Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Macedon
Branches of Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Applied mathematics
- Dynamical systems and differential equations
- Mathematical physics
- Computing
- Information theory and signal processing
- Probability and statistics
- Game theory
- Operations research
Related Topics
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Linear Equations
- Applied Physics
- Nano Technology
- Engineering Sciences
- Mathematical Medicine
- Fluid dynamics
- Computational Mathematics
- Gamma Ray Optics
- Onfrared Optics
- Relative Velocity
- Iciam
- Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Neuroscience Research
- Quantum Cosmology
- Brain Research
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- 167 BC
- 168 BC
- 179 BC
- 197 BC
- 221 BC
- 229 BC
- 239 BC
- 277 BC
- 288 BC
- 294 BC
- 297 BC
- 323 BC
- 324 BC
- 334 BC
- 336 BC
- 356 BC
- 359 BC
- 370 BC
- 393 BC
- 450 BC
- 495 BC
- Achaean League
- Acropolis of Athens
- Aegean Sea
- Aegina
- Aeolic Greek
- Aeolis
- Aeropus I of Macedon
- Aeschylus
- Aesop
- Aetolian League
- Aetolian War
- Agora
- Alamanni
- Alcaeus of Mytilene
- Alcetas I of Macedon
- Alcibiades
- Alexander the Great
- Alexandria
- Almopia
- Amphictyonic League
- Amphipolis
- Amyntas I of Macedon
- Amyntas III
- Anarchy
- Anaxagoras
- Anaximander
- Ancient Corinth
- Ancient Greece
- Ancient Greek
- Ancient Greek law
- Ancient Greek temple
- Ancient Macedonians
- Ancient Thessaly
- Andriscus
- Antigonid dynasty
- Antigonus II
- Antigonus II Gonatas
- Antigonus III
- Antigonus III Doson
- Antioch
- Antiochus I Soter
- Antipater
- Antipater Etesias
- Antipatrid dynasty
- Antisthenes
- Apella
- Arcadocypriot Greek
- Archaic Greece
- Archilochus
- Archimedes
- Archon of Pella
- Archons of Athens
- Areopagus
- Argaeus I of Macedon
- Argead dynasty
- Argead Dynasty
- Argos
- Aristophanes
- Aristotle
- Army of Macedon
- Arrian
- Aspasia
- Athenian democracy
- Athenian Empire
- Athenian festivals
- Athens
- Attalid dynasty
- Attalid Dynasty
- Attic Greek
- Attic numerals
- Augustus
- Babylonia
- Bacchylides
- Battle of Corupedium
- Battle of Gabiene
- Battle of Gaza
- Battle of Ipsus
- Battle of Mutina
- Bosphorus
- Bottiaea
- Boudica
- Byzantium
- Caesar's civil war
- Caranus (king)
- Cassander
- Central Macedonia
- Chremonidean War
- Cimbrian War
- Classical Antiquity
- Classical Athens
- Classical Greece
- Cleomenean War
- Cleopatra VII
- Coele Syria
- Coenus (king)
- Companion cavalry
- Condottiere
- Corinthian War
- Crateuas of Macedon
- Crestonia
- Cretan War
- Crete
- Cyprus
- Dardanelles
- Darius I of Persia
- De facto
- Delos
- Delphi
- Democritus
- Demosthenes
- Deuriopus
- Diadochi
- Diogenes of Sinope
- Donald Kagan
- Doric Greek
- Doris (Asia Minor)
- Egypt
- Elimiotis
- Empedocles
- Eordaea
- Eordaia
- Epaminondas
- Ephesus
- Epicurus
- Epigraphy
- Epirus
- Euclid
- Eumenes
- Euripides
- Feudal
- First Macedonian War
- First Messenian War
- First Punic War
- First Sacred War
- First Servile War
- Fulvia's civil war
- Galatian
- Gallic Wars
- Gaul
- Germanic Wars
- Gorgias
- Gothic War (376–382)
- Graphē paranómōn
- Greco-Persian Wars
- Greece
- Greek alphabet
- Greek astronomy
- Greek Dark Ages
- Greek drachma
- Greek language
- Greek mathematics
- Greek numerals
- Greek peninsula
- Haliacmon
- Hegemon
- Heliaia
- Hellanodikai
- Hellenistic armies
- Hellenistic Greece
- Hellenistic period
- Heraclitus
- Hereditary
- Herodotus
- Hesiod
- Hetairoi
- Hipparchus
- Hippocrates
- Hipponax
- Homer
- Homeric Greek
- Hoplite
- Hypatia
- Ibycus
- Illyria
- Illyrian Wars
- Illyrians
- Indian subcontinent
- Indus River
- Ionia
- Ionian Sea
- Ionic Greek
- Jewish–Roman wars
- Jugurthine War
- Karanus
- King of Athens
- Kings of Macedon
- Koine Greek
- Lamian War
- Laomedon of Mytilene
- Latin War
- League of Corinth
- Lelantine War
- Leonidas I
- Leucippus
- Linear A
- Linear B
- Livy
- Locrian Greek
- Lucian
- Lycurgus of Sparta
- Lynkestis
- Lysander
- Lysimachus
- Maccabees
- Macedon
- Macedonia (Greece)
- Macedonian wars
- Macedonian Wars
- Magna Graecia
- Makednos
- Makedon (mythology)
- Manolis Andronikos
- Marcomannic Wars
- Meleager (king)
- Menander
- Miletus
- Military history
- Milo of Croton
- Mimnermus
- Minoan civilization
- Mithridatic Wars
- Monarch
- Monarchy
- Mount Olympus
- Mutiny
- Mycenaean Greece
- Mycenaean Greek
- Mygdonia
- Mygdonia (Europe)
- Numismatics
- Olympia, Greece
- Olympias
- Opis
- Orestes of Macedon
- Orestis (region)
- Paeonia
- Paeonia (kingdom)
- Paeonians
- Paideia
- Pamphylian Greek
- Pangaeus
- Parmenides
- Parthenon
- Patrilineal
- Pausanias (general)
- Pausanias of Macedon
- Pausanias of Orestis
- Pelagonia
- Pella
- Peloponnese
- Peloponnesian War
- Peloponnesus
- Peltast
- Perdiccas
- Perdiccas I
- Perdiccas III
- Pergamon
- Pericles
- Perseus of Macedon
- Persian empire
- Persian Empire
- Pezhetairos
- Phalanx formation
- Philetaerus
- Philip I of Macedon
- Philip II of Macedon
- Philip IV of Macedon
- Philip V of Macedon
- Philoi
- Phocis
- Pindar
- Plato
- Plutarch
- Polis
- Polybius
- Polyperchon
- Pontus
- Primogeniture
- Proskynesis
- Protagoras
- Proto-Greek language
- Ptolemaic dynasty
- Ptolemaic Kingdom
- Ptolemy
- Ptolemy I Soter
- Ptolemy Keraunos
- Ptolemy of Aloros
- Punic Wars
- Pyrrhic War
- Pyrrhus of Epirus
- Pythagoras
- Regent
- Rhodes
- Rise of Macedon
- Roman Greece
- Roman Republic
- Roman Servile Wars
- Roman-Latin wars
- Roman–Parthian Wars
- Roman–Persian Wars
- Roman–Syrian War
- Royal Secretary
- Samian War
- Samnite Wars
- Sappho
- Sarissa
- Second Messenian War
- Second Punic War
- Second Sacred War
- Second Servile War
- Seisachtheia
- Seleucid army
- Seleucid Empire
- Seleucus I Nicator
- Serfdom
- Sicilian revolt
- Sicilian Wars
- Siege of Rhodes
- Simonides of Ceos
- Socrates
- Solon
- Somatophylakes
- Sophocles
- Sosthenes of Macedon
- Sparta
- Spartan Army
- Stesichorus
- Synhedrion
- Talent (weight)
- Template Diadochi
- Temple of Artemis
- Temple of Hephaestus
- Temple of Zeus
- Thales of Miletus
- Themistocles
- Theognis of Megara
- Thermopylae
- Thessaly
- Third Macedonian War
- Third Punic War
- Third Sacred War
- Third Servile War
- Thrace
- Thracians
- Thucydides
- Timocreon
- Trajan's Dacian Wars
- Trojan War
- Troy
- Tymphaia
- Tyrant
- Tyrimmas of Macedon
- Tyrtaeus
- Upper Macedonia
- Vardar
- Vergina
- Vergina Sun
- Veria
- Visigoths
- War against Nabis
- Wars of the Diadochi
- Western Macedonia
- Xenophon
- Xyston
- Zeno of Citium
- Βασιλεύς
-
Achaean League
The Achaean League (Greek: ) was a Hellenistic era confederation of Greek city states on the northern and central Peloponnese, named after the region of Achaea.
http://wn.com/Achaean_League -
Acropolis of Athens
The Acropolis of Athens or Citadel of Athens is the best known acropolis (Gr. akros, akron, edge, extremity + polis, city, pl. acropoleis) in the world. Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as The Acropolis without qualification. The Acropolis was formally proclaimed as the pre-eminent monument on the European Cultural Heritage list of monuments on 26 March 2007. The Acropolis is a flat-topped rock that rises above sea level in the city of Athens, with a surface area of about 3 hectares. It was also known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man, Cecrops, the first Athenian king.
http://wn.com/Acropolis_of_Athens -
Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea (, Egeo Pelagos ; ) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey respectively. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus. The Aegean Islands are within the sea and some bound it on its southern periphery, including Crete and Rhodes. The Aegean Region consists of nine provinces in southwestern Turkey, in part bordering on the Aegean sea.
http://wn.com/Aegean_Sea -
Alexandria
http://wn.com/Alexandria -
Antioch
http://wn.com/Antioch -
Areopagus
:This article concerns the place where a classical judicial body met. It is also the term for the judicial body which met there. For the 16th century literary movement, see Areopagus (poetry). For the regional government during the Greek War of Independence, see Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece. For the modern Greek Supreme Court, see Court of Cassation (Greece).
http://wn.com/Areopagus -
Attalid dynasty
The Attalid dynasty was a Hellenistic dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great. The Attalid kingdom was the rump state left after the collapse of the Lysimachian Empire. One of Lysimachus' officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city in 282 BC. The later Attalids were descended from his father, and they expanded the city into a kingdom. Attalus I proclaimed himself King in the 230s BC, following his victories over the Galatians. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis.
http://wn.com/Attalid_dynasty -
Attalid Dynasty
http://wn.com/Attalid_Dynasty -
Bosphorus
http://wn.com/Bosphorus -
Classical Athens
The city of Athens during the classical period of Ancient Greece (508-322 BC) was a notable polis (city-state) of Attica, Greece, leading the Delian League in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta and the Peloponnesian League. Athenian democracy was established in 508 BC under Cleisthenes following the tyranny of Hippias. This system remained remarkably stable, and with a few brief interruptions remained in place for 180 years, until 322 BC (aftermath of Lamian War) . The peak of Athenian hegemony was achieved in the 440s to 430s BC, known as the Age of Pericles.
http://wn.com/Classical_Athens -
Cleomenean War
http://wn.com/Cleomenean_War -
Crete
http://wn.com/Crete -
Cyprus
http://wn.com/Cyprus -
Dardanelles
The Dardanelles (, ), formerly known as the Hellespont
http://wn.com/Dardanelles -
Egypt
http://wn.com/Egypt -
Ephesus
http://wn.com/Ephesus -
Greece
http://wn.com/Greece -
Indus River
http://wn.com/Indus_River -
Ionian Sea
The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. It is bounded by southern Italy including Calabria, Sicily and the Salento peninsula to the west, and by southwestern Albania, including Saranda and Himara, and a large number of Greek islands, including Corfu, Zante, Kephalonia, Ithaka, and Lefkas to the east. The islands are collectively referred to as the Ionian Islands, and other islands include the Strophades, Sphagia, Schiza, Sapientza and Kythira. The sea is one of the most seismic areas in the world.
http://wn.com/Ionian_Sea -
Macedon
http://wn.com/Macedon -
Macedonia (Greece)
http://wn.com/Macedonia_(Greece) -
Miletus
http://wn.com/Miletus -
Pangaeus
http://wn.com/Pangaeus -
Parthenon
The Parthenon (Ancient Greek: ) is a temple in the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their protector. Its construction began in 447 BCE and was completed in 438 BCE, although decorations of the Parthenon continued until 431 BCE. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying out a programme of selective restoration and reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure.
http://wn.com/Parthenon -
Pella
Pella (), an ancient city located in Pella Prefecture of Macedonia in Greece, was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia.
http://wn.com/Pella -
Peloponnese
http://wn.com/Peloponnese -
Peloponnesus
http://wn.com/Peloponnesus -
Pergamon
http://wn.com/Pergamon -
Persian Empire
http://wn.com/Persian_Empire -
Persian empire
http://wn.com/Persian_empire -
Phocis
http://wn.com/Phocis -
Sparta
http://wn.com/Sparta -
Temple of Hephaestus
http://wn.com/Temple_of_Hephaestus -
Temple of Zeus
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, was an ancient Greek temple in Olympia, Greece, dedicated to the chief of the gods, Zeus. It was the very model of the fully-developed classical Greek temple of the Doric order. The temple, built between 472 and 456 BC, stood in the most famous sanctuary of Greece, which had been dedicated to local and Pan-Hellenic deities and had probably been established towards the end of the Mycenaean period. The Altis, the enclosure with its sacred grove, open-air altars and the tumulus of Pelops, was first formed during the tenth and ninth centuries BCE, when the cult of Zeus was joined the already establish cult here of Hera.
http://wn.com/Temple_of_Zeus -
Thermopylae
http://wn.com/Thermopylae -
Troy
http://wn.com/Troy
-
Aeropus I of Macedon
http://wn.com/Aeropus_I_of_Macedon -
Aeschylus
http://wn.com/Aeschylus -
Aesop
http://wn.com/Aesop -
Alamanni
http://wn.com/Alamanni -
Alcaeus of Mytilene
http://wn.com/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene -
Alcetas I of Macedon
http://wn.com/Alcetas_I_of_Macedon -
Alcibiades
http://wn.com/Alcibiades -
Alexander the Great
http://wn.com/Alexander_the_Great -
Amyntas I of Macedon
http://wn.com/Amyntas_I_of_Macedon -
Anaxagoras
Anaxagoras (, "lord of the assembly"; c. 500 BC – 428 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Born in Clazomenae in Asia Minor, Anaxagoras was the first philosopher to bring philosophy from Ionia to Athens. He attempted to give a scientific account of eclipses, meteors, rainbows, and the sun, which he described as a fiery mass larger than the Peloponnese. He was accused of contravening the established religion and was forced to flee to Lampsacus.
http://wn.com/Anaxagoras -
Anaximander
http://wn.com/Anaximander -
Andriscus
http://wn.com/Andriscus -
Antigonus II
http://wn.com/Antigonus_II -
Antigonus II Gonatas
:"Antigonus II" redirects here. For the Judean prince, see Antigonus II Mattathias.
http://wn.com/Antigonus_II_Gonatas -
Antigonus III
http://wn.com/Antigonus_III -
Antigonus III Doson
Antigonus III Doson () was king of Macedon from 229 BC - 221 BC. He belonged to the Antigonid dynasty.
http://wn.com/Antigonus_III_Doson -
Antipater
http://wn.com/Antipater -
Antipater Etesias
http://wn.com/Antipater_Etesias -
Antisthenes
Antisthenes (; c. 445-c. 365 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and a pupil of Socrates. Antisthenes first learned rhetoric under Gorgias before becoming an ardent disciple of Socrates. He adopted and developed the ethical side of Socrates' teachings, advocating an ascetic life lived in accordance with virtue. Later writers regarded him as the founder of Cynic philosophy.
http://wn.com/Antisthenes -
Archilochus
:For the hummingbird genus, see ''Archilochus.
http://wn.com/Archilochus -
Archimedes
http://wn.com/Archimedes -
Archon of Pella
Archon (Ancient Greek: ; died 321 BC) was a Pellaean, appointed satrap of Babylonia after the death of Alexander the Great (323 BC), is probably the same as the son of Cleinias mentioned in the Indian expedition of Alexander. He perished in 321 BC in a fight against Docimus. As it is proved from an inscription in Delphi, Archon had taken part both in Isthmian and Pythian Games of c. 333-332 BC, where he won in horse-races.
http://wn.com/Archon_of_Pella -
Argaeus I of Macedon
http://wn.com/Argaeus_I_of_Macedon -
Aristophanes
http://wn.com/Aristophanes -
Aristotle
http://wn.com/Aristotle -
Arrian
:For others with this name, see Arrianus (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Arrian -
Aspasia
Aspasia (ca. 470 BC–ca. 400 BC, Greek: ) was a Milesian woman who was famous for her involvement with the Athenian statesman Pericles. Very little is known about the details of her life. She spent most of her adult life in Athens, and she may have influenced Pericles and Athenian politics. She is mentioned in the writings of Plato, Aristophanes, Xenophon, and other authors of the day.
http://wn.com/Aspasia -
Augustus
:For other uses of Octavius, see Octavius (disambiguation). For other uses of Octavian, see Octavian (disambiguation). For other uses of Augustus, see Augustus (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Augustus -
Bacchylides
Bacchylides () (5th century BC) was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. Later Greeks included him in the canonical list of nine lyric poets which included his uncle Simonides. The elegance and polished style of his lyrics have been a commonplace of Bacchylidean scholarship since at least Longinus (De Sublimitate 33,5). Some scholars however have associated these qualities with superficial charm. He has often been compared unfavourably with his contemporary, Pindar, as "a kind of Boccherini to Pindar's Haydn", yet the differences in their styles doesn't allow for easy comparison and "to blame Bacchylides for not being Pindar is as childish a judgement as to condemn...Marvel for missing the grandeur of Milton." His career coincided with the ascendency of dramatic styles of poetry, as embodied in the works of Aeschylus or Sophocles, and he is in fact one of the last poets of major significance within the more ancient tradition of purely lyric poetry. The most notable features of his lyrics are their clarity in expression and simplicity of thought, making them an ideal introduction to the study of Greek lyric poetry in general and to Pindar's verse in particular.
http://wn.com/Bacchylides -
Boudica
Boudica (; also spelled Boudicca), formerly known as Boadicea and known in Welsh as "Buddug" (d. AD 60 or 61) was queen of a Celtic tribe who led an uprising against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire.
http://wn.com/Boudica -
Caranus (king)
Caranus or Karanus (Greek: , 808-778 BC) was the first king of ancient Macedon according to later traditions. According to Herodotus the first king was Perdicas. King Karanus is first reported by Theopompus (FGrH, No. 115, Frag. 393)
http://wn.com/Caranus_(king) -
Cleopatra VII
http://wn.com/Cleopatra_VII -
Coenus (king)
For other uses, see Coenus
http://wn.com/Coenus_(king) -
Crateuas of Macedon
http://wn.com/Crateuas_of_Macedon -
Darius I of Persia
Darius I, known as Darius the Great, was the third "king of kings" (emperor) of the Achaemenid Empire. Darius held the empire at its peak, then including Egypt, northern India, and parts of Greece. The decay and downfall of the empire commenced with his death and the coronation of his son, Xerxes I.
http://wn.com/Darius_I_of_Persia -
Democritus
http://wn.com/Democritus -
Demosthenes
http://wn.com/Demosthenes -
Diogenes of Sinope
Diogenes of Sinope ( Diogenes ho Sinopeus), was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy. Also known as Diogenes the Cynic, he was born in Sinope (modern-day Sinop, Turkey) in 412 or 404 BCE
http://wn.com/Diogenes_of_Sinope -
Donald Kagan
http://wn.com/Donald_Kagan -
Empedocles
http://wn.com/Empedocles -
Epaminondas
Epaminondas (Greek: ) (ca. 410 BC – 362 BC) or Epameinondas was a Theban general and statesman of the 4th century BC who transformed the Ancient Greek city-state of Thebes, leading it out of Spartan subjugation into a preeminent position in Greek politics. In the process he broke Spartan military power with his victory at Leuctra and liberated the Messenian helots, a group of Peloponnesian Greeks who had been enslaved under Spartan rule for some 230 years, having been defeated in the Messenian War ending in 600 BC. Epaminondas reshaped the political map of Greece, fragmented old alliances, created new ones, and supervised the construction of entire cities. He was militarily influential as well, inventing and implementing several major battlefield tactics.
http://wn.com/Epaminondas -
Epicurus
http://wn.com/Epicurus -
Euclid
http://wn.com/Euclid -
Euripides
http://wn.com/Euripides -
Germanic Wars
The Germanic Wars is a name given to a series of wars between the Romans and various Germanic tribes between 113 BC and 439 A.D. The nature of these wars varied through time between Roman conquest, Germanic uprisings and later Germanic invasions in the Roman Empire that started in the late 2nd century. The series of conflicts which began in the 5th century, under the Western Roman Emperor Honorius, led (along with internal strife) to the ultimate downfall of the Western Roman Empire.
http://wn.com/Germanic_Wars -
Gorgias
Gorgias (, ca. 485-c.380 BCE) "the Nihilist", Greek sophist, pre-socratic philosopher and rhetorician, was a native of Leontini in Sicily. Along with Protagoras, he forms the first generation of Sophists. Several doxographers report that he was a pupil of Empedocles, although he would only have been a few years younger. "Like other Sophists he was an itinerant, practicing in various cities and giving public exhibitions of his skill at the great pan-Hellenic centers of Olympia and Delphi, and charged fees for his instruction and performances. A special feature of his displays was to invite miscellaneous questions from the audience and give impromptu replies."
http://wn.com/Gorgias -
Heraclitus
Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: — ; c. 535–c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure," and the "Weeping Philosopher."
http://wn.com/Heraclitus -
Herodotus
http://wn.com/Herodotus -
Hesiod
http://wn.com/Hesiod -
Hipparchus
http://wn.com/Hipparchus -
Hippocrates
http://wn.com/Hippocrates -
Hipponax
Hipponax of Ephesus was an Ancient Greek iambic poet.
http://wn.com/Hipponax -
Homer
http://wn.com/Homer -
Hypatia
http://wn.com/Hypatia -
Ibycus
Ibycus (Ancient Greek: ) (6th century BC), was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. He was included in the canonical list of nine lyric poets by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria. The extant fragments of his work contain the earliest-known example of the triadic choral lyric and epinician poetry.
http://wn.com/Ibycus -
Illyrians
http://wn.com/Illyrians -
Karanus
http://wn.com/Karanus -
Laomedon of Mytilene
http://wn.com/Laomedon_of_Mytilene -
Leonidas I
http://wn.com/Leonidas_I -
Leucippus
http://wn.com/Leucippus -
Livy
Titus Livius (59 BC – AD 17), known as Livy in English, was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, Ab Urbe Condita Libri, "Chapters from the Foundation of the City," covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome well before the traditional foundation in 753 BC through the reign of Augustus in Livy's own time. He was on familiar terms with the Julio-Claudian family, advising Augustus' grandnephew, the future emperor Claudius, as a young man not long before 14 AD in a letter to take up the writing of history. Livy and Augustus' wife, Livia, were from the same clan in different locations, although not related by blood.
http://wn.com/Livy -
Lycurgus of Sparta
http://wn.com/Lycurgus_of_Sparta -
Lysander
http://wn.com/Lysander -
Lysimachus
For other uses, see Lysimachus (disambiguation)
http://wn.com/Lysimachus -
Manolis Andronikos
Manolis Andronikos () was a Greek archaeologist and a professor at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. He was born on October 23, 1919 at Bursa (). Later, his family moved to Thessaloniki.
http://wn.com/Manolis_Andronikos -
Marcomannic Wars
The Marcomannic Wars (called by the Romans bellum Germanicum or expeditio Germanica) were a series of wars lasting over a dozen years from about AD 166 until 180. These wars pitted the Roman Empire against the Marcomanni, Quadi and other Germanic peoples, along both sides of the upper and middle Danube. The struggle against the Germanic invasions occupied the major part of the reign of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius, and it was during his campaigns against them that he started writing his philosophical work Meditations, whose first book bears the note "Among the Quadi at the Granua".
http://wn.com/Marcomannic_Wars -
Milo of Croton
http://wn.com/Milo_of_Croton -
Olympias
http://wn.com/Olympias -
Orestes of Macedon
http://wn.com/Orestes_of_Macedon -
Parmenides
Parmenides of Elea (Greek: ; fl. early 5th century BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Italy. He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. The single known work of Parmenides is a poem which has survived only in fragmentary form. In this poem, Parmenides describes two views of reality. In The Way of Truth (a part of the poem), he explains how reality is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, and unchanging. In The Way of Opinion, he explains the world of appearances, which is false and deceitful. These thoughts strongly influenced Plato, and through him, the whole of Western philosophy.
http://wn.com/Parmenides -
Pausanias (general)
http://wn.com/Pausanias_(general) -
Pausanias of Macedon
http://wn.com/Pausanias_of_Macedon -
Pausanias of Orestis
http://wn.com/Pausanias_of_Orestis -
Perdiccas
Perdiccas (, Perdikkas; died 321 BC or 320 BC) was one of Alexander the Great's generals. After Alexander's death in 323 BC he became regent of all Alexander's empire.
http://wn.com/Perdiccas -
Perdiccas I
http://wn.com/Perdiccas_I -
Pericles
http://wn.com/Pericles -
Perseus of Macedon
http://wn.com/Perseus_of_Macedon -
Philetaerus
http://wn.com/Philetaerus -
Philip I of Macedon
http://wn.com/Philip_I_of_Macedon -
Philip II of Macedon
http://wn.com/Philip_II_of_Macedon -
Philip IV of Macedon
http://wn.com/Philip_IV_of_Macedon -
Philip V of Macedon
http://wn.com/Philip_V_of_Macedon -
Pindar
http://wn.com/Pindar -
Plato
:For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Plato -
Plutarch
http://wn.com/Plutarch -
Polybius
http://wn.com/Polybius -
Polyperchon
http://wn.com/Polyperchon -
Protagoras
Protagoras (Greek: ) (ca. 490– 420 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. In his dialogue Protagoras, Plato credits him with having invented the role of the professional sophist or teacher of virtue. He is also believed to have created a major controversy during ancient times through his statement that man is the measure of all things. This idea was very revolutionary for the time and contrasting to other philosophical doctrines that claimed the universe was based on something objective, outside the human influence.
http://wn.com/Protagoras -
Ptolemy
http://wn.com/Ptolemy -
Ptolemy I Soter
:For the astronomer, see Ptolemy; for others named "Ptolemy" or "Ptolemaeus", see Ptolemy (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Ptolemy_I_Soter -
Ptolemy Keraunos
Ptolemy Keraunos (lang-el|, died 279 BC) was the King of Macedon from 281 BC to 279 BC.
http://wn.com/Ptolemy_Keraunos -
Pyrrhus of Epirus
Pyrrhus or Pyrrhos (, Pyrros; 319-272 BC) was a Greek general of the Hellenistic era. He was king of the Greek tribe of Molossians, of the royal Aeacid house (from ca. 297 BC), and later he became King of Epirus (306-302, 297-272 BC) and Macedon (288-284, 273-272 BC). He was one of the strongest opponents of early Rome. Some of his battles, though successful, cost him heavy losses, from which the term "Pyrrhic victory" was coined. He is the subject of one of Plutarch's Parallel Lives.
http://wn.com/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus -
Pythagoras
Pythagoras of Samos (, O Pythagoras o Samios, "Pythagoras the Samian", or simply ; c. 570-c. 495 BC) was an Ionian Greek philosopher and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. Most of our information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived, thus very little reliable information is known about him. He was born on the island of Samos, and may have travelled widely in his youth, visiting Egypt and other places seeking knowledge. Around 530 BC, he moved to Croton, a Greek colony in southern Italy, and there set up a religious sect. His followers pursued the religious rites and practices developed by Pythagoras, and studied his philosophical theories. The society took an active role in the politics of Croton, but this eventually led to their downfall. The Pythagorean meeting-places were burned, and Pythagoras was forced to flee the city. He is said to have ended his days in Metapontum.
http://wn.com/Pythagoras -
Sappho
Sappho ( in English; Attic Greek ' , Aeolic Greek ' ) was an Ancient Greek poet, born on the island of Lesbos. Later Greeks included her in the list of nine lyric poets. Her birth was sometime between 630 and 612 BC, and it is said that she died around 570 BC, but little is known for certain about her life. The bulk of her poetry, which was well-known and greatly admired throughout antiquity, has been lost, but her immense reputation has endured through surviving fragments.
http://wn.com/Sappho -
Seleucus I Nicator
http://wn.com/Seleucus_I_Nicator -
Sicilian revolt
The Sicilian revolt was a revolution against the Second Triumvirate of the Roman Republic which occurred between 44 BC and 36 BC. The revolt was led by Sextus Pompeius, and ended in a Triumvirate victory.
http://wn.com/Sicilian_revolt -
Simonides of Ceos
http://wn.com/Simonides_of_Ceos -
Socrates
http://wn.com/Socrates -
Solon
Solon (ancient Greek: , c. 638 BC–558 BC) was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in archaic Athens. His reforms failed in the short term yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy.
http://wn.com/Solon -
Sophocles
http://wn.com/Sophocles -
Stesichorus
Stesichorus (Ancient Greek: , circa 640 - 555 BC) was the first great poet of the Greek West. He is best known for telling epic stories in lyric metres but he is also famous for some ancient traditions about his life, such as his opposition to the tyrant Phalaris, and the blindness he is said to have incurred and cured by composing verses first insulting and then flattering to Helen of Troy. He was ranked among the nine lyric poets esteemed by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria and yet his work attracted relatively little interest among ancient commentators, which in turn left a disproportionate number of gaps in the modern record as one scholar observed in 1967: "Time has dealt more harshly with Stesichorus than with any other major lyric poet." Recent discoveries, recorded on Egyptian papyrus (notably and controversially, the Lille papyrus, in 1974), have enhanced modern understanding of his work, confirming his role as a link between Homer's epic narrative and the lyric narrative of poets like Pindar.
http://wn.com/Stesichorus -
Thales of Miletus
http://wn.com/Thales_of_Miletus -
Themistocles
Themistocles (Greek: ; "Glory of the Law"); c. 524–459 BC, was an Athenian politician and general. He was one of a new breed of politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the Athenian democracy, along with his great rival Aristides. As a politician, Themistocles was a populist, having the support of lower class Athenians, and generally being at odds with the Athenian nobility. Elected archon in 493 BC, he took steps to increase the naval power of Athens, which would be a recurring theme in his political career. During the first Persian invasion of Greece, he fought at the Battle of Marathon, and was possibly one of the 10 Athenian strategoi (generals) in that battle.
http://wn.com/Themistocles -
Thucydides
http://wn.com/Thucydides -
Timocreon
Timocreon, of Ialysus in Rhodes, was a Greek lyric poet who flourished about 480 BC.
http://wn.com/Timocreon -
Trojan War
In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, the king of Sparta. The war is among the most important events in Greek mythology and was narrated in many works of Greek literature, including the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer. "The Iliad" relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy, while the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the Achaean leaders. Other parts of the war were told in a cycle of epic poems, which has only survived in fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets like Virgil and Ovid.
http://wn.com/Trojan_War -
Visigoths
The Visigoths () were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe; the Ostrogoths being the other. Together these tribes were among the barbarians who disturbed the late Roman Empire during the Migration Period. The romanized Visigoths first emerged as a distinct people during the 4th century, initially in the Balkans, where they participated in several wars with Rome. A Visigothic army under Alaric I eventually moved into Italy and famously sacked Rome in 410.
http://wn.com/Visigoths -
Xenophon
http://wn.com/Xenophon -
Zeno of Citium
http://wn.com/Zeno_of_Citium
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
The Macedonian phalanx.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Published: 12 Aug 2008
- Updated: 25 Sep 2012
Click to add a description...
http://wn.com/The_Macedonian_phalanx
Rome Total War Online Battle #1202: Macedon vs Numidia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:27
- Published: 10 Oct 2008
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
Please watch in "High Quality." This is a vengeance video in which my opponent, |Sith|4|Duke_Jomen, had been talking trash about my videos saying I only play against noobs. He also said that I would get pwned by a clanmember like himself. Initially, I ignored him, but then I saw him on Gamespy spreading lies about how he supposedly beat me in a Gaul vs Egypt battle LOL Only the lowest form of scum would resort to making fake battle results to lure me out into a game. Anyway, I use Macedon for this battle. |Sith|4|Duke_Jomen, my godly opponent, uses the Numidians. Keep in mind that I'm on very friendly terms with the |Sith| clan, but |Sith|4|Duke_Jomen didn't seem to understand that. December 12, 2009 - Jomen decided to lash out at me for defending myself against the trash-talkers. I guess forgiving people like Jomen was a waste of time. I am now re-enabling comments to this video.
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1202_Macedon_vs_Numidia
Rome Total War Online Battle #1348 Macedon vs Germania
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:26
- Published: 31 Jan 2009
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
Please watch in "High Quality." I command the Macedonians. Hector12, my opponent, takes charge of the Germanic warriors. Map: Cilician Hills NOTE: - this is my first video uploaded with my new GeForce 8400 GS. The problem is that I don't have enough RAM to support the new graphics card properly. So the video will look a bit choppy.
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1348_Macedon_vs_Germania
Rome Total War Online Battle #1528: Macedon vs Egypt
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:38
- Published: 24 Jun 2009
- Updated: 25 Sep 2012
Please watch in "High Definition." I command the Macedonians. My opponent, ][GERUDO][-Vangelis, commmands the Egyptians.
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1528_Macedon_vs_Egypt
Rome Total War Online Battle #1708: Macedon vs Greek City-States
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:37
- Published: 23 Jun 2010
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
I command the Macedonians. My opponent, [OTD]Brn_Artorius, commands the Greek City States. Rules: - 30000 denarii - No Artillery MISCELLANEOUS - the Spartan skins you see in the video can be downloaded here: rtw.heavengames.com
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1708_Macedon_vs_Greek_City-States
Rome Total War Online Battle #1456: Macedon vs Thrace and Rome
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:29
- Published: 19 Mar 2009
- Updated: 23 Sep 2012
Please watch in "High Quality." I command the Macedonians. I defend a fort. Ryanthegod (Thrace) and Syntax_Error (Rome) are the attackers. NOTE: - I made this video the same day I got Empire Total War. That's why I'm late in releasing this. I haven't had time to upload this until now.
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1456_Macedon_vs_Thrace_and_Rome
Rome Total War Online Battle #1532: Macedon vs Carthage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 29 Jun 2009
- Updated: 23 Sep 2012
Please watch later when the video is done being processed. I command the Macedonians. My opponent, Merlin_485, commands the Carthaginians. Map: Greek Shores NOTE: - My opponent terminated the game at the end (which is considered to be very rude online).
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1532_Macedon_vs_Carthage
Macedon and the Macedonians
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:54
- Published: 31 May 2009
- Updated: 03 Jul 2012
Dear Macedonians, one way to defend ourselves from the Greek onslaught and gain back our identity and dignity is to fight back to the level to which the Greeks have reduced us; that is to attack their identity as they have attacked ours. We need prove nothing to them except to expose them as the artificial identity they truly are and to uncover their design to wipe us out in order to usurp our Macedonian heritage. Democracy. On page 59 we read: Through the end of the revolution in 1830, Greeks, including most of the nineteenth century nationalists, seemed to have had a vague but firm sense of continuity from ancient to modern Greece , though this was not articulated in racial terms but on the basis of a common language, history, and consciousness. In effect, at this time, whoever called themselves a Greek was a Greek. It is because of this that many Greek-speaking Albanians, Slavs, Romanians, and Vlachs were easily assimilated and indeed became important players in Greek patriotism at the time. Until the beginning of the 19th century, the average inhabitant of Greece called himself or herself a Roman (Romios), and the (Greek) language Romeika. To some extent the consciousness of the modern Greek of his classical ancestry is a product of Western Scholarship. Here is what Michael Herzfeld has to say in his book Anthropology. On page 67 we read: The example of modern Greece provides a useful key to historicizing those who Eric Wolf has ironically dubbed the people without <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Macedon_and_the_Macedonians
Rome Total War Online Battle #1874: Macedon vs Thrace
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:39
- Published: 08 Mar 2011
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
I command the Macedonians. My opponent, ||Tekneek||, commands the Thracians. ARMIES MACEDON (Prince_of_Macedon) - 2 Companion Cavalry (g/g) - 2 Light Lancers (g/g) - 2 Greek Cavalry (g/g) - 1 Royal Pikemen (g/g) - 5 Royal Pikemen (s/g) - 5 Archers (g/g) - 1 Archer (s/g + 1 Exp) THRACE (||Tekneek||) - 5 Phalanx Pikemen (g/g) - 4 Falxmen (g/g) - 6 Archers (g/g) - 2 Greek Cavalry (g/g + 1 Exp) - 2 Militia Cavalry (g/g + 2 Exp) - 1 Militia Cavalry (g/s + 2 Exp)
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1874_Macedon_vs_Thrace
Rome Total War Online Battle #1873: Macedon vs Rome (bridge battle)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:36
- Published: 11 Mar 2011
- Updated: 25 Sep 2012
I command the Macedonians. My opponent, Hephaistion, commands the Romans. Rules: no art/ele, 20000 denarii Map: Moon River ARMIES MACEDON (Prince_of_Macedon) - 4 Companion Cavalry (g/g) - 10 Royal Pikemen (g/g) - 4 Archers (g/) - 1 Peasant (/s) ROME (Hephaistion) - 2 Urban Cohorts (s/b + 1 Exp) - 1 Urban Cohort (g/s + 1 Exp) - 1 Urban Cohort (s/s + 1 Exp) - 6 Archer Auxilia (g/) - 7 Praetorian Cavalry (b/b + 1 Exp) - 1 Praetorian Cavalry (s/b + 1 Exp)
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1873_Macedon_vs_Rome_bridge_battle
Alexander Expansion Online Battle #008: Macedon vs Persia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:42
- Published: 06 Jun 2009
- Updated: 24 Sep 2012
Please watch in "High Definition" (when it becomes available). I command the Macedonians. My opponent, Pyrrhus_of_Epirus, commands the Persians.
http://wn.com/Alexander_Expansion_Online_Battle_008_Macedon_vs_Persia
Rome Total War Online Battle #1395: Macedon vs Rome
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:36
- Published: 19 Apr 2009
- Updated: 25 Sep 2012
Please watch in "High Definition" (when it becomes available 2-3 hours AFTER I upload this video). I command the Macedonians. My opponent, Artex, commands the Romans.
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1395_Macedon_vs_Rome
Rome Total War Online Battle #1555: Macedon vs Egypt
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:54
- Published: 20 Jul 2009
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
Happy Birthday, Alexander the Great! (July 20, 356 BC) I command the Macedonians. My opponent, {XIII-Gemina}Pontiac, commands the Egyptians. Map: Syrian Flats
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1555_Macedon_vs_Egypt
Rome Total War Online Battle #1831: Macedon vs Seleucids
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:50
- Published: 25 Feb 2011
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
*My computer is still broken which will explain the horrendous lag* I command the Macedonians. My opponent, GeneralArolias, commands the Seleucids. ARMIES MACEDON (Prince_of_Macedon) - 6 Royal Pikemen (g/g) - 4 Companion Cavalry (g/g) - 2 Archers (g/g) - 2 Archers (g/g + 1 Exp) SELEUCIDS (GeneralArolias) - 3 Silver Shield Legionaries (g/g) - 4 Silver Shield Pikemen (g/g) - 3 Cataphracts (g/g) - 3 Archers (g/) Map: Prippet Marshes
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1831_Macedon_vs_Seleucids
Rome Total War Online Battle #1699: Macedon vs Parthia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:08
- Published: 28 Feb 2010
- Updated: 25 Sep 2012
*** Note: before you say something ridiculous like "I thought you quit playing RTW?!," please note my EXACT words in my 15k Macedon vs 30k Gaul video.*** I command the Macedonians. My opponent, }||{IMperialMalice}||{Achillies, commands the Parthians. Map: Illyrian Valley
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1699_Macedon_vs_Parthia
Rome Total War Online Battle #1074: Macedon vs Britons
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:11
- Published: 12 Aug 2008
- Updated: 28 Aug 2012
Please watch in "High Quality." I lead the brave Macedonians. _______TOA_________ commands the Britons. Map: Syrian Flats (By the way, the audio difficulty at the beginning only lasts for 30 seconds)
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1074_Macedon_vs_Britons
Rome Total War Online Battle #663: Macedon vs Greece
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:52
- Published: 21 Sep 2008
- Updated: 18 Sep 2012
Please watch in "High Quality." This is a retro-video that was actually fought back on December 11, 2007. I'm showing it now because it was one of my favorite Macedon vs Greece Battles. I take command of the Macedonians. My opponent, ||GoTW||JAY-Leano||Cpt||, leads the Greek City-States. Map: Grassy Flatlands
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_663_Macedon_vs_Greece
Rome Total War Online Battle #1706: Macedon vs Pontus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:15
- Published: 18 Jun 2010
- Updated: 28 Aug 2012
I command the Macedonians. My opponent, ]HTr[HoM]TheProdigy, commands the army of Pontus.
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1706_Macedon_vs_Pontus
Rome Total War Online Battle #1346: Macedon vs Carthage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:05
- Published: 02 Feb 2009
- Updated: 22 Sep 2012
Please watch in "High Quality." I command the Macedonians. Fluffy, my opponent, leads the Carthaginians. NOTE: - this is my second video where I'm using my GeForce 8400. Until I buy more RAM, it'll appear slightly choppy.
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1346_Macedon_vs_Carthage
Rome Total War Online Battle #1680: Macedon (15k) vs Gaul (30k)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:53
- Published: 22 Feb 2010
- Updated: 25 Sep 2012
I command the Macedonians (15k). My opponents, TomHW and Enforcer, command the Gauls (30k).
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1680_Macedon_15k_vs_Gaul_30k
Rome Total War Online Battle #1139: Macedon vs Gaul
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:07
- Published: 20 Sep 2008
- Updated: 03 Aug 2012
Please watch in "High Quality." I lead the Macedonians. Imperator_Celtic commands the Gauls. Map: Gallic Countryside
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1139_Macedon_vs_Gaul
Rome Total War Online Battle #1625: Macedon vs Pontus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:39
- Published: 27 Jan 2010
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
I command the Macedonians. My opponent, [-TWR-]G-ral---Scipio---, commands the army of Pontus.
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_1625_Macedon_vs_Pontus
Rome Total War Online Battle #881: Macedon vs Rome
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:58
- Published: 14 Aug 2008
- Updated: 17 Sep 2012
Please watch in "High Quality." I lead the Macedonians into battle. {Ando} commands the forces of Rome. Map: Moon River
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_881_Macedon_vs_Rome
Creative Commons / Dimboukas![Ruins at Stobi (mod. Gradsko) was an ancient town of Paeonia, later conquered by Macedon, and later turned into the capital of the Roman province of Macedonia Salutaris[1] (now in the Republic of Macedonia).](http://web.archive.org./web/20120927125750im_/http://cdn1.wn.com/pd/9e/25/ba2c5960a5562f807582bf2df0cd_small.jpg "Ruins at Stobi (mod. Gradsko) was an ancient town of Paeonia, later conquered by Macedon, and later turned into the capital of the Roman province of Macedonia Salutaris[1] (now in the Republic of Macedonia).")
Creative Commons / Vaurien
Creative Commons / Mattinbgn![Carlsruhe (play /ˈkɑrlzruː/, locally [ˈkaːlzrʉː]) is a small rural town in the Shire of Macedon Ranges between Woodend and Kyneton, alongside the old Calder Highway, although now bypassed bypassed by the Calder Freeway.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120927125750im_/http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/a3/f6/b3991d86ef9679f90cb01a78b42a_small.jpg "Carlsruhe (play /ˈkɑrlzruː/, locally [ˈkaːlzrʉː]) is a small rural town in the Shire of Macedon Ranges between Woodend and Kyneton, alongside the old Calder Highway, although now bypassed bypassed by the Calder Freeway.")
Creative Commons / Mattinbgn
Creative Commons / Green jug![A map on display in Carlsruhe VIC (play /ˈkɑrlzruː/, locally [ˈkaːlzrʉː]) is a small rural town in the Shire of Macedon Ranges between Woodend and Kyneton, alongside the old Calder Highway, although now bypassed bypassed by the Calder Freeway](http://web.archive.org./web/20120927125750im_/http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/24/e9/b73dadb7a42e142f2f8edc8430a3_small.jpg "A map on display in Carlsruhe VIC (play /ˈkɑrlzruː/, locally [ˈkaːlzrʉː]) is a small rural town in the Shire of Macedon Ranges between Woodend and Kyneton, alongside the old Calder Highway, although now bypassed bypassed by the Calder Freeway")
Creative Commons / Green jug
Creative Commons / Scottius11
Creative Commons / Scottius
Creative Commons / Mattinbgn
Creative Commons / Mattinbgn
Creative Commons / Mattinbgn
Creative Commons / Mattinbgn
Creative Commons / Mattinbgn
Creative Commons / Scottius11
Creative Commons / Mattinbgn
Creative Commons / Mattinbgn
Creative Commons / Mattinbgn
Creative Commons / Mattinbgn
Creative Commons / Mattinbgn![Woodend's Main Street (play /wʊdˈɛnd/)[2] is a small town in Victoria, Australia. The town is in the Shire of Macedon Ranges Local government area](http://web.archive.org./web/20120927125750im_/http://cdn4.wn.com/pd/ac/a5/be8d7ff0ebd656b9a23272d8d230_small.jpg "Woodend's Main Street (play /wʊdˈɛnd/)[2] is a small town in Victoria, Australia. The town is in the Shire of Macedon Ranges Local government area")
Creative Commons / Mattinbgn
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / Mattinbgn![The Family Hotel Macedon (pronounced /ˈmæsədən/)[2] is a town on the Calder Freeway between Melbourne and Bendigo in the Macedon Ranges in central Victoria, Australia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120927125750im_/http://cdn8.wn.com/pd/0c/95/6782ea698128673b446c8b6dbf05_small.jpg "The Family Hotel Macedon (pronounced /ˈmæsədən/)[2] is a town on the Calder Freeway between Melbourne and Bendigo in the Macedon Ranges in central Victoria, Australia.")
Creative Commons / Mattinbgn
WN / brutus
Creative Commons / Fracboy
Creative Commons / File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske)
Creative Commons / Guitardemon666
Public Domain / GunnarBach![The ancient fortress of Serdica Sofia was originally a Thracian settlement called Serdica, or Sardica, possibly named after the Celtic tribe Serdi[3]. For a short period during the 4th century BC, the city was ruled by Philip of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120927125750im_/http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/3a/a6/b9ca913586bd5cad6ea2c2611bd7_small.jpg "The ancient fortress of Serdica Sofia was originally a Thracian settlement called Serdica, or Sardica, possibly named after the Celtic tribe Serdi[3]. For a short period during the 4th century BC, the city was ruled by Philip of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great.")
Creative Commons / Eola![The Church of St. George, dating back to 4th century Sofia was originally a Thracian settlement called Serdica, or Sardica, possibly named after the Celtic tribe Serdi[3]. For a short period during the 4th century BC, the city was ruled by Philip of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120927125750im_/http://cdn2.wn.com/pd/6a/35/c27ea93b3747d2fc09235f7c8eb3_small.jpg "The Church of St. George, dating back to 4th century Sofia was originally a Thracian settlement called Serdica, or Sardica, possibly named after the Celtic tribe Serdi[3]. For a short period during the 4th century BC, the city was ruled by Philip of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great.")
Creative Commons / Preslav
![Ruins at Stobi (mod. Gradsko) was an ancient town of Paeonia, later conquered by Macedon, and later turned into the capital of the Roman province of Macedonia Salutaris[1] (now in the Republic of Macedonia).](http://web.archive.org./web/20120927125750/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/9e/25/ba2c5960a5562f807582bf2df0cd_medium.jpg "Ruins at Stobi (mod. Gradsko) was an ancient town of Paeonia, later conquered by Macedon, and later turned into the capital of the Roman province of Macedonia Salutaris[1] (now in the Republic of Macedonia).")
![Carlsruhe (play /ˈkɑrlzruː/, locally [ˈkaːlzrʉː]) is a small rural town in the Shire of Macedon Ranges between Woodend and Kyneton, alongside the old Calder Highway, although now bypassed bypassed by the Calder Freeway.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120927125750/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/a3/f6/b3991d86ef9679f90cb01a78b42a_medium.jpg "Carlsruhe (play /ˈkɑrlzruː/, locally [ˈkaːlzrʉː]) is a small rural town in the Shire of Macedon Ranges between Woodend and Kyneton, alongside the old Calder Highway, although now bypassed bypassed by the Calder Freeway.")
![A map on display in Carlsruhe VIC (play /ˈkɑrlzruː/, locally [ˈkaːlzrʉː]) is a small rural town in the Shire of Macedon Ranges between Woodend and Kyneton, alongside the old Calder Highway, although now bypassed bypassed by the Calder Freeway](http://web.archive.org./web/20120927125750/http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/24/e9/b73dadb7a42e142f2f8edc8430a3_medium.jpg "A map on display in Carlsruhe VIC (play /ˈkɑrlzruː/, locally [ˈkaːlzrʉː]) is a small rural town in the Shire of Macedon Ranges between Woodend and Kyneton, alongside the old Calder Highway, although now bypassed bypassed by the Calder Freeway")
![Woodend's Main Street (play /wʊdˈɛnd/)[2] is a small town in Victoria, Australia. The town is in the Shire of Macedon Ranges Local government area](http://web.archive.org./web/20120927125750/http://cdn8.wn.com/pd/ac/a5/be8d7ff0ebd656b9a23272d8d230_medium.jpg "Woodend's Main Street (play /wʊdˈɛnd/)[2] is a small town in Victoria, Australia. The town is in the Shire of Macedon Ranges Local government area")
![The Family Hotel Macedon (pronounced /ˈmæsədən/)[2] is a town on the Calder Freeway between Melbourne and Bendigo in the Macedon Ranges in central Victoria, Australia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120927125750/http://cdn2.wn.com/pd/0c/95/6782ea698128673b446c8b6dbf05_medium.jpg "The Family Hotel Macedon (pronounced /ˈmæsədən/)[2] is a town on the Calder Freeway between Melbourne and Bendigo in the Macedon Ranges in central Victoria, Australia.")
![The ancient fortress of Serdica Sofia was originally a Thracian settlement called Serdica, or Sardica, possibly named after the Celtic tribe Serdi[3]. For a short period during the 4th century BC, the city was ruled by Philip of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120927125750/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/3a/a6/b9ca913586bd5cad6ea2c2611bd7_medium.jpg "The ancient fortress of Serdica Sofia was originally a Thracian settlement called Serdica, or Sardica, possibly named after the Celtic tribe Serdi[3]. For a short period during the 4th century BC, the city was ruled by Philip of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great.")
![The Church of St. George, dating back to 4th century Sofia was originally a Thracian settlement called Serdica, or Sardica, possibly named after the Celtic tribe Serdi[3]. For a short period during the 4th century BC, the city was ruled by Philip of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120927125750/http://cdn6.wn.com/pd/6a/35/c27ea93b3747d2fc09235f7c8eb3_medium.jpg "The Church of St. George, dating back to 4th century Sofia was originally a Thracian settlement called Serdica, or Sardica, possibly named after the Celtic tribe Serdi[3]. For a short period during the 4th century BC, the city was ruled by Philip of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great.")
Photo: AP Photo / Matt Dunham
25 Sep 2012
Zeenews Bureau New Delhi/Islamabad: Pakistan is abuzz with reports of a steamy love affair between Bilawal Bhutto and foreign minister Hina Rabbani Khar, a Bangladeshi tabloid claimed. Bilawal is said...
Photo: AP / Syria 2011 Archives via AP Video
26 Sep 2012
DAMASCUS, Syria (AP) — Twin blasts targeting Syria's army command headquarters rocked the capital on Wednesday, setting off hours of sporadic gunbattles and a raging fire inside the heavily...
Photo: AP / Wally Santana
25 Sep 2012
TOKYO (Reuters) - Japanese Coast Guard vessels fired water cannon to turn away about 40 Taiwan fishing boats and eight Taiwan Coast Guard vessels from waters Japan considers its own on Tuesday in an...
Photo: AP / Charles Dharapak
25 Sep 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling If language is a form and manner of thinking, then Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney just disqualified himself when he declared that a...
ALPCO site in Macedon is a big junkyard.
27 Sep 2012
The Examiner
Tweet 0 Email Report Advertisement Photo 1 of 16 An 18-wheeler trash carrier turning into the ALCO Commercial driveway. Credit: TJM An 18-wheeler trash carrier turning into the ALCO Commercial driveway.Your first view of ALPCO, the Residential Drop Off.The driveway and the guard shack at ALPCO’s...(size: 5.0Kb)
Body found at recycling plant in Macedon
26 Sep 2012
MSNBC
The Wayne County Sheriff's Department is investigating the body of man found at a recycling plant in Macedon. Investigators say the body was found at the Alpco...(size: 1.1Kb)
MSNBC
Sheriff's Deputies in Wayne County have arrested a 36-year-old Macedon man after they say he stabbed his sister's boyfriend Sunday...(size: 0.8Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics Summer EscapesErie CanalMid-Lakes Navigationboating on the Erie Canal Advertisement I am at the helm of a 41-foot canal boat, a boat so enchanting and lovely, it turns heads and evokes waves, smiles, and snapped photos as it chugs pleasantly along at a top speed of 6 mph. From this...(size: 26.3Kb)
Visit to ALPCO Macedon site was plumb crazy
07 Aug 2012
The Examiner
Related topics BrockportjunkyardVillage Code Advertisement A trip to Macedon yesterday clearly showed that ALPCO’s owner Alton Plumb has a lot in common with Brockport’s college landlords. The college landlords take beautiful Victorian houses and turn them into dumps with garbage in the front yard...(size: 12.5Kb)
Syracuse
By The Post-Standard The Post-Standard Follow 0 Tweet Share close Digg Stumble Upon Fark Reddit Share Email Print...(size: 4.2Kb)
MSNBC
A Palmyra man was arrested for sending chocolates on Valentine's Day to someone who had an order of...(size: 0.7Kb)
MSNBC
A Macedon man is under arrest for allegedly setting his ex-girlfriend's garage on fire earlier this month. According to the Wayne County Sheriff's Department,...(size: 1.0Kb)
"Macedon" redirects here. For other uses, see Macedon (disambiguation).
| Macedonia Μακεδονία Makedonía |
||||
|
||||
 |
||||
| Capital | Aigai until about 400 BC when moved by Archelaus to Pella | |||
| Language(s) | Ancient Macedonian, later Attic/Koine Greek | |||
| Religion | Ancient Greek religion | |||
| Government | Monarchy | |||
| King | ||||
| - 808 - 778 BC | Karanus | |||
| - 359 - 336 BC | Philip II of Macedon | |||
| - 336 - 323 BC | Alexander the Great | |||
| - 221 - 179 BC | Philip V of Macedon | |||
| Historical era | Classical Antiquity | |||
| - Karanus establishes the Argead dynasty | 800s BC | |||
| - Amyntas III unifies Macedon | 382 BC | |||
| - Conquered by the Roman Republic in the Fourth Macedonian War | 146 BC | |||
| Currency | Greek drachma | |||
Macedonia or Macedon (from Greek: Μακεδονία, Makedonía) was an ancient kingdom, centered in the northeastern part of the Greek peninsula,[1] bordered by Epirus to the west, Paeonia to the north, the region of Thrace to the east and Thessaly to the south. The rise of Macedon, from a small kingdom at the periphery of Classical Greek affairs, to one which came to dominate the entire Hellenic world, occurred under the reign of Philip II. For a brief period, after the conquests of Alexander the Great, it became the most powerful state in the world, controlling a territory that included the former Persian empire, stretching as far as the Indus River; at that time it inaugurated the Hellenistic period of Ancient Greek civilization.
Contents |
Name[link]
See also: Makedon (mythology)
The name Macedonia (Greek: Μακεδονία, Makedonía) comes from the ancient Greek word μακεδνός (Makednos). It is commonly explained as having originally meant "a tall one" or "highlander", possibly descriptive of the people.[2][3] The shorter English name variant Macedon developed in Middle English, based on a borrowing from the French form of the name, Macédoine.[4]
History[link]
Early history and legend[link]
The lands around Aegae, the first Macedonian capital, were home to various peoples. Macedonia was called Emathia (from king Emathion) and the city of Aiges was called Edessa, the capital of fabled king Midas. According to legend, Caranus, accompanied by a multitude of Greeks came to the area in search for a new homeland [5] took Edessa and renamed it to Aegae. Subsequently, he expelled Midas and other kings off the lands and he formed his new kingdom. According to Herodotus, it was Dorus, the son of Hellen who led his people to Histaeotis, whence they were driven off by the Cadmeians into Pindus, where they settled as Macedonians. Later, a branch would migrate further south to be called Dorians.[6]
It seems that the first Macedonian state emerged in the 8th or early 7th century BC under the Argead Dynasty, who, according to legend, migrated to the region from the Greek city of Argos in Peloponnesus (thus the name Argead).[7] The Macedonian tribe ruled by the Argeads, was itself called Argead (which translates as "descended from Argos").
The kingdom was situated in the fertile alluvial plain, watered by the rivers Haliacmon and Axius, called Lower Macedonia, north of the mountain Olympus. Around the time of Alexander I of Macedon, the Argead Macedonians started to expand into Upper Macedonia, lands inhabited by independent Macedonian tribes like the Lyncestae and the Elmiotae and to the West, beyond Axius river, into Eordaia, Bottiaea, Mygdonia, and Almopia, regions settled by, among others, many Thracian tribes.[8] To the north of Macedonia lay various non-Greek peoples such as the Paeonians due north, the Thracians to the northeast, and the Illyrians, with whom the Macedonians were frequently in conflict, to the northwest. To the south lay Thessaly, with whose inhabitants the Macedonians had much in common both culturally and politically, while to west lay Epirus, with whom the Macedonians had a peaceful relationship and in the 4th century BC formed an alliance against Illyrian raids.[9]
Near the modern city of Veria, Perdiccas I (or, more likely, his son, Argaeus I) built his capital, Aigai (modern Vergina). After a brief period under Persian rule under Darius Hystaspes, the state regained its independence under King Alexander I (495–450 BC). In the Peloponnesian War Macedon was a secondary power that alternated in support between Sparta and Athens.[10]
Involvement in the Greek world[link]
Prior to the 4th century BC, the kingdom covered a region approximately corresponding to the Western and Central parts of province of Macedonia in modern Greece. A unified Macedonian state was eventually established by King Amyntas III (c. 393–370 BC), though it still retained strong contrasts between the cattle-rich coastal plain and the fierce isolated tribal hinterland, allied to the king by marriage ties. They controlled the passes through which barbarian invasions came from Illyria to the north and northwest. It became increasingly Atticised during this period, though prominent Athenians appear to have regarded the Macedonians as uncouth.[11] Before the establishment of the League of Corinth, even though the Macedonians apparently spoke a dialect of the Greek language and claimed proudly that they were Greeks, they were not considered to fully share the classical Greek culture by many of the inhabitants of the southern city states, because they did not share the polis based style of government.[10][12] Herodotus, one of the foremost biographers in antiquity who lived in Greece at the time when the Macedonian king Alexander I was in power, recorded:
"And that these descendants of Perdiccas are Hellenes, as they themselves say, I happen to know myself, and not only so, but I will prove in the succeeding history that they are Hellenes. Moreover the Hellanodikai, who manage the games at Olympia, decided that they were so: for when Alexander wished to contend in the games and had descended for this purpose into the arena, the Hellenes who were to run against him tried to exclude him, saying that the contest was not for Barbarians to contend in but for Hellenes: since however Alexander proved that he was of Argos, he was judged to be a Hellene, and when he entered the contest of the foot-race his lot came out with that of the first." [13]
Over the 4th century Macedon became more politically involved with the south-central city-states of Ancient Greece, but it also retained more archaic features like the palace-culture, first at Aegae (modern Vergina) then at Pella, resembling Mycenaean culture more than classic Hellenic city-states, and other archaic customs, like Philip's multiple wives in addition to his Epirote queen Olympias, mother of Alexander.
Another archaic remnant was the very persistence of a hereditary monarchy which wielded formidable – sometimes absolute – power, although this was at times checked by the landed aristocracy, and often disturbed by power struggles within the royal family itself. This contrasted sharply with the Greek cultures further south, where the ubiquitous city-states mostly possessed aristocratic or democratic institutions; the de facto monarchy of tyrants, in which heredity was usually more of an ambition rather than the accepted rule; and the limited, predominantly military and sacerdotal, power of the twin hereditary Spartan kings. The same might have held true of feudal institutions like serfdom, which may have persisted in Macedon well into historical times. Such institutions were abolished by city-states well before Macedon's rise (most notably by the Athenian legislator Solon's famous σεισάχθεια seisachtheia laws).
Rise of Macedon[link]
Main article: Rise of Macedon
Amyntas had three sons; the first two, Alexander II and Perdiccas III reigned only briefly. Perdiccas III's infant heir was deposed by Amyntas' third son, Philip II of Macedon, who made himself king and ushered in a period of Macedonian dominance of Greece. Under Philip II, (359–336 BC), Macedon expanded into the territory of the Paeonians, Thracians, and Illyrians. Among other conquests, he annexed the regions of Pelagonia and Southern Paeonia.[14]
Philip redesigned the army of Macedon adding a number of variations to the traditional hoplite force to make it far more effective. He added the hetairoi, a well armoured heavy cavalry, and more light infantry, both of which added greater flexibility and responsiveness to the force. He also lengthened the spear and shrank the shield of the main infantry force, increasing its offensive capabilities.
Philip began to rapidly expand the borders of his kingdom. He first campaigned in the north against non-Greek peoples such as the Illyrians, securing his northern border and gaining much prestige as a warrior. He next turned east, to the territory along the northern shore of the Aegean. The most important city in this area was Amphipolis, which controlled the way into Thrace and also was near valuable silver mines. This region had been part of the Athenian Empire, and Athens still considered it as in their sphere. The Athenians attempted to curb the growing power of Macedonia, but were limited by the outbreak of the Social War. They could also do little to halt Philip when he turned his armies south and took over most of Thessaly.
Control of Thessaly meant Philip was now closely involved in the politics of central Greece. 356 BCE saw the outbreak of the Third Sacred War that pitted Phocis against Thebes and its allies. Thebes recruited the Macedonians to join them and at the Battle of Crocus Field Phillip decisively defeated Phocis and its Athenian allies. As a result Macedonia became the leading state in the Amphictyonic League and Phillip became head of the Pythian Games, firmly putting the Macedonian leader at the centre of the Greek political world.
In the continuing conflict with Athens Philip marched east through Thrace in an attempt to capture Byzantium and the Bosphorus, thus cutting off the Black Sea grain supply that provided Athens with much of its food. The siege of Byzantium failed, but Athens realized the grave danger the rise of Macedon presented and under Demosthenes built a coalition of many of the major states to oppose the Macedonians. Most importantly Thebes, which had the strongest ground force of any of the city states, joined the effort. The allies met the Macedonians at the Battle of Chaeronea and were decisively defeated, leaving Philip and the Macedonians the unquestioned master of Greece.
Empire[link]
Further information: Wars of Alexander the Great, Wars of the Diadochi, Seleucid Empire, and Diadochi
Philip's son, Alexander the Great (356–323 BC), managed to briefly extend Macedonian power not only over the central Greek city-states by becoming Hegemon of the League of Corinth (also known as the "Hellenic League"), but also to the Persian empire, including Egypt and lands as far east as the fringes of India. Alexander's adoption of the styles of government of the conquered territories was accompanied by the spread of Greek culture and learning through his vast empire. Although the empire fractured into multiple Hellenic regimes shortly after his death, his conquests left a lasting legacy, not least in the new Greek-speaking cities founded across Persia's western territories, heralding the Hellenistic period. In the partition of Alexander's empire among the Diadochi, Macedonia fell to the Antipatrid dynasty, which was overthrown by the Antigonid dynasty after only a few years, in 294 BC.
Hellenistic era[link]
Further information: Antipatrid dynasty
Antipater and his son Cassander gained control of Macedonia but it slid into a long period of civil strife following Cassander's death in 297 BC. It was ruled for a while by Demetrius I (294–288 BC) but fell into civil war.
Demetrius' son, Antigonus II (277–239 BC), defeated a Galatian invasion as a condottiere, and regained his family's position in Macedonia; he successfully restored order and prosperity there, though he lost control of many of the Greek city-states. He established a stable monarchy under the Antigonid dynasty. Antigonus III (239–221 BC) built on these gains by re-establishing Macedonian power across the region.
What is notable about the Macedonian regime during the Hellenistic times is that it was the only successor state to the Empire that maintained the old archaic perception of Kingship, and never adopted the ways of the Hellenistic Monarchy. Thus the king was never deified in the same way that Ptolemies and Seleucids were in Egypt and Asia respectively, and never adopted the custom of Proskynesis. The ancient Macedonians during the Hellenistic times were still addressing their kings in a far more casual way than the subjects of the rest of the Diadochi, and the Kings were still consulting with their aristocracy (Philoi) in the process of making their decisions.
Conflict with Rome[link]
Main article: Macedonian Wars
Under Philip V of Macedon (221–179 BC) and his son Perseus of Macedon (179–168 BC), the kingdom clashed with the rising power of the Roman Republic. During the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, Macedon fought a series of wars with Rome. Two major losses that led to the end of the kingdom were in 197 BC when Rome defeated Philip V, and 168 BC when Rome defeated Perseus. The overall losses resulted in the defeat of Macedon, the deposition of the Antigonid dynasty and the dismantling of the Macedonian kingdom. Andriscus' brief success at reestablishing the monarchy in 149 BC was quickly followed by his defeat the following year and the establishment of direct Roman rule and the organization of Macedon as the Roman province of Macedonia.
Institutions[link]
The political organization of the Macedonian kingdom was a three-level pyramid: on the top, the King and the nation, at the foot, the civic organizations (cities and éthnē), and between the two, the districts. The study of these different institutions has been considerably renewed thanks to epigraphy, which has given us the possibility to reread the indications given us by ancient literary sources such as Livy and Polybius. They show that the Macedonian institutions were near to those of the Greek federal states, like the Aetolian and Achaean leagues, whose unity was reinforced by the presence of the king.
The King[link]
The king (Βασιλεύς, Basileús) headed the central administration: he led the kingdom from its capital, Pella, and in his royal palace was conserved the state's archive. He was helped in carrying out his work by the Royal Secretary (βασιλικὸς γραμματεύς, basilikós grammateús), whose work was of primary importance, and by the Council. The title "king" (basileús) may have not officially been used by the Macedonian regents until Alexander the Great, whose "usage of it may have been influenced by his ambivalent position in Persia."[15]
The king was commander of the army, head of the Macedonian religion, and director of diplomacy. Also, only he could conclude treaties, and, until Philip V, mint coins.
The number of civil servants was limited: the king directed his kingdom mostly in an indirect way, supporting himself principally through the local magistrates, the epistates, with whom he constantly kept in touch.
Succession[link]
Royal succession in Macedon was hereditary, male, patrilineal and generally respected the principle of primogeniture. There was also an elective element: when the king died, his designated heir, generally but not always the eldest son, had first to be accepted by the council and then presented to the general Assembly to be acclaimed king and obtain the oath of fidelity.
As can be seen, the succession was far from being automatic, more so considering that many Macedonian kings died violently, without having made dispositions for the succession, or having assured themselves that these would be respected. This can be seen with Perdiccas III, slain by the Illyrians, Philip II assassinated by Pausanias of Orestis, Alexander the Great, suddenly died of malady, etc. Succession crises were frequent, especially up to the 4th century BC, when the magnate families of Upper Macedonia still cultivated the ambition of overthrowing the Argaead dynasty and to ascend to the throne.
Finances[link]
The king was the simple guardian and administrator of the treasure of Macedon and of the king's incomes (βασιλικά, basiliká), which belonged to the Macedonians: and the tributes that came to the kingdom thanks to the treaties with the defeated people also went to the Macedonian people, and not to the king. Even if the king was not accountable for his management of the kingdom's entries, he may have felt responsible to defend his administration on certain occasions: Arrian tells us that during the mutiny of Alexander's soldiers at Opis in 324 BC, Alexander detailed the possessions of his father at his death to prove he had not abused his charge.
It is known from Livy and Polybius that the basiliká included the following sources of income:
- The mines of gold and silver (for example those of the Pangaeus), which were the exclusive possession of the king, and which permitted him to strike currency, as already said his sole privilege till Philip V, who conceded to cities and districts the right of coinage for the lesser denominations, like bronze.
- The forests, whose timber was very appreciated by the Greek cities to build their ships: in particular, it is known that Athens made commercial treaties with Macedon in the 5th century BC to import the timber necessary for the construction and the maintenance of its fleet of war.
- The royal landed properties, lands that were annexed to the royal domain through conquest, and that the king exploited either directly, in particular through servile workforce made up of prisoners of war, or indirectly through a leasing system.
- The port duties on commerce (importation and exportation taxes).
The most common way to exploit these different sources of income was by leasing: the Pseudo-Aristotle reports in the Oeconomica that Amyntas III (or maybe Philip II) doubled the kingdom's port revenues with the help of Callistratus, who had taken refuge in Macedon, bringing them from 20 to 40 talents per year. To do this, the exploitation of the harbour taxes was given every year at the private offering the highest bidding. It is also known from Livy that the mines and the forests were leased for a fixed sum under Philip V, and it appears that the same happened under the Argaead dynasty: from here possibly comes the leasing system that was used in Ptolemaic Egypt.
Except for the king's properties, land in Macedon was free: Macedonians were free men and did not pay land taxes on private grounds. Even extraordinary taxes like those paid by the Athenians in times of war did not exist. Even in conditions of economic peril, like what happened to Alexander in 334 BC and Perseus in 168 BC, the monarchy did not tax its subjects but raised funds through loans, first of all by his Companions, or raised the cost of the leases.
The king could grant the atelíē (ἀτελίη), a privilege of tax exemption, as Alexander did with those Macedonian families which had losses in the battle of the Granicus in May 334: they were exempted from paying tribute for leasing royal grounds and commercial taxes.
Extraordinary incomes came from the spoils of war, which were divided between the king and his men. At the time of Philip II and Alexander, this was a considerable source of income. A considerable part of the gold and silver objects taken at the time of the European and Asian campaigns were melted in ingots and then sent to the monetary foundries of Pella and Amphipolis, most active of the kingdom at that time: an estimate judges that during the reign of Alexander only the mint of Amphipolis struck about 13 million silver tetradrachms.
The Assembly[link]
All the kingdom's citizen-soldiers gather in a popular assembly, which is held at least twice a year, in spring and in autumn, with the opening and the closing of the campaigning season.
This assembly (koinê ekklesia or koinon makedonôn), of the army in times of war, of the people in times of peace, is called by the king and plays a significant role through the acclamation of the kings and in capital trials; it can be consulted (without obligation) for the foreign politics (declarations of war, treaties) and for the appointment of high state officials. In the majority of these occasions, the Assembly does nothing but ratify the proposals of a smaller body, the Council. It is also the Assembly which votes the honors, sends embassies, during its two annual meetings. It was abolished by the Romans at the time of their reorganization of Macedonia in 167 BC, to prevent, according to Livy, that a demagogue could make use of it as a mean to revolt against their authority.
[edit] Council (Synedrion)
The Council was a small group formed among some of the most eminent Macedonians, chosen by the king to assist him in the government of the kingdom. As such it was not a representative assembly, but notwithstanding that on certain occasions it could be expanded with the admission of representatives of the cities and of the civic corps of the kingdom.
The members of the Council (synedroi) belong to three categories:
- The somatophylakes (in Greek literally "bodyguards") were noble Macedonians chosen by the king to serve to him as honorary bodyguards, but especially as close advisers. It was a particularly prestigious honorary title. In the times of Alexander there were seven of them.
- The Friends (philoi) or the king's Companions (basilikoi hetairoi) were named for life by the king among the Macedonian aristocracy.
- The most important generals of the army (hégémones tôn taxéôn), also named by the king.
The king had in reality less power in the choice of the members of the Council than appearances would warrant; this was because many of the kingdom's most important noblemen were members of the Council by birth-right.
The Council primarily exerted a probouleutic function with respect to the Assembly: it prepared and proposed the decisions which the Assembly would have discussed and voted, working in many fields such as the designation of kings and regents, as of that of the high administrators and the declarations of war. It was also the first and final authority for all the cases which did not involve capital punishment.
The Council gathered frequently and represented the principal body of government of the kingdom. Any important decision taken by the king was subjected before it for deliberation.
Inside the Council ruled the democratic principles of iségoria (equality of word) and of parrhésia (freedom of speech), to which even the king subjected himself.
After the removal of the Antigonid dynasty by the Romans in 167 BC, it is possible that the synedrion remained, unlike the Assembly, representing the sole federal authority in Macedonia after the country's division in four merides.
[edit] Regional districts (Merides)
The creation of an intermediate territorial administrative level between the central government and the cities should probably be attributed to Philip II: this reform corresponded with the need to adapt the kingdom's institutions to the great expansion of Macedon under his rule. It was no longer practical to convene all the Macedonians in a single general assembly, and the answer to this problem was the creation of four regional districts, each with a regional assembly. These territorial divisions clearly did not follow any historical or traditional internal divisions; they were simply artificial administrative lines.
This said, it should be noted that the existence of these districts is not attested with certainty (by numismatics) before the beginning of the 2nd century BC.
See also[link]
- Ancient Macedonians
- Ancient Macedonian military
- Ancient Macedonian calendar
- Ancient Greece
- Vergina Sun
- List of kings of Macedon
- Alexander the Great
- Diadochi
- Antigonid dynasty
- Seleucid Empire
- Ptolemaic dynasty
- Crestonia
- Lynkestis
- Orestis
- Deuriopus
- Tymphaia
- Elimiotis
- Almopia
- Eordaea
- Mygdonia
- Paeonia
- Pelagonia
- Cleopatra
References[link]
- Notes
- ^ "Macedonia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2008. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/354266/Macedonia. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
- ^ "Georg Autenrieth, A Homeric Dictionary, μακεδνός". Perseus.tufts.edu. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0073:entry=makedno/s. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ Johann Baptist Hofmann (1950). Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Griechischen. R. Oldenbourg.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. 'Macedon'
- ^ Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus 7.1.
- ^ Herodotus, Histories, 1.56.3.
- ^ Herodotus mentions the story when Alexander I was asked to prove his Greek descent in order to participate in the Olympic Games, (an athletic event in which only people of Greek origin participated). Alexander proved his (Argead) descent and was allowed to compete by the Hellanodikai: “And that these descendants of Perdiccas are Greeks, as they themselves say, I happen to know myself, and not only so, but I will prove in the succeeding history that they are Greeks. Moreover the Hellanodicai, who manage the games at Olympia, decided that they were so: for when Alexander wished to contend in the games and had descended for this purpose into the arena, the Greeks who were to run against him tried to exclude him, saying that the contest was not for Barbarians to contend in but for Greeks: since however Alexander proved that he was of Argos, he was judged to be a Greek, and when he entered the contest of the foot-race his lot came out with that of the first." (Herodotus, "Histories", Book 5: Terpsichore 22)
- ^ The Cambridge ancient history: The fourth century B.C. edited by D.M. Lewis et al. I E S Edwards, Cambridge University Press, D. M. Lewis, John Boardman, Cyril John Gadd, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, 2000, ISBN 0-521-23348-8, pp. 723-724.
- ^ Anson, Edward (December 2010). Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. eds. A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=a+companion+to+macedonia&hl=en&ei=M5w6Tc6sEpH6sAPlq_zMAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Illyrians&f=false.
- ^ a b Kagan, Donald [1] " Twilight of the Polis." Introduction to Ancient Greek History.
- ^ A History of Macedonia by R.Malcolm Errington, Catherine Errington,ISBN 1-56619-519-5,1994,page 4,"Ancient allegations that the Macedonians were non-Greeks all had their origin in Athens at the time of the struggle with Philip II. ..."
- ^ Ian Worthington, Alexander the Great: A Reader, Routledge, 2003, p. 21: "To Greek literally writers before the Hellenistic period the Macedonians were 'barbarians'. The term referred to their way of life and their institutions, which were those of the ethne and not of the city-state, and it did not refer to their speech. We can see this in the case of Epirus. There Thucydides called the tribes 'barbarians'. But inscriptions found in Epirus have shown conclusively that the Epirote tribes in Thucydides' lifetime were speaking Greek and used names which were Greek. In the following century 'barbarian' was only one of the abusive terms applied by Demosthenes to Philip of Macedon and his people."
- ^ Herodotus, Histories, 5. 22. Translation from http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hh/hh5020.htm. Retrieved 11th April 2012.
- ^ South East Europe History pages - Map showing Upper and Lower Macedon and the growth of Macedon 4th BC. [2]
- ^ R. M. Errington, "Macedonian 'Royal Style' and Its Historical Significance," Journal of Hellenic Studies 94 (1974): 20.
Further reading[link]
- Eugene N. Borza: Before Alexander: constructing early Macedonia. Claremont, CA: Regina Books, 1999. Pp. 89. ISBN 0-941690-97-0 (pb)
- Robin Lane Fox, Alexander the Great, Penguin Books, 1973, ISBN 0-14-008878-4 (pb).
- Nicholas G. L. Hammond, The Macedonian State, Oxford University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-19-814883-6. Pg. 12-13.
- Macedonian Empire, 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
- Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington: A Companion to Ancient Macedonia, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010
External links[link]
- Ancient Macedonia at Livius, by Jona Lendering
- Hellenism in Macedonia, Britannica Online
- Twilight of the Polis and the rise of Macedon (Philip, Demosthenes and the Fall of the Polis). Yale University courses, Lecture 24. (Introduction to Ancient Greek History)
- Heracles to Alexander The Great: Treasures From The Royal Capital of Macedon, A Hellenic Kingdom in the Age of Democracy, Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Oxford
- Macedonia - A Civilization Uncovered, BBC documentary on the excavations in Macedonia held by archaeologist Manolis Andronikos
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||
|
||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
