. It included acoustic versions of most of the tracks in his debut album, as well as two new songs and four bonus tracks. The song "Perdóname" (Forgive Me) was re-recorded featuring Portuguese singer Carminho, and was released as the first single of the album,^[10] peaking at number one on the Spanish singles chart on November 13, 2011,^[11] thus helping En Acústico to debut also at number one on the albums chart one week later, on November 20, 2011,^[12] and to top the Portuguese Albums Chart in January 2012.

In December 19, 2011, Alborán received the 2011 Best New Act award in Los Premios 40 Principales. Both his albums Pablo Alborán and En Acústico were featured in Spain's official list of top-selling albums of 2011, in numbers 1 and 6 respectively,^[13] and singles "Solamente Tú" and "Perdóname" were the third and nineteenth best-selling songs in Spain in 2011.^[14]

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

Live albums[link]

Singles[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• (Spanish) Official website