Political correctness (adjectivally, politically correct; both forms commonly abbreviated to PC) is a term which denotes language, ideas, policies, and behavior seen as seeking to minimize social and institutional offense in occupational, gender, racial, cultural, sexual orientation, certain other religions, beliefs or ideologies, disability, and age-related contexts, and, as purported by the term, doing so to an excessive extent. In current usage, the term is primarily pejorative,^[1][2] while the term politically incorrect has been used as an implicitly positive self-description. Examples of the latter include the conservative The Politically Incorrect Guide published by Regnery Publishing and the television talk show Politically Incorrect. In these cases, the term politically incorrect connotes language, ideas, and behavior unconstrained by a perceived orthodoxy or by concerns about offending various groups of people for the sake of telling the truth.

History[link]

Early usages[link]

Early usages of the phrase "politically correct" have been found in various contexts, which may not relate to the current terminology.^[3][4] Examples of the term can be found as early as the 18th century. The previous meaning was 'in line with prevailing political thought or policy'. The term previously used 'correctness' in its literal sense and without any particular reference to language that might be considered offensive or discriminatory. For example, J. Wilson's comments in U.S. Republic, 1793:

"The states, rather than the people, for whose sake the states exist, are frequently the objects which attract and arrest our principal attention... Sentiments and expressions of this inaccurate kind prevail in our common, even in our convivial, language... ‘The United States,’ instead of the ‘People of the United States,’ is the toast given. This is not politically correct."^[5]

In New Left rhetoric[link]

By 1970, New Left proponents had adopted the term political correctness.^[1] In the essay The Black Woman, Toni Cade Bambara says: ". . . a man cannot be politically correct and a [male] chauvinist too." The New Left later re-appropriated the term political correctness as satirical self-criticism; per Debra Shultz: "Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the New Left, feminists, and progressives . . . used their term politically correct ironically, as a guard against their own orthodoxy in social change efforts".^[1][2][6] Hence, it is a popular English usage in the underground comic book Merton of the Movement, by Bobby London, while ideologically sound, an alternative term, followed a like lexical path, appearing in Bart Dickon’s satirical comic strips.^[1][7] Moreover, Ellen Willis says: " . . . in the early ’80s, when feminists used the term political correctness, it was used to refer sarcastically to the anti-pornography movement’s efforts to define a ‘feminist sexuality’ ".^[8]

Current usage[link]

Widespread use of the term politically correct and its derivatives began when it was adopted as a pejorative term by the political right in the 1990s, in the context of the Culture Wars. Writing in the New York Times in 1990,^[9] Richard Bernstein noted "The term 'politically correct,' with its suggestion of Stalinist orthodoxy, is spoken more with irony and disapproval than with reverence. But across the country the term p.c., as it is commonly abbreviated, is being heard more and more in debates over what should be taught at the universities." Bernstein referred to a meeting of the Western Humanities Conference in Berkeley, California, on "'Political Correctness' and Cultural Studies," which examined "what effect the pressure to conform to currently fashionable ideas is having on scholarship". Bernstein also referred to "p.c.p" for "politically correct people," a term which did not take root in popular discussion.

Within a few years, this previously obscure term featured regularly in the lexicon of the conservative social and political challenges against curriculum expansion and progressive teaching methods in US high schools and universities.^[10] In 1991, addressing a graduating class of the University of Michigan, U.S. President George H. W. Bush spoke against "a movement [that would] declare certain topics 'off-limits,' certain expressions 'off-limits', even certain gestures 'off-limits'" in allusion to liberal Political Correctness.^[11] The most common usage here is as a pejorative term to refer to excessive deference to particular sensibilities at the expense of other considerations. The converse term "politically incorrect" came into use as an implicit term of self-praise, indicating that the user was not afraid to ignore constraints associated with political correctness. Examples of the latter include the conservative Politically Incorrect Guides published by Regnery Publishing^[12] and the television talk show Politically Incorrect.

The central uses of the term relate to particular issues of race, gender, disability, ethnicity, sexual preference, culture and worldviews, and encompass both the language in which issues are discussed and the viewpoints that are expressed. Proponents of the view that differences in IQ test scores between blacks and whites are (primarily or largely) genetically determined state that criticism of these views is based on political correctness.^[13]

Examples of language commonly referred to as "politically correct" include:^{[14][page needed]}

• "Intellectually disabled" in place of "Retarded" and other terms
• "African American" in place of "Black," "Negro" and other terms. (However, "Black" is used in English-speaking countries other than the U.S.)
• "Native American" (or "First Nations" in Canada) in place of "Indian"
• "Caucasian" in place of "White", and other terms
• "Gender-neutral" terms such as "firefighter" in place of "fireman," police officer in place of policeman.
• Terms relating to disability, such as "visually impaired" or "hearing impaired" in place of "blind" or "deaf"
• "Holiday", "winter" or "festive" in place of "Christmas"
• Any consideration of a woman as sexist, since only the powerful can be sexist or racist.

In the United Kingdom, "political correctness gone mad" is a catchphrase associated with the conservative Daily Mail newspaper.^[15]

In a more general sense, any policy regarded by the speaker as representing an imposed orthodoxy may be criticized as "politically correct."^[16]

As a linguistic concept[link]

In addressing the linguistic problem of naming, Edna Andrews says that using "inclusive" and "neutral" language is based upon the concept that "language represents thought, and may even control thought."^[17] This claim has been derived from the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, which states that a language’s grammatical categories shape the speaker’s ideas and actions; although Andrews says that moderate conceptions of the relation between language and thought are sufficient to support the "reasonable deduction ... [of] cultural change via linguistic change".^[18]

Other cognitive psychology and cognitive linguistics works indicate that word-choice has significant "framing effects" on the perceptions, memories, and attitudes of speakers and listeners.^[19][20] The relevant empirical question is whether or not sexist language promotes sexism, i.e. sexist thought and action.

Advocates of inclusive language defend it as inoffensive-language usage whose goal is multi-fold:

1. The rights, opportunities, and freedoms of certain people are restricted because they are reduced to stereotypes.
2. Stereotyping is mostly implicit, unconscious, and facilitated by the availability of pejorative labels and terms.
3. Rendering the labels and terms socially unacceptable, people then must consciously think about how they describe someone unlike themselves.
4. When labeling is a conscious activity, the described person's individual merits become apparent, rather than his or her stereotype.

Critics of such arguments, and of inclusive language in general, commonly use the terminology of "political correctness".^[21]

A common criticism is that terms chosen by an identity group, as acceptable descriptors of themselves, then pass into common usage, including usage by the racists and sexists whose racism and sexism, et cetera, the new terms mean to supersede. Alternately put, the new terms gradually acquire the same disparaging connotations of the old terms. The new terms are thus devalued, and another set of words must be coined, giving rise to lengthy progressions such as Negro, Colored, Black, Afro-American, African-American, and so on, (cf. Euphemism treadmill).

Criticisms[link]

Discussion of political correctness, to the extent that it uses the term and accepts the existence of political correctness as a significant force, is almost invariably critical.

General[link]

Structuralist philosopher Julia Kristeva, seen as a theorist who was instrumental in providing the philosophical basis for American political correctness, denounced political correctness in 2001 in New York Times and said her works have been distorted by Americans. She labeled identity politics and political correctness in general as totalitarian.^[22]

In The Abolition of Britain, Peter Hitchens says: “What Americans describe with the casual phrase . . . ‘political correctness’ is the most intolerant system of thought to dominate the British Isles since the Reformation”.

The academic Camille Paglia said that PC empowers the enemies of the Left, and alienates the masses against feminism.^[23]

Accusations of exclusion from PC of certain groups[link]

An article by Larry Elder in FrontPage Magazine referred to an incident on Bill Maher's Politically Incorrect where the term "white trash" was used in reference to guests on the Jerry Springer Show and asked 'Why Is It Okay to Say "White Trash?"'.^[24] Commenting on this, and citing an instance of the term in a glossy magazine, blogger Ed Driscoll asked "Why Is "White Trash" An Acceptable Phrase In PC America?".^[25]

Accusations of cultural Marxism[link]

University of Pennsylvania professor Alan Charles Kors and lawyer Harvey A. Silverglate connect political correctness to Marxist philosopher Herbert Marcuse. They claim that liberal ideas of free speech are repressive, arguing that such "Marcusean logic" is the base of speech codes, which are seen by some as censorship, in US universities. Kors and Silvergate later established the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, which campaigns against PC speech codes.^[26]

Some conservative critics claim that political correctness is a Marxist undermining of Western values.^[27] William S. Lind and Patrick Buchanan have characterized PC as a technique originated by the Frankfurt School, through what Buchanan describes as "Cultural Marxism".^[28][29] In The Death of the West, Buchanan says: “Political Correctness is Cultural Marxism, a regime to punish dissent and to stigmatize social heresy as the Inquisition punished religious heresy. Its trademark is intolerance.” ^[30]

Higher education [link]

A conservative criticism in the United States of higher education is that the political views of the faculty are much more liberal than the general population which contributes to an atmosphere of political correctness.^[31]

Counterclaims[link]

It has been argued, particularly by writers on the political left, that there is no movement advocating "political correctness", and that many specific claims put forward as evidence of political correctness are spurious, exaggerated or urban myths.

Political correctness as an engineered political term[link]

A major criticism of the term stems from critics' claims of how it has been used by conservatives for political gain, considering it to play to voters' fears as a red herring as well as an attack on the political left. Some commentators claimed that after 1980, American conservatives re-engineered the term to ideologically re-frame US politics as a culture war. Hutton reports:

Political correctness is one of the brilliant tools that the American Right developed in the mid-1980s, as part of its demolition of American liberalism. . . . What the sharpest thinkers on the American Right saw quickly was that by declaring war on the cultural manifestations of liberalism — by levelling the charge of "political correctness" against its exponents — they could discredit the whole political project.^[32]

Moreover, the commentators claimed there never was a “Political Correctness movement” in the US, and that many who use the term do so to distract attention from substantive debate about racial, class and gender discrimination and unequal legal treatment.^[33] Similarly, Polly Toynbee argued that “the phrase is an empty right-wing smear designed only to elevate its user”.^[34]

Commenting on the UK's 2009 Equality Bill, Toynbee wrote that:

The phrase "political correctness" was born as a coded cover for all who still want to say Paki, spastic or queer, all those who still want to pick on anyone not like them, playground bullies who never grew up. The politically correct society is the civilised society, however much some may squirm at the more inelegant official circumlocutions designed to avoid offence.^[35]

False accusations of political correctness [link]

In the United Kingdom, some newspapers reported that a school had altered the nursery rhyme “Baa Baa Black Sheep” to read “Baa Baa Rainbow Sheep”.^[36] But it is also reported that a better description is that the Parents and Children Together (PACT) nursery had the children “turn the song into an action rhyme. . . . They sing happy, sad, bouncing, hopping, pink, blue, black and white sheep etc.” ^[37] That nursery rhyme story was circulated and later extended to suggest that like language bans applied to the terms “black coffee” and “blackboard”.^[38] The Private Eye magazine reported that like stories, all baseless, ran in the British press since The Sun first published them in 1986.^[39] See also Loony Left#Baa Baa White Sheep.

Political correctness and science[link]

Among scientists, "correctness" (of procedures, results, or scientific claims) derives from the factual truth of the matter or the soundness of the reasoning by which it can be deduced from observations and first principles. When publication, teaching, and public funding of science is decided by peer committees, academic standards, and elected or appointed boards, the allegation can arise that a work's acceptability has been assessed "politically". Professor J. I. Katz applies the term PC to censure characterized by emotional, rather than rational discourse.^[40]

Groups opposing certain generally accepted scientific views on evolution, second-hand smoke, AIDS, and other politically contentious scientific matters argue that PC is responsible for the failure of their perspectives to receive a fair public hearing; thus, in Lamarck's Signature: How Retrogenes are Changing Darwin's Natural Selection Paradigm, Assoc. Prof. Edward J. Steele says: "We now stand on the threshold of what could be an exciting new era of genetic research. . . . However, the 'politically correct' thought agendas of the neo-Darwinists of the 1990s are ideologically opposed to the idea of 'Lamarckian Feedback', just as the Church was opposed to the idea of evolution based on natural selection in the 1850s!"^[41]

The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science, by Tom Bethell, is a comprehensive presentation argument that mainstream science is dominated by politically correct thinking. Bethell rejects mainstream views about evolution and global warming, and supports AIDS denialism.^[42]

Right-wing political correctness[link]

Accusations of political correctness, in the sense of enforced orthodoxy, have also been directed against the political right. For example, the intense backlash against country band the Dixie Chicks, for remarks critical of President George W. Bush onstage in London in 2003, was described by newspaper columnist Don Williams as the price for freely speaking political views disapproved by supporters of the Iraq War. Williams went on to say, “the ugliest form of political correctness occurs whenever there’s a war on. Then you’d better watch what you say.” He noted that Ann Coulter and Bill O'Reilly called the remarks in question "treasonous".^[43]

Bill Maher's show Politically Incorrect lost some of its main advertisers after remarks he made about the 9/11 hijackers including that the hijackers were not cowards but that it was cowardly for the United States to launch cruise missiles on targets thousands of miles away. He later apologized. White House press secretary under President Bush at the time, Ari Fleischer stated, "people have to watch what they say and watch what they do". Fleischer later stated that this referred to both Maher and remarks against Arabs by Representative John Cooksey that were considered disparaging. Two journalists lost their jobs soon after the 9/11 attacks for statements critical of the president.^[44]

Linguistic examples of right-wing adjustments to language criticized as examples of political correctness include renaming French fries “Freedom fries”.^[45] In 2004, then Australian Labor leader Mark Latham described conservative calls for "civility" as "The New Political Correctness".^[46]

Satirical use[link]

Political correctness often is satirized, for example in the Politically Correct Manifesto (1992), by Saul Jerushalmy and Rens Zbignieuw X,^[47] and Politically Correct Bedtime Stories (1994), by James Finn Garner, presenting fairy tales re-written from an exaggerated PC perspective.

Other examples include the television program Politically Incorrect, George Carlin’s "Euphemisms" routine, and The Politically Correct Scrapbook.^[48] The popularity of the South Park cartoon program led to the creation of the term South Park Republican by Andrew Sullivan, and later the book South Park Conservatives by Brian C. Anderson.^[49]

Replying to the “Freedom Fries” matter, wits suggested that the Fama-French model used in corporate finance be renamed the “Fama-Freedom” model.^[50]

British comedian Stewart Lee also satirized the oft-used phrase of criticism for political correctness: "it's political correctness gone mad". In which Lee, himself, criticized people for overusing this phrase without even understanding the concept of political correctness (including many people's confusion of it with Health & Safety laws). He in particular criticized Daily Mail columnist Richard Littlejohn for his overzealous use of the phrase.^[51]

See also[link]

conservatism portal

• Anti-racist mathematics
• Christmas controversy
• Common Era
• Euphemism Treadmill
• Hate speech
• Identity Politics
• Kotobagari, a similar concept in the Japanese language
• Logocracy
• Newspeak
• Gender-neutral language; See Satiric misspelling (Alternative political spelling) for a Spanish-language example.
• Pensée unique
• People-first language
• Political consciousness
• Politically Correct Bedtime Stories
• Power (communication)
• Race-baiting
• Red-baiting
• Speech code
• Spin
• Sprachregelung
• University of Pennsylvania controversies
• Xenocentrism

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Aufderheide, Patricia. (ed.). 1992. Beyond P.C.: Toward a Politics of Understanding. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Graywolf Press.
• Berman, Paul. (ed.). 1992. Debating P.C.: The Controversy Over Political Correctness on College Campuses. New York, New York: Dell Publishing.

• David E. Bernstein, "You Can't Say That! The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties from Antidiscrimination Laws", Cato Institute 2003, 180 pages ISBN 1-930865-53-8
• William S. Lind, "The Origins of Political Correctness", Accuracy in Academia, 2000.
• Nat Hentoff, Free Speech for Me - But Not for Thee, HarperCollins, 1992, ISBN 0-06-019006-X
• Diane Ravitch, The Language Police: How Pressure Groups Restrict What Students Learn, Knopf, 2003, hardcover, 255 page.
• Nigel Rees, The Politically Correct Phrasebook: what they say you can and cannot say in the 1990s, Bloomsbury, 1993, 192 pages, ISBN 0-7475-1426-7
• Arthur Schlesinger Jr., The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society, W.W. Norton, 1998 revised edition, ISBN 0-393-31854-0
• Howard S. Schwartz, Revolt of the Primitive: An Inquiry into the Roots of Political Correctness, Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2003 Revised Paperback Edition ISBN 0-765-80537-5
• Howard S. Schwartz, Society against Itself: Political Correctness and Organizational Self-Destruction, London: Karnac Books, 2010, ISBN 978 1 85575 763 9
• Psychodynamics of Political Correctness - Published in Journal of Applied Behavioural Science
• Debra L. Schultz. 1993. To Reclaim a Legacy of Diversity: Analyzing the "Political Correctness" Debates in Higher Education. New York: National Council for Research on Women.
• Wilson, John. 1995. The Myth of Political Correctness: The Conservative Attack on High Education. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.

External links[link]

Look up politically correct in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Politically correct and proud of it Observer Special Report by Will Hutton
• Possible origins of the term at www.linguist.org
• "Shortcuts" by Thomas Jones, discusses the term "political correctness" in British discourse, London Review of Books, December 1, 2005
• A list of examples cited by the Daily Mail of political correctness in the UK

Stewart Lee
Born	(1968-04-05) 5 April 1968 (age 44) Wellington, Shropshire, England
Nationality	British
Occupation	Stand-up comedian, writer
Known for	Fist of Fun (1993–1995) This Morning with Richard Not Judy (1998–1999) Jerry Springer: The Opera (2001–2005) 90's Comedian (2005–2006) 41st Best Stand Up Ever! (2007–2008) Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle (2009–)
Spouse	Bridget Christie (2006-present)
Children	1 Son 1 daughter
Website
www.stewartlee.co.uk

Stewart Lee (born 5 April 1968) is an English stand-up comedian, writer and director. He made his name in the mid 1990s as one half of the radio duo Lee and Herring, a popular success followed through with extensive touring to built up a loyal live following. He gave up comedy in the early 2000s when he became disillusioned by the business and believed he was doomed to be a cult act with limited appeal who had reached the extent of any potential audience. Lee returned to stand up after co-writing and co-directing the surprise mock Broadway hit Jerry Springer - The Opera. Since then he has returned to the live circuit and though BBC and C4 specials and series, has rebuilt a niche audience and a reputation as an anti populist, anti "after the pub" comedian.

He remains a significant voice in UK stand up despite his refusal to appear on the panel shows that have seen many of his contemporaries eclipse him in ticket sales, if not critical acclaim. Although Lee's audience figures are comparatively low, he usually tours to 400-600 capacity venues and standing outside the comedy mainstream, he is well regarded by critics and has been a regular pundit on BBC political programming. In December 2011 he won the award for best male television comic for his series Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle which also won best comedy entertainment programme at the 2011 British Comedy Awards.^[1] A 2009 article in The Times referred to him as "the comedian's comedian, and for good reason" and named him "face of the decade".^[2] His stand-up features frequent use of "repetition, call-backs, nonchalant delivery and deconstruction",^[3] a device he jokingly ascribes to his tedious, exacting middle-class persona.

Lee has written music reviews for a number of publications including, since 1995, the Sunday Times.^[4] Through the early 2000s he was a regular presenter on Resonance FM 104.4.^[5] He is noted for his esoteric musical taste. Asked in 2003 what his current favourites were, he said "Most of my favourites are still going like The Fall, Giant Sand and Calexico. I listen to a lot of jazz, 60s and folk music but I really like Ms. Dynamite, and The Streets".^[4] He once said that the only band he liked that anyone else has heard of was R.E.M.. His debut novel, The Perfect Fool, includes an 'audio bibliography' – a list of recommended listening. This mentions that it was his love of the band Giant Sand that first attracted him to visit the American South West.^[6]

Background[link]

Lee was born in Wellington, Shropshire.^[7] He was adopted as a child and grew up in Solihull in the West Midlands.^[8] He attended private school Solihull School, on a scholarship.^[9] He is married to fellow comic Bridget Christie, with whom he has two children.^[10][11] He is a supporter of the British Humanist Association^[12] and an Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society.^[13]

Career[link]

[edit] Early career: Lee and Herring and Fist of Fun

While studying English at St Edmund Hall, Oxford in the 1980s, he wrote and performed comedy in a revue group called "The Seven Raymonds" with Richard Herring, Emma Kennedy, Michael Cosgrave, Richard Canning and Tim Richardson, but did not perform in the well-known Oxford Revue, though he did write for and direct the 1989 Revue. Having moved to London and begun performing stand up comedy after university, he rose to greater prominence in 1990, winning the prestigious Hackney Empire New Act of the Year competition. With Richard Herring, Lee wrote material for BBC Radio 4's On the Hour (1991), which was anchored by Chris Morris and was notable for the first appearance of Steve Coogan's celebrated character, Alan Partridge, for which Lee and Herring wrote much early material. After a disagreement with the rest of the cast, Lee and Herring did not remain with the group when On The Hour moved to television as The Day Today and their material was excised from an official release of the radio show in the mid-'90s (though a 2008 CD release would see it reinstated).

In 1992 and 1993, he and Herring wrote and performed Lionel Nimrod's Inexplicable World for BBC Radio 4, before moving to BBC Radio 1, for one series of Fist of Fun (1993). This was followed by three series entitled, simply, Lee and Herring. These shows mixed sketches with live links and music, in a format that Radio 1 seemed to favour at the time. (Other examples include shows by Chris Morris, Armando Iannucci, and Simon Munnery in his guise as "Alan Parker: Urban Warrior".) Fist of Fun moved to television for two BBC Two series, and was followed in 1998 by This Morning with Richard Not Judy, which featured material in a similar vein, but was notable for being broadcast live in a Sunday morning slot. A change in BBC management after the second series of the latter effectively brought his partnership with Herring to an end but the two comedians retain similarities in the political and social acuity of their humour.

Throughout the late nineties he continued performing solo stand-up (something that has always been a mainstay of his career – even whilst in the double act with Herring) and has collaborated with, amongst others, Julian Barratt and Noel Fielding of The Mighty Boosh. Indeed, though Barratt and Fielding had worked together in the past, the first seeds of the Boosh were sown whilst working as part of Lee's Edinburgh show King Dong vs Moby Dick in which Barratt and Fielding played a giant penis and a whale, respectively. Lee returned the favour by going on to direct their 1999 Edinburgh show, Arctic Boosh, which remains the template of all their live work.

Career 2000–04: Quitting stand-up[link]

In 2001, Lee published his first novel, The Perfect Fool. It was republished in 2008.^[14] In the same year he performed Pea Green Boat, a stand-up show which revolved around the deconstruction of the Edward Lear poem The Owl and the Pussycat and a tale of his own broken toilet. This would later be condensed to focus mainly on the poem itself, and a 15 minute version aired on Radio 4. In 2007, Go Faster Stripe released a 25-minute edit on CD & 10" Vinyl.

During late 2000 and early 2001, Lee "gradually, incrementally and without any fanfare – or even much thought – gave up being a stand-up comedian",^[15](p2) and 2001 became the first year since 1987 that he did not perform at the Edinburgh Fringe.^[15](p28) Whilst Lee found himself gradually performing less and less standup and moving away from the stage, he continued his directorial duties on television. Two pilots were made for Channel 4, Cluub Zarathrustra and Head Farm, but neither was developed into a series. The former, however, would feature all the ingredients that would later appear in Attention Scum, a BBC2 series fronted by Simon Munnery's League Against Tedium character, which also featured the likes of Kevin Eldon, Johnny Vegas and Roger Mann, as well as Richard Thomas and opera singer Lori Lixenberg, in their guise as "Kombat Opera".

At the 2003 Edinburgh Fringe Festival, Lee directed Johnny Vegas' first DVD, Who's Ready For Ice Cream?, a move away from the traditional "stand-up comic releases a DVD" format, involving a plot in which Vegas loses his comedy "mojo" and has to track it down via a journey of personal discovery. The DVD also features footage of Vegas' actual standup set as additional extras.

In 2004, Lee returned to stand-up comedy^[16] with the show Standup Comedian, which earned him a "Tap Water Award" in Edinburgh and was released on DVD in October 2005. This features extra footage of performances from his earlier career on Five's "Comedy Network". This show was toured extensively throughout the UK, Australia and US. Reviewing the comedy of the decade, Dominic Maxwell in The Times wrote of Lee's 2004 return to stand-up that it was "one of the boldest, smartest, most technically assured hours of stand-up I've ever seen".^[2]

[edit] 2005: Jerry Springer The Opera and 90s Comedian

Jerry Springer – The Opera at the Cambridge Theatre in London

In January 2005, Jerry Springer - The Opera, a satirical musical/opera based upon The Jerry Springer Show, was broadcast on BBC Two, following a highly successful West End run for several years, and as a prelude to the show's UK Tour. Christian Voice led a number of protest groups who claimed that the show was blasphemous and highly offensive. In particular, they were angered by the portrayal of Jesus Christ. Disputes arose, with supporters claiming that most of the protesters had neither seen the show nor knew of its actual content. Others supported the right to freedom of speech. Several Christian groups protested at some of the venues used during the UK Tour. The show was broadcast with a record number of complaints prior to its transmission. In total, the BBC received 55,000 complaints.^[17] A private court case brought by Christian Voice against Lee and others involved with the production for blasphemy was rejected by a Magistrates' Court.

In 2005, Lee tackled the subject of the religious hatred he experienced after the broadcast of Jerry Springer – The Opera in his stand-up show, 90s Comedian. This show has earned him some of the best reviews of his career, largely due to the un-checked vitriol he unleashes in the latter half of the set, "taking no prisoners" in his attempt to display what he claimed was the lunacy of sacred cows. A recording was made in Cardiff in March 2006. This was filmed by a group of amateur enthusiasts who were disappointed that there was no distribution deal in place because of the commercial failure of the Standup Comedian DVD and the controversial nature of the new show's material. These "enthusiastic amateurs" became GoFasterStripe^[18] and, having set themselves up in order to film the show, have gone on to film the works of many other "non-mainstream" comedians, including sets from Tony Law (Lee's support act on the 2009 If You Prefer A Milder Comedian, Please Ask For One tour), Simon Munnery (whose BBC television comedy series -Attention Scum - was directed by Lee) and several by Lee's former partner Richard Herring.

[edit] 2006: What Would Judas Do?

Many assumed Lee would bring a new hour of stand up to Edinburgh in 2006 to consolidate his "comeback" success, but he did not. Implying that it might have happened under different circumstances, he commented at the time on his website that, "I assumed I was going to be working out 6 half hours of stand-up for a TV project but it fell through". However, he did visit the festival as director of a production of the Eric Bogosian play Talk Radio with a cast which included Phil Nichol, Mike McShane, Will Adamsdale, Stephen K Amos and Tony Law.

In 2006, in addition to his directorial contribution to Talk Radio, he gigged regularly and appeared on television and radio, in – amongst others – Armando Iannucci's Time Trumpet, as a version of himself thirty years in the future looking back and commentating on the present day. The show ran on BBC2 between August & 6 September 2006. Also in August, Lee presented a programme in the Five series Don't Get Me Started. The documentary discussed the issues of blasphemy, free speech, religious censorship and the rise in protests from religious groups over perceived attacks on their faith. This was an area of interest to Lee, following the Jerry Springer -The Opera controversy (see above). The programme was renamed from New Puritans to Stewart Lee Says What's So Bad About Blasphemy? without Lee's prior knowledge.^[15](p234)

He separated from his long standing management company, Avalon, after a promised BBC series fell through (and because of a loss of trust resulting in part from incidents such as the retitling of the blasphemy documentary),^{[15](pp228–236)[19]} and appeared on the BBC Radio 4 quiz Quote Unquote, Never Mind the Buzzcocks and on Have I Got News for You, purportedly to pay for his wedding.^[20][21]

[edit] 2007: Stewart Lee – 41st Best Stand Up Ever!

Stewart Lee presented and organised Resofit, a benefit for Resonance FM.

January saw Lee open his show What Would Judas Do in a double bill with Mark Ravenhill's Product: World Remix at London's Bush Theatre.^[22] He announced at the time that he was also writing – with Tony Law - a sitcom pilot about the god Thor, for BBC Two, and script-editing another pilot, a sitcom about the Brontë sisters.^[23] In February, he organised a tribute to cult comedian Ted Chippington entitled "Tedstock" at London's Bloomsbury Theatre. This was designed, in part, to raise money to fund a CD release of Chippington's work – which was available to buy on the night - entitled "Walking Down The Road". The show included a one-off performance from Lee and Herring, along with fellow Ted fans Simon Munnery, The Nightingales, Phill Jupitus, Josie Long and Stephen Carlin.

Lee's first new stand up show since "90s Comedian" was developed over the first half of 2007. In March 2007, Lee was named 41st best stand-up of all time in a Channel 4 survey listing the "100 best standups". In this poll, he beat Dave Allen, George Carlin, Steve Martin, Robin Williams and Tommy Cooper. Channel 4 did not reveal exactly how the voting was conducted, but 150,000 members of the public were polled, as were an undisclosed number of experts.^{[citation needed]}

2008[link]

At the Edinburgh Festival in 2008 Lee performed potential material for his recently announced BBC2 series, Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle, in a work in progress show at The Stand, billed as Scrambled Egg. Over the three weeks of the festival, Lee worked on a large quantity of new material, and updated old favourites for possible inclusion in the show, which began filming the following November. A follow up to Johnson & Boswell also aired, again featuring Munnery & Jupp. Elizabeth & Raleigh, Late But Live was featured at the festival before touring the country in the autumn. In November, Lee began filming for his 2009 TV show, and on the 16th November, reunited with Herring another one off performance of their old double act at the Lyric Theatre in Hammersmith during one of the gigs Richard Herring curated there. They were joined by Paul Putner in character as the Curious Orange. With initial filming out of the way, Scrambled Egg was reprised at London's Hen & Chickens Theatre in December to fully polish the stand up sections of the forthcoming TV project ahead of filming in January 2009.

[edit] 2009: Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle and If You Prefer a Milder Comedian, Please Ask for One

Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle, a new six part comedy series featuring standup and sketches, began a six episode run on 16 March 2009. The executive producer was Armando Iannucci and the script editor was Chris Morris.^[24] The first episode received positive reviews from The Independent^[25] and The Daily Mirror.^[26] The show received a negative review in Time Out, written by Lee himself, in which he described himself as "fat" and his performance as "positively Neanderthal, suggesting a jungle-dwelling pygmy, struggling to coax notes out of a clarinet that has fallen from a passing aircraft".^[27] The Guardian named Comedy Vehicle as one of its top ten television highlights of 2009, commenting that it "was the kind of TV that makes you feel like you're not the only one wondering how we came to be surrounded by so much unquestioned mediocrity".^[28] One of the show's few negative reviews came in the Sunday Mercury, which stated: "His whole tone is one of complete, smug condescension".^[29] Lee subsequently used this line to advertise his next stand-up tour.^[30] Lee frequently uses negative reviews on his posters in order to put off potential audience members who are unlikely to be fans of his comedy style.^[31]

The first episode was watched by approximately 1 million viewers,^[32] though the figure rose by 25% when BBC iPlayer viewings were factored in and, uncharacteristically, viewing figures rose over the series.^[33] The series was the BBC's second most downloaded broadcast during its run. In May 2010, the series was nominated for a BAFTA TV Award for best comedy programme.^[34]

Lee also had a show at the 2009 Edinburgh Fringe Festival, named Stewart Lee: If You Prefer a Milder Comedian, Please Ask for One in which he performed his own version of the song "Galway Girl".^[35] In the Galway stage of this show Sharon Shannon performed the song with Lee. In December 2009 Lee was beaten to the title of Best Live Stand-Up by the comedian Michael McIntyre at the British Comedy Awards ceremony.^[36][37]

Lee caused controversy on his If You Prefer a Milder Comedian tour with a routine about Top Gear presenter Richard Hammond. Referring to Hammond's accident while filming in 2006, in which he was almost killed, Lee joked, "I wish he had been decapitated and that his head had rolled off in front of his wife".^[10] The Daily Mail termed this an "extraordinary attack"^[38] and, having been doorstepped by a Mail journalist, Lee replied "It's a joke, just like on Top Gear when they do their jokes".^[39] Lee subsequently explained the joke:

The idea of what's acceptable and what's shocking, that's where I investigate. I mean, you can't be on Top Gear, where your only argument is that it's all just a joke and anyone who takes offence is an example of political correctness gone mad, and then not accept the counterbalance to that. Put simply, if Clarkson can say the prime minister is a one-eyed Scottish idiot, then I can say that I hope his children go blind.

—Stewart Lee^[10]

In an Observer interview, Sean O'Hagan says of the Hammond joke that Lee "operates out in that dangerous hinterland between moral provocation and outright offence, often adopting, as in this instance, the tactics of those he targets in order to highlight their hypocrisy".^[10]

[edit] 2010: Vegetable Stew

On 4 January, Lee appeared on Celebrity Mastermind, with jazz-improv guitarist Derek Bailey as his special subject, winning with 26 points^[40] in aid of the Motor Neurone Disease Association.^[41] On the 9th of February, Armando Iannucci, the executive producer of the first series of Comedy Vehicle, announced that there would be a second series of the show.^[42] On 10 April an updated version of The 100 Greatest Stand-Ups was broadcast on Channel 4, in which Lee was declared the 12th best stand-up comedian.^[43] The May Day weekend saw Lee curating a programme of free jazz at the Cheltenham Jazz Festival, at the invitation of festival director Tony Dudley-Evans.^[44][45]

Lee's second book, How I Escaped My Certain Fate: The Life and Deaths of a Stand-Up Comedian, was published by Faber and Faber on 5 August 2010.^[46][47] The book features annotated transcripts of Lee's Stand-Up Comedian, '90s Comedian and 41st Best Stand-Up Ever shows and has received positive reviews.^{[48][49][50][51][52]} It is dedicated to Ted Chippington.^[15]

Lee's 2010 Edinburgh Fringe show is entitled Vegetable Stew.^[53] Prior to the start of the festival, Lee wrote an e-mail to the publicist of the Foster's Edinburgh Comedy Awards, copying in other comedians, in response to the announcement of a poll to find the public's favourite act from 30 years of the award, which was previously known as the Perrier Award. Lee wrote:

Think about the logic of it for a moment. Who among those you are asking to vote has even heard of Frank Chickens, who for all anyone under 30 knows may be the best act on the list? It is not possible for the outcome of this vote to have any credibility.^[54]

As result of his e-mail going viral with the encouragement of Richard Herring and Robin Ince, Frank Chickens took the lead in the poll.^[55] During the polling, Lee wrote that: "In my e-mail I chose at random Frank Chickens, the Japanese female performance art duo, as an example of possibly worthy winners who would not get a look-in under this illogical and unfair voting system, and the Twitter world has adopted them as a cause". He stated that it was never his intention to influence the vote, "but they are now leading the field, and it appears we should embrace them. If Frank Chickens become Comedy Gods then Foster's will have been helped to actually sponsor some actual art, and fans of Foster's all over the whole world will be made aware of that wonderful, indefinable, mischievous, playful thing we call the Spirit Of The Fringe!".^[56] Frank Chickens went on to win the public vote.^[57] As a result of the Frank Chickens incident, Lee was awarded the Malcolm Hardee Cunning Stunt award for best publicity stunt at the Fringe. The award's organisers stated: "The fact that Stewart did not intend to unleash publicity does not negate his success".^[58]

[edit] 2011–2012: Carpet Remnant World

A new live show, originally running in London in late 2011 and then as a touring show in the UK through August 2012.^[59][60][61] A live DVD edited from 2 performances in Sheffield has an announced release date of 12 November 2012.

Selected works[link]

Books[link]

• Fist of Fun (with Richard Herring; non-fiction) BBC Books, 1995. ISBN 0-563-37185-4; ISBN 978-0-563-37185-4
• The Perfect Fool (novel) Fourth Estate, 2001. ISBN 1-84115-365-6; ISBN 978-1-84115-365-0
• Sit-Down Comedy (contributor to anthology, ed Malcolm Hardee & John Fleming) Ebury Press/Random House, 2003. ISBN 0-09-188924-3; ISBN 978-0-09-188924-1
• More Trees to Climb by Ben Moor (foreword)
• Death To Trad Rock by John Robb (foreword) Cherry Red
• The Wire Primers: A Guide to Modern Music (chapter on The Fall)
• How I Escaped My Certain Fate - The Life and Deaths of a Stand-Up Comedian Faber & Faber 2010 ISBN 0-571-25480-2
• The 'If You Prefer a Milder Comedian, Please Ask For One' EP Faber & Faber 2012 ISBN 978-0-571-27984-5
• TV Comedian (to be published Summer 2012)

DVDs[link]

• Stand Up Comedian [2005] (2|entertain)
• 90s Comedian [2006] (Go Faster Stripe)
• 41st Best Stand Up Ever [2008] (Real Talent)
• Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle [2009] (2|entertain)
• If You Prefer A Milder Comedian Please Ask For One [2010] [Comedy Central]

CDs[link]

• 90s Comedian [2007] (Go Faster Stripe, digital-only release)
• Pea Green Boat [2007] (Go Faster Stripe, also 10" vinyl)
• 41st Best Stand Up Ever [2008] (Real Talent)
• What Would Judas Do? [2009] (Go Faster Stripe, 3-CD box set)
• The Jazz Cellar Tape [2011] (Go Faster Stripe, CD)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Stewart Lee

• Official website
• Stewart Lee biography at Debi Allen Associates
• Unofficial Lee and Herring website

Louise Taylor is an American folk singer-songwriter from Brattleboro, Vermont. An older brother gave her a guitar when she was twelve and at age 15 she left home, hitchhiking and busking her way around the United States. She started writing and performing her own songs, playing on street corners or wherever she could and eventually settled in Texas, near the Gulf of Mexico, at the age of 20. Her song "Blue Norther" chronicled her experiences working as a waitress in a cantina there, and her encounters with the local fishermen. ^[1]

Taylor continued hitchhiking around the United States for two more years before returning to Vermont where she eventually started studying voice at Bennington College with voice teacher, Frank Baker. In 1992, she released her first album, Looking for Rivers, a collection of ten originals with a folk and blues slant. Her songs appeared on several Fast Folk releases between 1993 and 1997.^[1]

Taylor's sophomore release, Ruby Shoes, was produced by Will Ackerman, founder of the Windham Hill label, and in 1997 Signature Sounds released her third album, Ride. Her release, Velvet Town, was co-produced with friend Annie Gallup in 2003.^[1]

Her district rhythmic style was developed while busking on the streets. Taylor credits Ray Bonneville and Chris Smither for helping her to expand her fingerpicking style.^[2]

Her new album, Tangerine, produced by Peter Gallway and Annie Gallup, was released in May 2012.

References[link]

Discography[link]

• Looking for Rivers (Blue Coyote Records, 1992)
• Ruby Shoes (Signature Sounds, 1996)
• Ride (Signature Sounds, 1997)
• Written in Red (Signature Sounds, 2000)
• Velvet Town (Signature Sounds, 2003)
• Tangerine (Signature Sounds, 2012)

External links[link]

• Official website

This article on a singer-songwriter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Andrew Klavan, (born 1954), known also by his pen name Keith Peterson, is an American writer of mystery novels, psychological thrillers, and screenplays for "tough-guy" mystery films. Two of Klavan's books have been adapted into motion pictures: True Crime (1999) and Don't Say A Word (2001). He has been nominated for the Edgar Award four times and has won twice.^[1] Playwright and novelist Laurence Klavan is his brother.^[2]

Career[link]

Klavan dropped out of school temporarily to work in local radio news and wrote his first novel, Face of the Earth, in 1977. He then moved to Putnam County, New York, where he worked as a reporter for a local newspaper. His experience covering local crime later formed the basis for his novel Corruption.

Klavan later worked as a script reader for Columbia Pictures and a news writer for WOR Radio and the ABC Radio Network while writing mysteries and freelance book reviews.^[2] During this time he adopted the pseudonym "Keith Peterson, "which appeared on The Trapdoor (1988), The Rain (1988), There Fell a Shadow (1988), Rough Justice (1989), and The Scarred Man (1992).The Rain won the 1990 Edgar Award for Best Original Paperback. Klavan has also written supernatural thrillers such as Don't Say A Word (1991)  — which was also nominated for an Edgar, The Animal Hour (1992), and Corruption (1993), and wrote the screenplay for the film version of Simon Brett's novel A Shock to the System.

Klavan and his family then moved to London, where he wrote True Crime and two other novels. After seven years, he moved back to the United States, settling in Santa Barbara, California, where he completed the novel Man and Wife (currently in motion picture development)^[2] and wrote his Weiss/Bishop trilogy: Dynamite Road, Shotgun Alley, and Damnation Street.

In 2008, he released a war-on-terror political novel, Empire of Lies. In 2009, he published The Last Thing I Remember, a thriller aimed at young adults.

Klavan has been a regular contributor of short video commentaries under the general title "Klavan on the Culture", posted at PJTV.com. He also became a contributor to the center-right social networking and blogging Web site Ricochet.com on May 17, 2010.^[3]

In 2011, Klavan began appearing on Glenn Beck's network GBTV as host of the "Very Serious Commentary" segment.

Awards[link]

Klavan has received a number of award wins and nomination in the various mystery-genre awards ceremonies. Mrs. White, written as pen-name Margaret Tracy, won the 1984 Edgar Award for "Best Paperback Original".^[4] Klavans next win came in 1989, with his novel Trapdoor (this time as Keith Peterson) picking up a nomination again in the "Best Paperback Original" category.^[4] The following year he won the Edgar Award in this same category for The Rain, as well as a nomination at the 1990 Anthony Awards for Rough Justice again in the paperback running.^[4][5] Klavan was nominated under his own name for the first time in 1992 for his novel Don't Say a Word, which was nominated for the "Best Novel" Edgar Award.^[6] He received another Anthony Award nomination at the 1996 ceremony for his novel, True Crime, again for "Best Novel".^[5]

Political philosophy[link]

Identifying himself as a conservative, Klavan has expressed the view that "rightists" are the victims of discrimination in Hollywood.^[7] In his view, people in the American arts are not fulfilling their inherent role of "speaking truth to power," since they are not willing to criticize those of the Left in power.^[8] In July 2008, he likened criticism of George W. Bush to the vilification of Batman in The Dark Knight.^[9] This was widely criticized.^[8]

Klavan said:

Every single one of our soldiers signed up or re-signed up after 9/11. The term, the longest one was six years, so every single one signed up after 9/11, every single one knew where he was going, what was going to happen to him, and has an idea of why it's the right thing to do. Those guys cannot appear in the movies. And you know, it wouldn't bother me so much, the movies that Hollywood makes never bother me so much as the movies they don't make. If there were eight films attacking our troops, I would still despise them for making them during war time. But if there were 8 films supporting our troops, I know that those films would win out with the audience and I know their arguments would be better and I know the depiction of life would be more realistic.^[8]

In a December 2011 article, Klavan referred to himself as a "libertarian".^[10]

Personal life[link]

Klavan was born in New York City. His father was Gene Klavan, a New York City disk jockey and one-half of the radio show "Klavan and Finch".^[11] He grew up on Long Island with his three brothers.^[2] He studied Business at the University of California, Berkeley.^[2][12] At this time, he self-identified as a political liberal while opposing some liberal policies, such as "affirmative action".^[8]

Klavan has two children with his wife Ellen.^[13] Klavan was raised Jewish but became an agnostic after his Bar mitzvah.^[8] He later converted to Christianity.^[8]

Bibliography[link]

• Face of the Earth (1977)
• Agnes Mallory (1985)
• Mrs. White (1987) (as Margaret Tracy, with Laurence Klavan)
• There Fell A Shadow (1988) (as Keith Peterson)
• The Rain (1988) (as Keith Peterson)
• Darling Clementine (1988)
• The Trap Door (1988) (as Keith Peterson)
• Son of Man (1988)
• The Scarred Man (1989) (as Keith Peterson)
• Rough Justice (1989) (as Keith Peterson)
• Don't Say a Word (1991)
• The Animal Hour (1992)
• Corruption (1993)
• True Crime (1995)
• Suicide (1995)
• The Uncanny (1998)
• Hunting Down Amanda (1999)
• Man and Wife (2001)
• Dynamite Road (2003)
• Shotgun Alley (2004)
• Damnation Street (2006)
• Empire of Lies (2008)
• The Homelanders: The Last Thing I Remember (2009)
• The Homelanders: The Long Way Home (2010)
• The Homelanders: The Truth of the Matter (2010)
• The Identity Man (2010)
• The Homelanders: The Final Hour (2011)
• Crazy Dangerous (2012)

Filmography[link]

• White of the Eye (film) (1987)
• A Shock to the System (2008) (Screenplay)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Andrew Klavan at the Internet Movie Database
• Andrew Klavan at AllRovi
• Klavan, Andrew Crime Time Interview
• Apuzzo, Jason. Liberty Film Festival [1]
• Curtis, Brian. "Do You Fear Me Now?" Slate, February 2006
• Klavan, Andrew. "Clinton Doth Protest Too Much." Los Angeles Times, September 2006