El Malón, Johann Moritz Rugendas (1802-1858). The painting depicts a woman being kidnapped during a malón.

In criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away or transportation of a person against that person's will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment, a confinement without legal authority. This may be done for ransom or in furtherance of another crime, or in connection with a child custody dispute.

In some countries such as the United States a large number of child abductions arise after separation or divorce when one parent wishes to keep a child against the will of the other or against a court order. In these cases, some jurisdictions^[which?] do not consider it kidnapping if the child, being competent, agrees.

Kidnapping versus abduction[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

In modern usage, kidnapping or abduction of a child is often called child stealing and parental kidnapping, particularly when done not to collect a ransom but rather with the intention of keeping the child permanently (often in a case where the child's parents are divorced or legally separated, whereupon the parent who does not have legal custody will commit the act, also known as "childnapping").

Child abduction can refer to children being taken away without their parents' consent but with the consent of the child.

Kidnapping by jurisdiction[link]

The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2011)

England and Wales[link]

Kidnapping is an offence under the common law of England and Wales.

In R v D,^[1] Lord Brandon said:

First, the nature of the offence is an attack on, and infringement of, the personal liberty of an individual. Secondly, the offence contains four ingredients as follows: (1) the taking or carrying away of one person by another; (2) by force or fraud; (3) without the consent of the person so taken or carried away; and (4) without lawful excuse.^[2]

The following cases are relevant:

• R v Reid [1973] QB 299, [1972] 3 WLR 395, [1972] 2 All ER 1350, 56 Cr App R 703, [1972] Crim LR 553, CA
• R v Wellard [1978] 1 WLR 921, [1978] 3 All ER 161, 67 Cr App R 364, CA
• R v Cort [2003] EWCA Crim 2149, [2003] 3 WLR 1300, [2004] 1 Cr App R 18, CA
• R v Hendy-Freegard,^[3] [2007] EWCA Crim 1236, [2007] 3 WLR 488, The Times, May 30, 2007^[4]

Kidnapping of children

In all cases where it is alleged that a child has been kidnapped, it is the absence of the consent of that child which is material. This is case regardless of the age of the child. A young child will not have the understanding or intelligence to consent. This means that absence of consent will be a necessary inference from the age of the child. It is a question of fact for the jury whether an older child has sufficient understanding and intelligence to consent.^[5] Lord Brandon said:

I should not expect a jury to find at all frequently that a child under fourteen had sufficient understanding and intelligence to give its consent.^[6]

If the child (being capable of doing so) did consent to being taken or carried away, the fact that the person having custody or care and control of that child did not consent to that child being taken or carried away is immaterial. If, on the other hand, the child did not consent, the consent of the person having custody or care and control of the child may support a defence of lawful excuse.^[5]

Charging child abduction and kidnapping in the same indictment

See R v C [1991] 2 FLR 252, [1991] Fam Law 522, CA

Restriction on prosecution

No prosecution may be instituted, except by or with the consent of the Director of Public Prosecutions, for an offence of kidnapping if it was committed against a child under the age of sixteen and by a person connected with the child, within the meaning of section 1 of the Child Abduction Act 1984.^[7]

Mode of trial

Kidnapping is an indictable-only offence.^[8]

Sentence

Kidnapping is punishable with imprisonment or fine at the discretion of the court. There is no limit on the fine or the term of imprisonment that may be imposed provided the sentence is not inordinate.^[9]

See:

• R v Spence and Thomas, 5 Cr App R (S) 413, [1984] Crim LR 372, CA
• Crown Prosecution Service sentencing manual^[10]

CPS guidance

See:

• Prosecuting cases of child abuse^[11]
• Offences against the person^[12] (see the section headed "other relevant offences")

It invariably includes committing false imprisonment, which is the common-law offence of intentionally or recklessly detaining the victim without lawful authority. The use of force to take and detain will also be regarded as an assault, and other, related offences may also be committed before, during, or after the detention.^{[citation needed]}

A parent should only be prosecuted for kidnapping his own child "in exceptional cases, where the conduct of the parent concerned is so bad that an ordinary right-thinking person would immediately and without hesitation regard it as criminal in nature".^[5][13]

United States[link]

Law in the United States follows from English common law. Following the highly publicized 1932 Lindbergh kidnapping, Congress passed the Federal Kidnapping Act, which authorized the FBI to investigate kidnapping at a time when the Bureau was expanding in size and authority. The fact that a kidnapped victim may have been taken across state lines brings the crime within the ambit of federal criminal law.

Most states recognize different types of kidnapping and punish accordingly. e.g. New York bases its definition of first-degree kidnapping on the duration and purpose.^[14] There are several deterrents to kidnapping in the United States of America. Among these are:

1. The extreme logistical challenges involved in successfully exchanging the money for the return of the victim without being apprehended or surveiled.
2. Harsh punishment. Convicted kidnappers face lengthy prison terms. If a victim is brought across state lines, federal charges can be laid as well.
3. Good cooperation and information sharing between law enforcement agencies, and tools for spreading information to the public (such as the AMBER Alert system. )

In 2010 the United States was ranked sixth in the world for kidnapping for ransom, according to the available statistics (after Colombia, Italy, Lebanon, Peru, and the Philippines).^[15]

Phoenix, Arizona is the kidnapping capital of America. With 370 cases in 2010, Phoenix is ranked second in the world (ranked first is Mexico City).^[16]

One notorious failed example of kidnap for ransom was the 1976 Chowchilla bus kidnapping, in which 26 children were abducted with the intention of bringing in a $5 million ransom. The children and driver escaped from an underground van without the aid of law enforcement.^[17]

Thought to be a bride kidnapping in-progress in Central Asia, circa 1870.

According to the department of justice kidnapping makes up 2% of all reported violent crimes against juveniles.^[16]

According to a 2003 Domestic Violence Report in Colorado, out of a survey of 189 incidents, most people (usually white females) are taken from their homes or residence by a present or former spouse or significant other. They are usually taken by force, not by weapon, and usually the victims are not injured when they are freed.

Named forms[link]

• Bride kidnapping is a term often applied loosely, to include any bride 'abducted' against the will of her parents, even if she is willing to marry the 'abductor'. It still is traditional amongst certain nomadic peoples of Central Asia. It has seen a resurgence in Kyrgyzstan since the fall of the Soviet Union and the subsequent erosion of women's rights.^[18]
• Express kidnapping is a method of abduction used in some countries, mainly from Latin America,^[19] where a small ransom, that a company or family can easily pay, is demanded.
• Tiger kidnapping is taking a hostage to make a loved one or associate of the victim do something, e.g. a child is taken hostage to force the shopkeeper to open the safe. The term originates from the usually long preceding observation, like a tiger does on the prowl.

Statistics[link]

Kidnapping for ransom is a common occurrence in various parts of the world today, and certain cities and countries are often described as the "Kidnapping Capital of the World." As of 2007, that title belongs to Iraq with possibly 1,500 foreigners kidnapped.^[22][23] In 2004, it was Mexico,^[24] and in 2001, it was Colombia.^[25] Statistics are harder to come by. Reports suggest a world total of 12,500-25,500/year with 3,600/year in Colombia and 3,000/year in Mexico around the year 2000.^[26] However by 2006, the number of kidnappings in Colombia had declined to 687 and it continues to decline.^[27] Mexican numbers are hard to confirm because of fears of police involvement in kidnapping.^[28] "Kidnapping seems to flourish particularly in fragile states and conflict countries, as politically motivated militias, organized crime and the drugs mafia fill the vacuum left by government."^[21]

In 2009, the Los Angeles Times named Phoenix, Arizona^[29] as America's kidnapping capital, reporting that every year hundreds of ransom kidnappings occur there, virtually all within the underworld associated with human and drug smuggling from Mexico, and often done as a way of collecting unpaid debts. Other major U.S. cities that are hotbeds for kidnappings are Detroit, Atlanta, New Orleans, Houston, and Chicago.^[29] Many of them are done by major street gangs near tourist attractions.

During the year 1999 in the United States, 203,900 children were reported as the victims of family abductions and 58,200 of non-family abductions. However, only 115 were the result of "stereotypical" kidnaps (by someone unknown or of slight acquaintance to the child, held permanently or for ransom).^[30]

In the past, and presently in some parts of the world (such as southern Sudan), kidnapping is a common means used to obtain slaves and money through ransom. In less recent times, kidnapping in the form of shanghaiing (or "pressganging") men was used to supply merchant ships in the 19th century with sailors, whom the law considered unfree labour.^{[citation needed]}

Kidnapping on the high seas in connection with piracy has been increasing. It was reported that 661 crewmembers were taken hostage and 12 kidnapped in the first 9 months of 2009.^[31]

Criminal gangs are estimated to make up to $500 million a year in ransom payments from kidnapping.^[32]

Kidnapping has been identified as one source by which terrorists organizations have been known to obtain funding.^[33]

The Perri, Lichtenwald and MacKenzie article identified Tiger kidnapping as a specific method used by a known terrorist organization, although which terrorist cell conducted the intelligence gathering, which terrorist cell made direct contact, and which terrorist cells shared in the profit prior to forwarding the monies obtained from the kidnapping up to the top organization members is not known for certain.

See also[link]

Arrested kidnappers in Rio lying on the ground

• Extraordinary rendition
• Fetal abduction
• Forced disappearance
• Hostage
• Human trafficking
• International child abduction
• Kidnap and ransom insurance
• Kidnappings in Colombia
• List of kidnappings
• Rape
• Stockholm syndrome is a term used to describe the relationship a hostage can build with their kidnapper.

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Damien Lewis; Mende Nazer (2003). Slave. New York: Public Affairs. p. 368. ISBN 1-58648-212-2. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kidnapping

Look up kidnapping in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikinews has related news: Kidnapping

• Snatched: Notorious Kidnappings — slideshow by Life magazine
• Insight News documentary: China's Kidnapped Wives
• Court TV's - Criminal Psychology of child abduction
• Kidnap and Ransom activities around the world: Havocscope Black Market

v t e Types of crime Note: Crimes vary by jurisdiction. Not all types are listed here. Classes Infraction · Misdemeanor · Felony · Summary · Indictable · Hybrid Against the person Assault · Battery · Cannibalism · Extortion · Harassment · Kidnapping · Identity theft · Manslaughter (corporate) · Murder · Rape · Robbery · Sexual assault Against property Arson · Blackmail · Burglary · Deception · Embezzlement · False pretenses · Fraud · Handling · Larceny · Theft · Vandalism Against public order Drug possession Against the state Tax evasion · Espionage · Treason Against justice Bribery · Misprision of felony · Obstruction · Perjury · Malfeasance in office Inchoate offenses Accessory · Attempt · Conspiracy · Incitement · Solicitation · Common purpose WikiSource · Wikimedia Commons · Wikiquote · Wikinews

v t e English criminal law Part of the common law series Classes of crimes Common law Indictable Either way Summary Regulatory Lesser included Elements of crimes Actus reus Causation Mens rea Intention (criminal law) Intention in English law Recklessness Criminal negligence Corporate / Vicarious / Strict liability Omissions Concurrence Ignorantia juris non excusat Inchoate offences Encouraging or assisting crime Conspiracy Accessory Attempt Common purpose Defences Self-defence Duress Necessity Marital coercion Consent Insanity Diminished responsibility Intoxication Category:Criminal defences Offences against the person Homicide (Murder / Manslaughter / Corporate manslaughter / Infanticide) Child destruction Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm Assault occasioning actual bodily harm Common assault Battery Kidnapping False imprisonment Harassment Offences against the Person Act 1861 Sexual offences Rape Sexual assault Sexual Offences Act 2003 Public order offences Riot Violent disorder Affray Fear or provocation of violence Intentional harassment, alarm or distress Harassment, alarm or distress Public Order Act 1986 Nuisance Public nuisance Offences against property Dishonesty Burglary Robbery Theft Taken Without Owner's Consent (TWOC) Deception Handling stolen goods Blackmail Computer crime Theft Act 1968 Theft Act 1978 Fraud Act 2006 Criminal damage Conspiracy to defraud Forgery, personation and cheating Forgery Cheating the public revenue Offences against justice Bribery Perjury Perverting the course of justice Other common law areas Contract Tort Property Wills Trusts and estates Evidence See also Criminal procedure History Law of England and Wales portal Criminal justice portal

Diane Sawyer
Sawyer at the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival premiere of Jesus Henry Christ
Born	Lila Diane Sawyer (1945-12-22) December 22, 1945 (age 66) Glasgow, Kentucky, United States
Education	Wellesley College, B.A., 1967
Occupation	Television journalist
Years active	1962–present
Spouse	Mike Nichols (m. 1988–present)
Website
http://abcnews.go.com/WN/DianeSawyer/diane-sawyers-biography/story?id=9380180

Lila Diane Sawyer (born December 22, 1945) is the current anchor of ABC News' flagship program, ABC World News. Previously, Sawyer had been co-anchor of ABC News's morning news program, Good Morning America (GMA).

Early life and education[link]

Born in Glasgow, Kentucky, Diane Sawyer is the daughter of Jean W. Sawyer – an elementary school teacher – and Erbon Powers "Tom" Sawyer, a judge.^[1] Soon after her birth, her family moved to Louisville, Kentucky, where her father rose to local prominence as a Republican politician and community leader; he was Kentucky's Jefferson County Judge/Executive when he was killed in a car accident on Louisville's Interstate 64 in 1969. E. P. "Tom" Sawyer State Park, located in the Frey's Hill area of Louisville, is named in his honor.

Sawyer attended Seneca High School in the Buechel area of Louisville. In 1963, she won the "America's Junior Miss" scholarship pageant as a representative from the State of Kentucky.

During the period from 1962–1965, Sawyer was "America's Junior Miss" touring the country to promote the Coca-Cola Pavilion at the 1964-1965 New York World's Fair.

In 1967, she received a Bachelor of Arts degree with a major in English from Wellesley College in Wellesley, Massachusetts. There, she was a member of the Wellesley College Blue Notes, an a capella group and Phi Sigma Lecture Society. She attended one semester of law school at the University of Louisville before turning to journalism.

Career[link]

Sawyer began her professional career in Republican Party politics. In 1970, White House Press Secretary Ron Ziegler hired her to serve in the administration of U.S. President Richard Nixon. Sawyer continued through Nixon's resignation from the presidency in 1974 and worked on the Nixon-Ford transition team in 1974–1975, after which she decamped with Nixon to California and helped him write his memoirs, published in 1978. She also helped prepare Nixon for his famous set of television interviews with journalist David Frost in 1977.^[2]

Years later, Sawyer would be suspected of being Deep Throat, the source of leaks of classified information to journalist Bob Woodward during the Watergate scandal. In 2005 Deep Throat was identified as W. Mark Felt, but prior to that, Rabbi Baruch Korff – a longtime Nixon confidant and defender known as "Nixon's rabbi" – said on his deathbed that he believed Sawyer was Deep Throat. Sawyer laughed it off, and she was one of six people to request and receive a public denial from Woodward.^[3][4]

In 1978, Sawyer joined CBS News as a political correspondent and became a co-anchor, with Bill Kurtis, of the CBS Morning News in 1981. In 1984, she became a correspondent for 60 Minutes, a CBS News investigative television newsmagazine; she remained for five years.

In 1989, she moved to ABC News to co-anchor newsmagazine Primetime Live, with Sam Donaldson. From 1998 to 2000, she would become a co-anchor for ABC's 20/20, also a newsmagazine, co-anchoring on Wednesdays with Donaldson and on Sundays with Barbara Walters.

In 1999, Sawyer returned to morning news (GMA) as the co-anchor of GMA with Charles Gibson. The assignment was putatively temporary, but her success in the position, measured by a close in the gap with front-runner Today, NBC News's morning program, sustained her in the position far longer than anticipated. The GMA program has never regained the lost viewers, nor beaten its early morning competition since Joan Lunden retired after 17 years as co-host in 1997. On September 2, 2009, she was announced as the successor to Gibson, who retired as ABC World News anchor on Friday, December 18, 2009. She left GMA on December 11, 2009, and was scheduled to become the ABC World News anchor in January 2010. However, on December 1, 2009, The New York Times reported that instead of moving to ABC World News in January 2010, Sawyer would start on December 21, 2009, three days after Gibson's departure .^[5] For over a year in 2010–2011 with Katie Couric then anchor of CBS News, two of the three network news anchors on broadcast television were women.^[6] Ratings jumped 8% for 60 days after her first four weeks, averaging 8.8 million viewers.^[7] She signs off at the end of her nightly broadcast with "I'll see you right back here tomorrow night." The show, like its competitor evening newscasts, ended the year with ratings 14% below that of the preceding year.

Career timeline[link]

• 1967–1970: WLKY-TV news and weather reporter
• 1970–1974: White House press aide
• 1974–1978: Literary assistant to former President Richard Nixon
• 1981–1984: CBS Morning News anchor
• 1984–1989: 60 Minutes correspondent^[8][9]
• 1989–1998, since 2000: Primetime Live co-anchor^[8][9]
• 1998–2000: 20/20 co-anchor^[9]
• January 1999 – December 11, 2009: Good Morning America co-anchor
• December 21, 2009 – present: ABC World News anchor^[5]

Recognition[link]

In 2001 she was named one of the thirty most-powerful women in America by the Ladies' Home Journal. In 2007 she ranked 62nd on "Forbes Magazine's List of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women". She has won multiple awards, including a 2009 Peabody Award for her work on A Hidden America: Children of the Mountains.^[10]

Notable interviews (selected)[link]

Sawyer has interviewed many political figures including U.S. Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama. She conducted the first interview with U.S. President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton after his first election to the presidency in 1992.^[8]

On February 12, 2007, she interviewed Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Her interview^{[clarification needed]} with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was his first Western television interview in a decade.

On November 14, 2011, Diane secured another exclusive by being the first person to interview Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords, ten months after she survived an assassination attempt. Sawyer spent the day with the wounded politician and her husband, Mark Kelly and observed her during a speech therapy session. Diane since told People Magazine, "Of all the people I've interviewed, she's right there at the top." Diane's comment about Gabby

She has also interviewed:

Fidel Castro, President of Cuba Robert McNamara, U.S. Secretary of Defense Manuel Noriega, general and the military dictator of Panama from 1983 to 1989 Nancy Pelosi, the first female Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

Richard Nixon, President of the United States[11] Nancy Reagan, First Lady of the United States Hyman G. Rickover, U.S. Admiral Antonin Scalia, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Jaycee Lee Dugard

She was allowed to take a special tour of North Korea.^{[clarification needed]}

From the entertainment world, Sawyer has interviewed, especially as a host of GMA:

Clay Aiken, singer (interviewed twice) Bobby Brown, singer Ellen DeGeneres, comedian Dixie Chicks, country-music group Michael J. Fox, actor Mel Gibson, actor (interviewed twice) Whitney Houston, singer Winona Ryder, actress

Michael Jackson, singer Madonna, singer Roman Polanski, film director Lisa Marie Presley, singer-songwriter Rihanna, singer Britney Spears, singer Brian Wilson, musician (The Beach Boys) Meryl Streep, actress

Sawyer also interviewed drug kingpin Rayful Edmond III of Washington, D.C., in 1989 and once again in 1997 on 60 Minutes.^{[citation needed][clarification needed]}

Personal life[link]

On April 29, 1988, she and Mike Nichols, a film director, were married. They have no children. Nichols has 3 from previous marriages: Daisy, born in 1964; Max, born in 1974; and Jenny, born in 1977. Sawyer had previously had relationships with Frank Gannon, a Nixon aide, and Richard Holbrooke, a U.S diplomat.^[12] Forbes reported that she made $12 million in 2005.^[13]

References[link]

1. ^ ^{[verification needed]}"Diane Sawyer Biography (1955?-)". filmreference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/38/Diane-Sawyer.html. Retrieved September 17, 2009. 
2. ^ Sherr, Lynn (December 6, 2008). "Diane Sawyer on Fact vs. Fiction in Frost/Nixon — The Good Morning America Host—Who Worked for Richard Nixon at the Time of His Interview with David Frost—Talks with The Daily Beast about Her Memories of Her Ex-Boss.". Blog at The Daily Beast. Accessed December 12, 2009.
3. ^ ^{[dead link]}Carlin, John (June 28, 1995). "Dying Rabbi 'Names' Watergate's 'Deep Throat'". FindArticles (The Independent). http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19950628/ai_n13991211/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1. Retrieved January 10, 2009. 
4. ^ Staff writer (June 17, 2002). "Just Who is Deep Throat?". CNN. http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/06/17/deep.throat.facts/. Retrieved December 12, 2009. 
5. ^ ^{a b} Stelter, Brian; Carter, Bill (December 1, 2009). "ABC Plans Low-Key Handoff for ‘World News’". Blog at The New York Times. http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/in-a-low-key-hand-off-abcs-gibson-to-depart-on-dec-11/. Retrieved December 12, 2009. 
6. ^ ^{[dead link]}Bauder, David (September 2, 2009). "Sawyer to Take Over as Anchor of ABC Evening News". The Associated Press via Yahoo! News. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090902/ap_on_en_tv/us_abc_gibson. Retrieved September 16, 2009. ^{[dead link]}
7. ^ Diane Sawyer sees 8 percent boost in ratings as ABC's 'World News' anchor, Sherryl Connelly, New York Daily News, January 25, 2010
8. ^ ^{a b c} Staff writer (April 26, 2007). "Diane Sawyer's Biography — Anchor, Good Morning America. ABC News. Accessed December 12, 2009.
9. ^ ^{a b c} Staff writer (undated). "Diane Sawyer". Internet Movie Database. Accessed December 12, 2009.
10. ^ COMPLETE LIST OF RECIPIENTS OF THE 69th ANNUAL PEABODY AWARDS
11. ^ http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20089065,00.html
12. ^ Howard, Margo (November 5, 1984). "60 Minutes' Newest Correspondent, Diane Sawyer — It Doesn't Take America's No. 1 Ex-Weathergirl to Know That the Wind Is Blowing Onward and Upward for 60 Minutes' Newest Correspondent". People. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20089065,00.html. Retrieved December 12, 2009. 
13. ^ Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/53/AU0O.html. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Diane Sawyer

• "Diane Sawyer Biography — Anchor, Good Morning America", at ABC News, dated December 19, 2009. (Accessed December 21, 2009).
• Diane Sawyer at the Internet Movie Database

Media offices
Preceded by Charles Gibson	ABC World News anchor December 21, 2009–present	Succeeded by Incumbent
Preceded by Kevin Newman and Lisa McRee	Good Morning America co-anchor January 18, 1999–December 11, 2009 with Charles Gibson (from January 18, 1999 to June 28, 2006), and Robin Roberts (from May 23, 2005 to December 11, 2009)	Succeeded by George Stephanopoulos and Robin Roberts

v t e The People of ABC News World News anchor Diane Sawyer Good Morning America Robin Roberts (co-anchor) George Stephanopoulos (co-anchor) Josh Elliott (news anchor) Sam Champion (meteorologist) Lara Spencer (lifestyle anchor) Nightline co-anchors Cynthia McFadden Terry Moran Bill Weir PrimeTime co-anchors Cynthia McFadden David Muir John Quiñones 20/20 co-anchors Elizabeth Vargas Chris Cuomo This Week George Stephanopoulos (host/moderator) Donna Brazile (panelist) Cokie Roberts (panelist) George Will (panelist) America This Morning and World News Now co-anchors Rob Nelson Paula Faris Good Morning America Weekend Bianna Golodryga (co-anchor) Dan Harris (co-anchor) Ron Claiborne (news anchor) Ginger Zee (weather anchor) World News (weekend anchor) David Muir Main correspondents/reporters (by journalist's base city and primary coverage) Washington, D.C. Jonathan Karl (Senior Congressional correspondent) Martha Raddatz (Senior Foreign Affairs corresndent) Jake Tapper (Senior White House Correspondent) Pierre Thomas (Senior Justice Correspondent) New York City Jim Avila (Senior Law and Justice Correspondent) Richard Besser (Senior Health and Medical Editor) Chris Cuomo (Chief Law and Justice Correspondent) Bianna Golodryga (Financial Correspondent) Brian Ross (Chief investigative correspondent) Barbara Walters (Senior Correspondent) Bob Woodruff (mostly military news) Katie Couric (Special Correspondent) Christiane Amanpour (Global Affairs Anchor) Chicago Chris Bury (Senior National Correspondent) Boston Timothy Johnson, M.D. (Chief Medical Editor) London, England Jim Sciutto (Senior Foreign correspondent) Field reporters Sharyn Alfonsi John Berman Andrea Canning John Cochran Ann Compton Chris Connelly Yunji de Nies John Donvan Matt Gutman Lama Hasan John Hendren Neal Karlinsky David Kerley Jeffrey Kofman Robert Krulwich Elisabeth Leamy Vicki Mabrey Miguel Marquez John McKenzie Steve Osunsami Ryan Owens Alex Perez Barbara Pinto Ned Potter Amy Robach Deborah Roberts Clayton Sandell Jay Schadler Nick Schifrin Claire Shipman Lisa Stark Stephanie Sy Mike Von Fremd Nick Watt David Wright ABC News Radio Jim Hickey John Berman Aaron Katersky David Blaustein Ann Compton (The White House) Vic Ratner (Capitol Hill) Steven Portnoy Alex Stone Matt Gutman Linda Albin Jim Ryan Michael Barr Doug Limerick Cheri Preston Brad Wheelis Richard Davies Karen Chase Daria Albinger Richard Cantu Larry Jacobs Todd Ant Andy Field Dave Schrieber Chuck Sivertsen ABC News personalities Bios Ben Sherwood, President of ABC News ABC News ABC The Walt Disney Company abcnews.com

v t e 60 Minutes correspondents Current Steve Kroft Lesley Stahl Bob Simon Morley Safer Byron Pitts Lara Logan Anderson Cooper Scott Pelley Former Christiane Amanpour Ed Bradley Katie Couric Dan Rather Andy Rooney Harry Reasoner Charlie Rose Diane Sawyer Meredith Vieira Mike Wallace

v t e Anchors of ABC World News H. R. Baukhage Jim Gibbons Bryson Rash Pauline Frederick Gordon Fraser Leo Cherne John Daly Don Goddard John Daly Bill Shadel Bill Lawrence Al Mann John Cameron Swayze Ron Cochran Peter Jennings Bob Young Frank Reynolds Howard K. Smith Harry Reasoner Barbara Walters Frank Reynolds Max Robinson Peter Jennings Bob Woodruff Elizabeth Vargas Charles Gibson Diane Sawyer

Persondata
Name	Sawyer, Diane
Alternative names
Short description	American journalist
Date of birth	December 22, 1945
Place of birth	Glasgow, Kentucky, U.S.
Date of death
Place of death

The kidnapping of Jaycee Lee Dugard occurred on June 10, 1991, in South Lake Tahoe, California. Dugard was 11 years old at the time and was abducted from a street while she was walking from home to a school bus stop. Searches began immediately after the kidnapping, but no reliable leads were generated. She remained missing for more than 18 years.

On August 25, 2009, convicted sex offender Phillip Craig Garrido visited the campus of UC Berkeley accompanied by two young girls. Their unusual behavior there sparked an investigation that led to his bringing the two girls to a parole office on August 26, accompanied by a young woman who was then identified as Dugard.

Garrido, 58, and his wife Nancy Garrido, 54, of Antioch, California, were arrested for kidnapping and other charges. On April 28, 2011 they pleaded guilty to Dugard's kidnapping and sexual assault. Law enforcement officers believe Dugard was kept in a concealed area behind Garrido's house in Antioch for 18 years. During this time, Dugard bore two daughters who were aged 11 and 15 at the time of her reappearance.

On June 2, 2011, Phillip Garrido was sentenced to 431 years imprisonment; his wife received 36 years to life.^[1]

Background of kidnappers[link]

Phillip Craig Garrido   Nancy Garrido Booking photo Unknown extension tag "poem"   Unknown extension tag "poem"   Booking photo Unknown extension tag "poem"   Unknown extension tag "poem"

view talk edit

Phillip Craig Garrido was born in Contra Costa County, California, on April 5, 1951. He grew up in Brentwood, where he graduated from Liberty High School in 1969. His father, Manuel Garrido, who continues to reside in Brentwood, said his son was a "good boy" as a child, but radically changed after a serious motorcycle accident as a teenager, and later turned to drug use (primarily crystal meth).^[8] In 1972, Garrido was arrested and charged with sexually assaulting a 14-year-old girl, but the case did not go to trial after the girl declined to testify.^[9][10]

In 1973, Garrido married high-school classmate Christine Murphy, who said Garrido was abusive. Murphy alleges that Garrido kidnapped her when she tried to leave him.^[11]

In 1976, Garrido kidnapped Katherine Callaway in South Lake Tahoe, California. He took her to a Reno, Nevada, warehouse, where he sexually assaulted her.^[12] When a police officer noticed a suspicious car parked outside at unusually late hours, he came up to investigate. Callaway then emerged and asked for help. Garrido was promptly arrested.^[12] He was charged and convicted of crimes in both federal and state courts.^[12][13] In a 1976 court-ordered psychiatric evaluation, Garrido was diagnosed as a "sexual deviant and chronic drug abuser."^[14] The psychiatrist recommended that a neurological examination be conducted because Garrido's chronic drug use could be "responsible in part" for his "mixed" or "multiple" sexual deviation. Garrido was then evaluated by a neurologist. The diagnostic impression was: "normal neurological examination."^[15] In court, Garrido testified that he masturbated in his car by the side of grammar schools and high schools while watching young girls. Garrido was convicted on March 9, 1977, and began serving a 50-year federal sentence on June 30, 1977, at Leavenworth Penitentiary in Kansas.^[13][16]

At Leavenworth, Garrido met Nancy Bocanegra, who was visiting another prisoner, her uncle. On October 5, 1981, Garrido and Bocanegra were married at Leavenworth. On January 22, 1988, Garrido was released from Leavenworth to Nevada State Prison, where he served seven months of a five-years-to-life Nevada sentence. He was transferred to federal parole authorities in Antioch on August 26, 1988.^[13] In Antioch, the Garridos lived in the home of his elderly mother, who suffered from dementia. As a parolee, he was monitored, later wore a GPS-enabled ankle bracelet, and was regularly visited by police.^[17]

Abduction and search effort[link]

In September 1990, Jaycee Dugard and her family moved from the Orange County city of Garden Grove, to South Lake Tahoe, because they thought it was a safe community. At the time of the abduction, Dugard was in the fifth grade and because of her shyness, was worrying about an upcoming field trip. Dugard was close to her mother, Terry Probyn, and infant sister. Dugard's biological father had left the family, and although Dugard's mother had remarried, Dugard was not close to her stepfather, Carl Probyn. On June 10, 1991, Dugard's mother, who worked as a typesetter at a print house, left for work early in the day. Dugard, wearing her favorite all-pink outfit, walked up the hill from her house to catch the school bus, walking against traffic. When she was halfway up the hill, a car approached her. Dugard thought the man in the car would ask for directions, but when he rolled down the window, Phillip Garrido shocked Dugard unconscious with a stun gun and abducted her. Nancy Garrido, whom the District Attorney in the Dugard case believes scouted Dugard as a prize for her husband, held Dugard down in the car as Dugard drifted in and out of consciousness during the drive to the Garrido home in Antioch, three hours from Dugard's home. The only time Dugard spoke was when she pleaded that her parents could not afford a ransom.^[18]

Carl Probyn witnessed the abduction of his stepdaughter from within sight of their home. He saw two people in a gray sedan (possibly a Mercury Monarch or Mercury Zephyr) make a U-turn at the school bus stop where Dugard was waiting, and a woman forced Dugard into the car. (In a Primetime interview on July 10, 2011, Dugard stated a stun-gun was used to incapacitate her). Probyn then gave chase on a bicycle, but he was unable to overtake the vehicle. Some of Dugard's classmates were also witnesses to the abduction. Initial suspects included Probyn and Ken Slayton, Dugard's biological father. Probyn took and passed several polygraph tests, and Slayton was also quickly cleared of suspicion.^[19]

By the time the Garridos arrived at their home on Walnut Avenue, in an unincorporated area in northeast Antioch,^[20] they had removed Dugard's clothing, leaving only a butterfly-shaped ring that Dugard would hide from them for the next 18 years. In taking Dugard from their car onto their property, Phillip Garrido placed a blanket over Dugard's head and ushered her into an area of his backyard where a series of sheds and storage units stood, placing her inside a tiny one that was soundproofed, and handcuffing her before leaving her naked in the structure, which he bolted shut, warning her that Doberman Pinschers trained to attack her if she tried to escape were outside.^[18]

Within hours of Dugard's disappearance, local and national media converged upon South Lake Tahoe to cover the story. Within days, dozens of local volunteers assisted in the search effort, which involved nearly every resource within the community. Within weeks, tens of thousands of fliers and posters were mailed to businesses throughout the United States. Since Dugard's favorite color was pink, the entire town was blanketed in pink ribbons as a constant reminder of her disappearance and a demonstrated support for the family throughout the community.^[18][21][22]

Terry Probyn founded a group called Jaycee's Hope, which directed the volunteer and fundraising effort. Cassette tapes of the song Jaycee Lee along with T-shirts, sweatshirts and buttons were sold to raise money for poster materials, postage, printing and related expenses. Child Quest International and The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children were also involved in the effort. A reward was offered, which was displayed on the posters and fliers. The kidnapping case also attracted nationwide attention and was featured on the June 14, 1991 episode of the television show America's Most Wanted.^[23]

The ensuing months and years were a continuous effort of child safety awareness, fundraising events and candlelight vigils marking Dugard's disappearance and keeping her story before the public.^[24]

Captivity[link]

Immediately after he kidnapped her, Phillip Garrido forced Dugard into a shower with him. The first time he raped her, she was still in handcuffs, in which she remained during her first week in captivity. During that time, Dugard's only human contact was Garrido, who sometimes brought her fast food, and sometimes told her amusing stories. Garrido provided Dugard with only a bucket for her to relieve herself. At one point he provided her with a TV, but she could not see the news, and was unaware of the publicized search for her. Almost a month and a half after her kidnapping, by Dugard's recollection, Garrido moved her to a larger room next door, where she was handcuffed to the bed. He explained that the "demon angels" let him take her, and that she would help him with his sexual problems because society had ignored him. Garrido also told her that by engaging in sex acts with him, which he would videotape, she was protecting other girls that he would not need to victimize. Garrido also went on methamphetamine binges he called "runs", during which he would dress Dugard up, and spent time with her cutting out figures from pornographic magazines. He would also make her listen for the voices he said could hear from the walls. These binges ended with Garrido sobbing and apologizing to Dugard, but alternately threatened to sell her to people who would put her in a cage.^[18]

Seven months into her captivity, Garrido introduced Dugard to his wife, Nancy, who brought the child a stuffed animal and chocolate milk, and engaged in the same tearful apologies to Dugard. Though the lonely Dugard craved the woman's approval at the time, in retrospect she has stated that this was manipulation on the part of Nancy, who alternated motherly concern with coldness and cruelty, and who expressed jealousy over Dugard, whom Nancy Garrido regarded as the one at fault for her predicament. Dugard characterizes Nancy, who worked as a nursing home aide, as "evil" and "twisted". When Phillip Garrido returned to prison for failing a drug test, Nancy Garrido replaced her husband as Dugard's jailer. The Garridos further manipulated Dugard by presenting her, on two occasions, with kittens that would later "mysteriously vanish". When they discovered her signing her real name in a journal that Dugard kept about her cats, she was forced to tear out the portion of the paper with her name, the last time she would be permitted to say or write her name until years later.^[18]

Thirty-four months into her captivity, the Garridos began to allow Jaycee freedom from her handcuffs for periods of time, though they kept her locked in the bolted room. On April 3, 1994, Easter Sunday, they gave her cooked food for the first time. They informed her that they believed she was pregnant. Now age 13 and four and a half months pregnant, Dugard herself had learned of the link between sex and pregnancy from television. At this time, Terry Probyn was holding rummage sales to pay for private investigators and distributing a million flyers across the United States featuring a sketch artist's image of a teenaged Dugard, while raising her younger daughter, Shana. Dugard watched programs on childbirth, in preparation for the birth of her first daughter, which occurred on August 18, 1994. Her second daughter was born on November 13, 1997.^{[18][25][26][27]}

Dugard took care of her daughters using information gleaned from television, working to protect them from Phillip Garrido, who would continue his alternating enraged rants and Biblical lectures.^[18] A neighbor of the Garridos named Patrick McQuaid said he recalls, as a child, meeting Dugard through a fence in the Garridos' yard soon after the kidnapping. He said that she had identified herself by the name "Jaycee" and that when he asked her if she lived there or was just visiting, she answered that she lived there. At that point Phillip Garrido came out and took her back indoors. Garrido eventually built a eight-foot-tall fence around the backyard, and set up a tent for Dugard, the first time she was allowed to walk outside since her kidnapping.^[18][28] She coped with her continued captivity by planting flowers in a garden, and home-schooling her daughters. At one point, Phillip Garrido informed Dugard that to pacify his wife, Dugard and her daughters would address Nancy as their mother, and Dugard would teach her daughters that Dugard was merely their older sister.^[18] When Dugard and her daughters were eventually allowed to come into contact with other people, they upheld this fiction.^[29] Most U.S. media sources have declined to name the children, although names have been given in foreign media coverage of the case.^[30]

Garrido operated a print shop where Dugard acted as the graphics artist. Ben Daughdrill, a customer of Garrido's printing business, claimed he met and spoke by telephone with Dugard and that she did excellent work. During this time, Dugard had access to the business phone and an email account. One customer of the printing business indicated she never hinted to him about her childhood abduction or true identity.^[31]

While in Antioch, Garrido also kept a blog associated with what he called "God's Desire Church." In the blog Garrido said he had the power to control sound with his mind. Garrido asked several people, including customers, to sign testimonials confirming that they witnessed his ability to "control sound with my mind" and a device he developed "for others to witness this phenomena."^[32][33]

Law enforcement officers believe that at the time they became involved in 2009, Dugard's living quarters were in a secondary backyard behind Phillip Garrido's house. The private area of the yard included sheds (one of which was soundproofed and used as a recording studio in which Garrido recorded himself singing religious-themed and romantic country songs),^[18] two tents, and what has been described as a camping-style shower and toilet. The area was surrounded by tall trees and a 6-foot (1.8 m) high fence. An entrance to the secondary backyard was covered by trees and a tarpaulin. Privacy in the yard was enhanced by tents and outbuildings,^[34] and also housed an old car similar to the one used in the abduction. Electricity was supplied by extension cords.^[35] Law enforcement officers visited the residence at least twice, did not request to inspect the back yard,^[34] and did not detect Dugard or her children in the areas of the property that they did inspect.^[36] Witnesses interviewed stated Jaycee Dugard was seen in the house and sometimes answered the front door to talk to people, but never stated a problem or attempted to leave.^[37] While the family kept to themselves, the girls were sometimes seen playing in the backyard or as passengers in Garrido's car.^[38]

Dugard's aunt, Tina Dugard, and a former business associate of the Garridos, Cheyvonne Molino, have commented that Dugard's children looked healthy. Tina Dugard said that upon her meeting them after their reappearance, they "always appeared and behaved like normal kids". Molino said of the times she met them while they were captive "that in her presence the girls never acted robotically" and didn't wear unusual clothing.^[39][40]

Missed opportunities to rescue Dugard[link]

• Police failed to make the connection that Jaycee Lee Dugard was kidnapped in South Lake Tahoe, the same location as Garrido's 1976 kidnapping of Katherine Callaway Hall.

• On April 22, 1992, less than a year after her kidnapping, a male caller contacted the Contra Costa County Sheriff's Department from a gas station in Oakley, California, less than two miles from the Garridos' home in Antioch. The caller reported that he saw Dugard in the gas station staring intently at a missing child poster of herself. The caller then reported seeing her leave in a large yellow van, possibly a Dodge. In 2009, after Dugard's release, an old yellow Dodge van was recovered from the Garrido property, one that matched the description of the van given in the call. The license plate was not reported in the 1992 call; and the caller, the girl, and the van were gone by the time police arrived. The caller never identified himself, and the police did not pursue the matter any further.^[41] Jaycee Dugard reported that she never left the Garrido property from the day she was kidnapped until shortly before her first child was born in August 1994.^[42]

• In June 2002, the fire department responded to a report of a juvenile with a shoulder injury that occurred in a swimming pool at Garrido's home. This information was not relayed to the parole office, which had no record of either a juvenile or a swimming pool at Garrido's address.^[43]

• In 2006, one of Garrido's neighbors called 9-1-1 to inform them there were tents in the backyard with children living there and that Garrido was "psychotic" with sexual addictions. A deputy sheriff spoke with Garrido at the front of the house for about 30 minutes and left after telling him there would be a code violation if people were living outside on the property. After Dugard was found in August 2009, the local police issued an apology.^[44][34]

• On November 4, 2009, the California Office of the Inspector General issued a report that enumerated various lapses by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation that contributed to Dugard's continued captivity. The central finding was that Garrido was incorrectly classified as needing only low-level supervision and all other lapses were derived from it. In his report, the inspector general detailed an instance in which a parole agent encountered a 12-year-old girl at the home of Phillip Garrido, but accepted Garrido's "explanation that she was his brother's daughter and [the agent] did nothing to verify it."^[45]

Reappearance[link]

On August 24, 2009, Garrido visited the San Francisco office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and left a four-page essay containing his ideas about religion and sexuality, suggesting he had discovered a solution to problem behaviors like his own past crimes. The essay described how he had cured his own criminal sexual behaviors and how that information could be used to assist in curing other sexual predators by "controlling human impulses that drive humans to commit dysfunctional acts." On the same day, Phillip Garrido went to a University of California, Berkeley police office seeking permission to hold a special Christian event on campus as a part of his "God's Desire" program. He spoke with U.C. Berkeley special events manager Lisa Campbell. She perceived his behavior as odd and asked him to make an appointment for the next day, which he did, leaving his name in the process. The next morning, August 25, Campbell notified campus police officer Ally Jacobs about the meeting later that morning with Garrido, and her concerns. Jacobs ran a background check, learned that Garrido was on parole for rape, and decided to sit in on the meeting. Garrido arrived with two girls, whom he introduced as his daughters. At the meeting, Jacobs felt that the girls' behavior was unusual, and phoned the parole office to relay her concerns. As no one was in, she left a report of the meeting on voicemail.^[45][46][47]

After hearing Jacobs' recorded message, two parole agents drove to Garrido's house later that day. Upon arrival, they handcuffed him and searched the house, finding only his wife Nancy and his elderly mother at home. Then the parole agents drove Garrido back to the parole office. En route, Garrido said that the two girls who had accompanied him to UC Berkeley "were the daughters of a relative, and he had permission from their parents to take them to the university." Although the parole office had barred Garrido from being around minors a month before, and although Berkeley was 40 miles from Garrido’s Antioch residence, 15 miles in excess of the 25-mile limit from his home to which he was allowed to travel without permission from his parole agent, the agents overlooked this violation. After reviewing his file with a supervisor, they drove him home and ordered him to report back to the office again the next day to further discuss his visit to UC Berkeley and follow up on their concerns about the two girls.^[45]

Garrido arrived at the parole office in Concord on August 26 with his wife, Nancy, the two girls and Jaycee Lee Dugard, who was introduced as "Alyssa Franzen". When they arrived, his parole officer was on the phone with Jacobs to obtain a more detailed description of her interaction with Garrido and the two girls. Jacobs informed the officer that the girls were calling Garrido "Daddy", but the parole officer believed that Garrido had no children.^[48] The parole officer then decided to separate Garrido from the women and girls to obtain an identification.^[49]

Dugard, maintaining her false identity as "Alyssa" (Some sources give the name as "Allissa"^[48][50]), told investigators that the two young girls were her daughters. Although she indicated that she was aware that Garrido was a convicted sex offender, she stated that he was a "changed man", a "great person" and was "good with her kids",^[49][51] comments that were echoed by the two girls. When pressed for details that would confirm her identity, Dugard became "extremely defensive" and "agitated", demanding to know why she was being "interrogated", and subsequently stated that she was a battered wife from Minnesota who was in hiding from her abusive husband. The parole officer eventually called the Concord police. Upon the arrival of a police Sergeant, Garrido admitted he had kidnapped and raped her. Only after this did Dugard identify herself as Jaycee Dugard. It was later suggested that Dugard was beginning to show signature signs of Stockholm syndrome during her questioning.^[49][51]

Garrido and his wife were then placed under arrest. An FBI Special agent put Dugard on the telephone with her mother, Terry Probyn. Dugard retained custody of her children and was soon reunited with her mother.^[52][53][54]

Aftermath[link]

Reunion and afterward[link]

In the days following Dugard's return, Carl Probyn, her stepfather, confirmed that she and her daughters were in good health and intelligent, their reunion was going well, and they were proceeding slowly. He said his stepdaughter had developed a significant emotional bond with Phillip Garrido, and the girls cried when they learned of their father's arrest. According to Jaycee Dugard's aunt, Tina Dugard, about the two girls: "They are clever, articulate, curious girls who have a bright future ahead of them."^[55][56][57] Ernie Allen, president of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, said Dugard's reappearance is an important event for families of other long-term missing children, because it shows that there is hope even in long-term cases. Notable abduction survivor Elizabeth Smart has stressed the importance of focusing on the future with a positive attitude as an effective approach to accepting what has happened.^[58][59][60] Shawn Hornbeck, another abduction survivor, also commented on the case.^[61]

Three weeks after her release, Jaycee Dugard made a request to gain control of the pets that were raised in the home where she was held captive.^[62] On October 14, 2009, People published on its cover the first verified photo of Jaycee Dugard as an adult. Her mother, Terry Probyn, was reported in 2009 to have planned with Broadway Books to publish a book, originally set for release in 2010, detailing the girls' decades-long absence and return.^[63] Dugard's memoir, A Stolen Life, was published on July 12, 2011, by Simon & Schuster.

Police investigations[link]

Following the arrest, police extensively searched the Garrido house for evidence of other crimes. Because Phillip Garrido had access to his neighbor's house, it was also searched for evidence.^[64][65] Police also searched the homes and business of one of Phillip Garrido's printing business clients.^[66] Police agencies from Hayward, California, and Dublin, California, conducted searches of the Garridos' property for evidence pertaining to missing girls from those communities. The results of the search turned up no clues to the disappearances of the girls.^[67] In July 2011 Hayward police announced that Garrido has not been eliminated as a suspect and is still a person of interest in the case of Michaela Garecht.^[68]

Garrido's statements[link]

On August 27, 2009, KCRA-TV in Sacramento, California, interviewed Garrido in his jail cell by telephone. During the interview Garrido said, "In the end, this is going to be a powerful, heartwarming story",^[69] because, in his version of events:

Investigators at the Garridos' Antioch home

Garrido repeatedly told the reporter how he "filed documents" with the FBI on August 24, 2009, which, when they were published, would cause people to "fall over backwards" and that he could not reveal more because he "had to protect law enforcement" and "what happened" [...] was "something that humans have not understood well." In the interview Garrido denied he had ever harmed Dugard's two daughters. He said their births changed his life and "they slept in my arms every single night since birth. I never touched them." On August 28, 2009, FBI spokesman Joseph Schadler confirmed that Garrido had indeed left the documents with the agency, as he had claimed, but declined to discuss further details.^[69] The document, titled Origin of Schizophrenia Revealed, was eventually released by the FBI. The document is about stopping schizophrenics from turning violent and controlling sounds with the human mind.^[70]

Legal proceedings[link]

On August 28, 2009, Garrido and his wife pleaded not guilty to charges including kidnapping, rape and false imprisonment. A bail review/pre-preliminary hearing was held September 14, 2009, at the El Dorado County Superior Court in Placerville, California.^[71] At the hearing, Superior Court Judge Douglas Phimister set bail for Phillip Garrido at $30 million. However, there was a no-bail parole hold on Garrido. The judge kept Nancy Garrido in custody on a no-bail hold, but able to request bail at a later date.^[72][73] At the September 14 hearing, Phimister also granted a request from Phillip Garrido's attorney to have a psychologist or psychiatrist appointed to conduct a confidential evaluation of Garrido. Such examinations can be used by the defense to assist in case preparation, and additional mental health examinations can be ordered at subsequent phases in the proceedings.^[74] On October 29, 2009, a short hearing was held to set a date for the next pre-preliminary hearing when issues such as discovery were to be discussed. This hearing occurred on December 11, 2009. Katie Callaway Hall, whom Phillip Garrido raped in 1976, appeared in the courtroom in both the October and December hearings. She did not speak in either proceeding.^[75][76]

On November 5, 2009, Phimister ordered Nancy Garrido's defense attorney, Gilbert Maines, to be removed from the case. According to a posting on the court's website,^[77] the decision occurred in review of "confidential evidence" that has not been disclosed to the public, and details of the proceedings were kept sealed. The decision was immediately stayed until November 30, 2009.^[78] On November 12, 2009, Phimister appointed Stephen A. Tapson as interim counsel for Nancy Garrido.^[79] Gilbert Maines appealed the decision and was given a favorable ruling by the California Third District Court of Appeal on December 15, 2009.^[80] On December 22, 2009, the same court gave the Eldorado Superior Court until January 2010 to respond to the ruling.^[81] Both Gilbert Maines and Stephen Tapson appeared at the discovery hearing on December 11, 2009.^[76] A hearing was held on January 21, 2010. At that hearing, Maines was removed from the case and Tapson was appointed defense counsel for Nancy Garrido. In addition, bail in the amount of $20 million was set for Nancy Garrido.^[82]

At a press conference on February 28, 2011, Tapson said that Mr. and Mrs. Garrido had both made a 'full confession' in the case. The development came as lawyers for both sides re-opened discussions on a possible plea deal that had the potential to obviate the need for a trial. Mrs. Garrido's attorney acknowledged that she was facing "241 years, eight months to life" and that he was working for a reduced sentence in the 30-year range. He stated that the prosecutor had acknowledged that Mr. Garrido was a master-manipulator and that Mrs. Garrido was under both his influence and that of substances during the period of Dugard's kidnapping, so should receive some consideration while alluding to parallels with Patty Hearst and Stockholm Syndrome.^[83]

On Thursday, April 7, 2011, Phillip and Nancy Garrido, instead of pleading guilty (as had been expected based on the previous statements) pleaded not guilty to charges of kidnapping and raping Dugard, as well as other charges, in an amended indictment. Phillip Garrido's attorney, public defender Susan Gellman, alleged that the grand jury might have been improperly selected and might have acted improperly. Gellman did not elaborate on her claim in the courtroom, but said outside that she had questions about the racial and geographic makeup of the grand jury that originally indicted the Garridos in September 2010. Judge Phimister noted that there were issues about the process itself before the grand jury, and also stated that the court would consider whether the grand jury acted appropriately. These developments were largely unforeseen by attorney Stephen Tapson, who represented Nancy Garrido; Tapson had said earlier that week that Phillip Garrido had made a deal with prosecutors to plead guilty and spend the rest of his life in prison. Gellman was upset with Tapson for telling reporters that her client had planned to plead guilty, saying that Tapson should speak about only his own client, Nancy Garrido. Tapson said he found out about Gellman's plans only late on April 6. Neither attorney would elaborate further on the specific concerns about the grand jury. El Dorado County, California District Attorney Vern Pierson said he did not think the complaints about the grand jury would ultimately derail the case against the Garridos.^[84]

On April 28, 2011, the Garridos pleaded guilty to kidnapping and rape.^[85] On June 2, 2011, Phillip Garrido was sentenced to 431 years. Nancy Garrido received 36 years to life.^[1] Phillip Garrido is serving his sentence at California State Prison, Corcoran while Nancy Garrido is incarcerated at Central California Women's Facility.^[86] Dugard, who did not attend the sentencing, had sent a written statement that was read aloud in court:

"I chose not to be here today because I refuse to waste another second of my life in your presence. I've chosen to have my mom read this for me. Phillip Garrido, you are wrong. I could never say that to you before, but I have the freedom now and I am saying you are a liar and all of your so-called theories are wrong. Everything you have ever done to me has been wrong and someday I hope you can see that. What you and Nancy did was reprehensible. You always justified everything to suit yourself but the reality is and always has been that to make someone else suffer for your inability to control yourself and for you, Nancy, to facilitate his behavior and trick young girls for his pleasure is evil. There is no God in the universe that would condone your actions. To you, Phillip, I say that I have always been a thing for your own amusement. I hated every second of every day of 18 years because of you and the sexual perversion you forced on me. To you, Nancy, I have nothing to say. Both of you can save your apologies and empty words. For all the crimes you have both committed I hope you have as many sleepless nights as I did. Yes, as I think of all of those years I am angry because you stole my life and that of my family. Thankfully I am doing well now and no longer live in a nightmare. I have wonderful friends and family around me. Something you can never take from me again. You do not matter any more."

—Jaycee Lee Dugard, June 2, 2011

Settlement with the State of California[link]

In July 2010, the State of California approved a $20 million settlement with Jaycee Dugard, to compensate her for "various lapses by the Corrections Department [which contributed to] Dugard's continued captivity, ongoing sexual assault and mental and/or physical abuse." The settlement, part of AB1714, was approved by the California State Assembly by a 70 to 2 vote, and by the California State Senate by a 30 to 1 vote. San Francisco County Superior Court Judge Daniel Weinstein, who mediated the settlement, stated that the settlement was reached to avoid a lawsuit which would be a "greater invasion of privacy and greater publicity for the state."^[87]

The bill was signed by California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger on July 9.^[88][89]

Lawsuit against the United States[link]

On September 22, 2011, Dugard filed suit in United States District Court for the Northern District of California accusing the United States of failing to monitor Garrido when he was a federal parolee.^[90]

In media[link]

• Dugard documented her life in captivity in a book, A Stolen Life: A Memoir, which she wrote as part of her therapy with Rebecca Bailey, who specializes in post-trauma family reunification. Dugard says she wrote the book, which was published in July 2011, in order to assist other survivors of sexual abuse.^[18]
• An American crime show on the Investigation Discovery network titled Wicked Attraction aired an episode about Phillip Garrido and Nancy Garrido, which detailed Jaycee Dugard's kidnapping and recovery.^[91]
• A documentary that aired in October 2009 on Channel 4 in Britain titled Captive for 18 years: Jaycee Lee focused on the story of Dugard's kidnapping, recovery and the beginnings of trial including interviews with Jaycee's step-father.^[92]
• Dugard was awarded a "Lifetime Leadership" honor at the third annual Diane von Furstenberg awards on March 9, 2012 for her courage and her JAYC Foundation which gives support to families dealing with abduction and other tragedies. The DVF awards honor women who are courageous and fight for justice.^[93]

See also[link]

• Cases of children kept in captivity
• Cases of kidnapped American children
• Michaela Garecht

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jaycee Lee Dugard kidnapping

• "The People of the State of California vs. Phillip Greg Garrido, Nancy Garrido". Superior Court of the State of California/The Sacramento Bee. August 28, 2009. http://media.sacbee.com/smedia/2009/08/28/12/Dugard.source.prod_affiliate.4.pdf. Retrieved May 16, 2012.  Also available here
• "Inside Jaycee's Secret Kidnap Compound". Sky News. September 5, 2009. http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Jaycee-Lee-Dugard-Secret-Garden-Compound-Where-Kidnapped-Girl-Lived-With-Daughters/Article/200908415370911. 
• "Timeline and map: Jaycee Dugard case". Contra Costa Times.
• Photo slide show of Dugard case. San Jose Mercury News.
• The JAYC Foundation Inc.

Omar Abdel-Rahman
Born	(1938-05-03) May 3, 1938 (age 74) Al Gammaliyyah, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt
Conviction(s)	Seditious conspiracy
Penalty	Life imprisonment
Status	Incarcerated at FMC Butner Medical Center
Spouse	Aisha Hassan Gouda A. Zohdi
Children	10

Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman (Arabic: عمر عبد الرحمن‎, ‘Umar ‘Abd ar-Raḥman; born 3 May 1938), commonly known in the United States as "The Blind Sheikh", is a blind Egyptian Muslim leader who is currently serving a life sentence at the Butner Medical Center which is part of the Butner Federal Correctional Institution in Butner, North Carolina, United States. Formerly a resident of New York City, Abdel-Rahman and nine others were convicted of seditious conspiracy,^[1] which requires only that a crime be planned, not that it necessarily be attempted. His prosecution grew out of investigations of the World Trade Center 1993 bombings.

Abdel-Rahman was accused of being the leader of Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (also known as "The Islamic Group"), a militant Islamist movement in Egypt that is considered a terrorist organization by the United States and Egyptian governments. The group is responsible for many acts of violence, including the November 1997 Luxor massacre, in which 58 foreign tourists and four Egyptians were killed.

Youth[link]

Abdel-Rahman was born in the city of Al Gammaliyyah, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt, in 1938. He lost his eyesight at a young age due to childhood diabetes. He studied a Braille version of the Qur'an as a child and developed an interest in the works of the Islamic purists Ibn Taymiyah and Sayyid Qutb. After graduating in Qur'anic studies from Al-Azhar University in Cairo, the Egyptian government imprisoned him because he was an opponent of the regime. Abdel-Rahman became one of the most prominent and outspoken Muslim clerics to denounce Egypt’s secularism.

Family[link]

Omar has two wives who have borne him 10 children: Aisha Hassan Gouda (7 sons), and A. Zohdi (3 children).^[2] His sons include Abdullah, Ahmed, Mohammed Omar Abdel-Rahman and Asim Abdulrahman.^[3]

Prison in Egypt[link]

During the 1970s, Abdel-Rahman developed close ties with two of Egypt’s most militant organizations, Egyptian Islamic Jihad and Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya ("The Islamic Group"). By the 1980s, he had emerged as the leader of Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, although he was still revered by followers of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, which at the time was being led by Ayman al-Zawahiri, later to become an Al Qaeda principal. Abdel-Rahman spent three years in Egyptian jails where he was tortured^{[citation needed]} as he awaited trial on charges of issuing a fatwa resulting in the 1981 assassination of Anwar Sadat by Egyptian Islamic Jihad.

Afghan mujaheddin[link]

Although Abdel-Rahman was not convicted of conspiracy in the Sadat assassination, he was expelled from Egypt following his acquittal. He made his way to Afghanistan in the mid-1980s where he contacted his former professor, Abdullah Azzam, co-founder of Maktab al-Khadamat (MAK) along with Osama bin Laden. Rahman built a strong rapport with bin Laden during the Afghan war against the Soviets, and following Azzam’s murder in 1989 Rahman assumed control of the international jihadists arm of MAK/Al Qaeda.^{[citation needed]}

In July 1990, Abdel-Rahman went to New York City to gain control of MAK’s financial and organizational infrastructure in the United States.

Activities in the US[link]

Abdel-Rahman was issued a tourist visa to visit the U.S. despite his name being listed on a US State Department terrorist watch list. Rahman entered the United States, in July 1990, via Saudi Arabia, Peshawar, and Sudan.

He traveled widely in the United States and Canada. Despite the U.S. support for the mujahideen in Afghanistan, Abdel-Rahman was deeply anti-American and spoke out against it, safe in the knowledge that he was speaking Arabic and unmonitored by any law enforcement agency. He issued a fatwa in America that declared lawful the robbing of banks and killing of Jews in America. His sermons condemned Americans as the "descendants of apes and pigs who have been feeding from the dining tables of the Zionists, Communists, and colonialists".^[5] He called on Muslims to assail the West, "cut the transportation of their countries, tear it apart, destroy their economy, burn their companies, eliminate their interests, sink their ships, shoot down their planes, kill them on the sea, air, or land".^[6]

Preaching at three mosques in the New York City area, Abdel-Rahman was soon surrounded by a core group of devoted followers that included persons who became responsible for the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. One of Rahman's followers, El Sayyid Nosair, was linked to the assassination of Israeli nationalist Rabbi Meir Kahane, founder of the Jewish Defense League. He was subsequently acquitted of murder but convicted on gun possession charges.

Steven Emerson's 1994 television documentary Terrorists Among Us: Jihad in America contains a video of Abdel-Rahman in Detroit calling for jihad against the "infidel".^[7]

Nosair later stood trial as a co-conspirator of Rahman. Both men received life sentences for the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, conspiracy to use explosives against New York landmarks, and plotting to assassinate U.S. politicians. Nosair was convicted of nine counts, including seditious conspiracy, murder of Kahane in aid of racketeering, attempted murder in aid of racketeering, attempted murder of a postal police officer, use of a firearm in a murder, use of a firearm in the commission of a murder, use of a firearm in an attempted murder, and possession of a firearm, and received life plus 15 years of imprisonment.^[8] Nosair's relatives obtained funds to pay for Nosair's defense from Osama bin Laden.^[9]

Arrest and conviction[link]

After the first World Trade Center bombing in February 1993, the FBI began to investigate Rahman and his followers more closely. With the assistance of an Egyptian informant wearing a listening device, the FBI managed to record Rahman issuing a fatwa encouraging acts of violence against US civilian targets, particularly in the New York and New Jersey metropolitan area.^{[not in citation given]} The most startling plan, the government charged, was to set off five bombs in 10 minutes, blowing up the United Nations, the Lincoln and Holland tunnels, the George Washington Bridge and a federal building housing the FBI.^{[not in citation given]} Government prosecutors showed videotapes of defendants mixing bomb ingredients in a garage before their arrest in 1993.^{[not in citation given]} Rahman was arrested on 24 June 1993, along with nine of his followers.^[10] On 1 October 1995, he was convicted of seditious conspiracy, and in 1996 was sentenced to life in prison.^[11]

Rahman is currently serving his life sentence at the Butner Federal Medical Center in North Carolina.^[12]

Legacy[link]

Abdel-Rahman’s imprisonment has become a rallying point for Islamic militants around the world, including Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden. In 1997, members of his group Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya conducted two attacks against European visitors to Egypt, including the massacre of 58 tourists at Deir el-Bahri in Luxor. In addition to killing women and children, the attackers mutilated a number of bodies and distributed leaflets throughout the scene demanding Rahman’s release.^{[citation needed]}

In 2005, members of Rahman’s legal team, including lawyer Lynne Stewart, were convicted of facilitating communication between the imprisoned Sheikh and members of the terrorist organization Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya in Egypt.

See also[link]

	Egypt portal
	United States portal
	Biography portal

• Mohammed Omar Abdel-Rahman

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Gunaratna, R. 2002 ‘Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror’. Scribe Publications: Carlton.
• Lance, P. 2003 ‘1000 Years For Revenge: International Terrorism and The FBI’. HarperCollins: New York

External links[link]

• Omar Abdel-Rahman collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• Paul DeRienzo's jail house interview with Rahman, September 1994
• Civil rights attorney convicted in terror trial, CNN, February 14, 2005
• Bin Laden’s 1996 Fatwa PBS.Org
• Smuggling The Sheikh's Messages Smoking Gun archive.
• Sheikh Omar Abdul-Rahman (The Blind Sheikh) Releases Letter from Prison Analysis from the SITE Institute.
• MIPT Biography