Gram Parsons

Monday, 29 October 2012

Gram Parsons

Flying Burrito Brothers - Christine's Tune

Gram Parsons / Emmylou Harris : Streets Of Baltimore

Keith Richards - Did Gram Parsons influenced Stones

Gram Parsons & Emmylou Harris Hickory Wind Slideshow

Love Hurts Gram Parsons and Emmylou Harris.wmv

Wild Horses - mvid tribute to Gram Parsons

Gram Parsons daughter Polly Parsons talks to Eric Blair 2004

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Austin, Texas
Austin is the capital of the U.S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. Located in Central Texas on the eastern edge of the American Southwest, it is the fourth-largest city in Texas and the fifteenth most populous city in the United States. It was the third-fastest-growing large city in the nation from 2000 to 2006. Austin has a population of 786,382 (2009 U.S. Census estimate). The city is the cultural and economic center of the metropolitan area, with a population of 1,750,224 (2009 U.S. Census estimate), making it the 35th-largest metropolitan area in the United States.
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Bolles School
The Bolles School of Jacksonville, Florida is an internationally known co-educational college preparatory day and boarding school serving grades Pre-K through 12. In 2007, the school celebrated its 75th anniversary. The school's mascot is the bulldog and its colors are orange and blue.
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California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
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England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia () is a state located in the southeastern United States. Georgia was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 21, 1861, and was one of the original seven Confederate states. It was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15, 1870 and the only among the 13 that is explicitly named after a monarch; King George II of England.
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Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country.
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Louisiana
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Max's Kansas City
'''Max's Kansas City''' was a nightclub and restaurant at 213 Park Avenue South, in New York City, which was a gathering spot for musicians, poets, artists and politicians in the 1960s and 1970s.
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Stonehenge
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about west of Amesbury and north of Salisbury. One of the most famous sites in the world, Stonehenge is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. It is at the centre of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred burial mounds.
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Sweden
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Terminal Island
Terminal Island is an artificial island located in Los Angeles County, California between Los Angeles Harbor and Long Beach Harbor. Originally a mudflat known to the Spanish as Isla Raza de Buena Gente, and later called Rattlesnake Island, it has officially been Terminal Island since 1918. The west half of the island is part of the San Pedro area of the city of Los Angeles, while the rest is part of the city of Long Beach. The island has a land area of 11.56 km2 (4.46 sq mi), 2,854 acres, and had a population of 1,467 as of the 2000 census.
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Texas
Texas () is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.
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Topanga Canyon
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Villa Nellcôte
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
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Waycross, Georgia
Waycross is the county seat of, and only incorporated city in, Ware County in the U.S. state of Georgia. The population was 15,333 at the 2000 Census. A small portion of the city extends into Pierce County. According the U.S. Census Bureau, the population of this small section was estimated at just 9 in 2008.
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Wiltshire
Wiltshire ( or , formerly ; or the County of Wilts) is a ceremonial county in South West England. It is landlocked and borders the counties of Dorset, Somerset, Hampshire, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire and Berkshire. It contains the unitary authority of Swindon and covers . The ancient county town was Wilton, but since 1930 Wiltshire County Council and its successor Wiltshire Council (from 2009) have been based at Trowbridge.
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Anita Pallenberg
Anita Pallenberg (born 25 January 1944, Rome, Italy) is an Italian-born actress, model, and fashion designer. She was the romantic partner of Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards from 1967 to 1979, by whom she has two surviving children.
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Bernie Leadon
Bernard Leadon (born July 19, 1947, in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is an American musician and songwriter, best known as a founding member of the Eagles. Prior to the Eagles, he was a member of two pioneering and highly influential country rock bands, Dillard & Clark and the Flying Burrito Brothers. He is a multi-instrumentalist (guitar, banjo, mandolin, steel guitar, dobro) coming from a bluegrass background. He introduced elements of this music to a mainstream audience during his tenure with the Eagles.
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Bob Dylan
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Buck Owens
Alvis Edgar Owens, Jr. (August 12, 1929 – March 25, 2006), better known as Buck Owens, was an American singer and guitarist who had 21 number one hits on the Billboard country music charts with his band, the Buckaroos. They pioneered what came to be called the Bakersfield sound—a reference to Bakersfield, California, the city Owens called home and from which he drew inspiration for what he preferred to call American music.
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Cameron Crowe
Cameron Bruce Crowe (born July 13, 1957) is an American screenwriter and film director. Before moving into the film industry, Crowe was a contributing editor at Rolling Stone magazine, for which he still frequently writes.
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Charles Manson
Charles Milles Manson (born November 12, 1934) is an American criminal who led what became known as the Manson Family, a quasi-commune that arose in California in the late 1960s. He was found guilty of conspiracy to commit the Tate/LaBianca murders carried out by members of the group at his instruction. He was convicted of the murders through the joint-responsibility rule, which makes each member of a conspiracy guilty of crimes his fellow conspirators commit in furtherance of the conspiracy's object.
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Chris Ethridge
Chris Ethridge (born 1947, Meridian, Mississippi) is an American country rock bass guitarist. He was a member of the International Submarine Band (ISB) and The Flying Burrito Brothers, and co-wrote several songs with Gram Parsons.
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Chris Hillman
Christopher Hillman (born December 4, 1944, Los Angeles, California) was one of the original members of The Byrds, which in 1965 included, Roger McGuinn, Gene Clark, David Crosby, and Michael Clarke.
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Clarence White
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David Bret
David Bret (born 8 November 1954 in Paris) is a French-born British author of showbiz biographies. He chiefly writes on the private life of movie stars and singers in a somewhat sensationalist style.
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David Crosby
David Van Cortlandt Crosby (born August 14, 1941) is an American guitarist, singer, and songwriter. In addition to his solo career, he was a founding member of three bands: The Byrds, Crosby, Stills & Nash (who are sometimes augmented by Neil Young), and CPR. Crosby is a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for his work in The Byrds and CSN.
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David Mansfield
David Mansfield (born September 13, 1956, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American violinist, mandolin player, guitarist, pedal steel guitar player, and composer.
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Derek Taylor
Derek Taylor (7 May 1932 – 8 September 1997) was a British journalist, writer and publicist, best known for his work as press officer for The Beatles. He had started his career as a local journalist in Liverpool working for the Liverpool Daily Post and Echo - then becoming a North England-based writer for national British newspapers including the News Chronicle, the Sunday Dispatch, the Sunday Express. He also served as a regular columnist and theatre critic for the Daily Express.
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Elvis Presley
http://wn.com/Elvis_Presley
Emmylou Harris
Emmylou Harris (born April 2, 1947 in Birmingham, Alabama) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. In addition to her work as a solo artist and bandleader, both as an interpreter of other composers' works and as a singer-songwriter, she is a sought-after backing vocalist and duet partner, working with numerous other artists including Linda Ronstadt, Elvis Costello and Dolly Parton.
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Gary Usher
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Gene Clark
Gene Clark, born Harold Eugene Clark (born Tipton, Missouri, November 17, 1944 - May 24, 1991) was an American singer-songwriter, and one of the founding members of the folk-rock group The Byrds.
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Gene Parsons
Gene Victor Parsons is an American drummer, banjo player, guitarist, singer-songwriter, and innovative engineer, best known for his work with The Byrds from 1968 to 1972. Parsons has also released solo albums and played in bands including Nashville West, The Flying Burrito Brothers, and Parsons Green. Parsons is credited with inventing the B-Bender (also known as the StringBender) along with Clarence White and the device is often referred to as the Parsons/White B-Bender, a trademarked name.
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Gram Parsons
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Hank Wangford
Hank Wangford is a distinguished English country and western songwriter. Hank Wangford is the stage name of Dr. Samuel Hutt, (b.1940). His music is notable for its humour and cheerful irony, and occasional excursions into biting political undercurrent.
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Ian Tyson
Ian Tyson CM, AOE (born 25 September 1933 in Victoria, British Columbia) is a Canadian singer-songwriter, best known for his song "Four Strong Winds". He was also one half of the duo Ian & Sylvia.
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Jacques Levy
Jacques Levy (29 July 1935 – 30 September 2004) was a Jewish American songwriter, theatre director, and clinical psychologist.
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Jimmi Seiter
Jimmi Seiter (born James Duke Seiter May 2, 1945 in St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A) has worked as a musician, percussionist, tour manager, artist manager, music producer, sound designer, stage producer and architect.
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Jock Bartley
Jock Bartley (born Hutchinson, Kansas) is an American Musician. He is a member of the band Firefall.
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John A. Snively
John Andrew Snively was a pioneering citrus grower in Florida and Georgia, USA. At one point his companies were responsible for one-third of the Florida citrus crop.
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John Guerin
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Jonathan Richman
Jonathan Richman (born May 16, 1951) is an American singer, songwriter and guitarist. In 1970 he founded The Modern Lovers, an influential proto-punk band. Since the mid-1970s, Richman has worked either solo or with low-key, generally acoustic backing. He is known for his wide-eyed, unaffected and child-like outlook, and music that, while rooted in rock and roll, often draws on influences from around the world.
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Keith Richards
Keith Richards (born 18 December 1943) is an English guitarist, songwriter, singer, record producer and a founding member of The Rolling Stones. As a guitarist, Richards is known for his innovative rhythm playing. In 2003 he ranked 10th on Rolling Stone magazine's "Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". With songwriting partner and Rolling Stones lead vocalist Mick Jagger, Richards has written and recorded hundreds of songs, fourteen of which are listed by Rolling Stone magazine among the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".
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Kim Fowley
Kim Vincent Fowley (born July 21, 1939) is an American record producer, impresario, songwriter, musician, film maker, and radio actor. He is best known for his role behind a string of novelty and cult rock pop singles in the 1960s, and for managing The Runaways in the 1970s. He has been described as "one of the most colorful characters in the annals of rock & roll" and as "a shadowy cult figure well outside the margins of the mainstream."
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Larry Williams
http://wn.com/Larry_Williams
Lee Hazlewood
Lee Hazlewood (July 9, 1929 – August 4, 2007), born Barton Lee Hazlewood was an American country and pop singer, songwriter, and record producer, most widely known for his work with guitarist Duane Eddy during the late fifties and singer Nancy Sinatra in the sixties.
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Lucinda Williams
Lucinda Williams (born January 26, 1953) is an American rock, folk, blues and country music singer and songwriter. She recorded her first albums in 1978 and 1980 in a traditional country and blues style and received very little attention from radio, the media, or the public. In 1988, she released her self-titled album, Lucinda Williams. This release featured "Passionate Kisses", a song later recorded by Mary Chapin Carpenter which garnered Lucinda her first Grammy Award for Best Country Song in 1994. Known for working slowly, Lucinda recorded and released only one other album in the next several years (Sweet Old World in 1992) before her greatest success came in 1998 with Car Wheels on a Gravel Road. This album presented a broader scope of songs that fused rock, blues, country, and Americana into a more distinctive style that still managed to remain consistent and commercial in sound. It went gold and earned Lucinda another Grammy while being universally acclaimed by critics. Since Car Wheels on a Gravel Road, she has released a string of albums that have also been critically acclaimed, though none have sold in the numbers of her 1998 breakthrough. She was also named "America's best songwriter" by TIME magazine in 2002.
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Michelle Phillips
Michelle Phillips (born June 4, 1944) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. She gained fame as a member of the 1960s group The Mamas & the Papas, and is the last surviving original member of the group.
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Mick Jagger
Sir Michael Philip "Mick" Jagger (born 26 July 1943) is an English musician, singer-songwriter and record producer, best known as the lead vocalist of rock band, The Rolling Stones. Jagger has also acted in and produced several films.
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Mo Ostin
Mo Ostin (born March 27, 1927) is a record executive who has worked for several companies, including Verve, Reprise Records, Warner Bros. Records, and DreamWorks. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003 by Paul Simon, Neil Young, and Lorne Michaels. He is known among his colleagues as the most artist-friendly executive in the music business.
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N.D. Smart
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Neil Flanz
Neil Flanz is a pedal steel guitar player living in Austin, TX. He has played and toured for over 30 years with artists including Gram Parsons, Emmylou Harris, Charlie Louvin and Joe Sun.
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Neil Young
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Nudie Cohn
http://wn.com/Nudie_Cohn
Radley Balko
Radley Balko (born April 19, 1975 in Greenfield, Indiana) is an American libertarian writer and speaker.
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Redneck (stereotype)
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Ric Grech
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Roger McGuinn
James Roger McGuinn (known professionally as Roger McGuinn, previously as Jim McGuinn, and born James Joseph McGuinn III on July 13, 1942) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. He is best known for being the lead singer and lead guitarist on many of The Byrds' records. He is a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for his work with The Byrds.
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Skip Battin
http://wn.com/Skip_Battin
Sneaky Pete Kleinow
Peter E. "Sneaky Pete" Kleinow (August 20, 1934 - January 6, 2007) was an American country-rock musician, songwriter, and a motion picture special effects artist. He is best known as a member of the band the Flying Burrito Brothers and as a session musician for such artists as Joan Baez, Jackson Browne, The Byrds, Joe Cocker, Rita Coolidge, The Eagles, The Everly Brothers, George Harrison, The Steve Miller Band, Joni Mitchell, The Rolling Stones, Linda Ronstadt and many others.
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Terry Melcher
http://wn.com/Terry_Melcher
Tompall Glaser
Tompall Glaser (born September 3, 1933 in Spalding, Nebraska) is an American country music artist. Active since the 1950s, he has recorded both as a solo artist and with his brothers Chuck and Jim in the trio Tompall & the Glaser Brothers. Tompall Glaser's highest-charting solo single was Shel Silverstein's "Put Another Log on the Fire (The Male Chauvinist National Anthem)", which peaked at #21 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles (now Hot Country Songs) charts in 1975 and appeared on the album Wanted! The Outlaws.
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Tony Bennett
Tony Bennett (born Anthony Dominick Benedetto; August 3, 1926) is an American singer of popular music, standards, show tunes, and jazz.
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William Burroughs
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Woody Guthrie
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Flying Burrito Brothers - Christine's Tune

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published: 08 Oct 2006

Gram Parsons - Return Of The Grievous Angel

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published: 17 Dec 2011

Gram Parsons / Emmylou Harris : Streets Of Baltimore

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published: 15 May 2009

"Gram Parsons: Fallen Angel" trailer

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published: 16 Jul 2006

Gram Parsons - A Song For You

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published: 11 Nov 2011

Keith Richards - Did Gram Parsons influenced Stones

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published: 17 Jul 2011

Gram Parsons & Emmylou Harris Hickory Wind Slideshow

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published: 04 Apr 2008

Gram Parsons & Emmylou Harris - "Big Mouth Blues" Live texas

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published: 29 Apr 2007

Love Hurts Gram Parsons and Emmylou Harris.wmv

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published: 07 Apr 2010

Flying Burrito Brothers - Sin City

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published: 06 Oct 2006

Wild Horses - mvid tribute to Gram Parsons

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published: 28 Dec 2006

Gram Parsons daughter Polly Parsons talks to Eric Blair 2004

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published: 01 Feb 2009

Emmylou Harris Gram Parsons - In My Hour Of Darkness - with Fallen Angels

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published: 23 Aug 2010

Gram Parsons - Streets of Baltimore

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published: 11 Nov 2011

Gram Parsons & Emmylou Harris - "Big Mouth Blues" Live texas

Gram Parsons & Emmylou Harris "Big Mouth Blues" live Liberty Hall, Texas 197...

published: 29 Apr 2007

"Gram Parsons: Fallen Angel" trailer

The acclaimed documentary provides a revealing account of Gram Parsons' life. "Gr...

published: 16 Jul 2006

Emmylou Harris talks about Gram Parsons

From a BBC thing in 1999 where viewers were asked to vote for 'the musician of the mil...

published: 13 Oct 2010

Gram Parsons-Live At Oliver's In Boston 3/19/73 Complete

Gram Parsons And The Fallen Angels featuring Miss Emmylou Harris at Oliver's in Boston...

published: 22 Jun 2012

Gram Parsons daughter Polly Parsons talks to Eric Blair 2004

This was a amazing time in my life I was hanging out in Beverly Hills with my two best fri...

published: 01 Feb 2009

Flying Burrito Brothers - Christine's Tune

Artist: Flying Burrito Brothers Song: Christine's Tune Album: The Gilded Palace of Sin...

published: 08 Oct 2006

Gram Parsons / Emmylou Harris : Streets Of Baltimore

From 1973...

published: 15 May 2009

Norah Jones Live Cover of Gram Parsons' "She"

Norah Jones performing "She" (co-written by Gram Parsons and Chris Ethridge) for...

published: 15 Jan 2012

Gram Parsons - Thousand Dollar Wedding - Solo on piano

From Gram Parsons' Archive: Vol. 1 (?) Spectacular, eerie version. Enjoy....

published: 03 Nov 2010

Gram Parsons Emmylou Harris - Drug Store Truck Drivin' Man - live 1973 with FA

Gram Parsons, Emmylou Harris and the Fallen Angels perform a live version of "Drug St...

published: 09 Nov 2011

Keith Richards and Norah Jones - Love Hurts, live 2004

Live tribute to Gram Parsons ("Return To Sin City")...

published: 08 May 2011

Gram Parsons Emmylou Harris - Cold Cold Heart - live 1972 - Hank Williams

Gram Parsons performs a live version of the Hank Wiiliams favorite "Cold Cold Heart&q...;

published: 04 Nov 2011

Gram Parsons / A Song For You (Max's Kansas City)

Gram Parsons ''A Song For You'' Live at Max's Kansas City (March 1973)...

published: 21 Apr 2009

Hot Burrito #1 (Live) - Gram Parsons/Flying Burrito Brothers (1969)

Gram Parsons with the Flying Burrito Brothers live at the avalon ballroom...

published: 22 Nov 2010

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Photo: WN / Yolanda Leyba

Virgin for sale: Website auctions off virginity of college student for $780,000 (Video)

The Examiner

26 Oct 2012

Related topics virgin auctionvirginity auction Advertisement A 20 year-old Brazilian student has sold her virginity for the sum of $780,000 through an online auction on a website simply called Virgins...

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Photo: AP / Themba Hadebe

Mine workers sing a dance during a memorial service at the Lonmin Platinum Mine near Rustenburg, South Africa, Thursday, Aug. 23, 2012. Police shot and killed 34 striking miners and wounded 78 others last week. Demands for higher wages spread to at least two other mines, raising fears of further protests at more South African mines that provide most of the world's platinum.

News Flash: Gandhi Just Murdered in South Africa

WorldNews.com

29 Oct 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Yesterday while protesting with striking mine workers in South Africa, Mohandas Gandhi was gunned down by heavily armed security forces. Gandhi, who...

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Photo: US Navy / MCS2 Justin Ailes

Hurricane Sandy makes landfall at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, October 24, 2012.

Slow-moving Hurricane Sandy marches toward East Coast

CNBC

27 Oct 2012

MIAMI (Reuters) - Hurricane Sandy pulled away from the Bahamas on Saturday after killing at least 41 people in the Caribbean, beginning a slow march toward the U.S. East Coast where it threatens to...

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Photo: AP / Robert F. Bukaty

In this May 6, 2012 file photo, Gov. Paul LePage speaks at the Maine Republican Convention in Augusta, Maine. LePage met with representatives from two Jewish groups on Friday, July 13, 2012, following comments he has made comparing the Internal Revenue Service to the Gestapo

The New Gestapo Politics

WorldNews.com

28 Oct 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Even though Maine's Governor, Paul LePage, apologized for making comments for comparing the Affordable Health Care Act and Internal Revenue Service (IRS)...

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Photo: AP / Joseph Kaczmarek

Waves crash onto the sea wall protecting homes in Longport, N.J., Sunday, Oct. 28, 2012, as Hurricane Sandy approaches the area.

U.S. braces for Hurricane Sandy

Xinhua

29 Oct 2012

> • TheUnited Stateson Sunday is bracing for the impact of an incredibly large Hurricane Sandy. • Hurricane Center warned residents of mid-Atlantic coast should expect life-threatening storm surges. •...

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As price recovers, Indian gold importers retreat after last week's bargains 29 Oct 2012

The Times of India MUMBAI: Gold importers in India, the world's biggest buyer, are retreating after picking up bargains last week as prices recovered from their lowest level in more than two months due to a...(size: 1.3Kb)

Now, flunking X/XII wont mean the end of career 29 Oct 2012

DNA India Giving a new purpose to the lives of the students who have failed in their secondary school certificate (SSC) or higher secondary certificate (HSC) examinations, Rashtriya Sarvangin Gram Vikas Sanstha, an NGO based in Sutarwadi area of Pirangut has started a residential course for such students....(size: 2.5Kb)

NOOK e-Reader takes on Amazon Kindle in the UK 29 Oct 2012

Digital Spy US bookseller Barnes & Noble has today started UK sales of the NOOK Simple Touch, its e-Reader range that will compete with Amazon's Kindle devices. Alongside launching the NOOK Simple Touch and NOOK Simple Touch GlowLight, Barnes & Noble has also made its NOOK HD seven-inch tablet available for...(size: 11.0Kb)

Will quit if criminal charges proved: MoS Railways 29 Oct 2012

Zeenews Zeenews Bureau New Delhi: Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury, who has been inducted into the Union Council as Minister of State for Railways, on Monday announced that he would resign if criminal charges are proved against him. Talking to CNN-IBN, the newly-appointed minister threw an open challenge to the...(size: 2.2Kb)

McDonalds aims to grind down coffee competition with entry into home brew market 29 Oct 2012

Stockhouse TORONTO - When McDonalds first charged into the Canadian coffee market with a new focus on the morning staple four years ago, it faced a country notorious for its loyalty to double-doubles and Timbits — but an influx of new options are giving coffee aficionados plenty of other ways to get their...(size: 4.6Kb)

Gold futures rise by Rs 51 to Rs 31,440 on positive global cues 29 Oct 2012

The Times of India NEW DELHI: Gold prices rose by Rs 51 to Rs 31,440 per 10 grams in futures trade today as speculators created...(size: 0.7Kb)

Consultant appointed for Razorback mining lease studies 29 Oct 2012

Mining Weekly JOHANNESBURG (miningweekly.com) – ASX-listed explorer Royal Resources on Monday said it appointed consulting and engineering firm Parsons Brinckerhoff to undertake...(size: 1.1Kb)

Posh's gluten-free diet could make you pile on pounds 29 Oct 2012

Newstrack India Tweet London, October 29(ANI): Gluten-free diet favoured by Victoria Beckham and many other stars including actress Gwyneth Paltrow could be making people fat, a new study has revealed. The controversial wheat-free weightloss plan is designed to help celebrities slim down....(size: 2.3Kb)

Descargar pornografia 29 Oct 2012

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NOOK Simple Touch GlowLight(TM) on Sale in the UK Frontlit E Ink(R) Reader Set to End Bedtime Reading Debate: Research Reveals One in Six Couples Frustrated by a Partner's Reading Light(1) 29 Oct 2012

MSNBC LONDON, Oct 29, 2012 (BUSINESS WIRE) -- --Expansive NOOK Bookstore Gives Brits Access to Over 2.5 Million Digital Books --NOOK(R) HD, the Lightest and Highest Resolution 7-Inch HD Tablet and NOOK(R) HD+, the World's Lightest and Lowest Priced Full HD Tablet Available for Order today on NOOK Media...(size: 26.9Kb)

15 Foods that fight osteoporosis 29 Oct 2012

The Times of India Osteoporosis is a disease wherein the bones become very weak and fragile. People with osteoporosis have an increased risk for fractured bones, even from minor falls or accidents. It is always considered that elderly women are prone to osteoporosis, but this is not true. Damage to the bone starts at...(size: 4.0Kb)

Football game-day foods that are the worst for you 29 Oct 2012

North Jersey Football and food go together as well as, well, beer and bratwurst. Game day seems to give license to eat whatever you want — the more inventive and bacon-wrapped, the better....(size: 10.2Kb)

Victoria Expands Higher Grade Gold Target at Olive, Adjacent to Victoria's Eagle Gold Deposit, Yukon 29 Oct 2012

StreetInsider Tweet TORONTO, ONTARIO -- (Marketwire) -- 10/29/12 -- Victoria Gold Corp. (TSX VENTURE: VIT) "Victoria" or the "Company") is pleased to report drill and surface sampling results on the Olive target, Yukon (Figure 1) including 6.4m of 3.12 g/t and 10.1m of 2.56 g/t Au. In September 2012, the Company...(size: 8.5Kb)

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Gram Parsons
File:Gram Parsons promo.jpg
Background information
Birth name	Ingram Cecil Connor III
Born	(1946-11-05)November 5, 1946 Winter Haven, Florida
Origin	Waycross, Georgia
Died	September 19, 1973(1973-09-19) (aged 26) Joshua Tree, California
Genres	Country, country rock, rock
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, guitarist, pianist
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, piano, organ
Years active	1963–1973
Labels	Reprise, A&M
Associated acts	International Submarine Band The Byrds The Flying Burrito Brothers Emmylou Harris
Website	gramparsons.com

Gram Parsons (November 5, 1946 – September 19, 1973) was an American singer, songwriter, guitarist and pianist. Parsons is best known for his work within the country genre; he also mixed blues, folk, and rock to create what he called "Cosmic American Music".^[1] Besides recording as a solo artist, he also worked in several notable bands, including the International Submarine Band, The Byrds, and The Flying Burrito Brothers. His career, though short, is described by Allmusic as "enormously influential" for both country and rock, "blending the two genres to the point that they became indistinguishable from each other."^[2]

Born in 1946, Parsons emerged from a wealthy but troubled childhood to attend Harvard University. He founded the International Submarine Band in 1966, and after several months of delay their debut, Safe at Home, was released in 1968, by which time the group had disbanded. Parsons joined The Byrds in early 1968, and played a pivotal role in the making of the seminal Sweetheart of the Rodeo album. After leaving the group in late 1968, Parsons and fellow Byrd Chris Hillman formed The Flying Burrito Brothers in 1969, releasing their debut, The Gilded Palace of Sin, the same year. The album was well received but failed commercially; after a sloppy cross-country tour, they hastily recorded Burrito Deluxe. Parsons was fired from the band before its release in early 1970. He soon signed with A&M Records, but after several unproductive sessions he canceled his intended solo debut in early 1971. Parsons moved to France, where he lived for a short period at Villa Nellcôte with his friend Keith Richards of The Rolling Stones. Returning to America, Parsons befriended Emmylou Harris, who assisted him on vocals for his first solo record, GP, released in 1973. Although it received enthusiastic reviews, the release failed to chart; his next album, Grievous Angel (released posthumously in 1974) met with a similar reception, and peaked at number 195 on Billboard. Parsons died of a drug overdose on September 19, 1973 in a hotel room in Joshua Tree, California, at the age of 26.

Since his death, Parsons has been recognized as an extremely influential artist, credited with helping to found both country rock and alt-country.^[2] His posthumous honors include the Americana Music Association "President's Award" for 2003, and a ranking at #87 on Rolling Stone's list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time."^[3]

1 Biography
2 Legacy
3 Discography
- 3.1 Tribute albums
4 Notes
5 References
- 5.1 Online
- 5.2 Bibliography
6 External links

Biography [link]

Early life and career (1946–1968)[link]

Parsons was born Ingram Cecil Connor III on November 5, 1946, in Winter Haven, Florida, to Ingram Cecil ("Coon Dog") and Avis (née Snively) Connor.^[4] The Connors normally resided at their main residence in Waycross, Georgia, but Avis traveled to her hometown in Florida to give birth.^[4] She was the daughter of citrus fruit magnate John A. Snively, who held extensive properties both in Winter Haven and in Waycross; Parsons' father was a famous World War II flying ace, decorated with the Air Medal, who was present at the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor.^[5] Biographer David Meyer characterized Coon Dog and Avis as loving parents: he writes in Twenty Thousand Roads that they are "remembered as affectionate parents and a loving couple".^[4] He also notes, however, that "unhappiness was eating away at the Connor family": Avis suffered from depression, and both parents were alcoholics.^[6] Coon Dog committed suicide two days before Christmas Day, 1958, devastating the young Gram and the rest of the Connor family.^[7] Avis subsequently married Robert Parsons, whose surname was adopted by Ingram (henceforth he would be known as Gram Parsons). Gram attended the prestigious Bolles School in Jacksonville, Florida. For a time, the family found a stability of sorts. They were soon torn apart in early 1965, when Robert became embroiled in an extramarital affair and Avis' heavy drinking led to her death from cirrhosis on July 5, 1965, the day of Gram's graduation from Bolles.^[8]

As his family disintegrated around him, Parsons developed strong musical interests, particularly after seeing Elvis Presley perform in concert on February 22, 1956, in Waycross ^[9]. Five years later, while barely in his teens, he played in rock and roll cover bands such as the Pacers and the Legends, headlining in clubs owned by his stepfather in the Winter Haven/Polk County area. By the age of 16 he graduated to folk music, and in 1963 he teamed with his first professional outfit, the Shilos. Heavily influenced by the Kingston Trio and the Journeymen,^[10] the band played hootenannies, coffee houses and high school auditoriums. Forays into New York City's Greenwich Village included appearances at The Bitter End.

After The Shilos broke up, Parsons attended Harvard University, where he studied theology but departed after a single semester. Despite being from the South, he did not become seriously interested in country music until his time at Harvard, where he heard Merle Haggard for the first time. In 1966, he and other musicians from the Boston folk scene formed a group called the International Submarine Band. They relocated to Los Angeles the following year, and after several lineup changes signed to Lee Hazlewood's LHI Records, where they spent late 1967 recording Safe at Home. The album contains one of Parsons' best-known songs, "Luxury Liner", as well as an early version of "Do You Know How It Feels", which he revisited later on in his career. Safe at Home would remain unreleased until mid 1968, by which time the International Submarine Band had broken up.

Membership in The Byrds (1968)[link]

By 1968 Parsons had come to the attention of The Byrds' bassist, Chris Hillman, via Larry Spector (The Byrds' business manager), as a possible replacement band member following the departures of David Crosby and Michael Clarke from the group in late 1967.^[11]^[12] Parsons had been acquainted with Hillman since the pair had met in a bank during 1967 and in February 1968 he passed an audition for the band, being initially recruited as a jazz pianist but soon switching to rhythm guitar and vocals.^[11]^[13]

Although Parsons was an equal contributor to the band, he was not regarded as a full member of The Byrds by the band's record label, Columbia Records.^[14] Consequently, when The Byrds' Columbia recording contract was renewed on February 29, 1968, it was only original members Roger McGuinn and Chris Hillman who signed it.^[14] Parsons, like fellow new recruit Kevin Kelley, was hired as a sideman and received a salary from McGuinn and Hillman.^[15] In later years, this led Hillman to state "Gram was hired. He was not a member of The Byrds, ever — he was on salary, that was the only way we could get him to turn up."^[16] However, these comments overlook the fact that Parsons, like Kelley, was considered a bona fide member of the band during 1968 and as such, was given equal billing alongside McGuinn, Hillman, and Kelley on the Sweetheart of the Rodeo album and in contemporary press coverage of the band.^[17]

"Being with The Byrds confused me a little. I couldn't find my place. I didn't have enough say-so; I really wasn't one of The Byrds. I was originally hired because they wanted a keyboard player. But I had experience being a frontman and that came out immediately. And [Roger McGuinn] being a very perceptive fellow saw that it would help the act, and he started sticking me out front."

—Gram Parsons reflecting on his time with The Byrds^[18]

Sweetheart of the Rodeo was originally conceived by band leader Roger McGuinn as a sprawling, double album history of American popular music.^[19] It was to begin with bluegrass music, then move through country and western, jazz, rhythm and blues, and rock music, before finally ending with the most advanced (for the time) form of electronic music.^[13] However, as recording plans were made, Parsons exerted a controlling influence over the group, persuading the other members to leave Los Angeles and record the album in Nashville, Tennessee.^[14] Along the way, McGuinn's original album concept was jettisoned in favor of a fully fledged country project, which included Parsons' songs such as "One Hundred Years from Now" and "Hickory Wind", along with compositions by Bob Dylan, Woody Guthrie, Merle Haggard, and others.^[20]

Recording sessions for Sweetheart of the Rodeo commenced at Columbia Records' recording studios in the Music Row area of Nashville on March 9, 1968.^[13] Mid-way through, the sessions moved to Columbia Studios, Hollywood, Los Angeles, finally coming to a close on May 27, 1968.^[13]^[21] However, Parsons was still under contract to LHI Records and consequently, Hazlewood contested Parsons' appearance on the album and threatened legal action.^[19] As a result, McGuinn ended up replacing three of Parsons' lead vocals with his own singing on the finished album, a move that was still rankling Parsons as late as 1973, when he told Cameron Crowe in an interview that McGuinn "erased it and did the vocals himself and fucked it up."^[22] However, Parsons is still featured as lead vocalist on the songs "You're Still on My Mind", "Life in Prison", and "Hickory Wind".^[20]

While in England with The Byrds in the summer of 1968, Parsons left the band due to his concerns over a planned concert tour of South Africa, citing opposition to that country's apartheid policies.^[13] There has been some doubt expressed by Hillman over the sincerity of Parsons' protest.^[23] It appears that Parsons was mostly apolitical, although he did refer to one of the younger African-American butlers in the Connor household as being "like a brother" to him in an interview.^{[citation needed]} During this period, Parsons became acquainted with Mick Jagger and Keith Richards of The Rolling Stones.^[24] Prior to Parsons' departure from The Byrds, he had accompanied the two Rolling Stones to Stonehenge (along with McGuinn and Hillman) in the English county of Wiltshire, where Richards had a house near the ancient site.^[25] Immediately after leaving the band, Parsons stayed at Richards' house and the pair developed a close friendship over the next few years, with Parsons reintroducing the guitarist to country music.^[26] According to Stones' confidant and close friend of Parsons, Phil Kaufman, the twosome would sit around for hours, playing obscure country records and trading off on various songs with their guitars.^[27]

The Flying Burrito Brothers (1969–1970)[link]

Returning to Los Angeles, Parsons sought out Hillman, and the two formed the Flying Burrito Brothers with bassist Chris Ethridge and pedal steel player Sneaky Pete Kleinow. Their 1969 album The Gilded Palace Of Sin was a modernized version of the Bakersfield style of country music made popular by Buck Owens, and the band appeared on the album cover wearing Nudie suits emblazoned with all sorts of hippie accoutrements. Along with the Parsons-Hillman originals "Christine's Tune" and "Sin City" were versions of the soul music classics "The Dark End of the Street" and "Do Right Woman", the latter featuring David Crosby on high harmony. The album's original songs were the result of a very productive songwriting partnership between Parsons and Hillman, who were sharing a bachelor pad in LA during this period. The atypically pronounced (for Parsons) gospel soul influence on this album likely comes from his frequent jamming with Delaney and Bonnie and Richards.

Though not a commercial success, Gilded was measured by rock critic Robert Christgau as "an ominous, obsessive, tongue-in-cheek country-rock synthesis, absorbing rural and urban, traditional and contemporary, at point of impact." The album was recorded without a permanent drummer, but the group soon added original Byrd Michael Clarke on drums. Embarking on a cross-country tour via train, as Parsons suffered from periodic bouts of fear of flying, the group squandered most of their money in a perpetual poker game and received bewildered reactions in most cities. Parsons was frequently indulging in massive quantities of psilocybin and cocaine, so his performances were erratic at best, while much of the band's repertoire consisted of vintage honky tonk and soul standards with few originals. Perhaps the most successful appearance occurred in Philadelphia, where the group opened for the reconstituted Byrds. Midway through their set, Parsons joined the headline act and fronted his former group on renditions of "Hickory Wind" and "You Don't Miss Your Water". The other Burritos surfaced with the exception of Clarke, and the joint aggregation played several songs, including "Long Black Veil" and "Goin' Back".

After returning to Los Angeles the group recorded "The Train Song", written during an increasingly infrequent songwriting session on the train and produced by 1950s R&B legends Larry Williams and Johnny "Guitar" Watson. Despite a request from the Burritos that the remnants of their publicity budget be diverted to promotion of the single, it also flopped. Ethridge departed shortly thereafter. He was replaced by lead guitarist Bernie Leadon, while Hillman reverted to bass.

By this time, Parsons's own use of drugs had increased to the extent that new songs were rare and much of his time was diverted to partying with the Stones, who briefly relocated to America in the summer of 1969 to finish their forthcoming Let It Bleed album and prepare for an autumn cross-country tour, their first series of regular live engagements since 1967. As they prepared to play the nation's largest sports arenas, the Burritos played to dwindling nightclub audiences; one night Jagger had to literally order Parsons to fulfill an obligation to his group. The singer's dedication to the Rolling Stones was rewarded when the Burrito Brothers were booked as the opening act of the infamous Altamont Music Festival. Playing a short set including "Six Days on the Road" and "Bony Moronie", Parsons left on one of the final helicopters and attempted to pick up Michelle Phillips. "Six Days..." was included in Gimme Shelter, a documentary of the event.

With mounting debt incurred, A&M hoped to recoup some of their losses by marketing the Burritos as a straight country group. To this end, manager Jim Dickson instigated a loose session where the band recorded several honky tonk staples from their live act, contemporary pop covers in a countrified vein ("To Love Somebody", "Lodi", "I Shall Be Released", "Honky Tonk Women"), and Larry Williams' "Bony Moronie". This was soon scrapped in favor of a second album of originals on an extremely reduced budget. Faced with a dearth of new material, most of the material was hastily written in the studio by Leadon, Hillman, and Parsons, with two Gilded Palace of Sin outtakes thrown into the mix. The resulting album, entitled Burrito Deluxe, was released in April 1970.

The album is considered less inspired than its predecessor, but it is notable for the Parsons-Hillman-Leadon song "Older Guys" and for its take on Jagger and Richards' "Wild Horses"—the first recording released of this famous song. Parsons was inspired to cover the song after hearing an advance tape of the Sticky Fingers album sent to Kleinow, who was scheduled to overdub a part on the song (Kleinow's part was not included on the released Rolling Stones version, though it is available on bootlegs). Jagger consented to the cover version, so long as the Flying Burrito Brothers did not issue it as a single.

Burrito Deluxe, like its predecessor, underperformed commercially but faced the double whammy of being lambasted by critics. Disenchanted with the band, Parsons left the Burritos in mutual agreement with Hillman, who was at his wits end after two years of babysitting Gram. Under Hillman's direction, the group recorded a further two LPs.

Aborted solo effort and residency at Villa Nellcôte (1970–1972)[link]

Parsons signed a solo deal with A&M Records and moved in with producer Terry Melcher in early 1970.^[28] Melcher (who had worked with The Byrds and The Beach Boys and had rejected producing an unknown singer/songwriter by the name of Charles Manson) was a member of the successful duo Bruce & Terry, also known as The Rip Chords. The two shared a mutual penchant for cocaine and heroin, and as a result, the sessions were largely unproductive, with Parsons eventually losing interest in the project. "Terry loved Gram and wanted to produce him ... But neither of them could get anything done," recalled Eve Babitz.^[29] "Long lost, the tapes from this session have gathered a legendary patina," writes David Meyer.^[30] The recording stalled, and the master tapes were checked out, but there is conflict as to whether "Gram ... or Melcher took them".^[31] He accompanied the Rolling Stones on their 1971 U.K. tour in the hope of being signed to the newly formed Rolling Stones Records, intending to record a duo album with Richards. Moving into Villa Nellcôte with the guitarist during the sessions for Exile on Main Street, Parsons remained in a consistently incapacitated state and frequently quarreled with his much younger girlfriend, aspiring actress Gretchen Burrell. Eventually, Parsons was asked to leave by Anita Pallenberg, Richards' longtime domestic partner. Keith suggests in his autobiography "Life" that Mick Jagger may have been the real driver for Parson' departure given that Keith spent so much time playing music with Gram. Rumors have persisted that he appears somewhere on the legendary album, and while Richards concedes that it is very likely he is among the chorus of singers on "Sweet Virginia", to this day nothing has been substantiated. Parsons attempted to rekindle his relationship with the band on their 1972 tour to no avail.

After leaving the Stones' camp, Parsons married Burrell in 1971 at his stepfather's New Orleans estate. Allegedly, the relationship was far from stable, with Burrell cutting a needy and jealous figure while Parsons quashed her burgeoning film career. Many of the singer's closest associates and friends claim that Parsons was preparing to commence divorce proceedings at the time of his death; the couple had already separated by this point.

Solo career and touring with Emmylou Harris (1972–1973)[link]

Parsons and Burrell enjoyed the most idyllic time of their relationship, visiting old cohorts like Ian Dunlop and Family/Blind Faith/Traffic member Ric Grech in England. With the assistance of Grech and one of the bassist's friends, a doctor who also dabbled in country music and is now known as Hank Wangford,^[32] Parsons managed to kick his heroin habit once and for all (a treatment suggested by William Burroughs proved unsuccessful).

He returned to the US for a one-off concert with the Burritos, and at Hillman's instigation went to hear Emmylou Harris sing in a small club in Washington, D.C. They became friends and, within a year, he asked her to join him in Los Angeles for another attempt to record his first solo album.

Having gained thirty pounds since his Burrito days from Southern food and excessive alcohol consumption, it came as a surprise to many when Parsons was enthusiastically signed to Reprise Records by Mo Ostin in mid-1972. GP, released in 1973, used the guitar-playing of James Burton (sideman to Elvis Presley and Ricky Nelson), and featured new songs from a creatively revitalized Parsons such as "Big Mouth Blues" and "Kiss the Children," as well as a cover of Tompall Glaser's "Streets of Baltimore".

Parsons, by now featuring Harris as his duet partner, played dates across the United States as Gram Parsons and the Fallen Angels. Unable to afford the services of the Elvis band for a month, the band featured the talents of obscure Colorado-based rock guitarist Jock Bartley (soon to skyrocket to fame with Firefall), veteran Nashville sideman Neil Flanz on pedal steel, Kyle Tullis on bass and former Mountain drummer N.D. Smart (once described by Canadian folksinger Ian Tyson as "a psychotic redneck"). The touring party also included Gretchen Parsons—by this point extremely envious of Harris—and Harris' young daughter. Coordinating the spectacle as road manager was Phil Kaufman, who had served time with Charles Manson on Terminal Island in the mid-sixties and first met Parsons while working for the Stones in 1968. Kaufman ensured that the performer stayed away from substance abuse, limiting his alcohol intake during shows and throwing out any drugs smuggled into hotel rooms. At first, the band was under-rehearsed and played poorly, but improved markedly with steady gigging and received rapturous responses at the Armadillo World Headquarters in Austin, Texas and at a filmed concert at Liberty Hall in Houston (with Neil Young and Linda Ronstadt sitting in) and Max's Kansas City in New York City. According to a number of sources, it was Emmylou who forced the band to practice and work up an actual set list. Nevertheless, the tour did absolutely nothing for record sales. While he had been in the vanguard with The Byrds and the Burrito Brothers, Parsons was now perceived as being too authentic and traditional in an era dominated by the stylings of the Eagles,^{[citation needed]} whose sound Parsons disdained (although he did maintain cordial relations with Bernie Leadon, a former member of the Eagles who left the group in 1975).

For his next and final album, 1974's Grievous Angel, he again used Harris and Burton. The record, which was released after his death, received even more enthusiastic reviews than had GP, and has since attained classic status. Among its most celebrated songs is "$1000 Wedding", a holdover from the Burrito Brothers era, and "Brass Buttons", a 1965 opus which addresses his mother's alcoholism. Also included was a new version of "Hickory Wind" and "Ooh Las Vegas", co-written with Grech and dating from the G.P. sessions. Despite the fact that Parsons only contributed two new songs to the album ("In My Hour of Darkness", "Return of the Grievous Angel"), Parsons was highly enthused with his new sound and seemed to have finally adopted a serious, diligent mindset to his musical career, eschewing most drugs and alcohol during the sessions.

Before recording, Parsons and Harris played a preliminary three show mini-tour as the headline act in a Warner Brothers country-rock package. The backing band included Clarence White, Pete Kleinow, and Chris Etheridge. On July 14, 1973, the legendary White was killed by a drunk driver while loading equipment in his car for a concert with the New Kentucky Colonels. At White's funeral, Parsons and Bernie Leadon launched into an impromptu touching rendition of "Farther Along"; that night, the distraught and drunken musician reportedly informed Phil Kaufman of his final wish: to be cremated in Joshua Tree. Despite the almost insurmountable setback, Parsons, Harris, and the other musicians decided to continue with plans for a fall tour.

In the summer of 1973, Parsons' Topanga Canyon home burned to the ground, the result of a stray cigarette. Nearly all of his possessions were destroyed with the exception of a guitar and a prized Jaguar automobile. The fire proved to be the last straw in the relationship between Burrell and Parsons, who moved into a spare room in Kaufman's house. While not recording, he frequently hung out and jammed with members of New Jersey–based country rockers Quacky Duck and His Barnyard Friends (whose members included Tony Bennett's sons, Danny and Dae Bennett as well as future Dylan sideman and member of the Alpha Band, multi-instrumentalist David Mansfield) and the proto-punk Jonathan Richman & the Modern Lovers, who were being managed by Kaufman. Richman credits Parsons with introducing him to acoustic-based music^{[citation needed]}. Parsons is credited as producer on Quacky Duck's only album, Media Push, released by Warner Bros. in 1974. According to the road manager of Quacky Duck, Parsons was, despite being frequently drunk, a kind soul who provided business and musical guidance to the younger band.

Before formally breaking up with Burrell, Parsons already had a woman waiting in the wings. While recording, he saw a photo of a beautiful woman at a friend's home and was instantly smitten. The woman turned out to be Margaret Fisher, a high school sweetheart of the singer from his Waycross, Georgia days. Like Parsons, Fisher had drifted west and became established in the Bay Area rock scene. A meeting was arranged and the two instantly rekindled their relationship, with Fisher dividing her weeks between Los Angeles and San Francisco at Parsons' expense.

Death [link]

In the late 1960s, Parsons became enamored of Joshua Tree National Monument (now Joshua Tree National Park) in southeastern California. Alone or with friends, he would disappear in the desert for days searching for UFOs while under the influence of psilocybin or LSD. After splitting from Burrell, Parsons would frequently spend his weekends in the area with Margaret Fisher and Phil Kaufman. Before his tour was scheduled to commence in October 1973, Parsons decided to go on one more excursion. Accompanying him were Fisher, personal assistant Michael Martin, and Dale McElroy, Martin's girlfriend.

Less than two days after arriving, Parsons died on September 19, 1973, in Joshua Tree, California, at the age of 26 from an overdose of morphine and alcohol.^[33]^[34] According to Fisher in the 2005 biography Grievous Angel: An Intimate Biography of Gram Parsons, the amount of morphine consumed by Parsons would be lethal to three regular users and thus he had likely overestimated his tolerance considering his experience with opiates. Fisher and McElroy were returned to Los Angeles by Kaufman, who dispersed the remnants of Parsons' stash in the desert.

Parsons' body disappeared from the Los Angeles International Airport where it was being readied to be shipped to Louisiana for burial. Prior to his death, Parsons stated that he wanted his body cremated at Joshua Tree and his ashes spread over Cap Rock, a prominent natural feature there; however, Parsons' stepfather arranged for a private ceremony back in New Orleans and neglected to invite any of his friends from the music industry.^[34] Two accounts claim that Bob Parsons stood to inherit Gram's share of his grandfather's estate if he could prove that Gram was a resident of Louisiana, explaining his eagerness to have him buried there.^[35]^[36]

To fulfill Parsons' funeral wishes, Kaufman and a friend stole his body from the airport and in a borrowed hearse drove it to Joshua Tree. Upon reaching the Cap Rock section of the park, they attempted to cremate Parsons' corpse by pouring five gallons of gasoline into the open coffin and throwing a lit match inside. What resulted was an enormous fireball. Police chased them, but according to one account they "were unencumbered by sobriety" and the pair got away.^[34] The two were arrested several days later. Since there was no law against stealing a dead body, they were only fined $750^[37] for stealing the coffin and were not prosecuted for leaving 35 lbs of his charred remains in the desert.

Parsons' makeshift memorial in Joshua Tree, California

The site of Parsons' cremation was marked by a small concrete slab and was presided over by a large rock flake known to rock climbers as The Gram Parsons Memorial Hand Traverse.^[38] The slab has since been removed by the U.S. National Park Service, and relocated to the Joshua Tree Inn. There is no monument at Cap Rock noting Parsons' cremation at the site.^[39] Joshua Tree park guides are given the option to tell the story of Parsons' cremation during tours, but there is no mention of the act in official maps or brochures.^[39] Fans regularly assemble simple rock structures and writings on the rock, which the park service sand blasts to remove from time to time.^[39]

Legacy [link]

Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic describes Parsons as "enormously influential" for both country and rock, "blending the two genres to the point that they became indistinguishable from each other. ... His influence could still be heard well into the next millennium."^[2] In his essay on Parsons for Rolling Stone magazine's "100 Greatest Artist" list, Keith Richards notes that Parsons' recorded music output was "pretty minimal." But nevertheless, Richards claims that Parsons "effect on country music is enormous[, t]his is why we're talking about him now."^[3]

The 2003 film Grand Theft Parsons stars Johnny Knoxville as Phil Kaufman and chronicles a farcical version of the theft of Parsons' corpse.

Emmylou Harris has continued to champion Parsons' work throughout her career, covering a number of his songs over the years, including "Hickory Wind", "Wheels", "Sin City", "Luxury Liner", and "Hot Burrito #2". Harris' songs "Boulder to Birmingham", from her 1975 album Pieces of the Sky, and "The Road", from her 2011 album Hard Bargain, are tributes to Parsons.^{[citation needed]} In addition, her 1985 album The Ballad of Sally Rose is an original concept album that includes many allusions to Parsons in its narrative.^{[citation needed]} The song "My Man", written by Bernie Leadon and performed by the Eagles on their album On the Border, is a tribute to Gram Parsons.^[40] Both Leadon and Parsons were members of the Flying Burrito Brothers during the late 1960s and early 1970s.^[41]

A music festival called Gram Fest or the Cosmic American Music Festival was held annually in honor of Parsons in Joshua Tree, California, between 1996 and 2006. The show featured tunes written by Gram Parsons and Gene Clark as well as influential songs and musical styles from other artists that were part of that era. Performers were also encouraged to showcase their own material. The underlying theme of the event is to inspire the performers to take these musical styles to the next level of the creative process. Past concerts have featured such notable artists as Sneaky Pete Kleinow, Chris Ethridge, Spooner Oldham, John Molo, Jack Royerton, Gib Guilbeau, Counting Crows, Bob Warford, Rosie Flores, David Lowery, Barry & Holly Tashian, George Tomsco, Jann Browne, Lucinda Williams, Polly Parsons, The "Road Mangler"- Phil Kaufman, Ben Fong-Torres, Victoria Williams & Mark Olson, Sid Griffin, as well as a variety of many other bands that had played over the 2 or 3 day event. In addition, the Gram Parsons Tribute, in Waycross, Georgia, is a music festival remembering Parsons in the town in which he grew up.

In February 2008, Gram's protégée, Emmylou Harris, was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. Despite his influence, however, Parsons has yet to be inducted. Radley Balko has written that "Parsons may be the most influential artist yet to be inducted to either the Rock and Roll or Country Music Hall(s) of Fame. And it's a damned shame."^[42] The Gram Parsons Petition Project (G3P)^[43] was begun in May 2008 in support of an ongoing drive to induct Parsons into the Country Music Hall of Fame. On September 19, 2008, the 35th anniversary of Parsons' death, it was first presented to the Country Music Association (CMA) and Hall as a "List of Supporters" together with the official Nomination Proposal.^[44] The online List of Supporters reached 5,500 on what would have been Parsons' 65th birthday and continues to gather signatures, as well as at G3P's annual Gram InterNational concerts and other tribute events each year.

In November 2009, the musical theatre production Grievous Angel: The Legend of Gram Parsons premiered, starring Anders Drerup as Gram Parsons and Kelly Prescott as Emmylou Harris.^[45] Directed by Micheal Bate and co-written by Bate and David McDonald, the production was inspired by a March 1973 interview that Bate conducted with Parsons, which became Parsons' last recorded conversation.^[46]

In 2006, a Gandulf Hennig directed documentary film titled Gram Parsons: Fallen Angel was released.

In 2012, Swedish folk duo First Aid Kit released the single "Emmylou" from the album The Lion's Roar. The song's chorus is a lyrical acknowledgment of the Gram Parsons and Emmylou Harris singing partnership.^[47]

Discography [link]

Year	Album	Chart Positions^[2]
Year	Album	US	US Country
1968	Safe at Home (International Submarine Band)	—	—
1968	Sweetheart of the Rodeo (The Byrds)	77	—
1969	The Gilded Palace of Sin (Flying Burrito Brothers)	164	—
1970	Burrito Deluxe (Flying Burrito Brothers)	—	—
1973	GP	—	—
1974	Grievous Angel	195	—
1976	Sleepless Nights (Gram Parsons & the Flying Burrito Brothers)	185	—
1979	Early Years (1963–1965)	—	—
1982	Live 1973 (Gram Parsons and the Fallen Angels)	—	—
1987	Dim Lights, Thick Smoke and Loud Loud Music (Flying Burrito Brothers)	—	—
1995	Cosmic American Music	—	—
2001	Another Side of This Life: The Lost Recordings of Gram Parsons	—	—
2001	Sacred Hearts & Fallen Angels: The Gram Parsons Anthology	—	—
2006	The Complete Reprise Sessions	—	—
2007	Gram Parsons Archives Vol.1: Live at the Avalon Ballroom 1969 (Gram Parsons with the Flying Burrito Brothers)	45	—
"—" denotes the release failed to chart.

Tribute albums [link]

Conmemorativo: A Tribute to Gram Parsons (1993)
Return of the Grievous Angel: A Tribute to Gram Parsons (1999)

Notes [link]

^ Leggett, Steve. "Gram Parsons Archive, Vol. 1: Live at the Avalon Ballroom 1969 review". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r1217687. Retrieved 21 March 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Erlewine, Stephen. "Gram Parsons Biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p5109. Retrieved 21 March 2010.
^ ^a ^b Rolling Stone 2005.
^ ^a ^b ^c Meyer 2007, p. 27.
^ Meyer 2007, p. 7.
^ Meyer 2007, p. 37.
^ Meyer 2007, p. 37-49.
^ Meyer 2007, pp. 139-143.
^ http://www.elvispresleymusic.com.au/elvis_presley_1956.html
^ "Gram Parsons - The Early Years: 1960-1965". ByrdWatcher: A Field Guide to the Byrds of Los Angeles. http://ebni.com/byrds/memgrp1.html. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
^ ^a ^b Rogan, Johnny. (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited (2nd ed.). Rogan House. pp. 250–253. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X.
^ "The Byrds Biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p3810. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Fricke, David. (2003). Sweetheart of the Rodeo: Legacy Edition (2003 CD liner notes).
^ ^a ^b ^c Rogan, Johnny. (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited (2nd ed.). Rogan House. pp. 253–256. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X.
^ Hjort, Christopher. (2008). So You Want To Be A Rock 'n' Roll Star: The Byrds Day-By-Day (1965-1973). Jawbone Press. p. 159. ISBN 1-906002-15-0.
^ Scoppa, Bud. (2001). Sacred Hearts Fallen Angels (2001 CD liner notes).
^ Hjort, Christopher. (2008). So You Want To Be A Rock 'n' Roll Star: The Byrds Day-By-Day (1965-1973). Jawbone Press. pp. 168–193. ISBN 1-906002-15-0.
^ Atlas, Jacoba. (25 July 1970), Melody Maker (London)
^ ^a ^b Fricke, David. (1997). Sweetheart of the Rodeo (1997 CD liner notes).
^ ^a ^b Byrd Watcher1.
^ Rogan, Johnny. (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited. Rogan House. pp. 624–625. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X.
^ Fong-Torres, Ben. (1991). Hickory Wind: The Life and Times of Gram Parsons. Pocket Books. p. 94. ISBN 0-671-70514-8.
^ Rogan, Johnny. (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited (2nd ed.). Rogan House. pp. 262–263. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X.
^ "Gram Parsons and The Byrds: 1968". ByrdWatcher: A Field Guide to the Byrds of Los Angeles. http://ebni.com/byrds/memgrp3.html. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
^ Rogan, Johnny. (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited (2nd ed.). Rogan House. p. 259. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X.
^ Hjort, Christopher. (2008). So You Want To Be A Rock 'n' Roll Star: The Byrds Day-By-Day (1965-1973). Jawbone Press. p. 179. ISBN 1-906002-15-0.
^ Kaufman, Phil.; White, Colin (1993). Road Manager Deluxe. White Boucke Publishing. pp. 89–91. ISBN 0-9625006-5-8.
^ Meyer 2007, pp. 337-342.
^ Meyer 2007, pp. 340.
^ Meyer 2007, pp. 341.
^ Meyer 2007, pp. 340-341.
^ "Interview with Hank Wangford". The Gram Parsons Project. http://www.gramparsonsproject.com/hank/index.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
^ The Encyclopedia of Dead Rock Stars: Heroin, Handguns, and Ham Sandwiches By Jeremy Simmonds p. 66
^ ^a ^b ^c "What's up with the strange end of country-rock pioneer Gram Parsons?" from The Straight Dope
^ "The Strange Death of Gram Parsons: 1973". ByrdWatcher: A Field Guide to the Byrds of Los Angeles. http://www.ebni.com/byrds/memgrp6.html. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
^ Gram Parsons Project, interview with Phil Kaufman
^ Fong-Torres 1998, p. 4.
^ Gram Parsons from Find A Grave
^ ^a ^b ^c Billboard Magazine article: "Park Service Mulls Gram Parsons Memorial.
^ "The Eagles - On the Border review". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r6475. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
^ "The Flying Burrito Brothers Biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4284. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
^ Balko, Radley. "Gram Parsons Night at The Basement. Plus: Put Gram in the Hall. Both of Them". Nashville Byline. http://www.nashvillebyline.com/blog/2011/01/put-gram-in-the-hall-both-of-them.html. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
^ Petition to Induct Gram Parsons into Country Music Hall of Fame
^ Nomination Proposal to Induct Gram Parsons Into the Country Music Hall of Fame
^ "The Gram Parsons project; Ottawa play raises iconic musician back to life". Legendofgramparsons.com. http://www.legendofgramparsons.com/docs/CitizenSunGrievous.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
^ "Grievous Angel: The Legend of Gram Parsons synopsis". Legendofgramparsons.com. http://www.legendofgramparsons.com/. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
^ http://www.ngcsuthesaint.com/2012/03/saint-sounds-first-aid-kit-2/ Saint Sounds: First Aid Kit

References [link]

Online [link]

"Sweetheart of the Rodeo". Ebni.com. http://ebni.com/byrds/lpsotr.html. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
"100 Greatest Artists of all Time: Graham Parsons, Number 87". Rolling Stone. April 21, 2005, updated 2011. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-artists-of-all-time-19691231/gram-parsons-19691231. Retrieved June 24, 2011.

Bibliography [link]

Fong-Torres, Ben (1998). Paul Kingsbury. ed. Gram Parsons. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Meyer, David (2007). Twenty Thousand Roads: The Ballad of Gram Parsons and His Cosmic American Music. New York, NY: Villard Books. ISBN 978-0-375-50570-6.
Road Mangler Deluxe, Phil Kaufman with Colin White, White-Boucke Publishing, 2005 (3rd edition). ISBN 1-888580-31-3
Are You Ready for the Country: Elvis, Dylan, Parsons and the Roots of Country Rock, Peter Dogget, Penguin Books, 2001. ISBN 0-14-026108-7
In the Country of Country: A Journey to the Roots of American Music, Nicholas Dawidoff, Vintage Books, 1998. ISBN 0-375-70082-X
Hickory Wind: The Life and Times of Gram Parsons, Ben Fong-Torres, Pocket Books, 1991. ISBN 0-671-70513-X
Grievous Angel: An Intimate Biography of Gram Parsons, Jessica Hundley and Polly Parsons, Thunder's Mouth Press, 2005. ISBN 978-1-56025-673-1
Proud to Be an Okie: Cultural Politics, Country Music, and Migration to Southern California, Peter La Chapelle. University of California Press, Berkeley, 2007. ISBN 978-0-520-24889-2
Gram Parsons: God's Own Singer, Jason Walker, Soundcheck Books, London, 2012. ISBN 978-0-9566420-3-5
Moody Food, Ray Robertson, SFWP, 2006. ISBN 0-9776799-0-X
Live Fast, Die Young: Misadventures in Rock & Roll America, Chris Price & Joe Harland. Summersdale. 2010. ISBN 978-1-84953-049-1
Trailblazers: Gram Parsons, Nick Drake & Jeff Buckley David Bret JRBooks, London, 2009.

External links [link]

v t e Gram Parsons

Studio albums	GP Grievous Angel

Live albums	Live 1973 Gram Parsons Archives Vol.1: Live at the Avalon Ballroom 1969

Compilations	Sleepless Nights Another Side of This Life: The Lost Recordings of Gram Parsons Sacred Hearts & Fallen Angels: The Gram Parsons Anthology The Complete Reprise Sessions

Tributes	Conmemorativo: A Tribute to Gram Parsons Return of the Grievous Angel: A Tribute to Gram Parsons

Bands	The International Submarine Band The Byrds The Flying Burrito Brothers The Fallen Angels

Related articles	Country-rock Americana Roger McGuinn Emmylou Harris Chris Hillman Chris Ethridge Michael Clarke Sneaky Pete Kleinow Bernie Leadon Ric Grech

v t e The Byrds

Roger McGuinn Gene Clark David Crosby Chris Hillman Michael Clarke Kevin Kelley Gram Parsons Clarence White Gene Parsons John York Skip Battin

Studio albums	Mr. Tambourine Man Turn! Turn! Turn! Fifth Dimension Younger Than Yesterday The Notorious Byrd Brothers Sweetheart of the Rodeo Dr. Byrds & Mr. Hyde Ballad of Easy Rider (Untitled) Byrdmaniax Farther Along Byrds

Live albums	(Untitled) Live at the Fillmore - February 1969 Live at Royal Albert Hall 1971

Compilations	The Byrds' Greatest Hits Preflyte The Byrds' Greatest Hits Volume II The Best of The Byrds: Greatest Hits, Volume II History of The Byrds The Byrds Play Dylan The Original Singles: 1965–1967, Volume 1 The Original Singles: 1967–1969, Volume 2 Never Before In the Beginning 20 Essential Tracks from the Byrds Box Set (1965-1990) The Very Best of The Byrds The Preflyte Sessions The Essential Byrds

Box sets	The Byrds There Is a Season

Tribute albums	Time Between – A Tribute to The Byrds

Notable songs	"You Showed Me" "Mr. Tambourine Man" "All I Really Want to Do" "I'll Feel a Whole Lot Better" "The Bells of Rhymney" "Turn! Turn! Turn!" "Set You Free This Time" "It Won't Be Wrong" "He Was a Friend of Mine" "Eight Miles High" "Why" "5D (Fifth Dimension)" "Mr. Spaceman" "So You Want to Be a Rock 'n' Roll Star" "My Back Pages" "Have You Seen Her Face" "Lady Friend" "Triad" "Goin' Back" "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere" "Hickory Wind" "Lay Lady Lay" "Ballad of Easy Rider" "Jesus Is Just Alright" "Chestnut Mare" "Full Circle"

Associated people	Jimmi Seiter John Guerin Terry Melcher Gary Usher Jacques Levy Kim Fowley Derek Taylor Johnny Rogan

See also: Discography

Awards
Preceded by Doug Sahm	AMA Presidents Award 2003	Succeeded by Carter Family

Persondata
Name	Parsons, Gram
Alternative names	Ingram Cecil Connor III
Short description	American singer-songwriter
Date of birth	November 5, 1946
Place of birth	Winter Haven, Florida
Date of death	September 19, 1973
Place of death	Joshua Tree, California

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Emmylou Harris
Emmylou Harris at the Greenbelt Harvest Picnic, 2011
Background information
Born	(1947-04-02) April 2, 1947 (age 65) Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.
Genres	Folk, country rock, country, bluegrass, rock, pop, alt-country
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, musician
Instruments	Voice, guitar
Years active	1970–present
Labels	Jubilee, Reprise, Warner Bros., Elektra, Asylum, Rhino, Nonesuch
Associated acts	Ryan Adams The Band Bright Eyes James Burton Beth Neilsen Chapman Earl Thomas Conley Elvis Costello Rodney Crowell Iris Dement John Denver Dixie Chicks Bob Dylan Steve Earle Vern Gosdin Patty Griffin Arlo Guthrie Mark Knopfler Albert Lee Little Feat Dave Matthews Kate and Anna McGarrigle Willie Nelson Juice Newton Roy Orbison Gram Parsons Dolly Parton John Prine Linda Ronstadt Ricky Skaggs Bruce Springsteen Don Williams Lucinda Williams Neil Young Warren Zevon
Website	www.emmylouharris.com

Emmylou Harris (born April 2, 1947 in Birmingham, Alabama) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. She has released many chart-topping albums and singles over the course of her career, and has won 12 Grammys and numerous other awards.

In addition to her work as a solo artist and bandleader, both as an interpreter of other composers' works and as a singer-songwriter, she is a sought-after backing vocalist and duet partner, working with numerous other artists including Gram Parsons, The Band, Linda Ronstadt, Roy Orbison, Dolly Parton, Mark Knopfler, Guy Clark, Willie Nelson, Bob Dylan, Rodney Crowell, and Neil Young.

1 Biography
2 Activism
3 Awards and other honors
4 Discography
5 Collaborations and other appearances
6 References
7 Sources
8 External links

Biography [link]

Early years [link]

Emmylou Harris is the daughter of a career military family, her father, Walter Harris, was a military officer and her mother, Eugenia was a wartime military wife. Her father, a member of the Marine Corps, was reported missing in action in Korea in 1952 and spent ten months as a prisoner of war. Born in Birmingham, Alabama, Harris spent her childhood in North Carolina and Woodbridge, Virginia, where she graduated from Gar-Field Senior High School as class valedictorian. In high school she also won a drama scholarship to the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, where she began to study music seriously, learning to play the songs of Pete Seeger, Bob Dylan and Joan Baez on guitar. Leaving college to pursue her musical aspirations, she moved to New York, working as a waitress to support herself while performing folk songs in Greenwich Village coffeehouses. She married fellow songwriter Tom Slocum in 1969 and recorded her first album, Gliding Bird. Harris and Slocum soon divorced, and Harris and her newborn daughter Hallie moved in with her parents in the Maryland suburbs on the edge of Washington, D.C.^[1]

With Gram Parsons [link]

Harris soon returned to performing as part of a trio with Gerry Mule and Tom Guidera. One night in 1971, members of the country rock group The Flying Burrito Brothers happened to be in the audience. Former Byrds member Chris Hillman, who had taken over the band after the departure of its founder Gram Parsons, was so impressed by Harris that he briefly considered asking her to join the band. Instead, Hillman ended up recommending her to Parsons, who was looking for a female vocalist to work with on his first solo album, GP. Harris toured as a member of Parsons' band, The Fallen Angels, in 1973, and the couple shone during vocal harmonies and duets. Harris was quite pleased, and invested a lot emotionally in their relationship. Later that year, Parsons and Harris worked on a studio album, Grievous Angel. Parsons died in his motel room near what is now Joshua Tree National Park on September 19, 1973, from an accidental overdose of drugs and alcohol. Parsons's Grievous Angel was released posthumously in 1974, and three more tracks from his last sessions with Harris were included on another posthumous Parsons album, Sleepless Nights, in 1976. There was one more album of recorded material from that period of time that was packaged with the name, Live 1973, but was not released until 1982.

The working relationship between Harris and Parsons is of great importance in country and country-rock music history. Parsons offered Harris a study in true country music, introducing her to artists like The Louvin Brothers, and provided her with a musical identity; Harris's harmony and duet vocals, on the other hand, were lauded by those who heard them, and helped inspire Parsons' performances. His death left her devastated at an emotional and musical crossroads. She eventually carried on with her own version of Parsons' musical vision, and was instrumental in bringing attention to his achievements. Harris's earliest signature song, and arguably her most personal one, "Boulder to Birmingham", written shortly after Gram's death, showed the depth of her shock and pain at losing Parsons. It was, according to her best friend Linda Ronstadt, the beginning of a "lifetime effort to process what had happened", and was just the first of many songs written and/or performed by Harris about her life with (and without) Parsons.

I would rock my soul in the bosom of Abraham

I would hold my life in his saving grace.

I would walk all the way from Boulder to Birmingham

If I thought I could see, I could see your face.

—"Boulder to Birmingham"

lyrics by Emmylou Harris

The Hot Band [link]

Hot Band member James Burton

Warner Brothers A&R representative Mary Martin introduced Harris to Canadian producer Brian Ahern, who produced her major label debut album, Pieces of the Sky, released in 1975 on Reprise Records. The album was surprisingly eclectic, especially by Nashville standards, including cover versions of The Beatles' "For No One", Merle Haggard's "Tonight the Bottle Let Me Down" and The Louvin Brothers' "If I Could Only Win Your Love". It also featured "Bluebird Wine", a composition by young Texas songwriter Rodney Crowell, who was the first in a long line of songwriters whose talents Harris has championed. The record was one of the most expensive country records produced at the time, featuring the talents of James Burton, Glen Hardin, Ron Tutt, Ray Pohlman, and Bill Payne, as well as two tracks ("Before Believing" and "Queen of the Silver Dollar") that were cut with the Angel Band. Two singles were released: "Too Far Gone", which initially charted at #73 (a 1979 reissue hit #13), and Harris's first big hit, "If I Could Only Win Your Love", a duet with Herb Pedersen (later a founding member of The Desert Rose Band), which peaked at #4.

Executives of Warner Bros. Records (Reprise Records's parent company) told Harris they would agree to record her if she would "get a hot band". Harris did so, enlisting guitarist James Burton and pianist Glen Hardin, both of whom had played with Elvis Presley as well as Parsons. Burton was a renowned guitarist, starting in Ricky Nelson's band in the 1950s, and Hardin had been a member of The Crickets. Other Hot Band members were drummer John Ware, pedal steel guitarist Hank DeVito, and bassist Emory Gordy, Jr., with whom Harris had worked while performing with Parsons. Singer-songwriter Crowell was enlisted as a rhythm guitarist and duet partner.^[2] Harris's first tour schedule originally dovetailed around Presley's, owing to Burton and Hardin's continuing commitments to Presley's band. The Hot Band lived up to its name, with most of the members moving on with fresh talent replacing them as they continued on to solo careers of their own.

Elite Hotel, released in December 1975, established that the buzz created by Pieces of the Sky was well-founded. Unusual for country albums at the time, which largely revolved around a hit single, Harris's albums borrowed their approach from the album-oriented rock market. In terms of quality and artistic merit, tracks like "Sin City", "Wheels", and "Till I Gain Control Again", which weren't singles, easily stood against tracks like "Together Again", "Sweet Dreams", and "One of These Days", which were. While Elite Hotel was a #1 country album, the album did sufficiently well as a crossover success with the rock audience. Harris appealed to those who normally disapproved of the country market's pull toward crossover pop singles ("Together Again" and "Sweet Dreams" both topped the country charts). Elite Hotel won a Grammy in 1976 for Best Country Vocal Performance, Female.

Harris' reputation for guest work continued. Aside from contributing to albums by Linda Ronstadt, Guy Clark and Neil Young, Harris was tapped by Bob Dylan to perform on his Desire album, but entirely uncredited. Harris also filmed one of the studio sequences, owing to her touring schedule, in The Band's The Last Waltz, singing "Evangeline".

Burton left the Hot Band in 1976, choosing to remain with Elvis Presley's band, and was replaced by English guitarist Albert Lee. Harris's commercial apex was Luxury Liner, released in 1977, which remains one of her definitive records. On Luxury Liner, Harris's mix of songs from Chuck Berry ("(You Never Can Tell) C'est La Vie"), Gram Parsons (the title track and "She"), The Carter Family ("Hello Stranger") and Kitty Wells ("Making Believe") illustrate a continuity and artistic merit to country music often overlooked at the time. Despite Top Ten singles with "C'est La Vie" and "Making Believe", the album's best known track is the first recorded cover of Townes Van Zandt's classic "Pancho & Lefty", which would be a #1 hit for Willie Nelson and Merle Haggard in 1983. At the end of 1977, Crowell left the Hot Band to pursue a solo career; his replacement was bluegrass multi-instrumentalist and singer Ricky Skaggs.

Quarter Moon in a Ten Cent Town signaled a slight change of direction from Harris's previous three albums. Rather than mixing classic and contemporary, the album is made up largely of recently written songs, though from a wide variety of writers. "Two More Bottles of Wine", written by Delbert McClinton, became Harris's third #1 single, "To Daddy", written by Dolly Parton, went to #3, and a third single, "Easy From Now On", went Top Twenty. The album included two songs apiece from Crowell ("I Ain't Living Long Like This" and "Leaving Louisiana In The Broad Daylight") and songwriter Jesse Winchester ("Defying Gravity" and "My Songbird"), and Utah Phillips' "Green Rolling Hills".

The Roots Records [link]

In 1977 (January), Harris married Brian Ahern.^[3] Their (Harris' second) daughter, Meghann, was born in 1979. During this time, Harris cut three studio albums that reflected a shift toward traditional country (the industry, on the other hand, was about to embrace Urban Cowboy). The first key to the change in direction was her Grammy Award-winning 1979 album Blue Kentucky Girl. Apart from a cover of The Drifters' "Save The Last Dance For Me", the album was largely made up of classic-styled country material in the vein of Loretta Lynn and Kitty Wells. One of her best-loved albums, the record includes songs ranging from The Louvin Brothers' "Everytime You Leave" to Willie Nelson's "Sister's Coming Home" to Gram Parson's signature "Hickory Wind". Wesley Rose took special interest in Harris' recording of "Beneath Still Waters", which became a #1 smash.

A Christmas album, Light of the Stable, was released in 1979; its title track featured backing vocals by Dolly Parton, Linda Ronstadt and Neil Young, all three of whom Harris had been working with sporadically since the mid-1970s, and would continue to collaborate with through the 2000s. (Harris, Parton and Ronstadt began working on a planned trio album during this time, though it would remain unfinished for nearly a decade; a few of the tracks recorded for the project surfaced on the women's respective solo albums in the interim.) The album is largely acoustic, featuring readings of traditional fare such as "Silent Night", "O Little Town of Bethlehem" and "The First Noel".

In the 1980s, Harris pursued country music's history even further with the bluegrass-oriented recording of Roses in the Snow, featuring Ricky Skaggs, Tony Rice, Albert Lee, Emory Gordy Jr. and Jerry Douglas. Harris's versions of the traditional "Wayfaring Stranger" and Paul Simon's "The Boxer" were strong singles.

In 1980, Harris recorded "That Lovin' You Feelin' Again" with Roy Orbison. The duet was a Top 10 hit on both the Country and Adult Contemporary charts. They would win the Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group. She would also be featured on Paul Kennerley's concept album The Legend of Jesse James, which also featured Levon Helm of The Band and Johnny Cash.

Pop-chart success, songwriting [link]

In 1981, Harris reached the Top 40 on the Billboard pop chart with a cover of "Mister Sandman"—again Top 10 Country as well as Adult Contemporary—from her Evangeline album. (The album version of the song was a track from the ill-fated Trio sessions with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt, but neither Parton's nor Ronstadt's record companies would allow their artists' vocals to be used on the single, so Harris re-recorded the song, singing all three parts.)

Harris moved to Nashville in 1982. White Shoes in 1983 included an eclectic pairing of the rockish reading of "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" with a remake of the Donna Summer hit "On the Radio", as well as tracks from a diverse group of songwriters such as Hot Band member Crowell, Sandy Denny and T-Bone Burnett and was her last album produced by Brian Ahern until All I Intended to Be in 2008.

Harris's major-label releases thus far had included few self-penned songs, but in 1985 her songwriting skills were much in evidence with the release of a concept album The Ballad of Sally Rose, for which she co-wrote all of the songs. The album was semi-autobiographical in theme, based loosely on her relationship with Parsons. Harris described it as a "country opera", and a "huge commercial disaster".^[4] Her co-writer and producer on the album was English songwriter and musician Paul Kennerley, writer of the hit singles "Born to Run" (on Harris's 1981 Cimarron album) and "In My Dreams" (on White Shoes). Kennerley also produced her next album, Thirteen. They were married in 1985 and divorced in 1993.

In 1987, nearly a full decade after they'd first attempted to do so, Harris teamed up with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt for their long-promised and much-anticipated Trio disc. The album was the biggest commercial success of Harris's career, spending five weeks at #1 on Billboard's Country Albums chart (also quickly reaching the Top 10 on the Pop Albums chart), sold several million copies and produced four Top 10 Country hits, including "To Know Him Is To Love Him", which hit #1. The disc was nominated for the coveted Album Of The Year Grammy award (given to U2 that year for The Joshua Tree) and the three women won the statuette for Best Country Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal; the album's Linda Thompson-penned track "Telling Me Lies" reached #3 Country, #25 Adult Contemporary, and was also nominated for a Grammy as 1987's Best Country Song.

Harris also found time in 1987 to release a solo album, Angel Band, featuring traditional gospel songs, on which she worked with, among others, rising country star Vince Gill.

In 1989, she recorded two songs with the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band on their album, Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Volume II. In a snippet of studio chatter included on one of the tracks, she talked during the recording session about her beginnings and how music had changed:

Years ago I had the experience of sitting around in a living room with a bunch of people and singing and playing, and it was like a spiritual experience, it was wonderful. And I decided then that was what I was going to do with my life was play music, do music. In the making of records, I think over the years we've all gotten a little too technical, a little too hung up on getting things perfect. We've lost the living room. The living room has gone out of the music, but today I feel like we got it back.

Around 1991, she dissolved The Hot Band and formed a new band of acoustic musicians—Sam Bush on fiddle, mandolin and vocals, Roy Huskey, Jr. on bass and vocals, Larry Atamanuik on drums, Al Perkins on banjo, guitar, Dobro guitar and vocals, and Jon Randall on guitar, mandolin and vocals—which she named The Nash Ramblers. They recorded a Grammy Award-winning live album in 1992 at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, Tennessee, which led to the $8 million restoration of the facility into a premium concert and event venue. It was her last album with Reprise Records.

New directions [link]

By the 1990s, Harris started receiving less airplay as mainstream country stations began shifting their focus to the youth-oriented "new country" format. Harris's albums Bluebird and Brand New Dance (1989 and 1990, respectively) received ample critical acclaim and sold reasonably well, yet her chart success was on the wane. 1993's Cowgirl's Prayer—the first album since her switch to Elektra Records—was critically praised but received very little airplay,^[5] and its lead single, "High Powered Love" charted very low, peaking at #63, prompting her to shift her career in a new direction.

In 1995, Harris released one of the most critically acclaimed albums of the decade, Wrecking Ball, produced by Daniel Lanois, best known for his work with U2, Peter Gabriel and Bob Dylan. An experimental album for Harris, the record included Harris's rendition of the Neil Young-penned title track (Young himself provided guest vocals on two of the album's songs), Steve Earle's "Goodbye", Julie Miller's "All My Tears", Jimi Hendrix's "May This Be Love", Kate and Anna McGarrigle's "Goin' Back to Harlan" and Gillian Welch's "Orphan Girl". U2's Larry Mullen, Jr. showed up to play drums for the project. The album received virtually no country airplay whatsoever, but did bring Harris to the attention of alternative rock listeners, many of whom had never listened to her music before.

Harris then took her Wrecking Ball material on the road, releasing the live Spyboy in 1998, backed with a power trio comprising Nashville producer, songwriter and guitarist Buddy Miller and New Orleans musicians, drummer Brady Blade and bassist-vocalist-percussionist Daryl Johnson. In addition to performing songs from Wrecking Ball, the album updated many of Harris's career hits, including "Boulder to Birmingham".

Also in 1998, she appeared prominently on Willie Nelson's moody, instrumentally sparse Teatro album, produced by Wrecking Ball producer Lanois.^[6]

During the summer of 1997 and 1998, Harris joined Sarah McLachlan's all-woman musical touring festival, the Lilith Fair, where new artists like Patty Griffin could share new experiences and ideas with seasoned musicians like Harris and Bonnie Raitt.

In January 1999, Harris released Trio 2 with Parton and Ronstadt. Much of the album had actually been recorded in 1994, but remained unreleased for nearly five years because of record label and personnel disputes, conflicting schedules, and career priorities of the three artists. Trio 2 was much more contemporary-sounding than its predecessor and was certified Gold. It included their version of Neil Young's classic "After The Gold Rush", which became a popular music video and won another Grammy—this one for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals. Harris and Ronstadt then released a duet album, Western Wall: The Tucson Sessions, later the same year. The two superstars toured together during the fall months in support of the disc. Both albums made the Top 10 of Billboard's Country Albums chart and did well on the pop side as well.

Also in 1999, Harris paid tribute to her former singing partner Gram Parsons by co-executive producing Return of the Grievous Angel: A Tribute to Gram Parsons, an album that gathered together more than a dozen artists. Harris performed duets with Beck, Sheryl Crow and The Pretenders on this album's tracks.

In 2000, Harris released her solo follow-up to Wrecking Ball, Red Dirt Girl, produced by Lanois protégé Malcolm Burn. For the first time since The Ballad of Sally Rose, the album contained a number of Harris's own compositions. Like Wrecking Ball, the album's sound leaned more toward alternative rock than country. Nevertheless it reached #5 on Billboard's Country Albums chart as well as a healthy #54 on the pop side. It also won Harris another of her 12 Grammy awards, in the category of Best Contemporary Folk Album.

Harris also accompanied on alternative country singer Ryan Adams' solo debut Heartbreaker and on Tracy Chapman's fifth album Telling Stories.

Also in 2000, Harris joined an all-star group of traditional country, folk and blues artists for the T-Bone Burnett-produced soundtrack to the Coen Brothers film, O Brother, Where Art Thou? The soundtrack won multiple CMA, ACM and Grammy awards. A documentary/concert film, Down from the Mountain, featured the artists performing music from the film and other songs at the Ryman Auditorium. Harris and many of the same artists took their show on the road for the Down from the Mountain Tour in 2002. In 2003, Harris supplied the finishing touches in harmonizing with the Dixie Chicks on a song they were recording in the studio, "Godspeed".

Recent work [link]

Harris released Stumble into Grace, her follow-up to Red Dirt Girl, in 2003. Like its predecessor, it contained mostly self-penned material. In 2004, Harris led the Sweet Harmony Traveling Revue tour with Gillian Welch, David Rawlings, Buddy Miller and Patty Griffin. They performed singly and together and swapped instruments.

On September 9, 2005, Harris participated in "Shelter from the Storm: A Concert for the Gulf Coast", a series of concerts simulcast by most American television stations to raise money for victims of Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita. She performed with Beth Neilsen Chapman and the Dixie Chicks, harmonizing on Patty Griffin's song, "Mary".

Harris playing in Rotterdam, Netherlands (2006)

In 2005, Harris worked with Conor Oberst on Bright Eyes' release, I'm Wide Awake, It's Morning, performing backup vocals on three tracks. In July, she joined Elvis Costello on several dates of his US tour, performing alongside Costello and his band on several numbers each night. Harris and Costello recorded a version of Costello's song, "The Scarlet Tide", from the soundtrack of the movie Cold Mountain. July also saw the release of The Very Best of Emmylou Harris: Heartaches & Highways, a single-disc retrospective of Harris's career, on the Rhino Entertainment label. This same year, Harris appeared as a guest vocalist on Neil Young's widely acclaimed Prairie Wind. She also appeared in the Jonathan Demme documentary-concert film Neil Young: Heart of Gold, released in 2006.

Harris performing in the Netherlands with Mark Knopfler

All the Roadrunning, an album of collaborations with former Dire Straits frontman Mark Knopfler, was released in April 2006 and supported by a tour of Europe and the US. The album was a commercial success, reaching #8 in the UK and #17 in the US. Selections recorded during the All the Roadrunning tour performance at the Gibson Amphitheatre were released as a CD/DVD package titled Real Live Roadrunning in November 2006. In addition to several of the compositions that Harris and Knopfler recorded together in the studio, Real Live Roadrunning features solo hits from both members of the duo, as well as a few classic tracks from Knopfler's days with Dire Straits.

Harris is featured on A Tribute To Joni Mitchell, released on April 24, 2007. Harris covered the song "The Magdalene Laundries" (originally on Mitchell's 1994 album, Turbulent Indigo). She sang "Another Pot O' Tea" with Anne Murray on Murray's album Anne Murray Duets: Friends and Legends, released November 13, 2007, in Canada and January 15, 2008, in the U.S.

Harris wrote a song called "In Rodanthe" for the 2008 film Nights In Rodanthe.

A solo album, All I Intended to Be, was released on June 10, 2008, to critical acclaim. Contributors include Buddy Miller, the McGarrigle sisters, Vince Gill, Phil Madeira, and Dolly Parton. She toured with an ensemble she dubbed the Red Dirt Boys, featuring Phil Madeira on accordion, guitar, and keyboards, Colin Linden on guitar and banjo, Rickie Simpkins on mandolin and fiddle, Chris Donohue on bass, and Bryan Owings on drums.^[7] It did not include Miller, who was touring with Robert Plant, Alison Krauss and T Bone Burnett at the time. In 2009, Harris toured with Patty Griffin, Shawn Colvin, and Miller as "Three Girls and Their Buddy". Madeira, Simpkins, and Donohue performed with her in late 2008, and in 2009, appearing on "A Prairie Home Companion" and at MerleFest and the Telluride Bluegrass Festival. In September 2009, Owings rejoined the Red Dirt Boys with Miller for the remainder of 2009.

In April 2009 Harris became a grandmother. Her daughter gave birth to a daughter, Prudence.^[8]

In 2010, Harris regrouped with the latest version of the Red Dirt Boys—Madeira, Owings, Donohue, and Simpkins—for Lilith Fair summer dates and a scheduled US autumn tour.

According to an interview with Bonnie Tyler by Digital Spy, Emmylou Harris will be teaming up with her on Tyler's upcoming album. Harris will do backing vocals on a song, written and produced by Wayne Warner. A new solo album, Hard Bargain, was released on the Nonesuch label on April 26, 2011.

PBS host Tavis Smiley interviewed Harris in a program that aired on April 20, 2011. In the interview Harris spoke of being a straight-A student in high school, which led her to being selected as valedictorian, and recounted learning to play guitar by memorizing three chords.^{[citation needed]}

The 2012 single "Emmylou" by Swedish folk duo First Aid Kit on their album The Lion's Roar is, in part, a tribute to Harris, with its lyrics referring to her relationship to Gram Parsons.

Activism [link]

In 1997 and 1998, Harris performed in Sarah McLachlan's Lilith Fair, promoting feminism in music. Since 1999, Harris has been organizing an annual benefit tour called Concerts for a Landmine Free World. All proceeds from the tours support the Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation's (VVAF) efforts to assist innocent victims of conflicts around the world. The tour also benefits the VVAF's work to raise America's awareness of the global landmine problem. Artists that have joined Harris on the road for these dates include Mary Chapin Carpenter, Bruce Cockburn, Sheryl Crow, Steve Earle, Joan Baez, Patty Griffin, Nanci Griffith, Willie Nelson, and Lucinda Williams. Harris is a supporter of animal rights and an active member of PETA.^[9] She founded, and in her spare time assists at, an animal shelter in Nashville.^[10]

She became a member of the newly formed Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2011.^[11]^[12]

Awards and other honors [link]

Grammy Awards [link]

2005 Best Female Country Vocal Performance ("The Connection")

2001 Album of the Year (O Brother, Where Art Thou?)

2000 Best Contemporary Folk Album (Red Dirt Girl)

1999 Best Country Collaboration with Vocals ("After The Gold Rush", with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt)

1998 Best Country Collaboration with Vocals ("Same Old Train", with Alison Krauss, Clint Black, Dwight Yoakam, Earl Scruggs, Joe Diffie, Marty Stuart, Merle Haggard, Pam Tillis, Patty Loveless, Randy Travis, Ricky Skaggs & Travis Tritt)

1995 Best Contemporary Folk Album (Wrecking Ball)

1992 Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal (Emmylou Harris & The Nash Ramblers At the Ryman, as Emmylou Harris & The Nash Ramblers)

1987 Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal (Trio, with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt)

1984 Best Country Vocal Performance, Female ("In My Dreams")

1980 Best Country Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group ("That Lovin' You Feelin' Again", with Roy Orbison)

1979 Best Country Vocal Performance, Female (Blue Kentucky Girl)

1976 Best Country Vocal Performance, Female (Elite Hotel)^[13]

Country Music Association Awards [link]

2001 Album of the Year (O Brother, Where Art Thou?)

1980 Female Vocalist Of The Year

1988 Vocal Event of the Year (Trio, with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt)^[14]

Other honors [link]

VH1's 100 Most Influential Women in Rock and Roll (1998) - Number 22 out of 100
Billboard's Century Award recipient (1999)^[15] - inducted by Sarah McLachlan
CMT's 40 Greatest Women of Country Music - #5 ranking (2002)
Inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame on February 12, 2008^[16]
Inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009.
Awarded an honorary doctorate of music from Berklee College of Music in 2009.^[17]

Discography [link]

Main article: Emmylou Harris discography

Collaborations and other appearances [link]

Main article: Emmylou Harris appearances

References [link]

^ "Charlie Rose Show" June 25, 2008
^ The Hot Band, Emmylou.net. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
^ Emmylou ... and Brian ... make beautiful music together.
^ Keast, James (June 2008). "Questionnaire: Emmylou Harris". Exclaim.ca. http://exclaim.ca/Features/Questionnaire/emmylou_harris. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
^ Cromelin, Richard (11 April 1996). "Q & A with EMMYLOU HARRIS: Singing With a Voice That's Always True to Her Heart". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1996-04-11/entertainment/ca-57283_1_emmylou-harris. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
^ Cromelin, Richard (5 September 1998). "Willie Nelson, "Teatro," Island.". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1998/sep/05/entertainment/ca-19591. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
^ Varga, George (31 July 2008). "'I'm a storyteller'". The San Diego Union-Tribune. http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20080731/news_1w31emmylou.html. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
^ "All For The Hall California benefit concert review", Nashville Gab, http://www.nashvillegab.com/2009/10/all-for-the-hall-california-benefit-concert-review.html
^ Kentucky Fried Cruelty :: Celebrity Support :: Emmylou Harris
^ Bonaparte's Retreat
^ New humanities commission has Tennessee influence, BestCountrySingers.com
^ AMERICAN ACADEMY, Commission on the Humanities & Social Sciences - Commission Members
^ Grammy Award Winners at www.grammy.com, retrieved 21 March 2008/
^ Artist Detail Emmylou Harris www.cmaawards.com. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
^ Billboard.com: Backstreet Boys, Spears Top 1999 Billboard Awards
^ Morris, Edward (28 April 2008) CMT News: Emmylou Harris, Ernest V. "Pop" Stoneman Enter Country Music Hall of Fame. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
^ Edwards, Margot (7 October 2009). "Emmylou Harris Receives Berklee Honorary Doctorate". Berklee News. http://www.berklee.edu/news/1105/emmylou-harris-receives-berklee-honorary-doctora. Retrieved 14 May 2011.

Sources [link]

In the Country of Country: A Journey to the Roots of American Music, Nicholas Dawidoff, Vintage Books, 1998. ISBN 0-679-41567-X
Emmylou Harris: Angel in Disguise, Jim Brown, Fox Music Books, 2004. ISBN 1-894997-03-4
Fong-Torres, Ben. (1998). "Emmylou Harris". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 230.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Emmylou Harris

Official Site (requires Flash player)
Emmylou Harris Comprehensive former official site
Emmylou Harris at Allmusic
Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
Emmylou Harris Questionnaire (June 2008)
Pitchfork article
Gibson interview
Interview
Emmylou Harris on Charlie Rose
Emmylou Harris at the Internet Movie Database

Awards
First None recognized before	AMA Lifetime Achievement Award for Performing 2002	Succeeded by Levon Helm

v t e Emmylou Harris

Studio albums	Gliding Bird Pieces of the Sky Elite Hotel Luxury Liner Quarter Moon in a Ten Cent Town Blue Kentucky Girl Light of the Stable Roses in the Snow Evangeline Cimarron White Shoes The Ballad of Sally Rose Thirteen Angel Band Bluebird Brand New Dance Cowgirl's Prayer Wrecking Ball Red Dirt Girl Stumble into Grace All I Intended to Be Hard Bargain

Collaborations	Trio (with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt) Trio II (with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt) Western Wall: The Tucson Sessions (with Linda Ronstadt) All the Roadrunning (with Mark Knopfler)

Live albums	Last Date At the Ryman (with The Nash Ramblers) Spyboy

Compilation albums	Profile: Best of Emmylou Harris Her Best Songs Profile II: The Best of Emmylou Harris Duets Songs of the West Portraits Singin' with Emmylou, Vol. 1 Anthology: The Warner/Reprise Records The Very Best of Emmylou Harris: Heartaches & Highways Songbird: Rare Tracks and Forgotten Gems

Video albums	Live at the Ryman Spyboy: Live from the Legendary Exit/In Real Live Roadrunning (with Mark Knopfler)

See also	Discography Gram Parsons Desire The Last Waltz

Grammy Award for Album of the Year (2000s)

Supernatural performed by Santana (Rodney Holmes, Tony Lindsay, Karl Perazzo, Raul Rekow, Benny Rietveld, Carlos Santana, Chester Thompson); engineered/mixed by Alvaro Villagra, Andy Grassi, Anton Pukshansky, Benny Faccone, Chris Theis, Commissioner Gordon, David Frazer, David Thoener, Glenn Kolotkin, Jeff Poe, Jim Gaines, Jim Scott, John Gamble, John Karpowich, John Seymour, Matty Spindel, Mike Couzzi, Steve Farrone, Steve Fontano, T-Ray, Tom Lord-Alge, Tony Prendatt & Warren Riker; produced by Alex Gonzales, Art Hodge, Charles Goodan, Clive Davis, Dante Ross, Dust Brothers, Fher Olvera, Jerry 'Wonder' Duplessis, K. C. Porter, Lauryn Hill, Matt Serletic, Stephen M. Harris & Wyclef Jean (2000)	Two Against Nature performed by Steely Dan (Walter Becker, Donald Fagen); engineered/mixed by Dave Russell, Elliot Scheiner, Phil Burnett & Roger Nichols; produced by Donald Fagen & Walter Becker (2001)
O Brother, Where Art Thou? Soundtrack performed by Alison Krauss & Union Station (Barry Bales, Ron Block, Jerry Douglas, Alison Krauss, Dan Tyminski), Chris Sharp, Chris Thomas King, Emmylou Harris, Gillian Welch, Harley Allen, John Hartford, Mike Compton, Norman Blake, Pat Enright, Peasall Sisters (Hannah Peasall, Leah Peasall, Sarah Peasall), Ralph Stanley, Sam Bush, Stuart Duncan, The Cox Family (Evelyn Cox, Sidney Cox, Suzanne Cox, Willard Cox), The Fairfield Four (Nathan Best, Isaac Freeman, Robert Hamlett, James Hill, Joseph Rice, Wilson Waters, Jr.), The Whites (Buck White, Cheryl White, Sharon White) & Tim Blake Nelson; engineered/mixed by Mike Piersante & Peter Kurland; master engineered by Gavin Lurssen; produced by T-Bone Burnett (2002)	Come Away with Me performed by Norah Jones; engineered/mixed by Jay Newland & S. Husky Höskulds; master engineered by Ted Jensen; produced by Arif Mardin, Craig Street, Jay Newland & Norah Jones (2003)
Speakerboxxx/The Love Below performed by OutKast (André 3000, Big Boi); engineered/mixed by Brian Paturalski, Chris Carmouche, Darrell Thorp, Dexter Simmons, John Frye, Kevin Davis, Matt Still, Moka Nagatani, Neal H. Pogue, Padraic Kernin, Pete Novak, Reggie Dozier, Robert Hannon, Terrence Cash & Vincent Alexander; master engineered by Bernie Grundman & Brian Gardner; produced by André 3000, Big Boi & Carl Mo (2004)	Genius Loves Company performed by Ray Charles and Various Artists; engineered/mixed by Al Schmitt, Ed Thacker, Joel W. Moss, John Harris, Mark Fleming, Pete Karam, Robert Fernandez, Seth Presant & Terry Howard; master engineered by Doug Sax & Robert Hadley; produced by Don Mizell, Herbert Waltl, John R. Burk, Phil Ramone & Terry Howard (2005)
How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb performed by U2 (Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, Larry Mullen, Jr.); engineered/mixed by Carl Glanville, Flood, Greg Collins, Jacknife Lee, Nellee Hooper, Simon Gogerly & Steve Lillywhite; master engineered by Arnie Acosta; produced by Brian Eno, Chris Thomas, Daniel Lanois, Flood, Jacknife Lee & Steve Lillywhite (2006)	Taking the Long Way performed by Dixie Chicks (Martie Maguire, Natalie Maines, Emily Robison); engineered/mixed by Chris Testa, Jim Scott & Richard Dodd; master engineered by Richard Dodd; produced by Rick Rubin (2007)
River: The Joni Letters performed by Herbie Hancock; featuring Norah Jones, Joni Mitchell, Corinne Bailey Rae , Tina Turner ; produced by Herbie Hancock & Larry Klein; engineered/mixed by Helik Hadar; master engeineered by Bernie Grundman (2008)	Raising Sand performed by Robert Plant & Alison Krauss; produced by T-Bone Burnett; engineered/mixed by Mike Piersante; master engeineered by Gavin Lurssen (2009)

Persondata
Name	Harris, Emmylou
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	April 3, 1947
Place of birth	Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.
Date of death
Place of death

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmylou_Harris

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

"Keith Richard" redirects here. For the basketball coach, see Keith Richard (basketball).

Keith Richards
Richards in February 2006
Background information
Born	(1943-12-18) 18 December 1943 (age 68) Dartford, Kent England, United Kingdom
Genres	Rock, blues, blues rock, rhythm and blues, rock and roll
Occupations	Musician, Singer-songwriter, record Producer
Instruments	Guitar, vocals, bass, keyboards, percussion
Years active	1962–present
Labels	Decca, Rolling Stones, Virgin/EMI, Mindless
Associated acts	The Rolling Stones, The Dirty Strangers, The Dirty Mac, The New Barbarians, The X-Pensive Winos
Website	www.keithrichards.com
Notable instruments
1953 Fender Telecaster "Micawber" 1959 Gibson Les Paul Gibson ES-355 Fender Stratocaster

Keith Richards (born 18 December 1943) is an English musician and songwriter, and a founder member of The Rolling Stones. Rolling Stone magazine said Richards has created "rock's greatest single body of riffs", and has named him the 4th greatest guitarist of all time. Fourteen songs written by Richards and songwriting partner Mick Jagger, The Rolling Stones' lead vocalist, are listed among Rolling Stone magazine's "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".^[1]^[2]^[3] Richards' notoriety for illicit drug use stems in part from several drug busts during the late 1960s and 1970s.

Early life [link]

Keith Richards is the only child of Bert Richards and Doris Dupree Richards. He was born at Livingston Hospital in Dartford, Kent. His father was a factory worker injured in World War II during the Normandy invasion.^[4]

Richards' paternal grandparents were socialists and civic leaders whose family originated from Wales.^[5]^[6]^[7] His maternal grandfather, Augustus Theodore Dupree, who toured Britain with a jazz big band, "Gus Dupree and his Boys", fostered Richards' interest in guitar.^[8]

Richards' mother bought him his first guitar, and he played at home recording Billie Holiday, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington and others.^[9] His father on the other hand disparaged his son's musical enthusiasm.^[10] One of Richards' first guitar heroes was Scotty Moore.^[11]

Richards attended Wentworth Primary School with Mick Jagger and was his neighbour until 1954, when the family moved.^[12] From 1955 to 1959 he attended Dartford Technical High School for Boys.^[12]^[13] Recruited by Dartford Tech's choirmaster R. W. "Jake" Clare, Richards sang in a trio of boy sopranos at, among other occasions, Westminster Abbey for Queen Elizabeth II.^[14]

In 1959 Richards was expelled from Dartford "Tech" for truancy, and transferred to Sidcup Art College.^[15] At Sidcup he was diverted from his studies proper and devoted more time to playing guitar with other students in the boys' room. At this point Richards had learned most of Chuck Berry's solos.^[16]

Richards 1965

Richards met Jagger on a train as Jagger was headed to classes at the London School of Economics.^[17] The mail order rhythm & blues albums from Chess Records by Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters Jagger was carrying, revealed a mutual interest and led to a renewal of their friendship. Along with mutual friend, Dick Taylor, Jagger was singing in an amateur band: "Little Boy Blue and the Blue Boys", which Richards soon joined. The Blues Boys folded when Brian Jones and Ian Stewart joined Richards, Jagger and Taylor into the just-forming Rolling Stones.^{[citation needed]}

In mid-1962 Richards had left Sidcup Art College to devote himself to music and moved into a London flat with Jagger and Jones. His parents divorced about the same time, resulting in his staying close to his mother and remaining estranged from his father until 1982 [Richards, Keith (2010). Life].^{[citation needed]}

After the Rolling Stones signed to Decca Records in 1963 their band manager, Andrew Loog Oldham, dropped the "s" from his surname believing "Keith Richard" in his words "looked more pop".^[18] In the late 1970s Richards re-established the "s" to his surname.

Musicianship [link]

Bandleader [link]

Richards 1972.

Richards views his role in the Rolling Stones as "oiling the machinery", while Stewart has called him the musical leader of the band. Both Bill Wyman and Ronnie Wood have said that, unlike most other bands which usually follow the drummer, the Rolling Stones, in Wyman's words, "have no way of not following him".^[19]^[20]^[21]

Guitar playing [link]

Richards' guitar playing shows a fascination with chords and rhythm while avoiding flamboyant virtuosity in favour of riffs described by Chris Spedding as "direct, incisive and unpretentious".^[19]^[22] Richards prefers to play in tandem with another guitarist and has always toured with one.^[23] Chuck Berry has been an inspiration for Richards,^[24] and it was Richards and Jagger who introduced Berry's songs to the Rolling Stones' early repertoire. Chicago artists such as Jimmy Reed and Muddy Waters provided the basis of a style of interwoven lead and rhythm guitar. Richards had adapted that method with Brian Jones, continued with Mick Taylor, and continues with the Rolling Stones' current guitarist, Ronnie Wood.^[25] In the late 1960s, Jones' declining contributions led Richards to record all guitar parts on many tracks, including slide guitar, which had been Jones' speciality in the band's early years. Jones' replacement guitarist Mick Taylor worked with the Rolling Stones from 1969 to 1974, and Taylor's virtuosity at lead guitar led to a much more pronounced separation between lead and rhythm guitar roles, notably onstage.^[19] In 1975 Taylor was replaced by Wood, marking a return to the style of guitar interplay that he and Richards described as "the ancient art of weaving".^[26]

The 1967-68 break in touring allowed Richards to focus on open tunings, which are commonly used for slide guitar. Instead, Richards primarily used open tunings for fingered chording, developing a distinctive style of syncopated and ringing I-IV chording heard on "Street Fighting Man" and "Start Me Up".^[27] Richards has used various open tunings (while continuing to use standard tuning) but has often favoured a five-string variant of open G tuning using GDGBD unencumbered by a low sixth string. Several of his Telecasters are tuned this way (see the "Guitars" section below), and this tuning is prominent on Rolling Stones tracks and concert renditions including "Honky Tonk Women", "Brown Sugar" and "Start Me Up".^[28]

Richards regards acoustic guitar as the basis for his playing,^[29] believing that the limitations of electric guitar would cause him to "lose that touch" if he didn't play acoustic.^[28] Richards plays acoustic guitar on many Rolling Stones' tracks including like "Not Fade Away", "Satisfaction", "Brown Sugar", and "Angie". All guitars on the studio versions of "Street Fighting Man" and "Jumping Jack Flash" feature acoustic guitars overloaded to a cassette recorder which were then reamped through a loudspeaker in the studio.^[30]

Vocals [link]

Richards sang in a school choir - most notably for Queen Elizabeth - until adolescence's effect on his voice forced him out of the choir.^[31] He has sung backing vocals on every Rolling Stones album. Since Between the Buttons (1967), he has sung lead or co-lead on at least one track (see list below).

During the Rolling Stones' 1972 tour Richards began singing lead vocals on "Happy", and has since then typically sung one lead vocal, progressing to two since 1986.^[32] During the 2006 and 2007 Rolling Stones' tours Richards sang "You Got the Silver" (1969) without self-accompaniment.^[33]

Other instruments [link]

Recordings of Richards playing other instruments besides guitar are not unusual. He has played bass on several Rolling Stones studio recordings, including "Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing in the Shadow?" (1966) and "Infamy" (2005).^[34] Richards regards keyboards as a songwriting tool though he has played keyboards on several Rolling Stones recordings, and live he played keyboards for two Ronnie Wood concerts, and during The New Barbarians' 1979 tour. Richards has also played percussion on select Rolling Stones tracks, including the floor tom on "Jumpin' Jack Flash"^[35] and bicycle spokes on "Continental Drift" (1989).^[36]

Songwriting [link]

Richards and Jagger 1972

Richards and Jagger collaborated on songs in 1963, following the nearby example of The Beatles' Lennon–McCartney and the encouragement of Rolling Stones manager Andrew Loog Oldham, who saw little future for a cover band.^[37] The earliest Jagger/Richards collaborations were recorded by other artists, including Gene Pitney, whose rendition of "That Girl Belongs to Yesterday" was their first top-ten single in the UK.^[38] Richards recalls: "We were writing these terrible pop songs that were becoming Top 10 hits... They had nothing to do with us, except we wrote 'em."^[39]

The Rolling Stones' first top-ten hit with a Jagger/Richards original was "The Last Time" (1965);^[40] "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" (also 1965) was their first international #1 recording. (Richards has stated that the "Satisfaction" riff came to him in his sleep; he woke up just long enough to record it on a cassette player by his bed.)^[41] Since Aftermath (1966) most Rolling Stones albums have consisted mainly of Jagger/Richards originals. Their songs reflect the influence of blues, R&B, rock & roll, pop, soul, gospel and country, as well as forays into psychedelia and Dylanesque social commentary. Their work in the 1970s and beyond has incorporated elements of funk, disco, reggae and punk.^[39] Richards has also written and recorded slow torchy ballads, such as "All About You" (1980).

In his solo career, Richards has often shared co-writing credits with drummer and co-producer Steve Jordan. Richards has said: "I've always thought songs written by two people are better than those written by one. You get another angle on it."^[39]

Richards has frequently stated that he feels less like a creator than a conduit when writing songs: "I don't have that God aspect about it. I prefer to think of myself as an antenna. There's only one song, and Adam and Eve wrote it; the rest is a variation on a theme."^[39]

Richards was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1993.^[42]

Record production [link]

Richards has been active as a record producer since the 1960s. He was credited as producer and musical director on the 1966 album Today's Pop Symphony, one of manager Andrew Loog Oldham's side projects, although there are doubts about how much Richards was actually involved with it.^[43] On the Rolling Stones' 1967 album Their Satanic Majesties Request the entire band was credited as producer, but since 1974, Richards and Mick Jagger have frequently co-produced Rolling Stones and other artists' records under the joint name "the Glimmer Twins", often in collaboration with other producers.

Since the 1980s Richards has chalked up numerous production and co-production credits on projects with other artists including Aretha Franklin, Johnnie Johnson and Ronnie Spector, as well as on his own albums with the X-Pensive Winos (see below). In the 1990s Richards co-produced and added guitar and vocals to a recording of nyabinghi Rastafarian chanting and drumming entitled Wingless Angels, released on Richards's own record label, Mindless Records, in 1997.

Solo recordings [link]

Richards has released few solo recordings. His first solo single released in 1978 was versions of Chuck Berry's "Run Rudolph Run" and Jimmy Cliff's "The Harder They Come". In 1987, after Jagger pursued a solo recording and touring career, Richards formed the "X-pensive Winos" with co-songwriter, and co-producer Steve Jordan whom Richards assembled for his Chuck Berry documentary, Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll.

Additional members of the X-pensive Winos included guitarist Waddy Wachtel, saxist Bobby Keys, keyboardist Ivan Neville and Charley Drayton on bass. The first Winos' record,Talk Is Cheap also featured Bernie Worrell, Bootsy Collins and Maceo Parker. Since its release, Talk Is Cheap has gone gold and has sold consistently. Its release was followed by the first of the two U.S. tours Richards has done as a solo artist. Live at the Hollywood Palladium, 15 December 1988 documents the first of these tours. In 1992 the Winos' second studio record Main Offender was released, and was also followed by a tour.^[44]

Recordings with other artists [link]

Keith Richards 2005

During the 1960s most of Richards's recordings with artists other than the Rolling Stones were sessions for Andrew Oldham's Immediate Records label. Notable exceptions were when Richards, along with Mick Jagger and numerous other guests, sang on The Beatles' 1967 TV broadcast of "All You Need Is Love";^[44] and when he played bass with John Lennon, Eric Clapton, Mitch Mitchell, Ivry Gitlis and Yoko Ono as the Dirty Mac for The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus TV special, filmed in 1968.^[45]

In the 1970s Richards worked outside the Rolling Stones with Ronnie Wood on several occasions, contributing guitar, piano and vocals to Wood's first two solo albums and joining him on stage for two July 1974 concerts to promote I've Got My Own Album to Do. In December 1974 Richards also made a guest appearance at a Faces concert. In 1976–77 Richards played on and co-produced John Phillips' solo recording Pay, Pack & Follow (released in 2001). In 1979 he toured the U.S. with the New Barbarians, the band that Wood put together to promote his album Gimme Some Neck; he and Wood also contributed guitar and backing vocals to "Truly" on Ian McLagan's 1979 album Troublemaker (re-released in 2005 as Here Comes Trouble).^[44]

Since the 1980s Richards has made more frequent guest appearances. In 1981 he played on reggae singer Max Romeo's album Holding Out My Love to You. He has worked with Tom Waits on three occasions, adding guitar and backing vocals to Waits's 1985 album Rain Dogs (1992); co-writing, playing and sharing the lead vocal on "That Feel" on Bone Machine ; and adding guitar and vocals to Bad As Me (2011). In 1986 Richards produced and played on Aretha Franklin's rendition of "Jumping Jack Flash" and served as musical producer and band leader (or as he phrased it "S&M director")^[46] for the Chuck Berry film Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll.^[44]

In the 1990s and 2000s Richards has continued to contribute to a wide range of musical projects as a guest artist. A few of the notable sessions he has done include guitar and vocals on Johnnie Johnson's 1991 release Johnnie B. Bad, which he also co-produced; and lead vocals and guitar on "Oh Lord, Don’t Let Them Drop That Atomic Bomb on Me" on the 1992 Charles Mingus tribute album Weird Nightmare. He duetted with country legend George Jones on "Say It's Not You" on the Bradley Barn Sessions (1994); a second duet from the same sessions – "Burn Your Playhouse Down" – appeared on Jones' 2008 release Burn Your Playhouse Down – The Unreleased Duets. He partnered with Levon Helm on "Deuce and a Quarter" for Scotty Moore's album All the King's Men (1997). His guitar and lead vocals are featured on the Hank Williams tribute album Timeless (2001) and on veteran blues guitarist Hubert Sumlin's album About Them Shoes (2005). Richards also added guitar and vocals to Toots & the Maytals' recording of "Careless Ethiopians" for their 2004 album True Love and to their re-recording of "Pressure Drop", which came out in 2007 as the b-side to Richards's iTunes re-release of "Run Rudolph Run".^[44]

Rare and unreleased recordings [link]

In 2005 the Rolling Stones released Rarities 1971-2003, which includes some rare and limited-issue recordings, but Richards has described the band's released output as the "tip of the iceberg".^[47] Many of the band's unreleased songs and studio jam sessions are widely bootlegged, as are numerous Richards solo recordings, including his 1977 Toronto studio sessions, some 1981 studio sessions and tapes made during his 1983 wedding trip to Mexico.^[44]

Public image and private life [link]

Music journalist Nick Kent attached to Richards Lord Byron's epithet of "mad, bad, and dangerous to know". Jagger thought that Richards' image had "contributed to him becoming a junkie".^[48] In 1994 Richards said his image was "like a long shadow ... Even though that was nearly twenty years ago, you cannot convince some people that I'm not a mad drug addict."^[49] In 2010, Peter Hitchens wrote of Richards that he is "a capering streak of living gristle who ought to be exhibited as a warning to the young of what drugs can do to you even if you're lucky enough not to choke on your own vomit".^[50]

Richards has been tried on drug-related charges five times: in 1967, twice in 1973, in 1977 and in 1978.^[51]^[52] The first trial – the only one involving a prison sentence^[52] – resulted from a February 1967 police raid on Redlands, Richards's Sussex estate, where he and some friends, including Jagger, were spending the weekend.^[53] The subsequent arrest of Richards and Jagger put them on trial before the British courts while also exposing them to public opinion. On 29 June 1967, Jagger was sentenced to three months' imprisonment for possession of four amphetamine tablets; Richards was found guilty of allowing cannabis to be smoked on his property and sentenced to one year in prison.^[54] Both Jagger and Richards were imprisoned at that point: Jagger was taken to Brixton Prison in south London,^[55] and Richards to Wormwood Scrubs Prison in west London.^[56] Both were released on bail the next day pending appeal.^[57] On 1 July The Times ran an editorial entitled "Who breaks a butterfly on a wheel?", portraying Jagger's sentence as persecution, and public sentiment against the convictions increased.^[58] A month later the appeals court overturned Richards's conviction for lack of evidence, while Jagger was given a conditional discharge.^[59]

Toronto hotel, site of his 1977 drug bust

On 27 February 1977, while Richards was staying in a Toronto hotel, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police found heroin in his room and he was charged with "possession of heroin for the purpose of trafficking" – an offence that under the Criminal Code of Canada can result in prison sentences of seven years to life.^[60] His passport was confiscated and Richards and his family remained in Toronto until 1 April, when Richards was allowed to enter the United States on a medical visa for treatment for heroin addiction.^[61] The charge against him was later reduced to "simple possession of heroin".^[62]

For the next two years, Richards lived under threat of criminal sanction. Throughout this period he remained active with the Rolling Stones, recording their biggest-selling studio album, Some Girls, and touring North America. Richards was tried in October 1978, pleading guilty to possession of heroin.^[63]^[64] He was given a suspended sentence and put on probation for one year, with orders to continue treatment for heroin addiction and to perform a benefit concert on behalf of the Canadian National Institute for the Blind.^[65] Although the prosecution had filed an appeal of the sentence, Richards performed two CNIB benefit concerts at Oshawa Civic Auditorium on 22 April 1979; both shows featured the Rolling Stones and the New Barbarians.^[66] In September 1979 the Ontario Court of Appeal upheld the original sentence.^[67]

Later in 1979, Richards met his future wife, model Patti Hansen. They married on 18 December 1983, Richards' 40th birthday, and have two daughters, Theodora and Alexandra, born in 1985 and 1986 respectively.

Richards maintains cordial relations with Italian-born actress Anita Pallenberg, the mother of his first three children; although they were never married, Richards and Pallenberg were a couple from 1967 to 1979. Together they have a son, Marlon (named after the actor Marlon Brando), born in 1969,^[68] and a daughter, Angela (originally named Dandelion), born in 1972.^[69] Their third child, a boy named Tara (after Richards's and Pallenberg's friend Guinness heir Tara Browne), died on 6 June 1976, less than three months after his birth.^[70]

Richards still owns Redlands, the Sussex estate he purchased in 1966, as well as a home in Weston, Connecticut and another in Turks & Caicos.^[71] His primary home is in Weston.^[72] He is an avid reader with a strong interest in history and owns an extensive library.^[73]^[74] An April 2010 article revealed that Richards yearns to be a librarian.^[75]

21st century [link]

On 27 April 2006, Richards, while in Fiji, suffered a head injury after falling out of a tree; he subsequently underwent cranial surgery at a New Zealand hospital.^[76] The incident caused a six-week delay in launching the Rolling Stones' 2006 European tour and the rescheduling of several shows; the revised tour schedule included a brief statement from Richards apologising for "falling off his perch".^[77] The band made up most of the postponed dates in 2006, and toured Europe in the summer of 2007 to make up the remainder.

In August 2006 Richards was granted a pardon by Arkansas governor Mike Huckabee for a 1975 reckless driving citation.^[78]^[79]

On 12 March 2007 Richards attended the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame ceremony to induct the Ronettes; he also played guitar during the ceremony's all-star jam session.^[44]

Richards at the premiere of Pirates of the Caribbean 3

In an April 2007 interview for NME magazine, music journalist Mark Beaumont asked Richards what the strangest thing he ever snorted was,^[80] and quoted him as replying: "My father. I snorted my father. He was cremated and I couldn't resist grinding him up with a little bit of blow. My dad wouldn't have cared ... It went down pretty well, and I'm still alive."^[81]^[82] In the media uproar that followed, Richards' manager said that the anecdote had been meant as a joke;^[83] Beaumont told Uncut magazine that the interview had been conducted by international telephone and that he had misquoted Richards at one point (reporting that Richards had said he listens to Motörhead, when what he had said was Mozart), but that he believed the ash-snorting anecdote was true.^[80]^[84] Musician Jay Farrar from the band Son Volt wrote a song titled 'Cocaine And Ashes', which was inspired by Richards' drug habits.^[85]

Doris Richards, Richards' 91-year-old mother, died of cancer in England on 21 April 2007. An official statement released by a family representative stated that Keith kept a vigil by her bedside during her last days.^[86]^[87]

Richards made a cameo appearance as Captain Teague, the father of Captain Jack Sparrow (played by Johnny Depp), in Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, released in May 2007,^[88] and won the Best Celebrity Cameo award at the 2007 Spike Horror Awards for the role.^[89] Depp has stated that he based many of Sparrow's mannerisms on Richards.^[88] Richards reprised his role in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, released in May 2011.

In March 2008 fashion house Louis Vuitton unveiled an advertising campaign featuring a photo of Richards with his ebony Gibson ES-355, taken by photographer Annie Leibovitz. Richards donated the fee for his involvement to the Climate Project, an organisation for raising environmental awareness.^[90]

On 28 October 2008 Richards appeared at the Musicians' Hall of Fame induction ceremony in Nashville, Tennessee, joining the newly inducted Crickets on stage for performances of "Peggy Sue", "Not Fade Away" and "That'll Be the Day".^[91]^[92]

In August 2009, Richards was ranked #4 in Time magazine's list of the 10 best electric guitar players of all time.^[93] In September 2009 Richards revealed to Rolling Stone magazine that in addition to anticipating a new Rolling Stones album, he has done some recording with Jack White: "I enjoy working with Jack," he said. "We’ve done a couple of tracks."^[94] On 17 October 2009, Richards received the Rock Immortal Award at Spike TV’s Scream 2009 awards ceremony at the Greek Theatre in Los Angeles; the award was presented by Johnny Depp.^[95] "I liked the living legend, that was all right," Richards said, referring to an award he received in 1989,^[96] "but immortal is even better."^[97]

In 2009, a book of Richards' quotations was published, titled What Would Keith Richards Do?: Daily Affirmations from a Rock 'n' Roll Survivor.^[98]

In August 2007 Richards signed a publishing deal for his autobiography,^[99] Life, which was released 26 October 2010.^[100] On 15 October 2010, the Associated Press published an article stating that Richards refers to Mick Jagger as "unbearable" in the book and notes that their relationship has been strained "for decades".^[101]

Musical equipment [link]

Guitars [link]

Richards playing Micawber, a 1953 Telecaster, 2006.

Richards has a collection of approximately 3,000 guitars.^[102] Even though Richards has used many different guitar models, in a 1986 Guitar World interview he joked that no matter what model he plays, "give me five minutes and I'll make 'em all sound the same."^[19] However, Richards has often thanked Leo Fender, and other guitar manufacturers for making the instruments, as he did during the induction ceremony of the Rolling Stones into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Some of his notable instruments are:

Harmony Meteor: This was Richards main guitar in the Stones' early periods it was all but retired in 1964 when he acquired his Les Paul Standard.
1959 Gibson Les Paul Standard: Richards acquired this instrument, fitted with a Bigsby tailpiece, in 1964.^[103] The guitar was the first "star-owned" Les Paul in Britain and served as one of Richards's main instruments through 1966.^[104] He later sold the guitar to future Rolling Stones bandmate Mick Taylor.^[105] The guitar was most likely stolen during the Nellcote burglary in July 1971.
1961 Epiphone Casino: Richards first used this instrument in May 1964, shortly before the Stones' first tour of America. The guitar (along with the 1959 Les Paul Standard) became a frequently used guitar by Richards until 1966.^[106]^[107]^[108]^[109]
1957 Gibson Les Paul Custom: In 1966 Richards acquired a 1957 Les Paul Custom,^[110] and hand-painted it with psychedelic patterns in 1968. It served as his main stage and studio guitar from 1966 through the end of the Rolling Stones' 1971 UK tour. The guitar was most likely stolen during the Nellcote burglary in July 1971, and ended up in the hands of a collector in the mid-1990s.
A second late 1950s Gibson Les Paul Custom was acquired in 1969 to be used in open-G tuning on the 1969 and 1970 tour.
Gibson ES-355s: Richards used this semi-hollow model on stage during the Rolling Stones' 1969 tour;^[111] it was a favourite for both Richards and Taylor during recording sessions for Sticky Fingers and Exile on Main St.. Richards has also used ES-355s on every tour since 1997. In 2006 he also unveiled a white Gibson ES-345.^[112]^[113]
Gibson Les Paul Juniors: Richards has regularly used both single-cutaway and double-cutaway Juniors since 1973. The one he is most frequently seen with is a TV-yellow double-cutaway instrument nicknamed "Dice", which he has used since 1979. On recent tours he has used this guitar for "Midnight Rambler" and "Out of Control".^{[citation needed]}
1953 Fender Telecaster: Richards acquired this butterscotch Telecaster in 1971. Nicknamed "Micawber", after a character in Charles Dickens' novel David Copperfield, it is set up for five-string open-G tuning (-GDGBD), and has only five bridge saddles. The neck pick-up has been replaced by a Gibson PAF humbucking pick-up, and the bridge pick-up has been replaced by a Fender lap steel pick-up (similar to a Fender Broadcaster pick-up). "Micawber" is one of Richards' main stage guitars, and is often used to play "Brown Sugar", "Before They Make Me Run", and "Honky Tonk Women".^[114] In 2012 the guitar was featured in a painting by modern artist Karl Haglund.
1954 Fender Telecaster: A second Telecaster, nicknamed both "Malcolm" and "Number 2", is also set up for 5-string open-G tuning and has a Gibson PAF pick-up in the neck position. It has a natural finish and the wood grain is visible.^[114]
1967 Fender Telecaster: A third Telecaster used for five-string open-G playing is a dark sunburst model which is also fitted with a Gibson PAF pick-up; the PAF on this guitar has had its cover removed, exposing the bobbins.^[114] Richards has used this guitar on stage for many songs, including "You Can't Always Get What You Want" and "Tumbling Dice".
1958 Fender Stratocaster: Fellow Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Wood gave Richards his 1958 Mary Kaye Signature Stratocaster after the band's 1982 tour. The guitar is finished in see-through blond and fitted with gold hardware.^[114] Richards has used this guitar onstage for "You Don't Have to Mean It" and "Miss You".
1975 Fender Telecaster Custom: Richards first used this guitar on the Rolling Stones' 1975 Tour of the Americas, and it was his main stage and recording guitar until 1986. It was later adapted for five-string open-G tuning, and reappeared on stage in 2005.
Ampeg Dan Armstrong plexiglas guitar: The Dan Armstrong guitar was given to Richards during rehearsals for the 1969 tour^[115] and became one of his main stage and studio guitars until it was stolen during the Nellcote burglary in July 1971. For the 1972 tour he purchased two new Dan Armstrongs which he only used during the first couple of shows. Fitted with a custom-made "sustained treble" humbucker pick-up, the guitar was used mainly in standard tuning and can be heard on "Carol", "Sympathy for the Devil" and "Midnight Rambler" on Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out. On the 1970 tour Richards added a second Dan Armstrong guitar fitted with a "rock treble" pick-up.
Gibson L6-S Custom: Played around the time of "Black And Blue". Appears in a video performance of "Crazy Mama".
Zemaitis Five-String: Custom-made in 1974 by British luthier Tony Zemaitis, the guitar nicknamed both "Macabre" and "the Pirate Zemaitis" was decorated with skulls, a pistol and a dagger. Richards used it as his main open-G guitar from 1975 to 1978, when it was destroyed in a fire at his rented Los Angeles home. Richards used a Japanese-made replica on the 2005-06 tour.^{[citation needed]}
Newman-Jones custom guitars: Texas luthier Ted Newman-Jones made several custom five-string instruments that Richards used on the 1973 tours of Australasia and Europe. Richards used another Newman-Jones custom model on the 1979 New Barbarians tour.

Amplifiers [link]

Richards's amplifier preferences have changed repeatedly, but some of his notable amplifiers are:

Mesa Boogie Mark 1 A804 – Used between 1977 and 1993, this 100-watt 1x12" combo is finished in hardwood with a wicker grille. It can be heard on the Rolling Stones albums Love You Live, Some Girls, Emotional Rescue and Tattoo You, as well as on Richards's two solo albums Talk is Cheap and Main Offender. This amplifier was handcrafted by Randall Smith and delivered to Richards in March 1977.^[116]
Fender Twin – Since the 1990s, Richards has tended to use a variety of Fender "tweed" Twins on stage. Containing a pair of 12" speakers, the Fender Twin was, by 1958, an 80-watt all-tube guitar amplifier. Richards has utilised a pair of Fender Twins to "to achieve his signature clean/dirty rhythm and lead sound."^[117]
Fender Dual Showman – first acquired in 1964, Richards made frequent use of his blackface Dual Showman amp through mid-1966. Used to record The Rolling Stones, Now!, Out of Our Heads, December's Children and Aftermath before switching over to various prototype amplifiers from Vox in 1967 and the fairly new Hiwatt in 1968
Ampeg V-4 and V-2 heads and VT-22 and VT-40 Combos – With 120 watts (V-4/VT-22) and 60 watts (V-2/VT-40) respectively these powerful Ampeg amps' midrange control, midrange shift switch, input pads, treble control with bright switch and incredibly effective and full sounding spring reverb shaped the guitar sound of 1970s Stones. Used live by Keith from '69-78, as shown in tour photos and the documentary "Stones In Exile", the Ampeg V4, SVT, VT22 and VT40 amps shared duties in the studio with Fender Twins.

Effects [link]

Richards, Rolling Stones Voodoo Lounge World Tour, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1995.

In 1965 Richards used a Gibson Maestro fuzzbox to achieve the distinctive tone of his riff on "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction";^[118] the success of the resulting single boosted the sales of the device to the extent that all available stock had sold out by the end of 1965.^[119] In the 1970s and early 1980s Richards frequently used guitar effects such as a wah-wah pedal, a phaser and a Leslie speaker,^[120] but he mainly relies on combining "the right amp with the right guitar" to achieve the sound he wants.^[121]

Discography [link]

Studio albums [link]

Year	Title	Chart positions		Certifications (sales thresholds)
Year	Title	U.K.	U.S.	Certifications (sales thresholds)
1988	Talk Is Cheap Released: 3 October 1988 Label: Virgin	37 [3 wks]	24 [23 wks]	US: Gold
1991	Live at the Hollywood Palladium, 15 December 1988 Released: 10 December 1991 Label: Virgin	—	—
1992	Main Offender Released: 19 October 1992 Label: Virgin	45 [2 wks]	99 [10 wks]
2010	Vintage Vinos Compilation Album Released: 2 November 2010 Label: Mindless Records	—	—

Singles [link]

Release date	Title	US Mainstream Rock
December 1978	"Run Rudolph Run" b/w "The Harder They Come"	—
October 1988	"Take It So Hard"	3
November 1988	"You Don't Move Me"	18
February 1989	"Struggle"	47
October 1992	"Wicked As It Seems"	3
January 1993	"Eileen"	17
December 2007	"Run Rudolph Run" b/w "Pressure Drop"	—
"—" denotes releases that did not chart

Guest appearances on other artists' releases [link]

The Beatles: backing vocals on "All You Need Is Love" broadcast (1967)
The Dirty Mac: The Rolling Stones' Rock & Roll Circus (recorded 1968, released 2004): bass on "Yer Blues" and "Her Blues"
Billy Preston: That's the Way God Planned It (1969): bass
Alexis Korner: Musically Rich...and Famous: Anthology 1967–1982 (2003): guitar on "Get Off of My Cloud" (recorded 1974 or 1975)
Ronnie Wood: I've Got My Own Album to Do (1974): co-composer, guitar and vocals on "Sure the One You Need"; co-composer, guitar, piano and backing vocals on "Act Together"; guitar and backing vocals on several other tracks; The First Barbarians Live From Kilburn (recorded 1974, released 2007): guitar, vocals, keyboards; Now Look (1975): guitar and backing vocals on "Breathe on Me", "I Can't Stand the Rain" and "I Can Say She's Alright"; Gimme Some Neck (1979): guitar and backing vocals on "Buried Alive", backing vocals on "Seven Days"
Faces: The Faces' Final Concert (recorded 1974, released 2000): guitar on "Sweet Little Rock & Roller", "I’d Rather Go Blind" and "Twistin’ the Night Away"
John Phillips: Pay, Pack & Follow (recorded 1976–77, released 2001) and Pussycat (outtakes and alternate mixes – recorded 1976–77, released 2008): co-producer, guitar, backing vocals
Peter Tosh: Bush Doctor (1978): guitar
The New Barbarians: Buried Alive: Live in Maryland (recorded 1979, released 2006): guitar, piano, lead and backing vocals
Ian McLagan: Troublemaker (1979, re-released in 2005 as Here Comes Trouble): guitar and backing vocals on "Truly"
Screamin' Jay Hawkins: Portrait of a Man: A History of Screamin' Jay Hawkins (1979): guitar on "I Put a Spell on You" and "Armpit #6"
Max Romeo: Holding Out My Love For You (1981): guitar, mixing
Tom Waits: Rain Dogs (1985): guitar and backing vocals on "Big Black Mariah", "Union Square" and "Blind Love"; Bone Machine (1992): co-composer, guitar and vocals on "That Feel"; Bad As Me (2011): guitar on "Chicago", "Satisfied" and "Hell Broke Luce"; guitar and vocals on "Last Leaf"
Sun City: Artists United Against Apartheid (1985): co-composer and guitar on "Silver and Gold"
Slim Jim Phantom, Lee Rocker & Earl Slick: Phantom Rocker and Slick (1986): guitar on "My Mistake"
Aretha Franklin: Jumpin' Jack Flash film soundtrack (1986): producer and guitar on title track, also on Jewels in the Crown: All-Star Duets with the Queen (2007)
Chuck Berry concert film Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll (1987): musical producer, guitar and backing vocals
Nona Hendryx: Female Trouble (1987): guitar on "Rock This House"
Ziggy Marley: Conscious Party (1988): guitar on "Lee & Molly"
Feargal Sharkey: Wish (1988): guitar on "More Love"
The Dirty Strangers: Dirty Strangers (1988): guitar; From W12 to Wittering (2009): piano on five tracks, co-composer of "Real Botticelli"
Johnnie Johnson: Johnnie B. Bad (1991): co-producer, guitar and vocals on "Key to the Highway", co-composer and guitar on "Tanqueray"
John Lee Hooker: Mr. Lucky (1991): guitar on "Crawling King Snake", guitar and backing vocals on "Whiskey and Wimmen"
The Neville Brothers: Uptown (1991): guitar
Weird Nightmare: Meditations on Mingus (1992): guitar and vocals on "Oh Lord Don't Let Them Drop That Atomic Bomb on Me"
George Jones: Bradley Barn Sessions (1994): guitar and vocals on "Say It's Not You"; Burn Your Playhouse Down – The Unreleased Duets (2008): vocals on "Burn Your Playhouse Down" (recorded in 1994)
Bernie Worrell: Funk of Ages (1994): guitar
Bobby Womack: Resurrection (1994): guitar
Marianne Faithfull: A Collection (1994): co-producer and guitar on "Ghost Dance"; Easy Come, Easy Go (2008): guitar and harmony vocals on "Sing Me Back Home"
The Chieftains: Long Black Veil (1995): guitar on "The Rocky Road to Dublin"
Ivan Neville: Thanks (1995): guitar; Scrape (2004): guitar
Bo Diddley: A Man Amongst Men (1996): guitar on "Bo Diddley Is Crazy"
B.B. King: Deuces Wild (1997): guitar on "Paying the Cost to Be the Boss"
Wingless Angels (1997): co-producer, guitar, backing vocals
Scotty Moore: All the King's Men (1997): guitar and vocals on "Deuce and a Quarter"
Jimmy Rogers All-Stars: Blues Blues Blues (1999): guitar on "Trouble No More", "Don't Start Me Talkin'" and "Goin' Away"
Sheryl Crow: Sheryl Crow & Friends: Live From Central Park (1999): guitar and vocals on "Happy"
Charlie Watts: Charlie Watts – Jim Keltner Project (2000): guitar on "The Elvin Suite"
Timeless: Tribute to Hank Williams (2001): guitar and vocals on "You Win Again"
The Simpsons: voice on the episode entitled "How I Spent My Strummer Vacation"
Peter Wolf: Sleepless (2002): guitar and vocals on "Too Close Together"
Willie Nelson & Friends: Stars & Guitars (2002): guitar and vocals on "Dead Flowers"; Outlaws & Angels (2004): guitar and vocals on "We Had It All", guitar on "Trouble in Mind" and "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On"
Hubert Sumlin: About Them Shoes (2004): guitar and vocals on "Still a Fool", guitar on "I Love the Life I Lead" and "Little Girl"
Toots & the Maytals: True Love (2004): guitar and vocals on "Careless Ethiopians"; guitar and backing vocals on "Pressure Drop" (released 2007)
Return to Sin City: A Tribute to Gram Parsons (2004): guitar and vocals on "Love Hurts", "Hickory Wind" and "Wild Horses"
Make It Funky (2005): guitar and vocals on "I'm Ready"
Les Paul & Friends: American Made World Played (2005): guitar on "Good Morning Little Schoolgirl"
Buddy Guy: Bring 'Em In (2005): guitar on "The Price You Gotta Pay"
Jerry Lee Lewis: Last Man Standing: The Duets (2006): guitar and vocals on "That Kind of Fool"
Ronnie Spector: Last of the Rock Stars (2006): guitar and vocals on "It's Gonna Work Out Fine", guitar on "All I Want"
Lee "Scratch" Perry: Scratch Came Scratch Saw Scratch Conquered (2008): guitar on "Heavy Voodoo" and "Once There's a Will There's a Way"; 2010 Revelations (2010): guitar, piano, bass and drum on "Book of Moses"
Little Steven's Underground Garage: Christmas a Go-Go (2008): guitar and vocals on "Run Rudolph Run"
Ben Waters: Boogie for Stu: A Tribute to Ian Stewart (2011): guitar on "Rooming House Boogie" and "Watching the River Flow"; vocals on "Worried Life Blues"

Lead vocals on Rolling Stones tracks [link]

Below is a list of the officially released Rolling Stones tracks on which Richards sings lead vocals or shares lead-vocal duties:

"Something Happened to Me Yesterday" (alternates with Jagger), "Connection" (co-lead with Jagger) – Between the Buttons (1967)
"Salt of the Earth" (first verse) – Beggars Banquet (1968)
"You Got the Silver" – Let It Bleed (1969)
"Happy" – Exile On Main St. (1972)
"Coming Down Again" – Goats Head Soup (1973)
"Memory Motel" (alternates with Jagger) – Black and Blue (1976)
"Happy" (live) – Love You Live (1977)
"Before They Make Me Run" – Some Girls (1978)
"All About You" – Emotional Rescue (1980)
"Little T&A" – Tattoo You (1981)
"Wanna Hold You" – Undercover (1983)
"Too Rude", "Sleep Tonight" – Dirty Work (1986)
"Can't Be Seen", "Slipping Away" – Steel Wheels (1989)
"Can't Be Seen" (live) – Flashpoint (1991)
"The Worst", "Thru and Thru" – Voodoo Lounge (1994)
"Slipping Away" (acoustic studio rehearsal) – Stripped (1995)
"You Don't Have to Mean It", "Thief in the Night", "How Can I Stop" – Bridges to Babylon (1997)
"Thief in the Night" (live) – No Security (1999)
"Losing My Touch" – Forty Licks (2002)
"Happy" (live), "The Nearness of You" (live), "You Don't Have to Mean It" (live) – Live Licks (2004)
"This Place Is Empty", "Infamy" – A Bigger Bang (2005)
"Hurricane" – CD single (free at US Rolling Stones concerts in 2005 with donation to Hurricane Katrina fund)
"Thru and Thru" (live) – Rarities 1971-2003 (2005)
"You Got the Silver" (live), "Connection" (live), "Little T&A" (live) – Shine a Light (2008)
"We Had it All" – Some Girls (2011 Reissue) (2011)

Filmography [link]

Film
Year	Title	Role	Notes
1969	Man on Horseback
2007	Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End	Captain Teague
2011	Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides	Captain Teague	Nominated—People's Choice Award for Favorite Ensemble Movie Cast Nominated—Scream Award for Best Cameo

References [link]

^ "Researcha". Web.researcha.com. http://web.researcha.com/iccquery/detail/?did=9109465&c=uk. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
^ "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". Rolling Stone (931). 22 September 2003. ISBN 0-634-04619-5. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/5945/32609/32672.
^ "The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. 9 December 2004. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/500songs. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
^ "Sex, drugs and guns: As rocker Keith Richards releases his memoirs, how much can the hellraiser really remember?". Daily Mail. 30 July 2007. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-471351/Sex-drugs-guns-As-rocker-Keith-Richards-releases-memoirs-hellraiser-really-remember.html. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
^ Bockris, Victor (2003). Keith Richards: The Biography (2nd ed.). Da Capo Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 0-306-81278-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=P_lzbHj_jS0C.
^ Rowland, Paul (30 October 2006). "Exhibition of Welsh pirate portrait based on Rolling Stone". Western Mail. http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/tm_headline=exhibition-of-welsh-pirate-portrait-based-on-rolling-stone&method=full&objectid=18011959&siteid=50082-name_page.html. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
^ Richards, Life, p. 500.
^ Bockris 1993. pp. 29–30.
^ Bockris 1993. p. 33.
^ St. Michael, Mick (1994). In His Own Words: Keith Richards. Omnibus Press. p. 75. ISBN 0-7119-3634-X.
^ Richards, Life, p. 72.
^ ^a ^b Bockris 1993. p. 22.
^ "The Archives: Famous Old Boy Keith Richards". Old Dartechs' & Wilmingtonians' Association. http://www.odwa.co.uk/archives/archives.htm. Retrieved 2 March 2008.
^ Bockris 1993. pp. 27–28
^ Bockris 1993. p. 30.
^ Bockris 1993. pp. 34–35.
^ Bockris 1993. p. 38.
^ Bockris 1993. p. 63.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Santoro, Gene (1986). "The Mojo Man Rocks Out". Guitar World, March 1986, reprinted (2006) in Guitar Legends: The Rolling Stones (Future plc).
^ McPherson, Ian. "A Heart Engraved in Stone". http://www.timeisonourside.com/keithstones.html. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
^ McPherson, Ian. "The World's Greatest Rock & Roll Band". http://www.timeisonourside.com/keithstones.html. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
^ "Keith on keeping on – interview with Keith Richards". Chrisspedding.com. http://www.chrisspedding.com/jour/kr.htm. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
^ "Sabella Recording Studios: Keith Richards Interview". Sabellastudios.com. http://www.sabellastudios.com/tips_krichards.php. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
^ Wyman, Bill (2002). Rolling With the Stones. DK Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 0-7894-9998-3.
^ Jagger, Mick; Richards, Keith; Watts, Charlie; Wood, Ronnie (2003). According to the Rolling Stones. Chronicle Books. p. 39. ISBN 0-8118-4060-3.
^ Jagger, Richards, Watts & Wood 2003. p. 180.
^ Guitar World October 2002. Interview:"Heart Of Stone"
^ ^a ^b Obrecht, Jas (1992). "Keith Richards Comes Clean on Distortion and the Meaning of Music". Guitar Player. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080407214055/http://www.geocities.com/abexile/keithintgpl.htm. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
^ "1995 Guitar World Interview with Keith". http://pierresetparoles.blogspot.com/2004/09/keith-richards-guitar-world-vers-1995.html. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
^ McPherson, Ian. "Track Talk: Street Fighting Man". http://www.timeisonourside.com/SOStreetFighting.html. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
^ Booth, Stanley (1994). Keith: Till I Roll Over Dead. Headline Book Publishing. pp. 173–174. ISBN 0-7472-0770-4.
^ Appleford, Steve (2000). The Rolling Stones: Rip This Joint: The Story Behind Every Song. Thunder's Mouth Press. p. 119. ISBN 1-56025-281-2.
^ The Rolling Stones (2006). Shine a Light (DVD released 2008). Universal.
^ McPherson, Ian. "Track Talk". http://www.timeisonourside.com/index2.html.
^ McPherson, Ian. "Track Talk: Jumpin' Jack Flash". http://www.timeisonourside.com/SOJumpin.html. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
^ McPherson, Ian. "Track Talk: Continental Drift". http://www.timeisonourside.com/SOContinental.html. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
^ Oldham, Andrew Loog (2000). Stoned. St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 249–251. ISBN 0-312-27094-1.
^ Elliott, Martin (2002). The Rolling Stones: Complete Recording Sessions 1962–2002. Cherry Red Books. p. 16. ISBN 1-901447-04-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d McPherson, Ian. "Jagger/Richards: Songwriters". http://www.timeisonourside.com/songwriting.html. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
^ Elliott 2002. p. 60
^ Booth 1994. p. 51
^ "Inductees: Keith Richards". Songwriters Hall of Fame. http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibit_bio.asp?exhibitId=113. Retrieved 3 March 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ Wyman 2002. p. 224.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Zentgraf, Nico. "The Complete Works of the Rolling Stones 1962–2008". http://www.nzentgraf.de/books/tcw/works1.htm. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
^ The Rolling Stones, the Dirty Mac, et al. (1968). Rock and Roll Circus (DVD released 2004). ABKCO Films.
^ Chuck Berry, Keith Richards, et al. (1986). Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll (DVD released 2006). Universal City Studios Inc.
^ Four Flicks – Disc 4 (Arena Show) – in the extras section for Start Me Up
^ Bockris 1993. p. 213-214.
^ Deevoy, Adrian (August 1994). "Ladies and Gentlemen, the Interesting Old Farts". Q (EMAP Metro): p. 91.
^ Peter Hitchens (23 October 2010). "A chainsaw massacre... where the cost cutters end up spending £92bn MORE". The Mail On Sunday. http://hitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk/2010/10/a-chainsaw-massacre-where-the-cost-cutters-end-up-spending-92bn-.html. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
^ Bockris 1993. pp. 133–135, pp. 215–216, pp. 280–283.
^ ^a ^b Flippo, Chet (1985). On the Road with the Rolling Stones. Doubleday/Dolphin. pp. 177–178. ISBN 0-385-19374-2.
^ Booth, Stanley (2000). The True Adventures of the Rolling Stones (2nd edition). A Capella Books. pp. 243–245. ISBN 1-55652-400-5.
^ Booth 2000. p. 276.
^ "musicpilgrimages.com". musicpilgrimages.com. 11 October 2009. http://www.musicpilgrimages.com/interest/index.php?alias=mick_goes_to_jail.html. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
^ "musicpilgrimages.com". musicpilgrimages.com. 14 October 2009. http://www.musicpilgrimages.com/interest/index.php?alias=keith_goes_to_jail.html. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
^ Booth 2000. p. 277.
^ Wyman 2002. p. 286.
^ Booth 2000. pp. 278–279.
^ Flippo 1985. pp. 67–68.
^ Bockris 1993. pp. 261–263.
^ Flippo 1985. p. 134.
^ Flippo 1985. pp. 134–136.
^ Wyman 2002. p. 453.
^ Flippo 1985. p. 178.
^ O'Neill Jr, Lou (29 May 1979). "Back Pages: Will Canada Get Its Pound of Flesh from Keith Richards?". Circus.
^ Greenspan 1990. p. 518.
^ Wyman 2002. p. 343.
^ Wyman 2002. p. 392.
^ Bockris 1993. p. 242, p. 246
^ Mueller, Andrew (April 2008). "Mick's a Maniac: Interview with Keith Richards". Uncut (IPC Media): p. 38.
^ McNair, James (20 August 2005). "Keith Richards: Being, Keef". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/keith-richards-being-keef-503249.html. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
^ Braun, Liz (8 March 2008). "Richards Turns a New Page". Edmonton Sun. http://www.edmontonsun.com/Entertainment/Music/2008/03/08/4946631-sun.html. Retrieved 8 March 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ Ellis, Estelle; Seebohm, Carol and Sykes, Christopher Simon (1995). At Home with Books: How Booklovers Live with and Care for Their Libraries. Clarkson Potter. pp. 209–212. ISBN 0-517-59500-1.
^ Harlow, John (4 April 2010). "It’s only books ’n’ shelves but I like it". The Times (London). Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100526165306/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article7086815.ece. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
^ "Kiwi Doctor Rolls with the Stones". Sunday Star Times. 10 February 2008. http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/4395738a1860.html. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
^ "Keith Richards Is Given the All Clear to Get Back to Work As Stones Announce New Itinerary for European Shows". RollingStones.com. 2 June 2006. http://www.rollingstones.com/news/press.php?uid=550. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
^ "Huckabee prepares pardon papers for rocker Keith Richards". Arkansas News Bureau. 20 July 2006. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070311021745/http://www.arkansasnews.com/archive/2006/07/20/News/336946.html.
^ "Not My Job: Mike Huckabee (Wait Wait...Don't Tell Me!)". National Public Radio. 8 September 2007. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14255893.
^ ^a ^b "Snortergate: The True Story (Interview with Mark Beaumont)". Uncut (IPC Media): p. 55. September 2007.
^ "Exclusive: Keith Richards: 'I Snorted My Dad's Ashes'". New Musical Express. UK. 3 April 2007. http://www.nme.com/news/the-rolling-stones/27515. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
^ "Keith Richards: Read the Interview the World Is Talking About". New Musical Express. UK. 4 April 2007. http://www.nme.com/news/the-rolling-stones/27531. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
^ "Did Keith Richards Really Snort His Dad's Ashes? No – It Was A Joke!". MTV. 3 April 2007. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1556258/20070403/rolling_stones.jhtml.
^ Doyle, Tom (September 2007). "Keith Richards: The Mojo Interview". Mojo (EMAP Performance Ltd.): p. 60.
^ "Son Volt's Jay Farrar Inspired by Keith Richards' Drug Habits 'Spinner 2009". Spinner. 3 June 2009. http://www.spinner.com/2009/06/03/son-volts-jay-farrar-inspired-by-keith-richards-drug-habits/.
^ "Rolling Stone Keith Richards' mother dies". ABC News Online. 24 April 2007. http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200704/s1904912.htm. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
^ "Keith Richards’s Mum Dies". MTV Music Television. 24 April 2007. http://www.mtv.co.uk/channel/mtvuk/24042007/keith_richards_s_mum_dies. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
^ ^a ^b Wild, Davido (31 May 2007). "Johnny Depp & Keith Richards: Pirates of the Caribbean's Blood Brothers". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/johnny_depp__keith_richards_ipirates_of_the_caribbeanis_blood_brothers. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
^ "Keith Wins Spike Award". RollingStones.com. 24 October 2007. http://www.rollingstones.com/news/news.php?uid=666. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
^ "Keith Richards the New Face of Louis Vuitton". Sydney Morning Herald. 5 March 2008. http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,26278,23322613-5007192,00.html. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
^ "Keith Richards, Percy Sledge, others honour new Musician Hall of Fame inductees". The Tennessean. 28 October 2008. http://search.tennessean.com/sp?aff=1100&skin=100&keywords=Keith+Richards&x=4&y=15. Retrieved 6 November 2008.
^ "Hall of Fame Honour for Booker T". BBC News. 29 October 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7697148.stm. Retrieved 6 November 2008.
^ by Dave on 24 August 2009 (24 August 2009). "Fretbase, Time Magazine Picks the 10 Best Electric Guitar Players". Fretbase.com. http://www.fretbase.com/blog/2009/08/time-magazine-picks-the-10-best-electric-guitar-players-including-yngwie/. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
^ Greene, Andy (2 September 2009). "Keith Richards on Recording With Jack White, New Stones LP". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/09/02/keith-richards-on-recording-with-jack-white-new-rolling-stones-lp/. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
^ "Spike TV press release". Spike.com. 15 October 2009. http://www.spike.com/blog/spike-tv-to-shine/88003. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
^ "The 1st International Rock Awards 1989". waddywachtelinfo.com. http://waddywachtelinfo.com/InternationalRockAwards.html. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
^ "Depp, Richards Light Up Spike TV's 'Scream 2009". NewYorkTimes. 18 October 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2009/10/18/arts/AP-US-TV-Scream-2009.html. ^{[dead link]}
^ Richards, Keith (2009). Jessica Pallington West. ed. What Would Keith Richards Do?: Daily Affirmations from a Rock 'n' Roll Survivor. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-59691-614-2.
^ Rich, Motoko (1 August 2007). "A Rolling Stone Prepares to Gather His Memories". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/01/books/01rich.html. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
^ Richards, Keith (2010). Life. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-03438-X. OCLC 548642133.
^ "Associated Press: Rolling Stone Keith Richards: Mick 'unbearable'". License.icopyright.net. 15 October 2010. http://license.icopyright.net/user/viewContent.act?tag=3.5721%3Ficx_id=D9ISATM00. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
^ "Keith Richards' Guitar Museum". http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/celebrity/Keith+Richards-20612.html.
^ Burrluck, Dave (September 2007). "The Keithburst Les Paul". Guitarist Magazine: 55–58.
^ Bacon, Tony (2002). 50 Years of the Gibson Les Paul. Backbeahttp://members.tripod.com/blue_lena/guitar2.htmlt Books. pp. 38, 50, 123. ISBN 0-87930-711-0.
^ "Keith Richards 1959 Les Paul Standard". Richard Henry Guitars. http://www.richardhenryguitars.com/keith.aspx. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
^ "Epiphone Casino Electric Guitar". Vintageguitars.org.uk. http://www.vintageguitars.org.uk/EpiphoneCasino2.php. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
^ "Epiphone News: Rolling Stones at 50". Epiphone.com. http://www.epiphone.com/News/Features/News/2012/Rolling-Stones-at-50.aspx.
^ "Epiphone: 1961 50th Anniversary Casino". Epiphone.com. http://www.epiphone.com/Products/Archtop/1961-50th-Anniversary-Casino-TD.aspx.
^ "Epiphone Casino". Epiphone.com. http://www.epiphone.com/Products/Archtop/Casino.aspx.
^ "The Ed Sullivan Show". episode 884. season 20. 11 September 1966.
^ The Rolling Stones (1969). Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out (re-release) (DVD released 2009). ABKCO.
^ The Rolling Stones (1997). Bridges to Babylon (DVD released 1999). Warner Home Video.
^ The Rolling Stones (2005-06). The Biggest Bang (DVD released 2007). Universal Music Operations.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Rolling Stones – Keith Richards Guitar Gear Rig and Equipment". http://www.uberproaudio.com/content/view/121/38/.
^ "Through The Years, Clearly: Dan Armstrong Series". http://www.ampeg.com/clearlyDanA.html. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
^ "Keef's '77 Mar k 1 El Mocambo Boogie". http://homepage.mac.com/mesaboogie/Keef/Keef%20Boogie.html.
^ "1958 Fender Strat & 1959 Fender Twin". http://www.premierguitar.com/Magazine/Issue/2009/Nov/1958_Fender_Strat_1959_Fender_Twin.aspx.
^ Bosso, Joe (2006). "No Stone Unturned". Guitar Legends: The Rolling Stones (Future plc): p. 12.
^ "Sold on Song: (I Can't Get No) Satisfaction". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/soldonsong/songlibrary/indepth/satisfaction.shtml. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
^ Dalton, David (1981). The Rolling Stones: The First Twenty Years. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 163. ISBN 0-394-52427-6.
^ Wheeler, Tom (December 1989). "Keith Richards: Not Fade Away". Guitar Player (New Bay Media LLC).

2. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-guitarists-20111123/keith-richards-19691231

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Richards,_Keith at the Open Directory Project

v t e Keith Richards

Discography	Talk Is Cheap "Take It So Hard" Live at the Hollywood Palladium, December 15, 1988 Main Offender Vintage Vinos

Bands	The Rolling Stones The Dirty Mac The New Barbarians

Family	Patti Hansen (wife) Theodora Richards (daughter) Alexandra Richards (daughter)

See also	Jagger/Richards Life Anita Pallenberg Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll Wingless Angels

The Rolling Stones

v t e The Rolling Stones

Mick Jagger Keith Richards Ronnie Wood Charlie Watts Brian Jones Ian Stewart Tony Chapman Dick Taylor Bill Wyman Mick Taylor

UK studio albums 1964–1967	The Rolling Stones (1964) The Rolling Stones No. 2 (1965) Out of Our Heads (1965) Aftermath (1966) Between the Buttons (1967)

US studio albums 1964–1967	The Rolling Stones (England's Newest Hit Makers) (1964) 12 X 5 (1964) The Rolling Stones, Now! (1965) Out of Our Heads (1965) December's Children (And Everybody's) (1965) Aftermath (1966) Between the Buttons (1967)

Studio albums 1967–present	Their Satanic Majesties Request (1967) Beggars Banquet (1968) Let It Bleed (1969) Sticky Fingers (1971) Exile on Main St. (1972) Goats Head Soup (1973) It's Only Rock 'n' Roll (1974) Black and Blue (1976) Some Girls (1978) Emotional Rescue (1980) Tattoo You (1981) Undercover (1983) Dirty Work (1986) Steel Wheels (1989) Voodoo Lounge (1994) Bridges to Babylon (1997) A Bigger Bang (2005)

UK EPs	The Rolling Stones (1964) Five by Five (1964) Got Live If You Want It! (1965)

Live albums	Got Live If You Want It! (US only) (1966) Get Yer Ya-Yas Out! The Rolling Stones in Concert (1970) Love You Live (1977) "Still Life" (American Concert 1981) (1982) Flashpoint (1991) Stripped (1995) No Security (1998) Live Licks (2004) Shine a Light (2008) Brussels Affair (2011) The Rolling Stones: Some Girls Live In Texas '78 (2011) Hampton Coliseum (Live 1981) (2012) L.A. Friday (Live 1975) (2012)

Compilations	Big Hits (High Tide and Green Grass) (1966) Flowers (US) (1967) Through the Past, Darkly (Big Hits Vol. 2) (1969) Made in the Shade (1975) Time Waits for No One: Anthology 1971–1977 (1979) Sucking in the Seventies (1981) Rewind (1971–1984) (1984) Jump Back: The Best of The Rolling Stones (1993) Forty Licks (2002) Rarities 1971–2003 (2005)

Post-contract ABKCO albums	Hot Rocks 1964–1971 (1971) More Hot Rocks (Big Hits & Fazed Cookies) (1972) Metamorphosis (1975) Singles Collection: The London Years (1989) The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus (1996) Singles 1963–1965 (2004) Singles 1965–1967 (2004) Singles 1968–1971 (2005) Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (2007)

Post-contract Decca albums	Stone Age (1971) Gimme Shelter (1971) Milestones (1972) Rock 'n' Rolling Stones (1972) No Stone Unturned (1973) Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (1975) Solid Rock (1980) Slow Rollers (1981)

Other albums	Jamming with Edward! (1972)

Box sets	The Rolling Stones Box Set (2009)

DVD releases	Stones at the Max (1992) The Rolling Stones: Voodoo Lounge Live (1995) Bridges to Babylon Tour '97–98 (1998) Four Flicks (2003) The Biggest Bang (2007) Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones (2010) The Rolling Stones: Some Girls Live In Texas '78 (2011)

Documentaries	Gimme Shelter (1970) Cocksucker Blues (1972) Let's Spend the Night Together (1983) Video Rewind (1984) 25x5: The Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones (1989) Shine a Light (2008) Stones in Exile (2010)

Tours	British Tour 1963 1964 tours 1965 tours 1966 tours European Tour 1967 American Tour 1969 European Tour 1970 UK Tour 1971 American Tour 1972 Pacific Tour 1973 European Tour 1973 Tour of the Americas '75 Tour of Europe '76 US Tour 1978 American Tour 1981 European Tour 1982 Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour Voodoo Lounge Tour Bridges to Babylon Tour No Security Tour Licks Tour A Bigger Bang Tour

Collaborators	Nicky Hopkins Bobby Keys Billy Preston Blondie Chaplin Chuck Leavell Lisa Fischer Bernard Fowler Darryl Jones Ian McLagan Jim Price

Producers & management	Andrew Loog Oldham Allen Klein Jimmy Miller The Glimmer Twins Steve Lillywhite Chris Kimsey Don Was

Related articles	Discography Jagger/Richards Nanker Phelge Rolling Stones Records Altamont Free Concert Rolling Stones Mobile Studio The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus The Mick Jagger Centre Peter Meaden The Wick Downe House, Richmond Hill

Book Category Portal WikiProject

v t e The Rolling Stones singles discography

Decca/London singles	1963 "Come On" / "I Want to Be Loved" "I Wanna Be Your Man" / "Stoned" 1964 "Not Fade Away" / "Little by Little" (UK) "Not Fade Away" / "I Wanna Be Your Man" (US) "It's All Over Now" / "Good Times, Bad Times" "Tell Me" / "I Just Want to Make Love to You" "Time Is on My Side" / "Congratulations" "Little Red Rooster" / "Off the Hook" "Heart of Stone" / "What a Shame" 1965 "What a Shame" / "Heart of Stone" "The Last Time" / "Play with Fire" "Play with Fire" / "The Last Time" "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" / "The Under-Assistant West Coast Promotion Man" (US) "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" / "The Spider and the Fly" (UK) "Get Off of My Cloud" / "I'm Free" (US) "Get Off of My Cloud" / "The Singer Not the Song" (UK) "As Tears Go By" / "Gotta Get Away" 1966 "19th Nervous Breakdown" / "As Tears Go By" (UK) "19th Nervous Breakdown" / "Sad Day" (US) "Paint It, Black" / "Stupid Girl" (US) "Paint It, Black" / "Long Long While" (UK) "Mother's Little Helper" / "Lady Jane" "Lady Jane" / "Mother's Little Helper" "Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing in the Shadow?" / "Who's Driving Your Plane" 1967 "Let's Spend the Night Together" / "Ruby Tuesday" "Ruby Tuesday" / "Let's Spend the Night Together" "We Love You" / "Dandelion" "Dandelion" / "We Love You" "In Another Land" / "The Lantern" "She's a Rainbow" / "2000 Light Years from Home" 1968 "Jumpin' Jack Flash" / "Child of the Moon" "Street Fighting Man" / "No Expectations" 1969 "Honky Tonk Women" / "You Can't Always Get What You Want" Post-contract (1971) "Street Fighting Man" / "Surprise, Surprise" (1973) "You Can't Always Get What You Want" / "Sad Day" (1975) "Out of Time" / "Try a Little Harder" "Jiving Sister Fanny" / "I Don't Know Why" (1976) "Honky Tonk Women" / "Sympathy for the Devil" (2003) "Sympathy for the Devil" (remix) / (remixes)

Rolling Stones/Atlantic singles	1971 "Brown Sugar" / "Bitch" / "Let It Rock" (live) (UK) "Brown Sugar" / "Bitch" (US) "Wild Horses" / "Sway" 1972 "Tumbling Dice" / "Sweet Black Angel" "Happy" / "All Down the Line" 1973 "Angie" / "Silver Train" "Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo (Heartbreaker)" / "Dancing with Mr. D" 1974 "It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)" / "Through the Lonely Nights" "Ain't Too Proud to Beg" / "Dance Little Sister" 1976 "Fool to Cry" / "Crazy Mama" "Hot Stuff" / "Fool to Cry"

Rolling Stones/Virgin singles	1978 "Miss You" / "Far Away Eyes" "Beast of Burden" / "When the Whip Comes Down" "Respectable" / "When the Whip Comes Down" "Shattered" / "Everything Is Turning to Gold" 1980 "Emotional Rescue" / "Down in the Hole" "She's So Cold" / "Send It to Me" 1981 "If I Was a Dancer (Dance Pt. 2)" / "Dance (Intrumental)" "Start Me Up" / "No Use In Crying" "Waiting on a Friend" / "Little T&A" "Little T&A" / "Waiting on a Friend" 1982 "Hang Fire" / "Neighbours" "Going to a Go-Go" (live) / "Beast of Burden" (live) "Time Is on My Side" (live) / "Twenty Flight Rock" (live) 1983 "Undercover of the Night" / "All the Way Down" 1984 "She Was Hot" / "Think I'm Going Mad" "Think I'm Going Mad" / "She Was Hot" "Too Tough" / "Miss You" "Brown Sugar" / "Bitch" "Too Much Blood" / "Too Much Blood" 1986 "Harlem Shuffle" / "Had It With You" "Winning Ugly" / "Winning Ugly" "One Hit (To the Body)" / "Fight" 1989 "Mixed Emotions" / "Fancy Man Blues" "Sad Sad Sad" / "Sad Sad Sad" "Rock and a Hard Place" / "Cook Cook Blues" 1990 "Almost Hear You Sigh" / "Break the Spell" (US) "Almost Hear You Sigh" / "Wish I'd Never Met You" (UK) "Paint It, Black" / "Long Long While" "Terrifying" / "Wish I'd Never Met You" 1991 "Highwire" / "2000 Light Years from Home" (live) "Ruby Tuesday" (live) / "Play with Fire" (live) "Sex Drive" / "Sex Drive"

Virgin singles	1994 "Love Is Strong" / "The Storm" "Love Is Strong" / "So Young" "You Got Me Rocking" / "Jump On Top of Me" "Out of Tears" / "I'm Gonna Drive" / "So Young" "Out of Tears" / "I'm Gonna Drive" / "Sparks Will Fly" 1995 "Sparks Will Fly" / "Sparks Will Fly" "I Go Wild" / (remixes) "Like a Rolling Stone" (live) / "Black Limousine" / "All Down the Line" 1996 "Wild Horses" (live) / "Live with Me" (live) / "Tumbling Dice" (live) 1997 "Anybody Seen My Baby?" / (remixes) "Flip the Switch" / "Flip the Switch" 1998 "Saint of Me" / "Gimme Shelter" / "Anyway You Look At It" "Out of Control" / (remixes) "Gimme Shelter" (live) / "Gimme Shelter" (live) 2002 "Don't Stop" / "Miss You" (remix) 2005 "Streets of Love" / "Rough Justice" "Oh No, Not You Again" / "Oh No, Not You Again" "Rain Fall Down" / (remixes) 2006 "Biggest Mistake" / "Dance Pt. 1" (live) / "Before They Make Me Run" 2007 "Paint It, Black" 2008 "Gimme Shelter" "Sympathy for the Devil" "She's a Rainbow" 2009 "Wild Horses" 2010 "Plundered My Soul" / "All Down the Line" 2011 "Brown Sugar" / "Bitch" / "Let It Rock" (live) / "No Spare Parts / "Before They Make Me Run"

Book Category Portal WikiProject

v t e The Rolling Stones album discography

UK studio albums 1964–1967	The Rolling Stones (1964) The Rolling Stones No. 2 (1965) Out of Our Heads (1965) Aftermath (1966) Between the Buttons (1967)

US studio albums 1964–1967	The Rolling Stones (England's Newest Hit Makers) (1964) 12 X 5 (1964) The Rolling Stones, Now! (1965) Out of Our Heads (1965) December's Children (And Everybody's) (1965) Aftermath (1966) Between the Buttons (1967)

Studio albums 1967–present	Their Satanic Majesties Request (1967) Beggars Banquet (1968) Let It Bleed (1969) Sticky Fingers (1971) Exile on Main St. (1972) Goats Head Soup (1973) It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974) Black and Blue (1976) Some Girls (1978) Emotional Rescue (1980) Tattoo You (1981) Undercover (1983) Dirty Work (1986) Steel Wheels (1989) Voodoo Lounge (1994) Bridges to Babylon (1997) A Bigger Bang (2005)

UK EPs	The Rolling Stones (1964) Five by Five (1964) Got Live If You Want It! (1965)

Live albums	Got Live If You Want It! (US only) (1966) Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! The Rolling Stones in Concert (1970) Love You Live (1977) "Still Life" (American Concert 1981) (1982) Flashpoint (1991) Stripped (1995) No Security (1998) Live Licks (2004) Shine a Light (2008) Brussels Affair (Live 1973) (2011) The Rolling Stones: Some Girls Live In Texas '78 (2011) Hampton Coliseum (Live 1981) (2012) L.A. Friday (Live 1975) (2012)

Compilations	Big Hits (High Tide and Green Grass) (1966) Flowers (US) (1967) Through the Past, Darkly (Big Hits Vol. 2) (1969) Made in the Shade (1975) Time Waits for No One: Anthology 1971–1977 (1979) Sucking in the Seventies (1981) Rewind (1971–1984) (1984) Jump Back: The Best of The Rolling Stones (1993) Forty Licks (2002) Rarities 1971–2003 (2005) The Rolling Stones Box Set (2009)

Post-contract ABKCO albums	Hot Rocks 1964–1971 (1971) More Hot Rocks (Big Hits & Fazed Cookies) (1972) Metamorphosis (1975) Singles Collection: The London Years (1989) The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus (1996) Singles 1963–1965 (2004) Singles 1965–1967 (2004) Singles 1968–1971 (2005) Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (2007)

Post-contract Decca albums	Stone Age (1971) Gimme Shelter (1971) Milestones (1972) Rock 'n' Rolling Stones (1972) No Stone Unturned (1973) Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (1975) Solid Rock (1980) Slow Rollers (1981)

Miscellaneous albums	Live'r Than You'll Ever Be (1969) Jamming with Edward! (1972)

Book:The Rolling Stones Category:The Rolling Stones Portal:The Rolling Stones

Persondata
Name	Richards, Keith
Alternative names
Short description	English guitarist; songwriter; singer
Date of birth	18 December 1943
Place of birth	Dartford, Kent, England
Date of death
Place of death

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For other uses, see Big Mouth (disambiguation).

Big Mouth
Tribe	Oglala-born chieftain of the Brulé Lakota
Born	1822
Died	October 29, 1869
Native name	Itȟáŋka
Parents	Sixth son of Old Chief Smoke
Relatives	Twin brother of Blue Horse

Big Mouth (Lakota: Itȟáŋka) (born 1822–died October 29, 1869) was an Oglala-born chieftain of the Brulé Lakota, highly regarded by the Brulé for his bravery and aggressive military leadership. He was one of the chiefs who signed the second Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868^[1] and remained a bitter opponent of further American settlement, ridiculing Spotted Tail and other Sioux chieftains upon their return from a mission to Washington, DC. He was sixth son of Old Chief Smoke (1774–1864) and twin brother of Blue Horse.

One of the principal chiefs at the Whetstone Agency, located along the Missouri River, where most of the Brulé and Oglala bands had gathered, Big Mouth gained increasing support for his stance among members of the tribe. He criticized what he described as Spotted Tail's reversal of Sioux policy, saying Spotted Tail had been entertained by American politicians and given a personal tour through the major cities of the east coast. Faced with increasing opposition to his leadership, Spotted Tail visited Big Mouth at his lodge, where, upon approaching the entrance, Big Mouth was seized by two warriors and held down while Spotted Tail shot and killed him.

Notes [link]

^ PBS – The West – "The Fort Laramie Treaty (1868)"

References [link]

Grant, Bruce. The Concise Encyclopedia of the American Indian. New York: Wings Books, 2000. ISBN 0-517-69310-0
Spartacus Educational:Spotted Tail

External links [link]

AccessGenealogy.com - Indian Tribal Records: Brule Sioux Chiefs and Leaders

Persondata
Name	Mouth, Big
Alternative names	Itȟáŋka
Short description	Native American leader
Date of birth	1822
Place of birth
Date of death	October 29, 1869
Place of death

This article about an Indigenous person of North America is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

This biographical article related to the United States military is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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"Eric Blair" redirects here. For the politician, see Eric Blair (Ontario politician).

George Orwell
Orwell's press card portrait, taken in 1933
Born	Eric Arthur Blair (1903-06-25)25 June 1903 Motihari, Bihar, British India
Died	21 January 1950(1950-01-21) (aged 46) University College Hospital, London, England, United Kingdom
Resting place	Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom
Pen name	George Orwell
Occupation	Novelist, political writer and journalist
Language	English
Nationality	British
Citizenship	British subject
Alma mater	Eton College
Period	6 October 1928 – 1 January 1950
Genres	Dystopia, roman à clef, satire
Subjects	Anti-fascism and anti-Stalinist left, democratic socialism, literary criticism, news, polemic
Notable work(s)	Homage to Catalonia (1938) Animal Farm (1945) Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) essays
Notable award(s)	Prometheus Award 1984 Nineteen Eighty-four 2011 Animal Farm
Spouse(s)	Eileen O'Shaughnessy (1935–1945, her death) Sonia Brownell (1949–1950, his death)
Children	Richard Horatio Blair
Relative(s)	Richard Walmesley Blair (father) Ida Mabel Blair (née Limouzin) (mother) Marjorie (sister) Avril (sister)
Influences James Burnham, Charles Dickens, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Henry Fielding, Gustave Flaubert, Aldous Huxley, James Joyce, Arthur Koestler, Jack London, W. Somerset Maugham, Upton Sinclair, Jonathan Swift, Leo Tolstoy, Leon Trotsky, H.G. Wells, Tom Wintringham, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Émile Zola
Influenced Margaret Atwood, Ray Bradbury, Anthony Burgess, Albert Camus, Noam Chomsky, Cory Doctorow, Johann Hari, Raoul Vaneigem, Christopher Hitchens, Peter Hitchens, John King, Ignazio Silone, Kurt Vonnegut, Thomas Pynchon, Andrew Sullivan, Joe Sacco, Chris Hedges, Glenn Greenwald

Signature

Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950),^[1] better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist and journalist. His work is marked by keen intelligence and wit, a profound awareness of social injustice, an intense opposition to totalitarianism, a passion for clarity in language and a belief in democratic socialism.^[2]^[3]

Considered perhaps the 20th century's best chronicler of English culture,^[4] Orwell wrote literary criticism, poetry, fiction and polemical journalism. He is best known for the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) and the allegorical novella Animal Farm (1945), which together have sold more copies than any two books by any other 20th-century author.^[5] His book Homage to Catalonia (1938), an account of his experiences in the Spanish Civil War, is widely acclaimed, as are his numerous essays on politics, literature, language and culture. In 2008, The Times ranked him second on a list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".^[6]

Orwell's influence on popular and political culture endures, and several of his neologisms, along with the term Orwellian—a byword for totalitarian or manipulative social practices—have entered the vernacular.

Biography [link]

Early life and education [link]

Blair family home at Shiplake

Eric Arthur Blair was born on 25 June 1903, in Motihari, Bihar, in India.^[7] His great-grandfather Charles Blair had been a wealthy country gentleman in Dorset who had married Lady Mary Fane, daughter of Thomas Fane, 8th Earl of Westmorland, and had income as an absentee landlord of slave plantations in Jamaica.^[8] His grandfather, Thomas Richard Arthur Blair, was a clergyman.^[9] Although the gentility was passed down the generations, the prosperity was not; Eric Blair described his family as "lower-upper-middle class".^[10] His father, Richard Walmesley Blair, worked in the Opium Department of the Indian Civil Service. His mother, Ida Mabel Blair (née Limouzin), grew up in Moulmein, Burma where her French father was involved in speculative ventures.^[8] Eric had two sisters: Marjorie, five years older, and Avril, five years younger. When Eric was one year old, his mother took him to England.^[11]^[12]

In 1904, Blair's mother settled at Henley-on-Thames. Thereafter, Eric was brought up in the company of his mother and sisters, and apart from a brief visit, in the summer of 1907,^[13] he did not see his father again until 1912.^[9] His mother's diary from 1905 indicates a lively round of social activity and artistic interests. The family moved to Shiplake before the First World War, and Eric became friendly with the Buddicom family, especially Jacintha Buddicom. When they first met, he was standing on his head in a field, and on being asked why, he said, "You are noticed more if you stand on your head than if you are right way up."^[14] Jacintha and Eric read and wrote poetry and dreamed of becoming famous writers. He told her that he might write a book in similar style to that of H. G. Wells's A Modern Utopia. During this period, he enjoyed shooting, fishing and birdwatching with Jacintha's brother and sister.^[14]

Blair's time at St. Cyprian's would form the basis of his controversial essay "Such, Such Were the Joys"

At the age of five, Eric Blair was sent as a day-boy to the convent school in Henley-on-Thames which Marjorie attended (a Roman Catholic convent run by French Ursulines, exiled from France after religious education was banned there in 1903).^[15] His mother wanted him to have a public school education, but his family was not wealthy enough to afford the fees, making it necessary for him to obtain a scholarship. Ida Blair's brother Charles Limouzin, who lived on the South Coast of England, was asked to find the best possible school to prepare Eric^[16] for public school entrance, and he recommended St Cyprian's School, Eastbourne, East Sussex.^[9] Limouzin, who was a proficient golfer, came into contact with the school and its headmaster at the Royal Eastbourne Golf Club where he won several competitions in 1903 and 1904.^[17] The headmaster undertook to help Blair to win the scholarship, and made a private financial arrangement which allowed Blair's parents to pay only half the normal fees. In September 1911 Eric arrived at St Cyprian's. He boarded at the school until he left going home only for school holidays. He knew nothing of the reduced-fee arrangement until his third year at the school, though he 'soon recognised that he was from a poorer home'.^[18] Blair hated the school^[19] and many years later based his posthumously published essay Such, Such Were the Joys on his time there. At St. Cyprian's, Blair first met Cyril Connolly, who himself became a noted writer and who, as the editor of Horizon, published many of Orwell's essays. As part of his school work, Blair wrote two poems that were published in the Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard,^[20]^[21] He came second to Connolly in the Harrow History Prize, had his work praised by the school's external examiner, and earned scholarships to Wellington College and Eton College. An Eton scholarship did not guarantee a place and none was immediately available for Blair. Instead of taking up the Wellington scholarship he elected to stay at St Cyprian's until December 1916 in case a place at Eton materialised.^[9]

In January, Blair took up the place at Wellington where he spent the Spring term. In May 1917 a place became available for him as a King's Scholar at Eton which he took up, and he remained at Eton until December 1921 when he left aged eighteen and a half. Wellington, Orwell told his childhood friend Jacintha Buddicom, was 'beastly', but at Eton he said he was 'interested and happy'.^[22] His principal tutor was A. S. F. Gow, fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge who remained a source of advice later in his career.^[9] Blair was briefly taught French by Aldous Huxley who spent a short interlude teaching at Eton. Stephen Runciman, who was at Eton with Blair, noted that he and his contemporaries appreciated Huxley's use of words and phrases,^[23] but there is no evidence of contact between Orwell and Huxley at Eton outside the classroom.^[9] Cyril Connolly followed Blair to Eton, but because they were in separate years they did not associate with each other.^[24] Blair's academic performance reports suggest that he neglected his academic studies,^[23] but during his time at Eton, he worked with Roger Mynors to produce a college magazine, The Election Times, joined in the production of other publications—College Days and Bubble and Squeak—and participated in the Eton Wall Game. His parents could not afford to send him to university without another scholarship, and they concluded from his poor results that he would not be able to obtain one. However, Runciman noted that he had a romantic idea about the East^[23] and it was decided that Blair should join the Indian Police Service. To do this, it was necessary to pass an entrance examination. His father had retired to Southwold, Suffolk by this time and Blair was enrolled at a "crammer" there called Craighurst where he brushed up on his classics, English and History. Blair passed the exam, coming seventh out of the twenty-six candidates who exceeded the set pass mark.^[9]^[25]

Policing in Burma [link]

File:OrwellBurmaPassport.jpg

Orwell pictured in a passport photo during his Burma years

Blair's grandmother lived at Moulmein, and with family connections in the area, his choice of posting was Burma. In October 1922 he sailed on board S.S. Herefordshire via the Suez Canal and Ceylon to join the Indian Imperial Police in Burma. A month later, he arrived at Rangoon and made the journey to Mandalay, the site of the police training school. After a short posting at Maymyo, Burma's principal hill station, he was posted to the frontier outpost of Myaungmya in the Irrawaddy Delta at the beginning of 1924.

His imperial policeman's life gave him considerable responsibilities for a young man, while his contemporaries were still at university in England. When he was posted farther east in the Delta to Twante as a sub-divisional officer, he was responsible for the security of some 200,000 people. At the end of 1924 he was promoted to Assistant District Superintendent and posted to Syriam, which was closer to Rangoon. Syriam was the site of the refinery of the Burmah Oil Company, "the surrounding land a barren waste, all vegetation killed off by the fumes of sulphur dioxide pouring out day and night from the stacks of the refinery." Its proximity to Rangoon however, a cosmopolitan seaport, had its rewards: Blair went into the city as often as he could," to browse in a bookshop; to eat well-cooked food; to get away from the boring routine of police life."^[26] In September 1925 he went to Insein, the home of Insein Prison the second largest jail in Burma. In Insein, he had "long talks on every conceivable subject" with a woman named Elisa Maria Langford-Rae (later the wife of Kazi Lhendup Dorjee), who noted his "sense of utter fairness in minutest details".^[27]

File:KatharBritishClub.JPG

British Club in Kathar (In Orwell's time it consisted of only the ground floor)

In April 1926 he moved to Moulmein, where his grandmother lived. At the end of that year, he went to Katha, in Upper Burma, where he contracted Dengue fever in 1927. He was entitled to a leave in England that year, and in view of his illness, was allowed to go home in July. While on leave in England and on holiday with his family in Cornwall in September 1927, he reappraised his life, decided not to return to Burma, and resigned from the Indian Imperial Police with the intention of becoming a writer. His Burma police experience yielded the novel Burmese Days (1934) and the essays "A Hanging" (1931) and "Shooting an Elephant" (1936). In Burma, Orwell had acquired a reputation as someone who didn't fit in – he spent much of his time alone, reading or pursuing non-pukka activities such as attending the churches of the ethnic Karen group. A colleague, Roger Beadon, recalled (in a 1969 recording for the BBC) that Orwell was adept at learning the language and that before he left Burma, "was able to speak fluently with Burmese priests in 'very high-flown Burmese.'"^[28] Orwell wrote later that he felt guilty for his role in the machine of empire and he "began to look more closely at his own country and saw that England also had its oppressed..." Physical marks left by Burma remained with Orwell throughout his life. "While in Burma, he acquired a moustache similar to those worn by officers of the British regiments stationed there. [He] also acquired some tattoos; on each knuckle he had a small untidy blue circle. Many Burmese living in rural areas still sport tattoos like this – they are believed to protect against bullets and snake bites."^[29]

London and Paris [link]

Blair's 1927 lodgings in Portobello Road

In England, he settled back in the family home at Southwold, renewing acquaintance with local friends and attending an Old Etonian dinner. He visited his old tutor Gow at Cambridge for advice on becoming a writer.^[30] Early in the autumn of 1927 he moved to London.^[31] Ruth Pitter, a family acquaintance, helped him find lodgings, and by the end of 1927 he had moved into rooms in Portobello Road;^[32](a blue plaque commemorates his residence there.^[33]) Pitter's association with the move "would have lent it a reassuring respectability in Mrs Blair's eyes." Pitter had a sympathetic interest in Blair's writing, pointed out weaknesses in his poetry, and advised him to write about what he knew. In fact he decided to write of "certain aspects of the present that he set out to know" and "ventured into the East End of London – the first of the occasional sorties he would make to discover for himself the world of poverty and the down-and-outers who inhabit it. He had found a subject. These sorties, explorations, expeditions, tours or immersions were made intermittently over a period of five years."^[34]

Following the precedent of Jack London, a writer he admired (and particularly London's "The People of the Abyss"), Orwell started his exploratory expeditions slumming in the poorer parts of London. On his first outing he set out to Limehouse Causeway spending his first night in a common lodging house, possibly George Levy's 'kip'. For a while he "went native" in his own country, dressing like a tramp and making no concessions to middle class mores and expectations; he recorded his experiences of the low life for later use in "The Spike", his first published essay, and the latter half of his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London (1933).

Rue du Pot de Fer, on the Left Bank, in the 5th arrondissement, where Blair lived in Paris

In the spring of 1928, he moved to Paris, where the comparatively low cost of living and bohemian lifestyle offered an attraction for many aspiring writers, and he lived in the Rue du Pot de Fer, a working class district in the 5th Arrondissement.^[9] His Aunt Nellie Limouzin also lived in Paris and gave him social and, if necessary, financial support. He worked on novels, including an early version of Burmese Days but nothing else survives from that activity.^[9] More successful as a journalist, he published articles in Monde, a political/literary journal edited by Henri Barbusse, – his first article as a professional writer, La Censure en Angleterre, appeared in this paper on 6 October 1928 – G. K.'s Weekly – where his first article to appear in England, A Farthing Newspaper, was printed on 29 December 1928 ^[35] – and Le Progrès Civique (founded by the left-wing coalition Le Cartel des Gauches). Three pieces appeared in successive weeks in Progrès Civique, the first looked at unemployment, the next, a day in the life of a tramp, and the third, the beggars of London. "In one or another of its destructive forms, poverty was to become his obsessive subject – at the heart of almost everything he wrote until Homage to Catalonia."^[36]

He fell seriously ill in February 1929 and was taken to the Hôpital Cochin in the 14th arrondissement, a free hospital maintained for the teaching of medical students (the basis of his essay How the Poor Die, published in 1946), and shortly afterwards had all his money stolen from the lodging house. Whether through necessity or simply to collect material, he undertook menial jobs like dishwashing in a fashionable hotel on the rue de Rivoli, providing experiences to be used in Down and Out in Paris and London. In August 1929, he sent a copy of "The Spike" to New Adelphi magazine in London. This was owned by John Middleton Murry who had released editorial control to Max Plowman and Sir Richard Rees. Plowman accepted the work for publication.

Southwold [link]

In December 1929, after a year and three quarters in Paris, Blair returned to England and went directly to his parents' house in Southwold, which was to remain his base for the next five years. The family was well established in the local community, and his sister Avril was running a tea house in the town. He became acquainted with many local people including a gym teacher at St Felix Girls' School, Southwold, Brenda Salkeld, the daughter of a clergyman. Although Salkeld rejected his offer of marriage she was to remain a friend and regular correspondent about his work for many years. He also renewed friendships with older friends such as Dennis Collings, whose girlfriend Eleanor Jacques was also to play a part in his life.^[9]

Southwold – North Parade

In the spring he had a short stay in Bramley, Leeds with his sister Marjorie and her husband Humphrey Dakin, who was as unappreciative of Blair as when they knew each other as children. Blair was undertaking some review work for Adelphi and acting as a private tutor to a disabled child at Southwold. He followed this up by tutoring a family of three boys one of whom, Richard Peters, later became a distinguished academic.^[37] "His history in these years is marked by dualities and contrasts. There is Blair leading a respectable, outwardly eventless life at his parents' house in Southwold, writing; then in contrast, there is Blair as Burton (the name he used in his down-and-out episodes) in search of experience in the kips and spikes, in the East End, on the road, and in the hop fields of Kent."^[38] He went painting and bathing on the beach, and there he met Mabel and Francis Fierz who were later to influence his career. Over the next year he visited them in London often meeting their friend Max Plowman. Other homes available to him were those of Ruth Pitter and Richard Rees. These acted as places for him to "change" for his sporadic tramping expeditions where one of his jobs was to do domestic work at a lodgings for half a crown a day.^[39]

Meanwhile, Blair now contributed regularly to Adelphi, with "A Hanging" appearing in August 1931. From August to September 1931 his explorations of the lower depths continued, and extended to following the East End tradition of working in the Kent hop fields (an activity which his lead character in A Clergyman's Daughter also engages in), and he kept a diary covering the entire experience. At the end of this, he ended up in the Tooley Street kip, but could not stand it for long and with a financial contribution from his parents moved to Windsor Street where he stayed until Christmas. "Hop Picking", by Eric Blair, appeared in the October 1931 issue of New Statesman, where Cyril Connolly was on the staff. Mabel Fierz put him in contact with Leonard Moore who was to become his literary agent.

At this time Jonathan Cape rejected A Scullion's Diary, the first version of Down and Out. On the advice of Richard Rees he offered it to Faber & Faber, whose editorial director, T. S. Eliot, also rejected it. To conclude the year Blair attempted another exploratory venture of getting himself arrested so that he could spend Christmas in prison, but the relevant authorities did not cooperate and he returned home to Southwold after two days in a police cell.

Teaching [link]

In April 1932 Blair took a job teaching at The Hawthorns High School, a prep school for boys in Hayes, West London. This was a small school that provided private schooling for children of local tradesmen and shopkeepers and comprised only 20 boys and one other master.^[40] While at the school he became friendly with the curate of the local parish church and became involved with it. Mabel Fierz had pursued matters with Moore, and at the end of June 1932, Moore told Blair that Victor Gollancz was prepared to publish A Scullion's Diary for a £40 advance, for his recently founded publishing house, Victor Gollancz Ltd, which was an outlet for radical and socialist works.

At the end of the school summer term in 1932 Blair returned to Southwold, where his parents had been able to buy their own home as a result of a legacy. Blair and his sister Avril spent the summer holidays making the house habitable while he also worked on Burmese Days.^[41] He was also spending time with Eleanor Jacques but her attachment to Dennis Collings remained an obstacle to his hopes of a more serious relationship.

The pen-name "George Orwell" was inspired by the River Orwell^[42]

"Clink", an essay describing his failed attempt to get sent to prison, appeared in the August 1932 number of Adelphi. He returned to teaching at Hayes and prepared for the publication of his work now known as Down and Out in Paris and London which he wished to publish under an assumed name in order to avoid potential embarrassment to his family for having been a tramp.^[43] In a letter to Moore (dated 15 November 1932) he left the choice of pseudonym to him and to Gollancz. Four days later, he wrote to Moore, suggesting the pseudonyms P. S. Burton (a name he used when tramping), Kenneth Miles, George Orwell, and H. Lewis Allways.^[44] He finally adopted the nom de plume George Orwell because, as he told Eleanor Jacques, "It is a good round English name." Down and Out in Paris and London was published on 9 January 1933. He had little free time and was still working on Burmese Days. Down and Out was successful and it was published by Harper and Brothers in New York.

In the summer of 1933 Blair finished at Hawthorns to take up a teaching job at Frays College, in Uxbridge, West London. This was a much larger establishment with 200 pupils and a full complement of staff. He acquired a motorcycle and took trips through the surrounding countryside. On one of these expeditions he became soaked and caught a chill which developed into pneumonia. He was taken to Uxbridge Cottage Hospital where for a time his life was believed to be in danger. When he was discharged in January 1934, he returned to Southwold to convalesce and, supported by his parents, never returned to teaching.

He was disappointed when Gollancz turned down Burmese Days, mainly on the grounds of potential libel actions but Harpers were prepared to publish it in the United States. Meanwhile back at home Blair started work on the novel A Clergyman's Daughter drawing upon his life as a teacher and on life in Southwold. Eleanor Jacques was now married and had gone to Singapore and Brenda Salkield had left for Ireland, so Blair was relatively lonely in Southwold—pottering on the allotments, walking alone and spending time with his father. Eventually in October, after sending A Clergyman's Daughter to Moore, he left for London to take a job that had been found for him by his Aunt Nellie Limouzin.

Hampstead [link]

File:Orwell hampstead home.JPG

Orwell's former home at 77 Parliament Hill, Hampstead

This job was as a part-time assistant in "Booklovers' Corner", a second-hand bookshop in Hampstead run by Francis and Myfanwy Westrope who were friends of Nellie Limouzin in the Esperanto movement. The Westropes had an easy-going outlook and provided him with comfortable accommodation at Warwick Mansions, Pond Street. He was job sharing with Jon Kimche who also lived with the Westropes. Blair worked at the shop in the afternoons, having the mornings free to write and the evenings to socialise. These experiences provided background for the novel Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936). As well as the various guests of the Westropes, he was able to enjoy the company of Richard Rees and the Adelphi writers and Mabel Fierz. The Westropes and Kimche were members of the Independent Labour Party although at this time Blair was not seriously politically aligned. He was writing for the Adelphi and dealing with pre-publication issues with A Clergymans Daughter and Burmese Days.

At the beginning of 1935 he had to move out of Warwick Mansions, and Mabel Fierz found him a flat in Parliament Hill. A Clergyman's Daughter was published on 11 March 1935. In the spring of 1935 Blair met his future wife Eileen O'Shaughnessy when his landlady, Rosalind Obermeyer, who was studying for a masters degree in psychology at University College London, invited some of her fellow students to a party. One of these students, the future translator of Chekhov and author of memoirs Elizaveta Fen, later recalled Orwell and his friend Richard Rees 'draped' at the fireplace, looking, she thought, 'moth-eaten and prematurely aged.' ^[45] Around this time, Blair had started to write reviews for the New English Weekly.

Orwell's time as a bookseller is memorialised with this plaque

In June, Burmese Days was published and following Connolly's review of it in the New Statesman, the two re-established contact. In August, Blair moved into a flat in Kentish Town which he shared with Michael Sayers and Rayner Heppenstall. The relationship was sometimes awkward, Orwell and Heppenstall even coming to blows, though they remained friends and later worked together on BBC broadcasts.^[46] He was working on Keep the Aspidistra Flying, and also tried to write a serial for the News Chronicle, which was an unsuccessful venture. By October 1935 his flat-mates had moved out, and he was struggling to pay the rent on his own. He remained until the end of January 1936 when he stopped working at Booklovers' Corner.

[edit] The Road to Wigan Pier

At this time, Victor Gollancz suggested Orwell spend a short time investigating social conditions in economically depressed northern England.^[47] Two years earlier J. B. Priestley had written of England north of the Trent and this had stimulated an interest in reportage. Furthermore the depression had introduced a number of working-class writers from the North of England to the reading public.

On 31 January 1936, Orwell set out by public transport and on foot via Coventry, Stafford, the Potteries and Macclesfield, reaching Manchester. Arriving after the banks had closed, he had to stay in a common lodging house. Next day he picked up a list of contact addresses sent by Richard Rees. One of these, trade union official Frank Meade, suggested Wigan, where Orwell spent February staying in dirty lodgings over a tripe shop. At Wigan, he gained entry to many houses to see how people lived, took systematic notes of housing conditions and wages earned, went down a coal mine, and spent days at the local public library consulting public health records and reports on working conditions in mines.

During this time he was distracted by dealing with libel and stylistic issues relating to Keep the Aspidistra Flying. He made a quick visit to Liverpool and spent March in south Yorkshire, spending time in Sheffield and Barnsley. As well as visiting mines, including Grimethorpe, and observing social conditions, he attended meetings of the Communist Party and of Oswald Mosley – "his speech the usual claptrap—The blame for everything was put upon mysterious international gangs of Jews" – where he saw the tactics of the Blackshirts – "one is liable to get both a hammering and a fine for asking a question which Mosley finds it difficult to answer." ^[48] He punctuated his stay with visits to his sister at Headingley, during which he visited the Brontë Parsonage at Haworth, where he was "chiefly impressed by a pair of Charlotte Brontë's cloth-topped boots, very small, with square toes and lacing up at the sides." ^[49]

A former warehouse in Wigan Pier is named after Orwell

His investigations gave rise to The Road to Wigan Pier, published by Gollancz for the Left Book Club in 1937. The first half of this work documents his social investigations of Lancashire and Yorkshire. It begins with an evocative description of working life in the coal mines. The second half is a long essay on his upbringing and the development of his political conscience, which includes criticism of some of the groups on the left. Gollancz feared the second half would offend readers and inserted a mollifying preface to the book while Orwell was in Spain.

Orwell needed somewhere where he could concentrate on writing his book, and once again help was provided by Aunt Nellie who was living in a cottage at Wallington, Hertfordshire. It was a very small cottage which had been built in the sixteenth century called the "Stores", with almost no modern facilities, in a tiny village some thirty-five miles north of London. Orwell took over the tenancy and moved in on 2 April 1936.^[50] He started work on Wigan Pier by the end of April and, as well as writing, spent hours working on the garden and investigated the possibility of reopening the Stores as a village shop. Keep the Aspidistra Flying was published by Gollancz on 20 April 1936. On 4 August Orwell gave a talk at the Adelphi Summer School held at Langham, entitled An Outsider Sees the Distressed Areas; others who spoke at the School included John Strachey, Max Plowman, Karl Polanyi and Reinhold Niebuhr.

Orwell's research for The Road to Wigan Pier led to him being placed under surveillance by the Special Branch in 1936, for 12 years, until 1 year before the publication of 1984.^[51]

Orwell married Eileen O'Shaughnessy on 9 June 1936. Shortly afterwards, the political crisis began in Spain and Orwell followed developments there closely. At the end of the year, concerned by Francisco Franco's Falangist uprising, (supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy), Orwell decided to go to Spain to take part in the Spanish Civil War on the Republican side. Under the erroneous impression that he needed papers from some left-wing organisation to cross the frontier, on John Strachey's recommendation he applied unsuccessfully to Harry Pollitt, leader of the British Communist Party. Pollitt was suspicious of Orwell's political reliability; he asked him whether he would undertake to join the International Brigade and advised him to get a safe-conduct from the Spanish Embassy in Paris.^[52] Not wishing to commit himself until he'd seen the situation in situ, Orwell instead used his Independent Labour Party contacts to get a letter of introduction to John McNair in Barcelona.

The Spanish Civil War and Catalonia [link]

File:Placegeorgeorwell.jpg

The square in Barcelona renamed in Orwell's honour

Orwell set out for Spain on about 23 December, dining with Henry Miller in Paris on the way. A few days later at Barcelona, he met John McNair of the Independent Labour Party (ILP) Office who quoted him: "I've come to fight against Fascism".^[53] Orwell stepped into a complex political situation in Catalonia. The Republican government was supported by a number of factions with conflicting aims, including the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM – Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista), the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo and the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (a wing of the Spanish Communist Party, which was backed by Soviet arms and aid). The ILP was linked to the POUM and so Orwell joined the POUM.

After a time at the Lenin Barracks in Barcelona he was sent to the relatively quiet Aragon Front under Georges Kopp. By January 1937 he was at Alcubierre 1,500 feet (460 m) above sea level in the depth of winter. There was very little military action, and the lack of equipment and other deprivations made it uncomfortable. Orwell, with his Cadet Corps and police training was quickly made a corporal. On the arrival of a British ILP Contingent about three weeks later, Orwell and the other English militiaman, Williams, were sent with them to Monte Oscuro. The newly arrived ILP contingent included Bob Smillie, Bob Edwards, Stafford Cottman and Jack Branthwaite. The unit was then sent on to Huesca.

Meanwhile, back in England, Eileen had been handling the issues relating to the publication of The Road to Wigan Pier before setting out for Spain herself, leaving Aunt Nellie Limouzin to look after The Stores. Eileen volunteered for a post in John McNair's office and with the help of Georges Kopp paid visits to her husband, bringing him English tea, chocolate and cigars.^[54] Orwell had to spend some days in hospital with a poisoned hand and had most of his possessions stolen by the staff. He returned to the front and saw some action in night attack on the Nationalist trenches where he chased an enemy soldier with a bayonet and bombed an enemy rifle position.

In April, Orwell returned to Barcelona. Wanting to be sent to the Madrid front, which meant he "must join the International Column", he approached a Communist friend attached to the Spanish Medical Aid and explained his case. "Although he did not think much of the Communists, Orwell was still ready to treat them as friends and allies. That would soon change."^[55] This was the time of the Barcelona May Days and Orwell was caught up in the factional fighting. He spent much of the time on a roof, with a stack of novels, but encountered Jon Kimche from his Hampstead days during the stay. The subsequent campaign of lies and distortion carried out by the Communist press,^[56] in which the POUM was accused of collaborating with the fascists, had a dramatic effect on Orwell. Instead of joining the International Brigades as he had intended, he decided to return to the Aragon Front. Once the May fighting was over, he was approached by a Communist friend who asked if he still intended transferring to the International Brigades. Orwell expressed surprise that they should still want him, because according to the Communist press he was a fascist.^[57] "No one who was in Barcelona then, or for months later, will forget the horrible atmosphere produced by fear, suspicion, hatred, censored newspapers, crammed jails, enormous food queues and prowling gangs of armed men."^[58]

After his return to the front, he was wounded in the throat by a sniper's bullet. Orwell was considerably taller than the Spanish fighters^[59] and had been warned against standing against the trench parapet. Unable to speak, and with blood pouring from his mouth, Orwell was carried on a stretcher to Siétamo, loaded on an ambulance and after a bumpy journey via Barbastro arrived at the hospital at Lleida. He recovered sufficiently to get up and on 27 May 1937 was sent on to Tarragona and two days later to a POUM sanatorium in the suburbs of Barcelona. The bullet had missed his main artery by the barest margin and his voice was barely audible. He received electrotherapy treatment and was declared medically unfit for service.

By the middle of June the political situation in Barcelona had deteriorated and the POUM—painted by the pro-Soviet Communists as a Trotskyist organisation—was outlawed and under attack. The Communist line was that the POUM were 'objectively' Fascist, hindering the Republican cause. " A particularly nasty poster appeared, showing a head with a POUM mask being ripped off to reveal a Swastika-covered face beneath. "^[60] Members, including Kopp, were arrested and others were in hiding. Orwell and his wife were under threat and had to lie low,^[61] although they broke cover to try to help Kopp.

Finally with their passports in order, they escaped from Spain by train, diverting to Banyuls-sur-Mer for a short stay before returning to England. In the first week of July 1937 Orwell arrived back at Wallington; on 13 July 1937 a deposition was presented to the Tribunal for Espionage & High Treason, Valencia, charging the Orwells with 'rabid Trotskyism', and being agents of the POUM.^[62] The trial of the leaders of the POUM and of Orwell (in his absence) took place in Barcelona in October and November 1938. Observing events from French Morocco Orwell wrote that they were " - only a by-product of the Russian Trotskyist trials and from the start every kind of lie, including flagrant absurdities, has been circulated in the Communist press." ^[63] Orwell's experiences in the Spanish Civil War gave rise to Homage to Catalonia (1938).

Rest and recuperation [link]

Laurence O'Shaughnessy's former home, the large house on the corner, 24 Crooms Hill, Greenwich, London^[64]

Orwell returned to England in June 1937, and stayed at the O'Shaughnessy home at Greenwich. He found his views on the Spanish Civil War out of favour. Kingsley Martin rejected two of his works and Gollancz was equally cautious. At the same time, the communist Daily Worker was running an attack on The Road to Wigan Pier, misquoting Orwell as saying "the working classes smell"; a letter to Gollancz from Orwell threatening libel action brought a stop to this. Orwell was also able to find a more sympathetic publisher for his views in Frederic Warburg of Secker & Warburg. Orwell returned to Wallington, which he found in disarray after his absence. He acquired goats, a rooster he called "Henry Ford", and a poodle puppy he called "Marx"^[65]^[66]^[67] and settled down to animal husbandry and writing Homage to Catalonia.

There were thoughts of going to India to work on the Pioneer, a newspaper in Lucknow, but by March 1938 Orwell's health had deteriorated. He was admitted to Preston Hall Sanatorium at Aylesford, Kent, a British Legion hospital for ex-servicemen to which his brother-in-law Laurence O'Shaughnessy was attached. He was thought initially to be suffering from tuberculosis and stayed in the sanatorium until September. A stream of visitors came to see him including Common, Heppenstall, Plowman and Cyril Connolly. Connolly brought with him Stephen Spender, a cause of some embarrassment as Orwell had referred to Spender as a "pansy friend" some time earlier. Homage to Catalonia was published by Secker & Warburg and was a commercial flop. In the latter part of his stay at the clinic Orwell was able to go for walks in the countryside and study nature.

The novelist L.H. Myers secretly funded a trip to French Morocco for half a year for Orwell to avoid the English winter and recover his health. The Orwells set out in September 1938 via Gibraltar and Tangier to avoid Spanish Morocco and arrived at Marrakech. They rented a villa on the road to Casablanca and during that time Orwell wrote Coming Up for Air. They arrived back in England on 30 March 1939 and Coming Up for Air was published in June. Orwell spent time in Wallington and Southwold working on a Dickens essay and it was in July 1939 that Orwell's father, Richard Blair, died.

[edit] World War II and Animal Farm

On the outbreak of World War II, Orwell's wife Eileen started work in the Censorship Department in London, staying during the week with her family in Greenwich. Orwell also submitted his name to the Central Register for war effort but nothing transpired. He returned to Wallington, and in the autumn of 1939 he wrote material for Inside the Whale and Other Essays. For the next year he was occupied writing reviews for plays, films and books for The Listener, Time and Tide and New Adelphi. At the beginning of 1940, the first edition of Connolly's Horizon appeared, and this provided a new outlet for Orwell's work as well as new literary contacts. In May the Orwells took lease of a flat in London at Dorset Chambers, Chagford Street, Marylebone. It was the time of the Dunkirk evacuation and the death in France of Eileen's brother Lawrence caused her considerable grief and long-term depression.

Orwell was declared "unfit for any kind of military service" by the Medical Board in June, but soon afterwards found an opportunity to become involved in war activities by joining the Home Guard. He shared Tom Wintringham's socialist vision for the Home Guard as a revolutionary People's Militia. Sergeant Orwell managed to recruit Frederic Warburg to his unit. During the Battle of Britain he used to spend weekends with Warburg and his new friend Zionist Tosco Fyvel at Twyford, Berkshire. At Wallington he worked on "England Your England" and in London wrote reviews for various periodicals. Visiting Eileen's family in Greenwich brought him face-to-face with the effects of the blitz on East London.

Early in 1941 he started writing for the American Partisan Review and contributed to Gollancz' anthology The Betrayal of the Left, written in the light of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (although Orwell referred to it as the Russo-German Pact and the Hitler-Stalin Pact^[68]). He also applied unsuccessfully for a job at the Air Ministry. In the Home Guard his mishandling of a mortar put two of his unit in hospital. Meanwhile he was still writing reviews of books and plays and at this time met the novelist Anthony Powell. He also took part in a few radio broadcasts for the Eastern Service of the BBC. In March the Orwells moved to St John's Wood in a 7th floor flat at Langford Court, while at Wallington Orwell was "digging for victory" by planting potatoes.

In August 1941, Orwell finally obtained "war work" when he was taken on full time by the BBC's Eastern Service. He supervised cultural broadcasts to India to counter propaganda from Nazi Germany designed to undermine Imperial links. This was Orwell's first experience of the rigid conformity of life in an office. However it gave him an opportunity to create cultural programmes with contributions from T. S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas, E. M. Forster, Ahmed Ali, Mulk Raj Anand, and William Empson among others.

At the end of August he had a dinner with H. G. Wells which degenerated into a row because Wells had taken offence at observations Orwell made about him in a Horizon article. In October Orwell had a bout of bronchitis and the illness recurred frequently. David Astor was looking for a provocative contributor for The Observer and invited Orwell to write for him—the first article appearing in March 1942. In spring of 1942 Eileen changed jobs to work at the Ministry of Food and Orwell's mother and sister Avril took war work in London and came to stay with the Orwells. In the summer, they all moved to a basement at Mortimer Crescent in Kilburn.

At the BBC, Orwell introduced Voice, a literary programme for his Indian broadcasts, and by now was leading an active social life with literary friends, particularly on the political left. Late in 1942, he started writing for the left-wing weekly Tribune directed by Labour MPs Aneurin Bevan and George Strauss. In March 1943 Orwell's mother died and around the same time he told Moore he was starting work on a new book, which would turn out to be Animal Farm.

In September 1943, Orwell resigned from the BBC post that he had occupied for two years. His resignation followed a report confirming his fears that few Indians listened to the broadcasts,^[69] but he was also keen to concentrate on writing Animal Farm. At this time he was also discharged from the Home Guard.

In November 1943, Orwell was appointed literary editor at Tribune, where his assistant was his old friend Jon Kimche. On 24 December 1943, Tribune published, under the authorship of "John Freeman" – possibly in reference to the British politician – the short essay "Can Socialists Be Happy?", which has since been widely attributed to Orwell; see Bibliography of George Orwell. Orwell was on staff until early 1945, writing over 80 book reviews^[70] as well as the regular column "As I Please". He was still writing reviews for other magazines, and becoming a respected pundit among left-wing circles but also close friends with people on the right like Powell, Astor and Malcolm Muggeridge. By April 1944 Animal Farm was ready for publication. Gollancz refused to publish it, considering it an attack on the Soviet regime which was a crucial ally in the war. A similar fate was met from other publishers (including T. S. Eliot at Faber and Faber) until Jonathan Cape agreed to take it.

Encroaching violence from World War II culminated in a V-1 bomb dropping near the Orwells, necessitating they move

In May the Orwells had the opportunity to adopt a child, thanks to the contacts of Eileen's sister Gwen O'Shaughnassy, then a doctor in Newcastle upon Tyne. In June a V-1 flying bomb landed on Mortimer Crescent and the Orwells had to find somewhere else to live. Orwell had to scrabble around in the rubble for his collection of books, which he had finally managed to transfer from Wallington, carting them away in a wheelbarrow.

Another bombshell was Cape's reversal of his plan to publish Animal Farm. The decision followed his personal visit to Peter Smollett, an official at the Ministry of Information. Smollett was later identified as a Soviet agent.^[71]^[72]

The Orwells spent some time in the North East, near Carlton in County Durham, dealing with matters in the adoption of a boy whom they named Richard Horatio Blair.^[73] In October 1944 they had set up home in Islington in a flat on the 7th floor of a block. Baby Richard joined them there, and Eileen gave up work to look after her family. Secker and Warburg had agreed to publish Animal Farm, planned for the following March, although it did not appear in print until August 1945. By February 1945 David Astor had invited Orwell to become a war correspondent for the Observer. Orwell had been looking for the opportunity throughout the war, but his failed medical reports prevented him from being allowed anywhere near action. He went to Paris after the liberation of France and to Cologne once it had been occupied by the Allies.

It was while he was there that Eileen went into hospital for a hysterectomy and died under anaesthetic on 29 March 1945. She had not given Orwell much notice about this operation because of worries about the cost and because she expected to make a speedy recovery. Orwell returned home for a while and then went back to Europe. He returned finally to London to cover the 1945 UK General Election at the beginning of July. Animal Farm: A Fairy Story was published in Britain on 17 August 1945, and a year later in the U.S., on 26 August 1946.

[edit] Jura and Nineteen Eighty-Four

Animal Farm struck a particular resonance in the post-war climate and its worldwide success made Orwell a sought-after figure.

For the next four years Orwell mixed journalistic work—mainly for Tribune, The Observer and the Manchester Evening News, though he also contributed to many small-circulation political and literary magazines—with writing his best-known work, Nineteen Eighty-Four, which was published in 1949.

Barnhill on the Isle of Jura

In the year following Eileen's death he published around 130 articles and was active in various political lobbying campaigns. He employed a housekeeper, Susan Watson, to look after his adopted son at the Islington flat, which visitors now described as "bleak". In September he spent a fortnight on the island of Jura in the Inner Hebrides and saw it as a place to escape from the hassle of London literary life. David Astor was instrumental in arranging a place for Orwell on Jura. Astor's family owned Scottish estates in the area and a fellow Old Etonian Robert Fletcher had a property on the island. During the winter of 1945 to 1946 Orwell made several hopeless and unwelcome marriage proposals to younger women, including Celia Kirwan (who was later to become Arthur Koestler's sister-in-law), Ann Popham who happened to live in the same block of flats and Sonia Brownell, one of Connolly's coterie at the Horizon office. Orwell suffered a tubercular haemorrhage in February 1946 but disguised his illness. In 1945 or early 1946, while still living at Canonbury Square, Orwell wrote an article on "British Cookery", complete with recipes, commissioned by the British Council. Given the post-war shortages, both parties agreed not to publish it.^[74] His sister Marjorie died of kidney disease in May and shortly after, on 22 May 1946, Orwell set off to live on the Isle of Jura.

Barnhill^[75] was an abandoned farmhouse with outbuildings near the northern end of the island, situated at the end of a five-mile (8 km), heavily rutted track from Ardlussa, where the owners lived. Conditions at the farmhouse were primitive but the natural history and the challenge of improving the place appealed to Orwell. His sister Avril accompanied him there and young novelist Paul Potts made up the party. In July Susan Watson arrived with Orwell's son Richard. Tensions developed and Potts departed after one of his manuscripts was used to light the fire. Orwell meanwhile set to work on Nineteen Eighty-Four. Later Susan Watson's boyfriend David Holbrook arrived. A fan of Orwell since school days, he found the reality very different, with Orwell hostile and disagreeable probably because of Holbrook's membership of the Communist Party.^[76] Susan Watson could no longer stand being with Avril and she and her boyfriend left.

Orwell returned to London in late 1946 and picked up his literary journalism again. Now a well-known writer, he was swamped with work. Apart from a visit to Jura in the new year he stayed in London for one of the coldest British winters on record and with such a national shortage of fuel that he burnt his furniture and his child's toys. The heavy smog in the days before the Clean Air Act 1956 did little to help his health about which he was reticent, keeping clear of medical attention. Meanwhile he had to cope with rival claims of publishers Gollancz and Warburg for publishing rights. About this time he co-edited a collection titled British Pamphleteers with Reginald Reynolds. As a result of the success of Animal Farm, Orwell was expecting a large bill from the Inland Revenue and he contacted a firm of accountants of which the senior partner was Jack Harrison. The firm advised Orwell to establish a company to own his copyright and to receive his royalties and set up a "service agreement" so that he could draw a salary. Such a company "George Orwell Productions Ltd" (GOP Ltd) was set up on 12 September 1947 although the service agreement was not then put into effect. Jack Harrison left the details at this stage to junior colleagues.^[77]

In April 1947 Orwell left London for good, ending the leases on the Islington flat and Wallington cottage. Back on Jura in gales and rainstorms he struggled to get on with Nineteen Eighty-Four but through the summer and autumn made good progress. During that time his sister's family visited, and Orwell led a disastrous boating expedition which nearly led to loss of life whilst trying to cross the notorious gulf of Corryvreckan and gave him a soaking which was not good for his health. In December a chest specialist was summoned from Glasgow who pronounced Orwell seriously ill and a week before Christmas 1947 he was in Hairmyres hospital in East Kilbride, then a small village in the countryside, on the outskirts of Glasgow. Tuberculosis was diagnosed and the request for permission to import streptomycin to treat Orwell went as far as Aneurin Bevan, now Minister of Health. By the end of July 1948 Orwell was able to return to Jura and by December he had finished the manuscript of Nineteen Eighty-Four. In January 1949, in a very weak condition, he set off for a sanatorium in Gloucestershire, escorted by Richard Rees.

The sanatorium at Cranham consisted of a series of small wooden chalets or huts in a remote part of the Cotswolds near Stroud. Visitors were shocked by Orwell's appearance and concerned by the short-comings and ineffectiveness of the treatment. Friends were worried about his finances, but by now he was comparatively well-off. He was writing to many of his friends, including Jacintha Buddicom, who had "rediscovered" him, and in March 1949, was visited by Celia Kirwan. Kirwan had just started working for a Foreign Office unit, the Information Research Department, set up by the Labour government to publish anti-communist propaganda, and Orwell gave her a list of people he considered to be unsuitable as IRD authors because of their pro-communist leanings. Orwell's list, not published until 2003, consisted mainly of writers but also included actors and Labour MPs.^[71]^[78] Orwell received more streptomycin treatment and improved slightly. In June 1949 Nineteen Eighty-Four was published to immediate critical and popular acclaim.

Final months and death [link]

University College Hospital where Orwell died

Orwell courted Sonia Brownell a second time during the summer, and they announced their marriage in September, shortly before he was removed to University College Hospital in London. Sonia took charge of Orwell's affairs and attended diligently in the hospital, causing concern to some old friends such as Muggeridge. In September 1949 Orwell invited his accountant Harrison to visit him in hospital, and Harrison claimed that Orwell then asked him to become director of GOP Ltd and to manage the company but there was no independent witness.^[77] Orwell's wedding took place in the hospital room on 13 October 1949, with David Astor as best man.^[79] Orwell was in decline and visited by an assortment of visitors including Muggeridge, Connolly, Lucian Freud, Stephen Spender, Evelyn Waugh, Paul Potts, Anthony Powell and his Eton tutor Anthony Gow.^[9] Plans to go to the Swiss Alps were mooted. Further meetings were held with his accountant at which Harrison and Mr and Mrs Blair were confirmed as directors of the company and at which Harrison claimed that the "service agreement" was executed, giving copyright to the company.^[77] Orwell's health was in decline again by Christmas. On the evening of 20 January 1950, Potts visited Orwell and slipped away on finding him asleep. However a later visit was made by Jack Harrison who claimed that Orwell gave him 25% of the company.^[77] Early on the morning of 21 January, an artery burst in his lungs, killing him at age 46.^[80]

Orwell had requested to be buried in accordance with the Anglican rite in the graveyard of the closest church to wherever he happened to die. The graveyards in central London had no space, and fearing that he might have to be cremated, against his wishes, his widow appealed to his friends to see whether any of them knew of a church with space in its graveyard.

George Orwell's grave

David Astor lived in Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire and negotiated with the vicar for Orwell to be interred in All Saints' Churchyard there, although he had no connection with the village.^[81] His gravestone bore the simple epitaph: "Here lies Eric Arthur Blair, born 25 June 1903, died 21 January 1950"; no mention is made on the gravestone of his more famous pen-name.

Orwell's son, Richard Blair, was raised by an aunt after his father's death. He maintains a low public profile, though he has occasionally given interviews about the few memories he has of his father. Richard Blair worked for many years as an agricultural agent for the British government.

In 1979 Sonia brought a High Court action against Harrison who had in the meantime transferred 75% of the company's voting stock to himself and had dissipated much of the value of the company. She was considered to have a strong case, but was becoming increasingly ill and eventually was persuaded to settle out of court on 2 November 1980. She died on 11 December 1980, aged 62.^[77]

Literary career [link]

Main article: Bibliography of George Orwell

During most of his career, Orwell was best known for his journalism, in essays, reviews, columns in newspapers and magazines and in his books of reportage: Down and Out in Paris and London (describing a period of poverty in these cities), The Road to Wigan Pier (describing the living conditions of the poor in northern England, and the class divide generally) and Homage to Catalonia. According to Irving Howe, Orwell was "the best English essayist since Hazlitt, perhaps since Dr Johnson."^[82]

Modern readers are more often introduced to Orwell as a novelist, particularly through his enormously successful titles Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. The former is often thought to reflect degeneration in the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution and the rise of Stalinism; the latter, life under totalitarian rule. Nineteen Eighty-Four is often compared to Brave New World by Aldous Huxley; both are powerful dystopian novels warning of a future world where the state machine exerts complete control over social life. In 1984, Nineteen Eighty-Four and Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 were honoured with the Prometheus Award for their contributions to dystopian literature. In 2011 he received it again for Animal Farm.

Coming Up for Air, his last novel before World War II is the most 'English' of his novels; alarums of war mingle with images of idyllic Thames-side Edwardian childhood of protagonist George Bowling. The novel is pessimistic; industrialism and capitalism have killed the best of Old England, and there were great, new external threats. In homely terms, Bowling posits the totalitarian hypotheses of Borkenau, Orwell, Silone and Koestler: "Old Hitler's something different. So's Joe Stalin. They aren't like these chaps in the old days who crucified people and chopped their heads off and so forth, just for the fun of it ... They're something quite new—something that's never been heard of before".

Literary influences [link]

In an autobiographical piece that Orwell sent to the editors of Twentieth Century Authors in 1940, he wrote: "The writers I care about most and never grow tired of are: Shakespeare, Swift, Fielding, Dickens, Charles Reade, Flaubert and, among modern writers, James Joyce, T. S. Eliot and D. H. Lawrence. But I believe the modern writer who has influenced me most is Somerset Maugham, whom I admire immensely for his power of telling a story straightforwardly and without frills." Elsewhere, Orwell strongly praised the works of Jack London, especially his book The Road. Orwell's investigation of poverty in The Road to Wigan Pier strongly resembles that of Jack London's The People of the Abyss, in which the American journalist disguises himself as an out-of-work sailor in order to investigate the lives of the poor in London. In his essay "Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels" (1946) Orwell wrote: "If I had to make a list of six books which were to be preserved when all others were destroyed, I would certainly put Gulliver's Travels among them.".

Other writers admired by Orwell included: Ralph Waldo Emerson, G. K. Chesterton, George Gissing, Graham Greene, Herman Melville, Henry Miller, Tobias Smollett, Mark Twain, Joseph Conrad and Yevgeny Zamyatin.^[83] He was both an admirer and a critic of Rudyard Kipling,^[84]^[85] praising Kipling as a gifted writer and a "good bad poet" whose work is "spurious" and "morally insensitive and aesthetically disgusting," but undeniably seductive and able to speak to certain aspects of reality more effectively than more enlightened authors.^[86]

Orwell as literary critic [link]

Throughout his life Orwell continually supported himself as a book reviewer, writing works so long and sophisticated they have had an influence on literary criticism. He wrote in the conclusion to his 1940 essay on Charles Dickens,

When one reads any strongly individual piece of writing, one has the impression of seeing a face somewhere behind the page. It is not necessarily the actual face of the writer. I feel this very strongly with Swift, with Defoe, with Fielding, Stendhal, Thackeray, Flaubert, though in several cases I do not know what these people looked like and do not want to know. What one sees is the face that the writer ought to have. Well, in the case of Dickens I see a face that is not quite the face of Dickens's photographs, though it resembles it. It is the face of a man of about forty, with a small beard and a high colour. He is laughing, with a touch of anger in his laughter, but no triumph, no malignity. It is the face of a man who is always fighting against something, but who fights in the open and is not frightened, the face of a man who is generously angry—in other words, of a nineteenth-century liberal, a free intelligence, a type hated with equal hatred by all the smelly little orthodoxies which are now contending for our souls.

George Woodcock suggested that the last two sentences characterised Orwell as much as his subject.^[87]

Reactions to Orwell's works [link]

Journalist and public intellectual Christopher Hitchens was one of several authors influenced by Orwell's politics and use of language

Arthur Koestler mentioned Orwell's "uncompromising intellectual honesty [which] made him appear almost inhuman at times."^[88] Ben Wattenberg stated: "Orwell’s writing pierced intellectual hypocrisy wherever he found it."^[89] According to historian Piers Brendon, "Orwell was the saint of common decency who would in earlier days, said his BBC boss Rushbrook Williams, 'have been either canonised – or burnt at the stake'".^[90] However, Raymond Williams in Politics and Letters: Interviews with New Left Review describes Orwell as a "successful impersonation of a plain man who bumps into experience in an unmediated way and tells the truth about it."^[91] Christopher Norris declared that Orwell's "homespun empiricist outlook – his assumption that the truth was just there to be told in a straightforward common-sense way – now seems not merely naive but culpably self-deluding".^[92]

Orwell's work has taken a prominent place in the school literature curriculum in England,^[93] with Animal Farm a regular examination topic at the end of secondary education (GCSE), and Nineteen Eighty-Four a topic for subsequent examinations below university level (A Levels). Alan Brown noted that this brings to the forefront questions about the political content of teaching practices. Study aids, in particular with potted biographies, might be seen to help propagate the Orwell myth so that as an embodiment of human values he is presented as a "trustworthy guide", while examination questions sometimes suggest a "right ways of answering" in line with the myth.^[94]^{[clarification needed]]]}

Historian John Rodden stated: "John Podhoretz did claim that if Orwell were alive today, he’d be standing with the neo-conservatives and against the Left. And the question arises, to what extent can you even begin to predict the political positions of somebody who’s been dead three decades and more by that time?"^[89]

In Orwell's Victory, Christopher Hitchens argues, "In answer to the accusation of inconsistency Orwell as a writer was forever taking his own temperature. In other words, here was someone who never stopped testing and adjusting his intelligence".^[95]

John Rodden points out the "undeniable conservative features in the Orwell physiognomy" and remarks on how "to some extent Orwell facilitated the kinds of uses and abuses by the Right that his name has been put to. In other ways there has been the politics of selective quotation."^[89] Rodden refers to the essay "Why I Write", in which Orwell refers to the Spanish Civil War as being his "watershed political experience", saying "The Spanish War and other events in 1936–37, turned the scale. Thereafter I knew where I stood. Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written directly or indirectly against totalitarianism and for Democratic Socialism as I understand it." (emphasis in original)^[89] Rodden goes on to explain how, during the McCarthy era, the introduction to the Signet edition of Animal Farm, which sold more than 20 million copies, makes use of "the politics of ellipsis":

If the book itself, Animal Farm, had left any doubt of the matter, Orwell dispelled it in his essay Why I Write: 'Every line of serious work that I’ve written since 1936 has been written directly or indirectly against Totalitarianism ... dot, dot, dot, dot.' "For Democratic Socialism" is vaporised, just like Winston Smith did it at the Ministry of Truth, and that’s very much what happened beginning of the McCarthy era and just continued, Orwell being selectively quoted.^[89]

T.R. Fyvel wrote about Orwell: "His crucial experience ... was his struggle to turn himself into a writer, one which led through long periods of poverty, failure and humiliation, and about which he has written almost nothing directly. The sweat and agony was less in the slum-life than in the effort to turn the experience into literature."^[96]^[97]

Influence on language and writing [link]

In his essay Politics and the English Language (1946), Orwell wrote about the importance of precise and clear language, arguing that vague writing can be used as a powerful tool of political manipulation because it shapes the way we think. In that essay, Orwell provides six rules for writers:

Never use a metaphor, simile, or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print.

Never use a long word where a short one will do.

If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out.

Never use the passive where you can use the active.

Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent.

Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous.^[98]

Andrew N. Rubin argues, "Orwell claimed that we should be attentive to how the use of language has limited our capacity for critical thought just as we should be equally concerned with the ways in which dominant modes of thinking have reshaped the very language that we use."^[99]

The adjective Orwellian connotes an attitude and a policy of control by propaganda, surveillance, misinformation, denial of truth, and manipulation of the past. In Nineteen Eighty-Four Orwell described a totalitarian government that controlled thought by controlling language, making certain ideas literally unthinkable. Several words and phrases from Nineteen Eighty-Four have entered popular language. Newspeak is a simplified and obfuscatory language designed to make independent thought impossible. Doublethink means holding two contradictory beliefs simultaneously. The Thought Police are those who suppress all dissenting opinion. Prolefeed is homogenised, manufactured superficial literature, film and music, used to control and indoctrinate the populace through docility. Big Brother is a supreme dictator who watches everyone.

Orwell may have been the first to use the term cold war, in his essay, "You and the Atom Bomb", published in Tribune, 19 October 1945. He wrote:

We may be heading not for general breakdown but for an epoch as horribly stable as the slave empires of antiquity. James Burnham's theory has been much discussed, but few people have yet considered its ideological implications;— this is, the kind of world-view, the kind of beliefs, and the social structure that would probably prevail in a State which was at once unconquerable and in a permanent state of 'cold war' with its neighbours.^[100]

Personal life [link]

Childhood [link]

Jacintha Buddicom's account Eric & Us provides an insight into Blair's childhood.^[101] She quoted his sister Avril that "he was essentially an aloof, undemonstrative person" and said herself of his friendship with the Buddicoms "I do not think he needed any other friends beyond the schoolfriend he occasionally and appreciatively referred to as 'CC'". Cyril Connolly provides an account of Blair as a child in Enemies of Promise.^[24] Years later, Blair mordantly recalled his prep school in the essay "Such, Such Were the Joys", claiming among other things that he "was made to study like a dog" to earn a scholarship, which he alleged was solely to enhance the school's prestige with parents. Jacintha Buddicom repudiated Orwell's schoolboy misery described in the essay, stating that "he was a specially happy child".

Connolly remarked of him as a schoolboy, "The remarkable thing about Orwell was that alone among the boys he was an intellectual and not a parrot for he thought for himself".^[24] At Eton, John Vaughan Wilkes, his former headmaster's son recalled, "...he was extremely argumentative—about anything—and criticising the masters and criticising the other boys.... We enjoyed arguing with him. He would generally win the arguments—or think he had anyhow."^[102] Roger Mynors concurs: "Endless arguments about all sorts of things, in which he was one of the great leaders. He was one of those boys who thought for himself...."^[103]

Blair liked to carry out practical jokes. Buddicom recalls him swinging from the luggage rack in a railway carriage like an orangutan to frighten a woman passenger out of the compartment.^[14] At Eton he played tricks on John Crace, his Master in College, among which was to enter a spoof advertisement in a College magazine implying pederasty.^[104] Gow, his tutor, said he "made himself as big a nuisance as he could" and "was a very unattractive boy".^[105] Later Blair was expelled from the crammer at Southwold for sending a dead rat as a birthday present to the town surveyor.^[106] In one of his As I Please essays he refers to a protracted joke when he answered an advertisement for a woman who claimed a cure for obesity.^[107]

Blair had an enduring interest in natural history which stemmed from his childhood. In letters from school he wrote about caterpillars and butterflies,^[108] and Buddicom recalls his keen interest in ornithology. He also enjoyed fishing and shooting rabbits, and conducting experiments as in cooking a hedgehog^[14] or shooting down a jackdaw from the Eton roof to dissect it.^[103] His zeal for scientific experiments extended to explosives—again Buddicom recalls a cook giving notice because of the noise. Later in Southwold his sister Avril recalled him blowing up the garden. When teaching he enthused his students with his nature-rambles both at Southwold^[109] and Hayes.^[110] His adult diaries are permeated with his observations on nature.

Relationships [link]

Buddicom and Blair lost touch shortly after he went to Burma, and she became unsympathetic towards him. She wrote that it was because of the letters he wrote complaining about his life, but an addendum to Eric & Us by Venables reveals that he may have lost sympathy through an incident which was at best a clumsy seduction.^[14]

Mabel Fierz, who later became his confidante, said "He used to say the one thing he wished in this world was that he'd been attractive to women. He liked women and had many girlfriends I think in Burma. He had a girl in Southwold and another girl in London. He was rather a womaniser, yet he was afraid he wasn't attractive."^[23]

Brenda Salkield (Southwold) preferred friendship to any deeper relationship and maintained a correspondence with Blair for many years, particularly as a sounding board for his ideas. She wrote "He was a great letter writer. Endless letters, And I mean when he wrote you a letter he wrote pages."^[23] His correspondence with Eleanor Jacques (London) was more prosaic, dwelling on a closer relationship and referring to past rendezvous or planning future ones in London and Burnham Beeches.^[111]

When Orwell was in the sanatorium in Kent his wife's friend Lydia Jackson visited. He invited her for a walk and out of sight "an awkward situation arose."^[112] Jackson was to be the most critical of Orwell's marriage to Eileen O'Shaughnessy but their later correspondence hints a complicity. Eileen at the time was more concerned about Orwell's closeness to Brenda Salkield. Orwell was to have an affair with his secretary at Tribune which caused Eileen much distress, and others have been mooted. In a letter to Ann Popham he wrote: 'I was sometimes unfaithful to Eileen, and I also treated her badly, and I think she treated me badly, too, at times, but it was a real marriage, in the sense that we had been through awful struggles together and she understood all about my work, etc.',^[113] Similarly he suggested to Celia Kirwan that they had both been unfaithful.^[114] There are several testaments that it was a well-matched and happy marriage^[115]^[116]^[117]

Orwell was very lonely after Eileen's death, and desperate for a wife, both as companion for himself and as mother for Richard. He proposed marriage to four women, and eventually Sonia Brownell accepted.

Religious views [link]

Orwell was a communicant member of the Church of England, he attended holy communion regularly,^[118] and allusions to Anglican life are made in his book A Clergyman's Daughter. At the same time he found the church to be a "selfish...church of the landed gentry" with its establishment "out of touch" with the majority of its communicants and altogether a pernicious influence on public life.^[119] Moreover, Orwell expressed some skepticism about religion: "It seems rather mean to go to HC [Holy Communion] when one doesn't believe, but I have passed myself off for pious & there is nothing for it but to keep up with the deception."^[120] Yet, he was married according to the rites of the Church of England in both his first marriage at the church at Wallington, and in his second marriage on his deathbed in University College Hospital, and he left instructions that he was to receive an Anglican funeral.^[121] In their 1972 study, The Unknown Orwell, the writers Peter Stansky and William Abrahams note that at Eton Blair displayed a "sceptical attitude" to Christian belief, and that: "Shaw's preface to his recently published Androcles and the Lion in which an account of the gospels is set forth, very different in tone from what one would be likely to hear from an Anglican clergyman" was "much more to Blair's own taste."^[122] Crick observed that Orwell displayed "a pronounced anti-Catholicism".^[123]

The ambiguity in his belief in religion mirrored the dichotomies between his public and private lives: Stephen Ingle wrote that it was as if the writer George Orwell "vaunted" his atheism while Eric Blair the individual retained "a deeply ingrained religiosity". Ingle later noted that Orwell did not accept the existence of an afterlife, believing in the finality of death while living and advocating a moral code based on Judeo-Christian beliefs.^[79]^[124]

Political views [link]

Orwell liked to provoke argument by challenging the status quo, but he was also a traditionalist with a love of old English values. He criticised and satirised, from the inside, the various social milieus in which he found himself – provincial town life in A Clergyman's Daughter; middle-class pretention in Keep the Aspidistra Flying; preparatory schools in Such Such were the Joys; colonialism in Burmese Days, and some socialist groups in The Road to Wigan Pier. In his Adelphi days he described himself as a "Tory-anarchist".^[125]^[126]

In 1928, Orwell began his career as a professional writer in Paris. His first article, Censorship in England, was an attempt to account for the 'extraordinary and illogical' suppression of plays and novels on the grounds of public decency, then practised in Britain. His own explanation was that the rise of the 'puritan middle class', who had stricter morals than the aristocracy, tightened the rules of censorship in the 19th century. Orwell's first article to be published in his home country, A Farthing Newspaper, was a critique of the new French daily, the Ami de Peuple. This paper was sold much more cheaply than most others, and was intended for ordinary people to read. However, Orwell pointed out that its proprietor François Coty also owned the right-wing dailies Le Figaro and Le Gaulois, which the Ami de Peuple was supposedly competing against. Orwell suggested that cheap newspapers were no more than a vehicle for advertising and anti-leftist propaganda, and predicted that like India, France might soon see 'free newspapers' which would drive many legitimate dailies out of business.^[127]

The Spanish Civil War played the most important part in defining Orwell's socialism. He wrote to Cyril Connolly from Barcelona on 8 June 1937: "I have seen wonderful things and at last really believe in Socialism, which I never did before".^[128]^[129] Having witnessed the success of the anarcho-syndicalist communities, for example in Anarchist Catalonia, and the subsequent brutal suppression of the anarcho-syndicalists, anti-Stalin communist parties and revolutionaries by the Soviet Union-backed Communists, Orwell returned from Catalonia a staunch anti-Stalinist and joined the Independent Labour Party, his card being issued on 13 June 1938.^[108] Although he was never a Trotskyist, he was strongly influenced by the Trotskyist and anarchist critiques of the Soviet regime, and by the anarchists' emphasis on individual freedom. In Part 2 of The Road to Wigan Pier, published by the Left Book Club, Orwell stated: "a real Socialist is one who wishes – not merely conceives it as desirable, but actively wishes – to see tyranny overthrown". Orwell stated in "Why I Write" (1946): "Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as I understand it."^[130] Orwell was a proponent of a federal socialist Europe, a position outlined in his 1947 essay "Toward European Unity", which first appeared in Partisan Review. According to biographer John Newsinger,

the other crucial dimension to Orwell's socialism was his recognition that the Soviet Union was not socialist. Unlike many on the left, instead of abandoning socialism once he discovered the full horror of Stalinist rule in the Soviet Union, Orwell abandoned the Soviet Union and instead remained a socialist—indeed he became more committed to the socialist cause than ever."^[57]

In his 1938 essay "Why I joined the Independent Labour Party", published in the ILP-affiliated New Leader, Orwell wrote:

For some years past I have managed to make the capitalist class pay me several pounds a week for writing books against capitalism. But I do not delude myself that this state of affairs is going to last forever ... the only régime which, in the long run, will dare to permit freedom of speech is a Socialist régime. If Fascism triumphs I am finished as a writer – that is to say, finished in my only effective capacity. That of itself would be a sufficient reason for joining a Socialist party.^[131]

Towards the end of the essay, he wrote: "I do not mean I have lost all faith in the Labour Party. My most earnest hope is that the Labour Party will win a clear majority in the next General Election."^[132]

Orwell was opposed to rearmament against Nazi Germany—but he changed his view after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the outbreak of the war. He left the ILP because of its opposition to the war and adopted a political position of "revolutionary patriotism". In December 1940 he wrote in Tribune (the Labour left's weekly): "We are in a strange period of history in which a revolutionary has to be a patriot and a patriot has to be a revolutionary." During the war, Orwell was highly critical of the popular idea that an Anglo-Soviet alliance would be the basis of a post-war world of peace and prosperity. In 1942, commenting on journalist E. H. Carr's pro-Soviet views, Orwell stated: "all the appeasers, e.g. Professor E. H. Carr, have switched their allegiance from Hitler to Stalin."^[133]

On anarchism, Orwell wrote in The Road to Wigan Pier: "I worked out an anarchistic theory that all government is evil, that the punishment always does more harm than the crime and the people can be trusted to behave decently if you will only let them alone." He continued however and argued that "it is always necessary to protect peaceful people from violence. In any state of society where crime can be profitable you have got to have a harsh criminal law and administer it ruthlessly."

In his reply (dated 15 November 1943) to an invitation from the Duchess of Atholl to speak for the British League for European Freedom, he stated that he didn't agree with their objectives. He admitted that what they said was "more truthful than the lying propaganda found in most of the press" but added that he could not "associate himself with an essentially Conservative body" that claimed to "defend democracy in Europe" but had "nothing to say about British imperialism". His closing paragraph stated: "I belong to the Left and must work inside it, much as I hate Russian totalitarianism and its poisonous influence in this country."^[134]

Orwell joined the staff of Tribune as literary editor, and from then until his death, was a left-wing (though hardly orthodox) Labour-supporting democratic socialist.^[135] On 1 September 1944, about the Warsaw Uprising, Orwell expressed in Tribune his hostility against the influence of the alliance with the USSR over the allies: "Do remember that dishonesty and cowardice always have to be paid for. Do not imagine that for years on end you can make yourself the boot-licking propagandist of the sovietic regime, or any other regime, and then suddenly return to honesty and reason. Once a whore, always a whore." According to Newsinger, although Orwell "was always critical of the 1945–51 Labour government's moderation, his support for it began to pull him to the right politically. This did not lead him to embrace conservatism, imperialism or reaction, but to defend, albeit critically, Labour reformism."^[136] Between 1945 and 1947, with A. J. Ayer and Bertrand Russell, he contributed a series of articles and essays to Polemic, a short-lived British "Magazine of Philosophy, Psychology, and Aesthetics" edited by the ex-Communist Humphrey Slater.^[137]^[138]

Writing in the spring of 1945 a long essay titled "Antisemitism in Britain", for the Contemporary Jewish Record, Orwell stated that anti-Semitism was on the increase in Britain, and that it was "irrational and will not yield to arguments". He argued that it would be useful to discover why anti-Semites could "swallow such absurdities on one particular subject while remaining sane on others".^[139] He wrote: "For quite six years the English admirers of Hitler contrived not to learn of the existence of Dachau and Buchenwald. ... Many English people have heard almost nothing about the extermination of German and Polish Jews during the present war. Their own anti-Semitism has caused this vast crime to bounce off their consciousness."^[140] In Nineteen Eighty-Four, written shortly after the war, Orwell portrayed the Party as enlisting anti-Semitic passions against their enemy, Goldstein.

Orwell publicly defended P.G. Wodehouse against charges of being a Nazi sympathiser, a defence based on Wodehouse's lack of interest in and ignorance of politics.

The British intelligence group Special Branch maintained a file on Orwell for more than 20 years of his life. The dossier, published by The National Archives, mentions that according to one investigator, Orwell had "advanced Communist views and several of his Indian friends say that they have often seen him at Communist meetings". MI5, the intelligence department of the Home Office, noted: "It is evident from his recent writings – 'The Lion and the Unicorn' – and his contribution to Gollancz's symposium The Betrayal of the Left that he does not hold with the Communist Party nor they with him."^[141]

Social interactions [link]

Orwell was noted for very close and enduring friendships with a few friends, but these were generally people with a similar background or with a similar level of literary ability. Ungregarious, he was out of place in a crowd and his discomfort was exacerbated when he was outside his own class. Though representing himself as a spokesman for the common man, he often appeared out of place with real working people. His brother-in-law Humphrey Dakin, a "Hail fellow, well met" type, who took him to a local pub in Leeds, said that he was told by the landlord: "Don't bring that bugger in here again".^[142] Adrian Fierz commented "He wasn't interested in racing or greyhounds or pub crawling or shove ha'penny. He just did not have much in common with people who did not share his intellectual interests".^[143] Awkwardness attended many of his encounters with working-class representatives, as with Pollitt and McNair.^[144] but his courtesy and good manners were often commented on. Jack Common observed on meeting him for the first time, "Right away manners, and more than manners—breeding—showed through".^[145]

In his tramping days, he did domestic work for a time. His extreme politeness was recalled by a member of the family he worked for; she declared that the family referred to him as "Laurel" after the film comedian.^[39] With his gangling figure and awkwardness, Orwell's friends often saw him as a figure of fun. Geoffrey Gorer commented "He was awfully likely to knock things off tables, trip over things. I mean, he was a gangling, physically badly co-ordinated young man. I think his feelings that even the inanimate world was against him..."^[146] When he shared a flat with Heppenstall and Sayer, he was treated in a patronising manner by the younger men.^[147] At the BBC, in the 1940s, "everybody would pull his leg",^[148] and Spender described him as having real entertainment value "like, as I say, watching a Charlie Chaplin movie".^[149] A friend of Eileen's reminisced about her tolerance and humour, often at Orwell's expense.^[116]

One biography of Orwell accused him of having had an authoritarian streak.^[150] In Burma, he struck out at a Burmese boy who while "fooling around" with his friends had "accidentally bumped into him" at a station, with the result that Orwell "fell heavily" down some stairs.^[151] One of his former pupils recalled being beaten so hard he could not sit down for a week.^[152] When sharing a flat with Orwell, Heppenstall came home late one night in an advanced stage of loud inebriation. The upshot was that Heppenstall ended up with a bloody nose and was locked in a room. When he complained, Orwell hit him a crack across the legs with a shooting stick and Heppenstall then had to defend himself with a chair. Years later, after Orwell's death, Heppenstall wrote a dramatic account of the incident called "The Shooting Stick"^[153] and Mabel Fierz confirmed that Heppenstall came to her in a sorry state the following day.^[154]

However, Orwell got on well with young people. The pupil he beat considered him the best of teachers, and the young recruits in Barcelona tried to drink him under the table—though without success. His nephew recalled Uncle Eric laughing louder than anyone in the cinema at a Charlie Chaplin film.^[115]

In the wake of his most famous works, he attracted many uncritical hangers-on, but many others who sought him found him aloof and even dull. With his soft voice, he was sometimes shouted down or excluded from discussions.^[155] At this time, he was severely ill; it was wartime or the austerity period after it; during the war his wife suffered from depression; and after her death he was lonely and unhappy. In addition to that, he always lived frugally and seemed unable to care for himself properly. As a result of all this, people found his circumstances bleak.^[156] Some, like Michael Ayrton, called him "Gloomy George", but others developed the idea that he was a "secular saint".

Lifestyle [link]

Orwell was a heavy smoker, rolling his own cigarettes from strong shag tobacco, in spite of his bronchial condition. He undermined his health with a penchant for the rugged life which often put him in cold and damp situations both in the long term as in Catalonia and Jura, and short term, for example in motorcycling in the rain and a shipwreck of his own creation. His love of strong tea was legendary—he had Fortnum & Mason's tea brought to him in Catalonia^[9] and in 1946 published "A Nice Cup of Tea" on how to make it. He appreciated English beer, taken regularly and moderately, despised drinkers of lager^[157] and wrote about an imagined, ideal pub in his 1946 newspaper article "The Moon Under Water".^[158] Not being particular about food, he enjoyed the wartime "Victory Pie"^[159] extolled canteen food at the BBC^[148] and once ate the cat's dinner by mistake.^[160] However he preferred traditional English dishes such as roast beef and kippers^[161] and reports of his Islington days refer to the cosy afternoon tea table.

His dress sense was unpredictable and usually casual.^[162] In Southwold he had the best cloth from the local tailor,^[163] but was equally happy in his tramping outfit. His attire in the Spanish Civil War, along with his size 12 boots was a source of amusement.^[164]^[165] David Astor described him as looking like a prep school master,^[166] while according to the Special Branch dossier, Orwell's tendency of clothing himself "in Bohemian fashion" revealed that the author was "a Communist".^[167]

Orwell's confusing approach to matters of social decorum—on the one hand expecting a working class guest to dress for dinner,^[168] and on the other hand slurping tea out of a saucer at the BBC canteen^[169]—helped stoke his reputation as an English eccentric.

Biographies [link]

File:Malcolm muggeridge.jpg

Orwell's widow commissioned journalist Malcolm Muggeridge to write a biography of her husband in spite of his wishes that none be produced. The book was never written.

Orwell's will requested that no biography of him be written, and his wife Sonia Brownell repelled every attempt by those who tried to persuade her to let them write about him. Various recollections and interpretations were published in the 1950s and 1960s but Sonia saw the 1968 Collected Works^[107] as the record of his life. She did appoint Malcolm Muggeridge as official biographer, but later biographers have seen this as deliberate spoiling as Muggeridge eventually gave up the work.^[61] In 1973 American authors Stansky and Williams^[170] produced an unauthorised account of his early years which inevitably lacked Sonia Brownell's input. She then commissioned Bernard Crick, a left-wing professor of politics at the University of London to complete a biography and asked all Orwell's friends to co-operate.^[171] Crick collated a considerable amount of material in his work which was published in 1980,^[108] but his questioning of the literal truth of Orwell's first-person writings led to conflict with Sonia who tried unsuccessfully to suppress the book. Crick concentrated on the facts of Orwell's life rather than his character, and as a professor of politics presented primarily a political perspective on Orwell's life and work.^[172]

After Sonia Brownell's death many more works were produced in the 1980s with 1984 being a particularly fruitful year for Orwelliana. These included collections of reminiscences by Coppard and Crick^[106] and Stephen Wadhams.^[23]

In 1991 a biography was produced by Michael Shelden, an American Professor of Literature.^[27] Shelden was more concerned with the literary nature of Orwell’s work, seeking explanations for Orwell's character and treating his first person writings as autobiographical. Shelden introduced several new pieces of information correcting some of the errors and omissions in Crick's earlier work.^[173] Shelden attributed to Orwell an obsessive belief in his failure and inadequacy.

Peter Davison's production of the Complete Works of George Orwell, completed in 2000^[174] put most of the Orwell Archive in the public domain. Jeffrey Meyers, a prolific American biographer, was first to take advantage of this and produced a work^[175] that was more willing to investigate the darker side of Orwell and question the saintly image.^[173] Why Orwell Matters was published by Christopher Hitchens in 2002.

In 2003, the centenary of Orwell's birth resulted in the two most up-to-date biographies by Gordon Bowker^[176] and D. J. Taylor, both academics and writers in the United Kingdom. Taylor notes the stage management which surrounds much of Orwell's behaviour,^[9] and Bowker highlights the essential sense of decency which he considers to have been Orwell's main driver.^[177]^[178]

Bibliography [link]

Main article: George Orwell bibliography

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

George Orwell

Novels

1934 – Burmese Days
1935 – A Clergyman's Daughter
1936 – Keep the Aspidistra Flying
1939 – Coming Up for Air
1945 – Animal Farm
1949 – Nineteen Eighty-Four

Books based on personal experiences

While the substance of many of Orwell's novels, particularly Burmese Days, is drawn from his personal experiences, the following are works presented as narrative documentaries, rather than being fictionalised.

1933 – Down and Out in Paris and London
1937 – The Road to Wigan Pier
1938 – Homage to Catalonia

Notes [link]

^ "George Orwell". UCL Orwell Archives. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Library/special-coll/orwell.shtml. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
^ "Why I Write" in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 – An Age Like This 1945–1950 p.23 (Penguin)
^ Orwell, George (1968) [1958]. Bott, George. ed. Selected Writings. London: Heinemann. p. 103. ISBN 0-435-13675-5. "Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as I understand it. [italics from printed source]"
^ "Still the Moon Under Water". The Economist (London). 28 July 2009 (Article available to paid subscribers only.). http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?source=hptextfeature&story_id=11826680.
^ Rodden, John, ed. (2007). The Cambridge companion to George Orwell. Cambridge University Press. p. 10. ISBN 0-521-67507-3.
^ "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945". Times online (The Times). 5 January 2008. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article3127837.ece. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
^ Crick, Bernard (2004). "Eric Arthur Blair [pseud. George Orwell] (1903–1950)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, England, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
^ ^a ^b Stansky, Peter; Abrahams, William (1994). "From Bengal to St Cyprian's". The unknown Orwell: Orwell, the transformation. Stanford, California, United States: Stanford University Press. pp. 5–12. ISBN 978-0-8047-2342-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Taylor, D. J. (2003), Orwell: The Life, Henry Holt and Company, ISBN 0-8050-7473-2
^ Orwell, George (February 1937), "8", The Road to Wigan Pier, Left Book Club, p. 1
^ Crick, Bernard (1980), George Orwell: A Life, Secker & Warburg
^ Stansky and Abrahams had suggested that Mrs Blair moved to England in 1907 based on information given by Avril Blair reminiscing of a time before she was born. The evidence to the contrary is the diary of Ida Blair for 1905 and a photograph of Eric aged three in an English suburban garden. The earlier date also coincides with a difficult posting for Blair senior, and Marjorie (then six years old) needing an English education.
^ A Kind of Compulsion 1903–36, xviii
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Buddicom, Jacintha (1974), Eric and Us, Frewin, ISBN 0-85632-076-5
^ Bowker, Gordon, George Orwell, p. 21
^ Bowker, Gordon, George Orwell, p. 28
^ "Royal Eastbourne Golf Club – Hambro Bowl". Regc.unospace.net. http://www.regc.unospace.net/members/handicaps_competitions/rolls_of_honour/men_5/hambro_bowl_3. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
^ Bowker,p.30
^ Jacob, Alaric (1984), "Sharing Orwell's Joys, but not his Fears", in Norris, Christopher, Inside the Myth, Lawrence and Wishart
^ Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard, 2 October 1914
^ Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard, 21 July 1916
^ Eric and Us, 58 , Jacintha Buddicom
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Wadhams, Stephen (1984), Remembering Orwell, Penguin
^ ^a ^b ^c Connolly, Cyril (1973) [1938]. Enemies of Promise. London: Deutsch. ISBN 978-0-233-96488-1.
^ A Kind of Compulsion, p.87, gives Blair as 7th of 29 successful candidates, and 21st of the 23 successful candidates who passed the Indian Imperial Police riding test, in September 1922.
^ Stansky & Abrahams, The Unknown Orwell, p.170-171
^ ^a ^b Michael Shelden Orwell: The Authorised Biography William Heinemann 1991
^ A Kind of Compulsion, 1903–36, p.87
^ Emma Larkin, Introduction, Burmese Days, Penguin Classics edition, 2009
^ Bernard Crick George Orwell: A Life, quote from interview with Gow
^ Stansky & Abrahams, The Unknown Orwell, p.195
^ Ruth Pitter BBC Overseas Service broadcast, 3 January 1956
^ Plaque #2825 on Open Plaques.
^ Stansky & Abrahams, The Unknown Orwell, p.204
^ A Kind of Compulsion (1903–36), p.113
^ Stansky & Abrahams, The Unknown Orwell, p. 216
^ R. S. Peters A Boy's View of George Orwell Psychology and Ethical Development Allen & Unwin 1974
^ Stansky & Abrahams, p.230 The Unknown Orwell
^ ^a ^b Stella Judt I once met George Orwell in I once Met 1996
^ Bernard Crick Interview with Geoffrey Stevens in George Orwell: A Life
^ Avril Dunn My Brother George Orwell Twentieth Century 1961
^ Voorhees (1986: 11)
^ Leys, Simon (6 May 2011). "The Intimate Orwell". The New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/may/26/intimate-orwell/?pagination=false. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
^ Orwell, Sonia and Angus, Ian (eds.)Orwell: An Age Like This, letters 31 and 33 (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World)
^ Stansky & Abrahams, Orwell:The Transformation p 100-101
^ A Kind of Compulsion, p.392
^ The conventional view that this was a specific commission with a £500 advance is based on a recollection by Geoffrey Gorer. However Taylor argues that Orwell's subsequent circumstances showed no indication of such largesse, Gollancz was not a person to part with such a sum on speculation, and Gollancz took little proprietorial interest in progress—D. J. Taylor Orwell: The Life Chatto & Windus 2003
^ A Kind of Compulsion, p.457
^ A Kind of Compulsion,p.450. The Road to Wigan Pier Diary
^ A Kind of Compulsion, p.468
^ "Freedom of Information, National Archives" http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/releases/2005/highlights_july/july19/default.htm)
^ "Notes on the Spanish Militias" in Orwell in Spain, p.278
^ John McNair—Interview with Ian Angus UCL 1964
^ Letter to Eileen Blair April 1937 in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 – An Age Like This 1945–1950 p.296 (Penguin)
^ Bowker, p.216
^ "The accusation of espionage against the P.O.U.M. rested solely upon articles in the Communist press and the activities of the Communist-controlled secret police." Homage to Catalonia p.168. Penguin, 1980
^ ^a ^b "Newsinger, John "Orwell and the Spanish Revolution" ''International Socialism Journal'' Issue 62 Spring 1994". Pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk. http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj62/newsinger.htm. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
^ Bowker, quoting Orwell in Homage To Catalonia, p.219
^ Harry Milton – The Man Who Saved Orwell, Hoover Institution, http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3475881.html, retrieved 23 December 2008
^ Gordon Bowker, Orwell, p.218 ISBN 978-0-349-11551-1
^ ^a ^b The author states that evidence discovered at the National Historical Archives in Madrid in 1989 of a security police report to the Tribunal for Espionage and High Treason described 'Eric Blair and his wife Eileen Blair, as 'known Trotskyists' and as 'linking agents of the ILP and the POUM'. Newsinger goes on to state that given Orwell's precarious health, "there can be little doubt that if he had been arrested he would have died in prison."
^ Facing Unpleasant Facts, p.xxix, Secker & Warburg, 2000
^ Facing Unpleasant Facts, p.31, 224
^ "Gordon Bowker: Orwell's London". theorwellprize.co.uk. http://theorwellprize.co.uk/george-orwell/about-orwell/gordon-bowker-orwells-london. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
^ "Another piece of the puzzle – Charles' George Orwell Links". Netcharles.com. http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/articles/col-piece-of-puzzle.htm. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
^ "George Orwell Biography". Paralumun.com. http://www.paralumun.com/bioorwell.htm. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
^ "THE ORWELL PRIZE". Orwelldiaries.wordpress.com. 16 August 2010. http://orwelldiaries.wordpress.com/2010/08/16/16-8-40/. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
^ The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 2 – My Country Right or Left 1940–1943 p40 (Penguin)
^ Muggeridge, Malcolm (1962), Burmese Days (Introduction), Time Inc., http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Burmese_Days/english/e_mm_int Muggeridge recalls that he asked Orwell if such broadcasts were useful, "'Perhaps not', he said, somewhat crestfallen. He added, more cheerfully, that anyway, no one could pick up the broadcasts except on short-wave sets which cost about the equivalent of an Indian labourer's earnings over 10 years."
^ Orwell, G.; Davison, P. (1999). I Have Tried to Tell the Truth. London: Secker & Warburg. ISBN 978-0-436-20370-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=yRHBGAAACAAJ&dq=isbn:0436205521&ei=lD2hSaj0CYLeyAS79p20Dg&hl=es.
^ ^a ^b Garton Ash, Timothy (25 September 2003). "Orwell's List". The New York Review of Books.
^ Caute, David (2009). Politics and the Novel during the Cold War. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 79. ISBN 1-4128-1161-9.
^ "He had led a quiet life as Richard Blair, not ‘Richard Orwell’": Shelden (1991: 398; 489)
^ "The Orwell Prize | Life and Work—Exclusive Access to the Orwell Archive". Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071210180526/http://www.theorwellprize.co.uk/life-and-work.aspx. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
^ Barnhill, http://www.orwelltoday.com/jurabarnhillvisit.shtml is located at 56°06′39″N 5°41′30″W / 56.11083°N 5.69167°W / 56.11083; -5.69167 (British national grid reference system NR705970)
^ David Holbrook in Stephen Wadham's Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Tim Carroll A writer wronged The Sunday Times 15 August 2004
^ Ezard, John (21 June 2003). "Blair's babe: Did love turn Orwell into a government stooge?". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2003/jun/21/books.artsandhumanities.
^ ^a ^b Ingle, Stephen (1993). George Orwell: a political life. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. p. 90. ISBN 0-7190-3233-4.
^ "George Orwell, Author, 46, Dead. British Writer, Acclaimed for His '1984' and 'Animal Farm,' is Victim of Tuberculosis. Two Novels Popular Here Distaste for Imperialism". The New York Times. 22 January 1950.
^ Andrew Anthony, 'Review: George Orwell's Books', The Observer, 11 May 2003, Observer Review Pages, Pg. 1.
^ Howe, Irving (January 1969; reprinted in Newsweek), George Orwell: "As the bones know", Harper's Magazine . Howe considered Orwell "the finest journalist of his day and the foremost architect of the English essay since Hazlitt".
^ Letter to Gleb Struve, 17 February 1944, Orwell: Essays, Journalism and Letters Vol 3, ed Sonia Brownell and Ian Angus
^ "Malcolm Muggeridge: Introduction". http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Burmese_Days/english/e_mm_int. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
^ "Does Orwell Matter?". http://www.hoover.org/multimedia/uk/2939606.html. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
^ "George Orwell: Rudyard Kipling". http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/kipling/english/e_rkip. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
^ George Woodcock Introduction to Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin 1984
^ Orwell Today, http://www.orwelltoday.com/orwellpersona.shtml
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Orwell’s Century" Think Tank with Ben Wattenberg. PBS
^ Brendon, Piers (7 June 2003), "The saint of common decency", The Guardian (UK), http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2003/jun/07/biography.georgeorwell
^ Raymond Williams Politics and Letters 1979
^ Christopher Norris Language, Truth and Ideology:Orwell and the Post War Left in Inside the Myth:Orwell views from the Left Lawrence and Whishart 1984
^ Rodden, John (2002). George Orwell: the politics of literary reputation. Edison, NJ: Transaction. pp. 394–395. ISBN 978-0-7658-0896-7.
^ Alan Brown Examining Orwell: Political and Literary Values in Education in Christopher Norris Inside the Myth Orwell:Views from the Left Lawrence and Wishart 1984
^ Hitchens, Christopher, Editorial review of Orwell's Victory, http://www.amazon.com/dp/0141005351
^ T R Fyvel A Writer's Life World Review June 1950
^ T. R. Fyvel, A Case for George Orwell?, Twentieth Century, September 1956, pp.257–8
^ Orwell, George (April 1946). "Politics and the English Language". mtholyoke.edu. Horizon. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/orwell46.htm. Retrieved 15 July2010.
^ Rubin, Andrew N. "The Rhetoric of Perpetual War". http://outsidethewhale.com/2011/10/04/70/. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
^ Orwell, George (19 October 1945). "You and the Atom Bomb". Tribune. http://orwell.ru/library/articles/ABomb/english/e_abomb.html. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
^ Jacintha Buddicom Eric & Us Frewin 1974.
^ John Wilkes in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell" Penguin Books 1984.
^ ^a ^b Roger Mynors in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984.
^ Hollis, Christopher (1956). A study of George Orwell: The man and his works. London: Hollis & Carter. OCLC 2742921.
^ Interview with Bernard Crick in George Orwell: A life
^ ^a ^b Audrey Coppard and Bernard Crick Orwell Remembered 1984
^ ^a ^b Orwell, George; Angus, Ian; Orwell, Sonia (1969). The collected essays, journalism and letters of George Orwell. London: Secker & Warburg. ISBN 978-0-436-35015-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c Crick, Bernard (1980). George Orwell: A Life. London: Secker & Warburg. ISBN 978-0-436-11450-2.
^ R. S. Peters A Boy's View of George Orwell in Psychology and Ethical Development Allen & Unwin 1974
^ Geoffrey Stevens in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin 1984
^ Correspondence in Collected Essays Journalism and Letters, Secker & Warburg 1968
^ Peter Davison ed. George Orwell: Complete Works XI 336
^ George Orwell: A Life, Bernard Crick, p.480
^ Celia Goodman interview with Shelden June 1989 in Michael Shelden Orwell:The Authorised Biography
^ ^a ^b Henry Dakin in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell
^ ^a ^b Patrica Donahue in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell
^ Michael Meyer Not Prince Hamlet: Literary and Theatrcal Memoirs 1989
^ Thomas Cushman and John Rodden eds., George Orwell: Into the Twenty-first Century (2004), p. 98
^ Voorhees, Richard A. (1986). The paradox of George Orwell. West Lafayette, Ind: Purdue University Press. pp. 18–19. ISBN 0-911198-80-6.
^ “Letter to Eleanor Jaques, 19 Oct., 1932” in The Collected Essays, Journalism, and Letters of George Orwell: An Age Like This, ed. Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus. Harcourt, Brace & World Inc. New York, 1968. p. 102
^ Why Orwell Matters (2003), p. 123
^ Stansky & Abrahams,The Unknown Orwell, p105
^ Crick, p.229
^ Ingle, Stephen (2006). The social and political thought of George Orwell: a reassessment. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 0-415-35735-7.
^ Richard Rees, Orwell: Fugitive from the Camp of Victory, Secker & Warburg 1961
^ Rayner Heppenstall, Four Absentees, Barrie and Rockcliff 1960
^ P Davison A Kind of Compulsion Secker & Warburg. London, 2000 pp. 117–121
^ Cyril Connolly George Orwell 3 in The Evening Colonnade David Bruce and Watson 1973
^ The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 – An Age Like This 1945–1950 p.301 (Penguin)
^ "Why I Write" in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 – An Age Like This 1945–1950 p.23 (Penguin)
^ The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 – An Age Like This 1945–1950 p.373 (Penguin)
^ "Why I Write" in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 – An Age Like This 1945–1950 p.374 (Penguin)
^ Collini, Stefan (5 March 2008). "E. H. Carr: historian of the future". Times. UK. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article3490032.ece. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
^ Orwell, Sonia and Angus, Ian (eds.). The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 4: In Front of Your Nose (1945–1950) (Penguin)
^ Woodcock, George (1967). The crystal spirit: a study of George Orwell. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 247. ISBN 0-947795-05-7.
^ "John Newsinger in ''Socialist Review'' Issue 276 July/August 2003". Pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk. http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr276/newsinger.htm. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
^ Buckman, David (13 November 1998). "Where are the Hirsts of the 1930s now?". The Independent (London).
^ Collini, Stefan (2006). Absent Minds: Intellectuals in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929105-2
^ "Antisemitism in Britain", in As I Please: 1943–1945, pp. 332–341.
^ "Notes on Nationalism", 1945.
^ "MI5 confused by Orwell's politics". BBC News. 4 September 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6976576.stm. Retrieved 22 November 2008.
^ Ian Angus Interview 23–25 April 1965 quoted in Stansky and Abrahams The Unknown George Orwell
^ Adrian Fierz in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell
^ John McNair George Orwell: The Man I knew MA Thesis—Newcastle University Library 1965 quoted in Bernard Crick George Orwell: A Life
^ Jack Common Collection Newcastle University Library quoted in Bernard Crick George Orwell: A Life Secker & Warburg 1980
^ Geoffrey Gorer – recorded for Melvyn Bragg BBC Omnibus production The Road to the Left 1970
^ Rayner Heppenstall Four Absentees in Audrey Coppard and Bernard Crick Orwell Remembered 1984
^ ^a ^b Sunday Wilshin in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984
^ Stephen Spender in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984
^ "Powell's Books – Synopses and Reviews of D J Taylor ''Orwell:The Life''". Powells.com. 12 October 2010. http://www.powells.com/biblio/1-9780805076936-1. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
^ Maung Htin Aung George Orwell and Burma in Miriam Goss The World of George Orwell Weidenfield & Nicholson 1971
^ Geoffrey Stevens, Bernard Crick Interview in George Orwell: A Life Secker & Warburg 1980
^ Heppenstall "The Shooting Stick Twentieth Century April 1955
^ Mabel Fierz, Bernard Crick Interview (1973) in George Orwell: A Life Secker & Warburg 1980
^ Michael Meyer Not Prince Hamlet: Literary and Theatrical Memoirs Secker and Warburg 1989
^ T. R. Fyval George Orwell: A Personal Memoir 1982
^ Lettice Cooper in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984
^ Orwell, George (9 February 1946), The Moon Under Water, Evening Standard, http://www.theorwellprize.co.uk/the-award/works/orwellessaymoonunderwater.aspx
^ Julian Symonds in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984
^ Patricia Donahue in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984
^ George Orwell: A Life, Bernard Crick, p.502
^ George Orwell: A Life, Bernard Crick, p.504
^ Jack Denny in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984
^ Bob Edwards in Audrey Coppard and Bernard Crick Orwell Remembered 1984
^ Jennie Lee in Peter Davison Complete Works XI 5
^ David Astor Interview in Michael Shelden
^ "Watching Orwell—International Herald Tribune". http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/09/07/opinion/edorwell.php. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
^ Jack Braithwaite in Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984
^ John Morris Some are more equal than others Penguin New Writing No. 40 1950
^ Peter Stansky and William Abrahams The Unknown Orwell Constable 1972
^ Gordon Bowker – Orwell and the biographers in John Rodden The Cambridge Companion to George Orwell Cambridge University Press 2007
^ "VQR » Wintry Conscience". http://www.vqronline.org/articles/1982/spring/meyers-wintry-conscience/. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
^ ^a ^b Gordon Bowker – Orwell and the biographers in John Rodden The Cambridge Companion to George Orwell Cambridge University Press 2007
^ Peter Davison The Complete Works of George Orwell Random House, ISBN 0-15-135101-5
^ Jeffrey Meyers Orwell: Wintry Conscience of a Generation W. W. Norton & Company, Incorporated, 2001 ISBN 0-393-32263-7
^ "The Orwell Prize | Gordon Bowker: The Biography Orwell Never Wrote (essay)". Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081206155331/http://www.theorwellprize.co.uk/the-award/works/gordonbowker1.aspx. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
^ Gordon Bowker George Orwell Little, Brown 2003
^ Observer review: Orwell by DJ Taylor and George Orwell by Gordon Bowker Observer on Sunday 1 June 2003

References [link]

Anderson, Paul (ed). Orwell in Tribune: 'As I Please' and Other Writings. Methuen/Politico's 2006. ISBN 1-84275-155-7
Bounds, Philip. Orwell and Marxism: The Political and Cultural Thinking of George Orwell. I.B. Tauris. 2009. ISBN 1-84511-807-3
Bowker, Gordon. George Orwell. Little Brown. 2003. ISBN 0-316-86115-4
Buddicom, Jacintha. Eric & Us. Finlay Publisher. 2006. ISBN 0-9553708-0-9
Caute, David. Dr. Orwell and Mr. Blair, Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-81438-9
Crick, Bernard. George Orwell: A Life. Penguin. 1982. ISBN 0-14-005856-7
Flynn, Nigel. George Orwell. The Rourke Corporation, Inc. 1990. ISBN 0-86593-018-X
Hitchens, Christopher. Why Orwell Matters. Basic Books. 2003. ISBN 0-465-03049-1
Hollis, Christopher. A Study of George Orwell: The Man and His Works. Chicago: Henry Regnery Co. 1956.
Larkin, Emma. Secret Histories: Finding George Orwell in a Burmese Teashop. Penguin. 2005. ISBN 1-59420-052-1
Lee, Robert A, Orwell's Fiction. University of Notre Dame Press, 1969. LC 74-75151
Leif, Ruth Ann, Homage to Oceania. The Prophetic Vision of George Orwell. Ohio State U.P. [1969]
Meyers, Jeffery. Orwell: Wintry Conscience of a Generation. W.W.Norton. 2000. ISBN 0-393-32263-7
Newsinger, John. Orwell's Politics. Macmillan. 1999. ISBN 0-333-68287-4
Rodden, John (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to George Orwell. Cambridge. 2007. ISBN 978-0-521-67507-9
Shelden, Michael. Orwell: The Authorized Biography. HarperCollins. 1991. ISBN 0-06-016709-2
Smith, D. & Mosher, M. Orwell for Beginners. 1984. London: Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative.
Taylor, D. J. Orwell: The Life. Henry Holt and Company. 2003. ISBN 0-8050-7473-2
West, W. J. The Larger Evils. Edinburgh: Canongate Press. 1992. ISBN 0-86241-382-6 (Nineteen Eighty-Four – The truth behind the satire.)
West, W. J. (ed.) George Orwell: The Lost Writings. New York: Arbor House. 1984. ISBN 0-87795-745-2
Williams, Raymond, Orwell, Fontana/Collins, 1971
Wood, James "A Fine Rage." The New Yorker. 2009. 85(9):54.
Woodcock, George. The Crystal Spirit. Little Brown. 1966. ISBN 1-55164-268-9

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The Orwell Diaries: a daily extract from Orwell's diary from the same date seventy years before
Blair, Eric Arthur (George Orwell) (1903–1950) at the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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v t e Works of George Orwell

Novels	Burmese Days (1934) A Clergyman's Daughter (1935) Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936) Coming Up for Air (1939) Animal Farm (1945) Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949)

Nonfiction	Down and Out in Paris and London (1933) The Road to Wigan Pier (1937) Homage to Catalonia (1938)

Essays	"A Hanging" (1931) "The Spike" (1931) "Bookshop Memories" (1936) "Shooting an Elephant" (1936) "Spilling the Spanish Beans" (1937) "Boys' Weeklies" (1940) "Inside the Whale" (1940) "My Country Right or Left" (1940) "England Your England" (1941) "The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius" (1941) "The Art of Donald McGill" (1940) "Poetry and the Microphone" (1943) "Raffles and Miss Blandish" (1944) "Good Bad Books" (1945) "Notes on Nationalism" (1945) "Books v. Cigarettes" (1946) "Confessions of a Book Reviewer" (1946) "Decline of the English Murder" (1946) "A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray" (1946) "How the Poor Die" (1946) "The Moon Under Water" (1946) "A Nice Cup of Tea" (1946) "Pleasure Spots" (1946) "Politics and the English Language" (1946) "The Politics of Starvation" (1946) "Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels" (1946) "The Prevention of Literature" (1946) "Riding Down from Bangor" (1946) "Second Thoughts on James Burnham" (1946) "Some Thoughts on the Common Toad" (1946) "Why I Write" (1946) "Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool" (1947) "The English People" (1947) "Such, Such Were the Joys" (1952)

Related articles	"As I Please" "London Letters" Betrayal of the Left Inside the Whale and Other Essays Searchlight Books Secker and Warburg Victor Gollancz Ltd Eileen O'Shaughnessy Sonia Brownell Orwell's list Eric & Us Why Orwell Matters Orwell Award Orwell Prize Orwellian

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Persondata
Name	Orwell, George
Alternative names	Blair, Eric Arthur
Short description	British author and journalist
Date of birth	(1903-06-25)25 June 1903
Place of birth	Motihari, Bihar, India
Date of death	21 January 1950(1950-01-21)
Place of death	London, England

Parsons, Gram Filmography

Born: ['1946-11-05']

Died: ['1973-09-19']

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[edit] The Road to Wigan Pier

[edit] World War II and Animal Farm

[edit] Jura and Nineteen Eighty-Four

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