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Saturday, 25 August 2012
- mexico city n 1: the capital and largest city of Mexico is a political and cultural and commercial and industrial center; one of the world's largest cities [syn: mexico city, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexican capital, capital of Mexico]
Mexico City
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- 1900 Summer Olympics
- 1904 Summer Olympics
- 1908 Summer Olympics
- 1912 Summer Olympics
- 1920 Summer Olympics
- 1924 Summer Olympics
- 1928 Summer Olympics
- 1932 Summer Olympics
- 1936 Summer Olympics
- 1940 Summer Olympics
- 1944 Summer Olympics
- 1948 Summer Olympics
- 1952 Summer Olympics
- 1956 Summer Olympics
- 1960 Summer Olympics
- 1964 Summer Olympics
- 1968 Summer Olympics
- 1970 FIFA World Cup
- 1972 Summer Olympics
- 1976 Summer Olympics
- 1980 Summer Olympics
- 1984 Summer Olympics
- 1986 FIFA World Cup
- 1988 Summer Olympics
- 1992 Summer Olympics
- 1996 Summer Olympics
- 2000 Summer Olympics
- 2004 Summer Olympics
- 2008 Summer Olympics
- 2012 Summer Olympics
- 2016 Summer Olympics
- 7-Eleven
- Abortion in Mexico
- Above mean sea level
- Adolfo Domínguez
- Advertising industry
- Aeroméxico
- Agave
- Aguas frescas
- Aguascalientes
- Air mass
- Air pollution
- Air Traffic
- Ajusco
- Alazraki
- Alberto Kalach
- Alfa Romeo
- Altavista 147
- American football
- American people
- Amsterdam
- Amusement park
- Anguilla
- Antara Polanco
- Anticyclone
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Antwerp
- Architectural Digest
- Arcos Bosques
- Area code
- Arena Coliseo
- Arena México
- Arequipa
- Argentina
- Argentine cuisine
- Argentine people
- Armani
- Art Deco
- Art movement
- Art museum
- Art Nouveau
- Art school
- Aruba
- ASF Mexico
- Association football
- Assouline Publishing
- Asturian cuisine
- Athens
- Atlanta
- Atlantic Ocean
- Atole
- Auguste Rodin
- Australia
- Autonomy
- Avant-garde
- Azcapotzalco
- Aztec
- Aztec calendar stone
- Azteca (television)
- Baghdad
- Baja California
- Baja California Sur
- Balfre Vargas Cortez
- Bandung
- Bang & Olufsen
- Bangalore
- Bangkok
- Barbados
- Barcelona
- Basilica
- Basque cuisine
- Basse-Terre
- Basseterre
- BBDO
- BCBGMAXAZRIA
- Beijing
- Beirut
- Belgium
- Belize
- Belmopan
- Benito Juárez
- Benito Juárez, D.F.
- Bentley Motors
- Berlin
- Bicycle-friendly
- Blue-collar worker
- BMW
- Bogotá
- Bolivia
- Bonaire
- Borough
- Bosque de Aragón
- Boutiques
- Brades
- Brazil
- Brazilian cuisine
- Brazilian people
- Bridgetown
- Brioni (fashion)
- Broadway theatre
- Brooks Brothers
- Buddhism
- Buenos Aires
- Bulgari
- Bullfighting
- Burberry
- Bus rapid transit
- C-stores
- Cairo
- Calakmul
- Cambridge
- Campeche
- Campeche, Campeche
- Canada
- Canadian people
- Canali
- Cantonese cuisine
- Capital (political)
- Caracas
- Carbon monoxide
- Carlos Slim
- Carpa Santa Fe
- Carrillo Gil Museum
- Cartier SA
- Casas Grandes
- Castries
- Catalan cuisine
- Catalonia
- Catalytic converter
- Catholic Church
- Census
- Central Time Zone
- Centro Coyoacán
- Centro Santa Fe
- Chain store
- Chalco
- Champ Car
- Champs-Élysées
- Chanel
- Chapultepec
- Chapultepec Castle
- Charles IV of Spain
- Chedraui
- Chennai
- Chiapas
- Chicago
- Chichen Itza
- Chihuahua (state)
- Chihuahua, Chihuahua
- Chilango
- Chile
- Chilean people
- Chilpancingo
- China
- Chinampa
- Chinese cuisine
- Chinese people
- Chonqing
- Chopard
- Christofle
- Ciclovía
- Cinemex
- CINVESTAV
- Cinépolis
- Cirque du Soleil
- City-state
- Ciudad Juárez
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Club América
- Coach, Inc.
- Coahuila
- Cockburn Town
- Colección Jumex
- Colegio de Minería
- Colegio Nacional
- Colima
- Colima, Colima
- Collège de France
- Colombia
- Colombian cuisine
- Colombian people
- Colonia (Mexico)
- Colonia del Valle
- Colonia Roma
- Comercial Mexicana
- Condesa
- Congress of Mexico
- Constituent country
- Constituent state
- Contemporary art
- Corneliani
- Corona México 200
- Costa Rica
- Coyoacan
- Coyoacán
- Croatian cuisine
- Cruz Azul
- Crónica (newspaper)
- Cuajimalpa
- Cuauhtémoc
- Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas
- Cuauhtémoc, D.F.
- Cuba
- Cuban cuisine
- Cubans
- Cuernavaca
- Cuitláhuac
- Culiacán
- Curaçao
- Cusco
- Cyprus
- Czechs
- César Nava Vázquez
- Daylight saving time
- De facto
- De jure
- Decena trágica
- Delhi
- Democracy
- Demonym
- Denmark
- Dhaka
- Diego Rivera
- Diesel fuel
- Division (military)
- DKNY
- Dolores Hidalgo
- Dolores Olmedo
- Dominica
- Dominican Republic
- Dongguan
- Double-decker bus
- Dry season
- Durango
- Durango, Durango
- Dutch people
- Düsseldorf
- East Rand
- Ecuadorian cuisine
- Edron Academy
- Egypt
- Egyptians
- El Colegio de México
- El Economista
- El Financiero
- El Greco
- El Palacio de Hierro
- El Salvador
- El Tajín
- El Ángel
- Election
- Emporio Armani
- Environmental policy
- Equestrian statue
- Equestrianism
- Ermenegildo Zegna
- Essen
- Estadio Azteca
- Estadio Azul
- Etro
- Euro RSCG
- Euthanasia in Mexico
- Excélsior
- Expansión
- Expatriate
- Fall of Tenochtitlan
- Federal District
- Federal district
- Federico Döring
- Ferrari
- FIBA Americas
- Fierro del Toro
- FIFA World Cup
- Filipino people
- Fine art
- Finland
- First-past-the-post
- Flea market
- Foreign minister
- Formula One
- Foro Sol
- Foshan
- France
- Francisco I. Madero
- Franz Mayer Museum
- French cuisine
- French people
- Freshwater
- Frette
- Frida Kahlo
- Fusion cuisine
- Fábricas de Francia
- Galerías Insurgentes
- Galician cuisine
- German cuisine
- Germans
- Germany
- Global city
- Golf course
- Government debt
- GQ
- Grand Opera
- Greater Buenos Aires
- Greater Mexico City
- Greater São Paulo
- Greater Tokyo Area
- Greece
- Greek cuisine
- Greengates School
- Greenland
- Grenada
- Grupo Sanborns
- Guadalajara, Jalisco
- Guadeloupe
- Guanajuato
- Guangzhou
- Guatemala
- Guatemala City
- Gucci
- Guerrero
- Gulf of California
- Hackett (clothing)
- Haiti
- Haitian people
- Hamilton, Ontario
- Hard Rock Live
- Haute cuisine
- Havana
- Helsinki
- Hermosillo
- Hermès
- Hernán Cortés
- Hidalgo (Mexico)
- Hidalgo (state)
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Hondurans
- Honduras
- Hong Kong
- Horse racing
- Hospicio Cabañas
- Hospital ABC
- Hospital Ángeles
- House arrest
- Hoy No Circula
- Hugo Boss
- Huitzilopochtli
- Humidity
- Hunan cuisine
- Hungarian cuisine
- Ice rink
- Ifigenia Martínez
- IMAX
- INAH Building
- Incheon
- India
- Indian cuisine
- Indianapolis
- Indonesia
- Insular area
- International school
- Irish people
- Islam
- ISO 3166
- Israel
- Istanbul
- Italian cuisine
- Italian people
- Italy
- Iztacalco
- Iztapalapa
- Jabodetabek
- Jack Kerouac
- Jacques Cartier
- Jakarta
- Jalisco
- Jamaica
- Japan
- Japanese cuisine
- Jewish cuisine
- Johannesburg
- José Clemente Orozco
- José Emilio Pacheco
- José Luis Cuevas
- Juan Correa
- Juan de Rojas
- Jumex
- JWT
- Kaliningrad
- Karachi
- Kartell
- Kashrut
- Keihanshin
- Kenia López Rabadán
- Kingston, Jamaica
- Kingstown
- Kinshasa
- Kobe
- Kolkata
- Korean cuisine
- Korean Mexican
- Korean people
- Koreatown
- Kralendijk
- Kuala Lumpur
- Kyoto
- La Enseñanza Church
- La Jornada
- La Lagunilla
- La Merced Cloister
- La Noche Triste
- La Nueva Viga Market
- La Paz
- La Raza
- La Santisima Church
- Labor Party (Mexico)
- Lagos
- Lahore
- Lake Texcoco
- Lamborghini
- Lancôme
- Land Rover
- Landfill
- Latin America
- Laura Itzel Castillo
- Laura Piña Olmedo
- Le Cordon Bleu
- Lebanese cuisine
- Lebanon
- Leo Burnett
- Leon Trotsky
- Leopoldo Méndez
- Leticia Robles Colín
- Lima
- Lirico Theatre
- Lisbon
- List of Salvadorans
- Liverpool (store)
- Liz Claiborne
- Local community
- Local food
- London
- London commuter belt
- Longchamp (company)
- Longines
- Los Angeles
- Los Reyes Acaquilpan
- Louis Vuitton
- LPGA
- Lucha libre
- Luxury good
- Lyon
- Madrid
- Magdalena Contreras
- Malmö
- Managua
- Manila
- Manuel Manilla
- Manuel Tolsá
- Mar del Plata
- Marc Jacobs
- Marcelo Ebrard
- Marcos Moshinsky
- Mario di Costanzo
- Mario Lavista
- Maserati
- Max Mara
- MaxMara
- Mayor
- Mazahua
- McCann Erickson
- Melbourne
- Mercedes Benz
- Mesoamerica
- Metro Chabacano
- Metro Etiopía
- Metro Manila
- Metropolitan Opera
- Mexica
- Mexican Army Museum
- Mexican art
- Mexican Film Library
- Mexican Grand Prix
- Mexican Hairless Dog
- Mexican nobility
- Mexican peso
- Mexican Revolution
- Mexican wine
- Mexicana de Aviación
- Mexican–American War
- Mexico
- Mexico City
- Mexico City Arena
- Mexico City Blues
- Mexico City Metro
- Mexico City Metrobús
- Mexico State
- Mezcal
- Michael Kors
- Michoacán
- Miguel Alemán Valdés
- Miguel de la Madrid
- Miguel Hidalgo, D.F.
- Milenio
- Military deployment
- Milpa Alta
- Mitchell Gold Co.
- Mixcoac
- Mixtec
- Modern art
- Monte Albán
- Monterrey
- Montreal
- Montserrat
- Morelia
- Morelia, Michoacán
- Morelos
- Moroccan cuisine
- Moscow
- Multiculturalism
- Multilingualism
- Mumbai
- Munich
- Municipal services
- Mural
- Museo de Charrería
- Museo de Estanquillo
- Museo de la Estampa
- Museo Soumaya
- Museo Tecnológico
- Museum of Modern Art
- Médica Sur
- Mérida, Yucatán
- Nagoya
- Nahuatl
- NASCAR
- Nassau, Bahamas
- National Auditorium
- Nationwide Series
- Natuzzi
- Nayarit
- Nazi Germany
- Neighbourhood
- Net migration rate
- Netherlands
- New Spain
- New York City
- Nicaragua
- Nicosia
- Nitrogen oxide
- No-fault divorce
- Nobility
- Nopal
- Nuevo León
- Nuuk
- Oak
- Oaxaca
- Oaxaca, Oaxaca
- Oceanic climate
- OFUNAM
- Oil painting
- Olabuenaga Chemistri
- Oneworld
- Oranjestad, Aruba
- Orchestra
- Osaka
- Oscar De La Renta
- Otomi language
- Ottawa
- Outline of Mexico
- Overseas department
- OXXO
- Pablo Gómez Álvarez
- Pachuca, Hidalgo
- Pacific Ocean
- Pakistan
- Palace of Iturbide
- Palenque
- Pan American Games
- Panama
- Panama City
- Parallel voting
- Paris
- Parque Divertido
- Paseo de la Reforma
- Pedro María de Anaya
- Peking Duck
- Performing arts
- Perisur
- Peru
- Peruvian cuisine
- Pesero
- Philippine cuisine
- Philippines
- Philosophical
- Pine
- Pineda Covalin
- Plateau
- Plaza Garibaldi
- Plaza México
- Plaza Tolsá
- Plurinominal
- Plymouth, Montserrat
- Plácido Domingo
- Poder
- Polanco
- Polanco (Mexico)
- Polish cuisine
- Polish people
- Political party
- Popular culture
- Porfirio Diaz
- Porfirio Díaz
- Porfirio Muñoz Ledo
- Porsche
- Port of Spain
- Port-au-Prince
- Portal Geography
- Portal Latin America
- Portal Mexico
- Portal North America
- Portugal
- Portuguese cuisine
- Pre-Columbian era
- President of Mexico
- Private sector
- Private university
- Privileged group
- Proceso (magazine)
- Protestantism
- Public health
- Public order crime
- Publishing
- Puebla
- Puebla (city)
- Puebla, Puebla
- Puerto Rico
- Pulque
- Purificación García
- Querétaro
- Querétaro, Querétaro
- Quintana Roo
- Quién
- Ramón Jiménez López
- Ranchi
- Rapid transit
- Red Square
- Reform War
- Reforma
- Regional rail
- Remedios Varo
- Rio de Janeiro
- Road Town
- Roberto Cavalli
- Roche-Bobois
- Rolex
- Romanians
- Rome
- Rosario Robles
- Roseau
- Rosi Orozco
- Rufino Tamayo
- Ruhr
- Rush hour
- Russia
- Russian cuisine
- Ruy Pérez Tamayo
- Saatchi & Saatchi
- Saba
- Saint Lucia
- Saks Fifth Avenue
- Sala Nezahualcóyotl
- Saltillo, Coahuila
- Salvatore Ferragamo
- Same-sex marriage
- San José, Costa Rica
- San Juan
- San Luis Potosí
- San Salvador
- San Salvador Atenco
- San Ángel
- Santiago
- Santiago de Cali
- Santiago, Chile
- Santo Domingo
- Scientific method
- Seafood
- Sears
- Seat of government
- Seating capacity
- Senate (Mexico)
- Senate of Mexico
- Seoul
- Shanghai
- Shanty town
- Shenzhen
- Sian Ka'an
- Sinaloa
- Single-party state
- Sint Eustatius
- Sint Maarten
- Six Flags México
- SkyTeam
- Slow Food
- Smallpox
- Sonora
- Soriana
- South Korea
- Sovereignty
- Soviet Union
- Spain
- Spanish architecture
- Spanish cuisine
- Spanish East Indies
- Spanish Empire
- Spanish language
- Spanish people
- Spirituality
- St. Louis, Missouri
- State of Mexico
- States of Mexico
- Stockholm
- Stuttgart
- Sulfur dioxide
- Summer Olympic Games
- Suntory
- Swarovski
- Sweden
- Swiss people
- Sydney
- Syrian people
- Szechuan cuisine
- São Paulo
- Tabasco
- Taipei
- Tamaulipas
- Teatro de la Ciudad
- Teatro Hidalgo
- Teatro Metropolitan
- Tegucigalpa
- Tehran
- Tel Aviv
- Televisa
- Television channel
- Templo Mayor
- Tenayuca
- Tenochtitlan
- Teotihuacan
- Tepic
- Tepito
- Tequila
- Tequila, Jalisco
- Thai cuisine
- The Bahamas
- The Bottom
- The Valley, Anguilla
- Thomas Pink
- Tianjin
- Tibetan cuisine
- Tiffany & Co.
- Time zone
- Tlalnepantla de Baz
- Tlalpan
- Tlatelolco massacre
- Tlaxcala
- Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala
- Tlaxcaltec
- Tlaxcoaque
- Tláhuac
- Tokyo
- Toltec
- Toluca
- Toronto
- Traffic congestion
- Train
- Tram
- Tranvía
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Turkey
- Turkish cuisine
- Tuxtla Gutiérrez
- TVyNovelas
- UNESCO
- Unicameralism
- Uninominal
- United Kingdom
- United States
- United States Army
- Universidad La Salle
- Uruguayan cuisine
- Uruguayan people
- UTC−5
- UTC−6
- Uxmal
- Valencian cuisine
- Valley of Mexico
- Vanidades
- Veganism
- Vegetarian cuisine
- Venezuela
- Venezuelan cuisine
- Venezuelan people
- Venustiano Carranza
- Veracruz
- Veracruz, Veracruz
- Viceroy
- Victoria, Tamaulipas
- Victoriano Huerta
- Vietnamese cuisine
- Vogue (magazine)
- Washington, D.C.
- Water pollution
- Wayback Machine
- West Germany
- Western hemisphere
- Westhill Institute
- Wet season
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wikitravel
- Willemstad
- William S. Burroughs
- Winnipeg
- World Bank Group
- World Heritage Site
- WP IPA for Spanish
- Xalapa, Veracruz
- XEIMT-TV
- XEIPN-TV
- XEQ-TV
- XEW-TV
- XHCDM-DT
- XHDF-TV
- XHGC-TV
- XHIMT-TV
- XHRAE-TV
- XHTV-TV
- XHTVM-TV
- XHUNAM-TV
- Xochicalco
- Xochimilco
- Yokohama
- Yucatán
- Zacatecas
- Zacatecas, Zacatecas
- Zapotec languages
- Zona Rosa
- Zócalo
- Álvaro Obregón, D.F.
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1992 Summer Olympics
The 1992 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event celebrated in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain in 1992. The International Olympic Committee voted in 1986 to separate the Summer and Winter Games, which had been held in the same year since 1924, and place them in alternating even-numbered years, beginning in 1994. The 1992 Summer Games were the last to be staged in the same year as the Winter Games.
http://wn.com/1992_Summer_Olympics -
Aguascalientes
Aguascalientes () is a state of Mexico, situated in the center of the country. The name means "hot waters" in Spanish and originated from the abundance of hot springs in the area, the corresponding adjective for the state and its inhabitants is hidrocalido. The state capital is the city of Aguascalientes.
http://wn.com/Aguascalientes -
Amsterdam
Amsterdam (; Dutch ) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, with an urban population of 1,364,422 and a metropolitan population of 2,158,372. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. It comprises the northern part of the Randstad, the sixth-largest metropolitan area in Europe, with a population of approximately 6.7 million.
http://wn.com/Amsterdam -
Anguilla
Anguilla ( ) is a British overseas territory in the Caribbean, one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles. It consists of the main island of Anguilla itself, approximately long by wide at its widest point, together with a number of much smaller islands and cays with no permanent population. The island's capital is The Valley. The total land area of the territory is , with a population of approximately 13,500 (2006 estimate).
http://wn.com/Anguilla -
Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda (; Spanish for "ancient" and "bearded") is a twin-island nation lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of two major inhabited islands, Antigua and Barbuda, and a number of smaller islands (including Great Bird, Green, Guinea, Long, Maiden and York Islands). Separated by a few sea miles, the group is in the middle of the Leeward Islands part of the Lesser Antilles, roughly at 17 degrees north of the Equator. Being a former part of the British Empire has strongly influenced the country's governance, language, and culture.
http://wn.com/Antigua_and_Barbuda -
Arcos Bosques
http://wn.com/Arcos_Bosques -
Arequipa
:For the cactus genus, see Oreocereus.
http://wn.com/Arequipa -
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
http://wn.com/Argentina -
Aruba
http://wn.com/Aruba -
Atlanta
Atlanta (, ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia. Atlanta had an estimated population of about 540,900 people. Its metropolitan area is the ninth largest in the country, inhabited by more than 5.4 million people. The Atlanta Combined Statistical Area has a population approaching six million, making it the most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States. Like many areas in the Sun Belt, the Atlanta region has seen explosive growth since about 1976, and it added about 1.1 million residents between 2000 and 2008.
http://wn.com/Atlanta -
Australia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Australia -
Azcapotzalco
Azcapotzalco (, from Nahuatl Azcalli ant; Potzulli anthill; co place; literally, "In the place of the ant hills") is one of the 16 delegaciones (boroughs) into which Mexico's Federal District is divided. Azcapotzalco is in the northwestern part of Mexico City. It was a town of its own until it was swallowed up by the burgeoning conurbation of Mexico City.
http://wn.com/Azcapotzalco -
Baghdad
Baghdad (, , ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is coterminous. Having a population estimated between 7 and 7.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq and the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt).
http://wn.com/Baghdad -
Baja California
Baja California (, ) officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California () is one of the 31 states which with the Federal District comprise the 32 federative entities of Mexico. Is both the northernmost and westernmost state of Mexico. Before becoming a state in 1953, the area was known as the North Territory of Baja California. It has an area of , or 3.57% of the land mass of Mexico and comprises the northern half of the Baja California peninsula, north of the 28th parallel. The state is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the east by Sonora, the U.S. State of Arizona, and the Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortez), and on the south by Baja California Sur. Its northern limit is the U.S. state of California.
http://wn.com/Baja_California -
Baja California Sur
http://wn.com/Baja_California_Sur -
Bandung
http://wn.com/Bandung -
Bangalore
Bangalore , known as Bengaluru (), is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden City and was once called a pensioner's paradise. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration. As of 2009, Bangalore was inducted in the list of Global cities and ranked as a "Beta World City" alongside Geneva, Copenhagen, Boston, Cairo, Riyadh, Berlin, to name a few, in the studies performed by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network in 2008.
http://wn.com/Bangalore -
Bangkok
http://wn.com/Bangkok -
Barbados
Barbados ()or (Bar-bay-dos) is an island nation of the Lesser Antilles, in length and as much as in width, amounting to . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic Ocean and 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about east of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and north-east of Venezuela. Barbados is outside of the principal Atlantic hurricane belt.
http://wn.com/Barbados -
Barcelona
http://wn.com/Barcelona -
Basseterre
Basseterre (), estimated population 15,500 in 2000, is the capital of the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis in the West Indies. Geographically, the Basseterre port is located at , on the south western coast of Saint Kitts Island, and it is one of the chief commercial depots of the Leeward Islands. The city lies within the parish of Saint George Basseterre and the southern part of the parish of Saint Peter Basseterre.
http://wn.com/Basseterre -
Beijing
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http://wn.com/Beijing -
Beirut
http://wn.com/Beirut -
Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
http://wn.com/Belgium -
Belize
Belize () (formerly British Honduras), is a democratic constitutional monarchy, and the northernmost Central American nation. Belize has a diverse society, comprising many cultures and languages. Although Kriol and Spanish are spoken among the population, Belize is the only country in Central America where English is the official language. Belize is bordered by Mexico to its north, by Guatemala to its south and west, and by the Caribbean Sea to the east.
http://wn.com/Belize -
Belmopan
Belmopan (), estimated population 20,000 is the capital of Belize.
http://wn.com/Belmopan -
Benito Juárez, D.F.
http://wn.com/Benito_Juárez_DF -
Berlin
Berlin (; ) is the capital city of Germany and one of sixteen states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Area, comprising 5 million people from over 190 nations. Geographically embedded in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's territory is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.
http://wn.com/Berlin -
Bogotá
http://wn.com/Bogotá -
Bolivia
Bolivia (), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, (, ) is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west.
http://wn.com/Bolivia -
Bonaire
http://wn.com/Bonaire -
Brades
Brades (or Brades Estate; approx. pop. 1,000) is a village and de facto capital of Montserrat since 1998. It is located in the Carr's Bay/Little Bay vicinity at the northwest end of Montserrat. The official capital Plymouth in the south of the island has been abandoned since 1997 due to the eruption of Soufriere Hills volcano, which buried Plymouth. Interim government buildings have since been built at Brades. Several names have been suggested for the new capital, which is now being constructed in the Little Bay area. They include Port Diana, in memory of Princess Diana , and St. Patrick's, to commemorate the March 17th uprising and to attract Irish-American tourists.
http://wn.com/Brades -
Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
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Bridgetown
The city of Bridgetown, metropolitan pop 96,578 (2006), is the capital and largest city of the nation of Barbados. Formerly, the Town of Saint Michael the Greater Bridgetown area is located within the parish of Saint Michael. Bridgetown is sometimes locally referred to as "The City", but the most common reference is simply "Town".
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Broadway theatre
Broadway theatre, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 40 large professional theatres with 500 seats or more located in the Theatre District, New York and in Lincoln Center, in Manhattan, New York City.Although theater is the preferred spelling in the U.S.A. (see further at American and British English Spelling Differences), the majority of venues, performers, and trade groups for live dramatic presentations use the spelling theatre. Along with London's West End theatre, Broadway theatre is usually considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world.
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Buenos Aires
http://wn.com/Buenos_Aires -
Cairo
Cairo (; , literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror") is the capital of Egypt, the largest city in Africa and the Arab World, and one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life. Even before Cairo was established in the 10th century, the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids in adjacent Giza.
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Cambridge
http://wn.com/Cambridge -
Campeche
http://wn.com/Campeche -
Campeche, Campeche
http://wn.com/Campeche_Campeche -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Caracas
http://wn.com/Caracas -
Casas Grandes
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Castries
Castries (), population 10,634, aggl. 37,963 (2001-05-12), is the capital city of Saint Lucia, a country in the West Indies. The district with the same name had a population of 61,341 in 2001-05-22, and stretches over an area of .
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Catalonia
http://wn.com/Catalonia -
Champs-Élysées
http://wn.com/Champs-Élysées -
Chapultepec
Chapultepec Park, which consists of the hill and of surrounding land, has many attractions, including Chapultepec Castle, where Maximilian I of Mexico and Empress Carlota of Mexico once lived. The castle's sumptuous interior now houses the National History Museum.
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Chapultepec Castle
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Chennai
Chennai (Tamil: ), formerly known as Madras (Tamil: AKA ), is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Chennai is the fourth most populous metropolitan area and the fifth most populous city in India. Located on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal, Chennai city had a population of 4.34 million in the 2001 census within the area administered by the Corporation of Chennai and an extended Metropolitan Population of 6.5 million. The urban agglomeration of metropolitan Chennai has an estimated population over 8.2 million people.
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Chiapas
Chiapas () is the southernmost state of Mexico, located towards the southeast of the country. Chiapas is bordered by the states of Tabasco to the north, Veracruz to the northwest, and Oaxaca to the west. To the east Chiapas borders Guatemala, and to the south the Pacific Ocean,
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Chicago
Chicago ( or ) is the largest city in the state of Illinois. With over 2.8 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous city in the country. Its metropolitan area, commonly named "Chicagoland," is the 26th most populous in the world, home to an estimated 9.7 million people spread across the U.S. states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County.
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Chichen Itza
http://wn.com/Chichen_Itza -
Chihuahua (state)
http://wn.com/Chihuahua_(state) -
Chihuahua, Chihuahua
:''Chihuahua is the name of both a state in Mexico and that state's capital city. This article is about the City of Chihuahua. For the state of Chihuahua, see Chihuahua (state). For other meanings of Chihuahua, see Chihuahua (disambiguation).''
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Chile
http://wn.com/Chile -
Chilpancingo
http://wn.com/Chilpancingo -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Ciudad Juárez
http://wn.com/Ciudad_Juárez -
Ciudad Universitaria
http://wn.com/Ciudad_Universitaria -
Colima
Colima () is a state in western Mexico. It shares its name with its capital and main city, Colima.
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Colima, Colima
The city of Colima is the capital and main city of the Mexican state and municipality of the same name.
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Collège de France
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Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
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Colonia del Valle
http://wn.com/Colonia_del_Valle -
Costa Rica
:For the plant genus Costarica, see its synonym Sicyos.
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Coyoacan
http://wn.com/Coyoacan -
Coyoacán
http://wn.com/Coyoacán -
Cuajimalpa
Cuajimalpa de Morelos (more commonly known simply as Cuajimalpa) is one of the 16 boroughs of Mexico City. Its name comes from the indigenous expression "over sticks of wood".
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Cuauhtémoc, D.F.
http://wn.com/Cuauhtémoc_DF -
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
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Cuernavaca
Cuernavaca (; ) is the capital and largest city of the state of Morelos in Mexico. Established at the archeological site of Gualupita I by the Olmecs, "the mother culture" of Mesoamerica, approximately 3200 years ago. It is also a municipality located about south of Mexico City on the D-95 freeway.
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Culiacán
http://wn.com/Culiacán -
Curaçao
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Cusco
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http://wn.com/Cusco -
Cyprus
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Delhi
Delhi, known locally as Dilli (, , {{Lang-ur| '), and by the official name National Capital Territory of Delhi''' (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with more than 12.25 million inhabitants in the territory and with nearly 22.2 million residents in the National Capital Region urban area (which also includes Noida, Gurgaon, Greater Noida, Faridabad and Ghaziabad). The name Delhi is often also used to include some urban areas near the NCT, as well as to refer to New Delhi, the capital of India, which lies within the metropolis. The NCT is a federally administered union territory.
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Denmark
http://wn.com/Denmark -
Dhaka
http://wn.com/Dhaka -
Dominica
Dominica, ( ) officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. To the north-northwest lies Guadeloupe, to the southeast Martinique. Its size is and the highest point in the country is Morne Diablotins, which has an elevation of . The Commonwealth of Dominica has an estimated population of 72,500. The capital is Roseau.
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Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (; , ) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba), with and an estimated 10 million people.
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Dongguan
Dongguan (, ; Cantonese: Dung1 gun2; old spelling Tung-kuan) is a prefecture-level city in central Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.
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Durango
Durango () is one of the constituent states of Mexico, with a population of 1,509,118. It has Mexico's second-lowest population density, after Baja California Sur. The city of Durango is the state's capital.
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Durango, Durango
Durango, officially Victoria de Durango, and also known as Ciudad de Durango is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Durango. It stands at an altitude of .
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East Rand
The East Rand is the name of the urban eastern part of the Witwatersrand that is functionally merged with the Johannesburg conurbation. This area became settled by Europeans after a gold-bearing reef discovered in 1886 and sparked the gold rush that gave rise to the establishment of Johannesburg.
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Egypt
http://wn.com/Egypt -
El Colegio de México
http://wn.com/El_Colegio_de_México -
El Salvador
El Salvador (; , literally meaning "Republic of The Savior") is the smallest and also the most densely populated country in Central America. It borders the Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and Honduras. It lies on the Gulf of Fonseca, as do Honduras and Nicaragua further south.
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El Tajín
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Ferrari
Ferrari S.p.A. is an Italian sports car manufacturer based in Maranello, Italy. Founded by Enzo Ferrari in 1929, as Scuderia Ferrari, the company sponsored drivers and manufactured race cars before moving into production of street-legal vehicles as Ferrari S.p.A. in 1947. Throughout its history, the company has been noted for its continued participation in racing, especially in Formula One, where it has had great success.
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Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
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Foshan
http://wn.com/Foshan -
France
{{Infobox Country
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Franz Mayer Museum
The Franz Mayer Museum (), in Mexico City, is one of Latin America's best known museums. Opened on 17 June 1986 to accommodate and display the collections of Franz Mayer, it holds Mexico's largest decorative art collection and also hosts temporary exhibits in the fields of design and photography.
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Greater Buenos Aires
http://wn.com/Greater_Buenos_Aires -
Greater Mexico City
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Greater Tokyo Area
http://wn.com/Greater_Tokyo_Area -
Greece
http://wn.com/Greece -
Greenland
Greenland ( meaning "Land of the Kalaallit people"; ) is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Physiographically, it is a part of the continent of North America. The largest island in Greenland is also named Greenland, and makes up most of the country's land area.
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Grenada
Grenada () is an island country and Commonwealth Realm consisting of the island of Grenada and six smaller islands at the southern end of the Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Grenada is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela, and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
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Guadalajara, Jalisco
http://wn.com/Guadalajara_Jalisco -
Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe (; ; Antillean Creole: Gwadloup) is an archipelago located in the Leeward Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, with a land area of 1,628 square kilometres (629 sq. mi) and a population of 400,000. It is the first overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. As with the other overseas departments, Guadeloupe is also one of the twenty-six regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic since 2007.
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Guanajuato
:''Guanajuato is the name of a state in Mexico and that state's capital city, as well as a river in the area. This article is about the state. For the city, see Guanajuato, Guanajuato; for the river, see Guanajuato River''
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Guangzhou
http://wn.com/Guangzhou -
Guatemala
http://wn.com/Guatemala -
Guatemala City
http://wn.com/Guatemala_City -
Guerrero
http://wn.com/Guerrero -
Gulf of California
http://wn.com/Gulf_of_California -
Haiti
Haiti (; French , ; Haitian Creole: Ayiti, ), officially the Republic of Haiti ( ;
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Haitian people
http://wn.com/Haitian_people -
Hamilton, Ontario
:For Hamilton Township in Northumberland County, see Hamilton, Ontario (township)
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Havana
http://wn.com/Havana -
Helsinki
Helsinki (; , ) is the capital and largest city in Finland. It is in the southern part of Finland, in the region of Uusimaa/Nyland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, by the Baltic Sea. The population of the city of Helsinki is (), making it the most populous municipality in Finland by a wide margin. Helsinki is located some east of Stockholm, Sweden, west of St. Petersburg, Russia and north of Tallinn, Estonia. Helsinki has close connections with these three cities.
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Hermosillo
http://wn.com/Hermosillo -
Hidalgo (Mexico)
http://wn.com/Hidalgo_(Mexico) -
Hidalgo (state)
http://wn.com/Hidalgo_(state) -
Ho Chi Minh City
http://wn.com/Ho_Chi_Minh_City -
Honduras
Honduras (, , ) is a republic in Central America. It was formerly known as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras (now Belize). The country is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea.
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Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
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Hospicio Cabañas
http://wn.com/Hospicio_Cabañas -
Incheon
Incheon (), officially the Incheon Metropolitan City, is South Korea's third largest metropolis, after Seoul and Busan. As the largest seaport on the west coast and home to the country's largest airport, Incheon International Airport, Incheon is South Korea's most important transport hub. In the 21st century, Incheon has transformed into a global business hub centered around the high-tech and futuristic Songdo International City, which is home to South Korea's tallest building, the 305m supertall Northeast Asia Trade Tower.
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Indianapolis
Indianapolis (), often abbreviated Indy (), is the capital of the U.S. state of Indiana, and the county seat of Marion County, Indiana. The United States Census estimated the city's population, excluding the included towns, at 807,584 in 2009. It is Indiana's largest city and is the 14th largest city in the U.S., the third largest city in the Midwest (behind Chicago and Detroit), the second most populous state capital (after Phoenix, Arizona), and the most populous state capital east of the Mississippi River. Indianapolis is also the fastest growing region in the Midwest.
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Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
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Insular area
An insular area is a United States territory, that is neither a part of one of the fifty U.S. states nor the District of Columbia, the federal district of the United States. They are called "insular" from the Latin word insula ("island") and because they were once administered by the War Department's Bureau of Insular Affairs, now the Office of Insular Affairs at the Interior Department. The term insular possession is also sometimes used, but has fallen out of favor.
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Israel
http://wn.com/Israel -
Istanbul
Istanbul (), historically known as Constantinople(See Names of Istanbul for further information) is the largest city in Turkey and 5th largest city proper in the world with a population of 12.8 million, also making it the second largest metropolitan area in Europe by population, and the largest metropolitan city proper. Istanbul is also a megacity, as well as the cultural, economic, and financial centre of Turkey. The city covers 39 districts of the Istanbul province. It is located on the Bosphorus Strait and encompasses the natural harbour known as the Golden Horn, in the northwest of the country. It extends both on the European (Thrace) and on the Asian (Anatolia) sides of the Bosphorus, and is thereby the only metropolis in the world that is situated on two continents. Istanbul is a designated alpha world city.
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Italy
http://wn.com/Italy -
Iztacalco
http://wn.com/Iztacalco -
Iztapalapa
http://wn.com/Iztapalapa -
Jabodetabek
Jabotabek (or Jabodetabek) is an officially recognized definition and term given to the urban region surrounding Jakarta, Indonesia in 2000, officially including five municipalities and three regencies. While a separate study by an international firm listed the region as having a population of 18.9 million, the population of Jabotabek in the Indonesia 2000 census by the Indonesian government was officially counted to be 23.3 million, with results from Indonesian Census 2010 totaling 26.6 million.
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Jakarta
Jakarta (; Indonesian: ), officially the Special Capital Territory of Jakarta, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of Java, it has an area of and a 2010 census count population of 9,580,000. Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre. It is the most populous city in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia, and is the twelfth-largest city in the world. The metropolitan area, Jabodetabek, is the second largest in the world. Jakarta is listed as a global city in the 2008 Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) research. The city's name is derived from the Old Javanese word "Jayakarta" which translates as "victorious deed", "complete act", or "complete victory".
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Jalisco
Jalisco () is one of the 31 Mexican states, which together with the Mexican Federal District form the 32 federal entities of the United Mexican States. Jalisco was the ninth state to join the federation.
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Jamaica
http://wn.com/Jamaica -
Japan
http://wn.com/Japan -
Johannesburg
Johannesburg (, ) also known as Jozi, '''Jo'burg or eGoli''', is the largest city in South Africa. Johannesburg is the provincial capital of Gauteng, the wealthiest province in South Africa, having the largest economy of any metropolitan region in Sub-Saharan Africa.. The city is one of the 40 largest metropolitan areas in the world, and is also the world's largest city not situated on a river, lake, or coastline.
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Kaliningrad
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Karachi
Karachi (: , {{lang-ur|) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh. With an estimated population of about 18 million, Karachi is one of the world's largest cities in terms of population, the 13th largest urban agglomeration, the 4th largest metropolitan area in the world, and the 2nd largest city within the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Islamic world.
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Kingston, Jamaica
Kingston is the capital and largest city of Jamaica, located on the southeastern coast of the island. It faces a natural harbour protected by the Palisadoes, a long sand spit which connects the town of Port Royal and the Norman Manley International Airport to the rest of the island. In the Americas, Kingston is the largest predominantly English-speaking city south of the United States.
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Kingstown
Kingstown, estimated population 15,900 (July 1999), is the chief port of Saint Vincent, and the capital of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. It is located at . Kingstown is a centre for the island's agricultural industry and a port of entry for tourists. Exports include bananas, coconuts, and arrowroot.
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Kinshasa
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Kobe
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Kolkata
Kolkata (Bengali: ; ), is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Kolkata is the cultural capital of India and the commercial capital of Eastern India. It is located in eastern India on the east bank of the Hooghly River. The Kolkata metropolitan area including suburbs has a population exceeding 15 million, making it the third most populous metropolitan area in India and one of the most populous urban areas in the world. The city is also classified as the eighth largest urban agglomeration in the world.
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Kralendijk
Kralendijk is the capital city and main port of the island of Bonaire in the Caribbean Netherlands. The language spoken in the town is Papiamento, but Dutch and English are widely used. In Dutch, Kralendijk means "coral reef" or "coral dike". The Papiamentu name for the town is Playa or "beach". , the town had a population of 3,061.
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Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur (translated as: "muddy confluence," "muddy estuary," and "muddy city"; in English; Malay , locally or even , and often abbreviated as K.L.) is the capital and largest city of Malaysia. The city proper, making up an area of , has an estimated population of 1.6 million in 2006. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million. It is the fastest growing metropolitan region in the country, in terms of population as well as economy.
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Kyoto
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La Enseñanza Church
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La Merced Cloister
The La Merced Cloister is all that is left of a monastery complex built in the late 16th and early 17th century by the Mercedarian order. It is located on Uruguay and Talavera Streets in the historic downtown of Mexico City. The complex lent its name to the area around it, La Merced, which in turn, inspired the name of the metro station and the famous La Merced market.
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La Nueva Viga Market
http://wn.com/La_Nueva_Viga_Market -
La Paz
http://wn.com/La_Paz -
La Santisima Church
http://wn.com/La_Santisima_Church -
Lagos
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Lahore
Lahore ({{lang-pa|, {{lang-ur|, ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. The city lies along the Ravi River and is situated approximately from Wagah (the only road border crossing between India and Pakistan). Historically the main city of the undivided Punjab, Lahore has been a center of Muslim heritage since the Data Durbar is located here. It is often called the Garden of Mughals because of its rich Mughal heritage. It successively served as provincial/regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th century, the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are popular tourist attractions for the city. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Mughal-Gothic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office (GPO), the Lahore Museum, and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. Lahore is often referred to as the cultural heart of Pakistan, as it is the center of Pakistani arts, films and intelligentsia.
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Lebanon
Lebanon ( or ; ; ), officially the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: ; French: ), is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
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Lima
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Los Angeles
Los Angeles ( ; , Spanish for "The Angels") is the second most populous city in the United States, the most populous city in the state of California and the western United States, with a population of 3.83 million within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Los Angeles extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of over 14.8 million and it is the 14th largest urban area in the world, affording it megacity status. The metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is home to nearly 12.9 million residents while the broader Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside combined statistical area (CSA) contains nearly 17.8 million people. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most multicultural counties in the United States. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos" ().
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Madrid
http://wn.com/Madrid -
Magdalena Contreras
Magdalena Contreras
http://wn.com/Magdalena_Contreras -
Malmö
http://wn.com/Malmö -
Managua
http://wn.com/Managua -
Mar del Plata
http://wn.com/Mar_del_Plata -
Maserati
Maserati is an Italian luxury car manufacturer established on December 1, 1914, in Bologna. The company's headquarters are now in Modena, and its emblem is a trident. It has been owned by the Italian car giant Fiat S.p.A. since 1993. Inside the Fiat Group, Maserati was initially associated with Ferrari S.p.A., but more recently it has become part of the sports car group including Alfa Romeo.
http://wn.com/Maserati -
Melbourne
http://wn.com/Melbourne -
Metro Chabacano
http://wn.com/Metro_Chabacano -
Metro Etiopía
{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=200 style="margin: 1.5em 0 1em 1em; background: #FFFFFF; border: 0px #aaaaaa solid; font-size: 95%;"
http://wn.com/Metro_Etiopía -
Metro Manila
http://wn.com/Metro_Manila -
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
http://wn.com/Mexico -
Mexico City
http://wn.com/Mexico_City -
Mexico City Arena
Mexico City Arena (Arena Ciudad de Mexico), is a description of an indoor arena in Azcapotzalco, Mexico City, Mexico that is currently under construction. It will be used to host indoor sporting events as well as concerts.
http://wn.com/Mexico_City_Arena -
Mexico City Metro
http://wn.com/Mexico_City_Metro -
Mexico State
http://wn.com/Mexico_State -
Michoacán
http://wn.com/Michoacán -
Miguel Hidalgo, D.F.
Miguel Hidalgo is one of the 16 delegaciones (boroughs) into which Mexico's Federal District is divided. The borough includes some of the most affluent parts of Mexico City, such as Lomas de Chapultepec and Polanco.
http://wn.com/Miguel_Hidalgo_DF -
Milpa Alta
Milpa Alta is one of the 16 delegaciones (boroughs) into which Mexico's Federal District is divided. It is the second largest and most rural of all delegaciones.
http://wn.com/Milpa_Alta -
Monte Albán
http://wn.com/Monte_Albán -
Monterrey
http://wn.com/Monterrey -
Montreal
http://wn.com/Montreal -
Montserrat
Montserrat () is a British overseas territory located in the Leeward Islands, part of the chain of islands called the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. It measures approximately 16 km (10 miles) long and 11 km (7 miles) wide, giving of coastline. Christopher Columbus gave Montserrat its name on his second voyage to the New World in 1493, after Montserrat mountain located in Catalonia. Montserrat is nicknamed the Emerald Isle of the Caribbean, both for its resemblance to coastal Ireland and for the Irish descent of its inhabitants.
http://wn.com/Montserrat -
Morelia
http://wn.com/Morelia -
Morelia, Michoacán
http://wn.com/Morelia_Michoacán -
Morelos
Morelos () is one of the 31 constituent states of Mexico. Morelos has an area of about , making it the second-smallest of the country's states. Morelos is bordered by State of Mexico to the north-east and north-west, the Federal District to the north, Puebla to the east, and Guerrero to the south-west. According to the 2005 census, the population of the state was 1,612,899 people.
http://wn.com/Morelos -
Moscow
Moscow ( or ; ; see also ) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a global city. Moscow is the most populous city on the continent of Europe and the seventh largest city proper in the world, a megacity. The population of Moscow (as of 1 January 2010) is 10,563,038.
http://wn.com/Moscow -
Mumbai
Mumbai (; , ', ), previously known as Bombay' (), is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the second most populous city in the world, with a population of approximately 14 million. The official language of Mumbai is Marathi. But many other languages are also widely used, particularly the Mumbaiian Hindi''. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. As of 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South or Central Asia.
http://wn.com/Mumbai -
Museo de Charrería
http://wn.com/Museo_de_Charrería -
Museo de la Estampa
http://wn.com/Museo_de_la_Estampa -
Museo Soumaya
http://wn.com/Museo_Soumaya -
Museum of Modern Art
The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, on 53rd Street, between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. It has been singularly important in developing and collecting modernist art, and is often identified as the most influential museum of modern art in the world. The museum's collection offers an unparalleled overview in modern and contemporary art, including works of architecture and design, drawings, painting, sculpture, photography, prints, illustrated books and artist's books, film, and electronic media.
http://wn.com/Museum_of_Modern_Art -
Mérida, Yucatán
http://wn.com/Mérida_Yucatán -
Nagoya
is the third-largest incorporated city and the fourth most populous urban area in Japan.
http://wn.com/Nagoya -
Nassau, Bahamas
Nassau is the capital, largest city, and commercial centre of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas. The city has a population of 260,000 (2008 census), nearly 80 percent of the entire population of The Bahamas (330,000). Lynden Pindling International Airport, the major airport for The Bahamas, is located about west of Nassau city centre, and has daily flights to major cities in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada and the Caribbean. The city is located on the island of New Providence, which functions much like a federal district. While there is no local government, it is governed directly as an administrative division of the national government. Nassau is considered a historical stronghold of pirates.
http://wn.com/Nassau_Bahamas -
National Auditorium
National Auditorium () is an entertainment centre located at Paseo de la Reforma #50, Chapultepec in Mexico City right in front of the hotel zone Polanco next to Campo Marte.
http://wn.com/National_Auditorium -
Nayarit
http://wn.com/Nayarit -
Nazi Germany
http://wn.com/Nazi_Germany -
Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands -
Nicaragua
Nicaragua ( ) officially the Republic of Nicaragua (, ), is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the country, the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's Caribbean coast is part of the Western Caribbean Zone. Falling within the tropics, Nicaragua sits between 11 degrees and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. Roughly one quarter of the nation's population lives in the Nicaraguan capital, making it the second largest city and metropolitan area in Central America (following Guatemala City).
http://wn.com/Nicaragua -
Nicosia
: For the Italian town, see: Nicosia, Sicily. Also see: Nicosia (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Nicosia -
Nuevo León
http://wn.com/Nuevo_León -
Nuuk
Nuuk, ( translated: "The tip" ( translated: "Good hope") is the capital and largest city of Greenland, and the seat of government for the Sermersooq municipality. It has a population of 15,469 (as of January 2010), making it one of the smallest capital cities in the world by population.
http://wn.com/Nuuk -
Oaxaca
http://wn.com/Oaxaca -
Oaxaca, Oaxaca
:''Oaxaca is the name of both a state in Mexico and that state's capital city. This article is about the city/municipality. For the state, see Oaxaca.''
http://wn.com/Oaxaca_Oaxaca -
Oranjestad, Aruba
Oranjestad () is the capital and most important city of Aruba located on the southern coast near the western end of the island. In the local language, Papiamento, Oranjestad is often referred to simply as "Playa".
http://wn.com/Oranjestad_Aruba -
Osaka
http://wn.com/Osaka -
Ottawa
Ottawa ( or ) is the capital of Canada, a municipality and the second largest city within the province of Ontario. Located in the Ottawa Valley, in the eastern portion of Southern Ontario, the city lies on the Ottawa River, a major waterway forming the local boundary between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec.
http://wn.com/Ottawa -
Pachuca, Hidalgo
Pachuca, formally Pachuca de Soto (La Bella Airosa, en: The airy beauty) is the capital of the Mexican state of Hidalgo. It is located in the south-central part of the state. Pachuca de Soto is also the name of the municipality of which the city serves as municipal seat. Pachuca is located about 90 km from Mexico City via Highway 85.
http://wn.com/Pachuca_Hidalgo -
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.
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Pakistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Pakistan -
Palenque
http://wn.com/Palenque -
Panama
Panama (), officially the Republic of Panama (; ), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital is Panama City.
http://wn.com/Panama -
Panama City
Panama () is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Panama. It has a population of 813,097, with a total metro population of 1,206,792, and it is located at the Pacific entrance of the Panama Canal, at . Panama City is the political and administrative center of the country.
http://wn.com/Panama_City -
Perisur
http://wn.com/Perisur -
Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
http://wn.com/Philippines -
Plaza Garibaldi
http://wn.com/Plaza_Garibaldi -
Plymouth, Montserrat
Plymouth was the capital as well as the only port of entry to Montserrat, an overseas territory of the United Kingdom located in the Caribbean Sea.
http://wn.com/Plymouth_Montserrat -
Polanco (Mexico)
:''This article is about a neighborhood of Mexico City, for other uses read Polanco (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Polanco_(Mexico) -
Port of Spain
Port of Spain, also written as Port-of-Spain is the capital of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and the country's third-largest municipality, after San Fernando and Chaguanas. The city has a municipal population of 49,031 (2000 census), a metropolitan population of 128,026 (1990 unofficial estimate) and a transient daily population of 250,000. It is located on the Gulf of Paria, on the northwest coast of the island of Trinidad and is part of a larger conurbation stretching from Chaguaramas in the west to Arima in the east with an estimated population of 600,000.
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Port-au-Prince
http://wn.com/Port-au-Prince -
Portugal
Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
http://wn.com/Portugal -
Puebla
http://wn.com/Puebla -
Puerto Rico
http://wn.com/Puerto_Rico -
Querétaro
http://wn.com/Querétaro -
Querétaro, Querétaro
http://wn.com/Querétaro_Querétaro -
Quintana Roo
http://wn.com/Quintana_Roo -
Ranchi
Ranchi () is the capital of the Indian state of Jharkhand. Jharkhand accounts for 40% of the mineral resources of India. Ranchi accounts for 50% mineral production of the state, nearing about 18% of nation's mineral production. For this reason Ranchi is also called the Manchester of the East. Ranchi was the centre of the Jharkhand movement for a separate state for the tribal regions of South Bihar, northern Orissa, Western West Bengal and the present eastern Chhattisgarh. Jharkhand State was formed on 15 November 2000 by carving the Bihar divisions of Chota Nagpur and Santhal Parganas.
http://wn.com/Ranchi -
Red Square
http://wn.com/Red_Square -
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ("River of January", ; ), commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, 6th largest in the Americas and 26th in the world.
http://wn.com/Rio_de_Janeiro -
Road Town
Road Town, located on Tortola, is the capital of the British Virgin Islands. It is situated on the horseshoe-shaped Road Harbour in the centre of the island's south coast. The town's population was about 9,400 in 2004.
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Rome
Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
http://wn.com/Rome -
Roseau
http://wn.com/Roseau -
Ruhr
http://wn.com/Ruhr -
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia -
Saba
Saba () is a Caribbean island and the smallest special municipality of the Netherlands, located at . It consists largely of the potentially active volcano Mount Scenery (877 m), the highest point of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Netherlands proper.
http://wn.com/Saba -
Saint Lucia
Saint Lucia (; ) is an island country in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. Part of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique. It covers a land area of 620 km2 (238 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 160,000. Its capital is Castries. The island nation has been the home of two Nobel laureates, Arthur Lewis and Derek Walcott. It is the nation with the second most such honorees per capita after Faroe Islands.
http://wn.com/Saint_Lucia -
Saltillo, Coahuila
http://wn.com/Saltillo_Coahuila -
San José, Costa Rica
http://wn.com/San_José_Costa_Rica -
San Luis Potosí
http://wn.com/San_Luis_Potosí -
San Salvador
San Salvador City is the capital and largest city of the nation of El Salvador. It is the third most populous city in Central America after Guatemala City and Managua. Home to one-half of El Salvador's wealth, the city's per capita GDP - PPP is approximately USD11,200, compared to a national average of USD5,260 (2002). The city has a long history, with origins dating back to the Spanish conquest of the Pipil tribes. The name of the capital city is the Spanish name of "Holy Savior".
http://wn.com/San_Salvador -
San Salvador Atenco
San Salvador Atenco is the municipal seat of Atenco, in the Mexican state of Mexico.The name "Atenco" comes from a Nahuatl phrase meaning "place on the edge of water".
http://wn.com/San_Salvador_Atenco -
San Ángel
http://wn.com/San_Ángel -
Santiago
Santiago is the Spanish name for Saint James, son of Zebedee, one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus.
http://wn.com/Santiago -
Santiago de Cali
http://wn.com/Santiago_de_Cali -
Santiago, Chile
http://wn.com/Santiago_Chile -
Santo Domingo
http://wn.com/Santo_Domingo -
Senate (Mexico)
The Senate of the Republic, () constitutionally Chamber of Senators of the Honorable Congress of the Union (, is the upper house of Mexico's bicameral Congress.
http://wn.com/Senate_(Mexico) -
Senate of Mexico
http://wn.com/Senate_of_Mexico -
Seoul
{{Infobox settlement
http://wn.com/Seoul -
Shanghai
http://wn.com/Shanghai -
Shenzhen
http://wn.com/Shenzhen -
Sian Ka'an
'''Sian Ka'an''' is a non profit and non governmental organization biosphere reserve formed by a group of conservasionists in the municipality of Tulum in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, whose mission is the conservation of the biodiversity. It has been a Mexican national park since 1986.
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Sinaloa
{{Infobox settlement
http://wn.com/Sinaloa -
Sint Eustatius
Sint Eustatius ( ), also known affectionately to the locals as Statia () or Statius, is a Caribbean island and a special municipality of the Netherlands. It lies in the northern Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies, southeast of the Virgin Islands and immediately to the northwest of Saint Kitts and Nevis and to the southeast of Saba, at . The island is named after the legendary Christian martyr Saint Eustace. The regional capital is Oranjestad.
http://wn.com/Sint_Eustatius -
Sonora
Sonora () is a state in northwestern Mexico with an area of , making it around the size of Syria. It is surrounded by the states of Baja California and the Sea of Cortez to the west, Chihuahua to the east, Sinaloa to the south, and the US states of Arizona and New Mexico to the north.
http://wn.com/Sonora -
South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK, , ) and sometimes referred to simply as Korea, is a state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. Its capital is Seoul. South Korea lies in a temperate climate region with a predominantly mountainous terrain. Its territory covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of .
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Soviet Union
http://wn.com/Soviet_Union -
Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
http://wn.com/Spain -
Spanish Empire
http://wn.com/Spanish_Empire -
St. Louis, Missouri
St. Louis ( or ; French: Saint-Louis or St-Louis, ) is an independent city and the second largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri. The city itself has an estimated population of 354,361 and is the principal municipality of Greater St. Louis, population 2,879,934, the largest urban area in Missouri and 16th-largest in the United States.
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State of Mexico
http://wn.com/State_of_Mexico -
Stockholm
http://wn.com/Stockholm -
Sweden
http://wn.com/Sweden -
Sydney
Sydney () is the largest and most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. With an approximate population of 4.5 million in the Sydney metropolitan area the city is the largest in Oceania. Inhabitants of Sydney are called Sydneysiders, comprising a cosmopolitan and international population of people from numerous places around the world.
http://wn.com/Sydney -
São Paulo
http://wn.com/São_Paulo -
Tabasco
http://wn.com/Tabasco -
Taipei
http://wn.com/Taipei -
Tamaulipas
http://wn.com/Tamaulipas -
Teatro Metropolitan
http://wn.com/Teatro_Metropolitan -
Tegucigalpa
http://wn.com/Tegucigalpa -
Tehran
http://wn.com/Tehran -
Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv-Yafo (Hebrew: , lit. "Spring Hill"-Jaffa; , ''Tall 'Abib''), usually referred to as Tel Aviv, is the second-largest city in Israel, with an estimated population of 393,900. The city is situated on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline, with a land area of . It is the largest and most populous city in the metropolitan area of Gush Dan, home to 3.2 million people as of 2008. The city is governed by the Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality, headed by Ron Huldai. Residents of Tel Aviv are called Tel Avivians.
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Tenayuca
Tenayuca () is a pre-Columbian Mesoamerican archaeological site in the Valley of Mexico. In the Postclassic period of Mesoamerican chronology Tenayuca was a settlement on the former shoreline of the western arm of Lake Texcoco, located approximately 10km to the northwest of Tenochtitlan (the heart of present-day Mexico City). Tenayuca is considered the earliest capital city of the Chichimecs, nomadic tribes that migrated and settled in the Valley of Mexico, forming their own kingdoms.
http://wn.com/Tenayuca -
Tenochtitlan
Tenochtitlan () (sometimes paired with Mexico as Mexico Tenochtitlan or Tenochtitlan Mexico) was a Nahua altepetl (city-state) located on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico. Founded in 1325, it became the seat of the growing Aztec empire in the 15th century, until captured by the Spanish in 1521. It subsequently became a cabecera of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, and today the ruins of Tenochtitlan are located in the central part of Mexico City.
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Teotihuacan
http://wn.com/Teotihuacan -
Tepito
http://wn.com/Tepito -
Tequila, Jalisco
http://wn.com/Tequila_Jalisco -
The Bahamas
The Bahamas (), officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is a country consisting of 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 islets (rocks). It is located in the Atlantic Ocean north of Cuba and Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and southeast of the United States (nearest to the state of Florida). Its total land area is ; slightly larger than the US states of Connecticut and Rhode Island combined), with an estimated population of 330,000. Its capital is Nassau. Geographically, the Bahamas lie in the same island chain as Cuba, Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands, the designation of the Bahamas refers normally to the commonwealth and not the geographic chain.
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The Bottom
The Bottom is the capital and largest town on the island of Saba, the Caribbean Netherlands, and is the first stop on the way from Saba's Port in Fort Bay towards the rest of the island. It has approximately 500 inhabitants of the total 1424 islanders.
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The Valley, Anguilla
The Valley is the capital of Anguilla and the main "town" on the island. , it has a population of 1,169.
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Tianjin
(; ; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is a metropolis in Northeastern China and one of the five national central cities. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is thus under direct administration of the central government, and borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea. In terms of urban population, it is the sixth largest city of the People's Republic of China, and its urban land area ranks 5th in the nation, only after Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen.
http://wn.com/Tianjin -
Tlalnepantla de Baz
http://wn.com/Tlalnepantla_de_Baz -
Tlalpan
Tlalpan is the largest of the 16 delegaciones (boroughs) into which Mexico's Federal District (Mexico City) is divided. Tlalpan is the home of Ajusco, a volcanic mountain peak and National Park, at 3,930 m one of the highest mountains in Mexico City.
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Tlaxcala
http://wn.com/Tlaxcala -
Tlaxcoaque
Tlaxcoaque is a plaza located in the historic center of Mexico City which has given its name to both the 17th century church that is on it and the blocks that surround it. Historically this plaza and the church that sits on it have marked the southern edge of Mexico City, and today it is on the border of the historic center and Colonia Obrera. The church and plaza are somewhat isolated from the rest of the center due to the construction of wide streets, such as 20 de Noviembre and Fray Servando Teresa de Mier, that separate them from the surrounding buildings. Another notable building in this area is the police surveillance station, which was infamous in the 1970s as a place where detainees were tortured. This stopped after the 1985 Mexico City earthquake exposed handcuffed bodies which had evidence of torture on them. Today, the area around this plaza is semi-deserted outside of work hours and is considered to be a high-crime area. The church itself has experienced break-ins.
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Tláhuac
http://wn.com/Tláhuac -
Tokyo
http://wn.com/Tokyo -
Toluca
http://wn.com/Toluca -
Toronto
http://wn.com/Toronto -
Trinidad and Tobago
The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago () is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American country of Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles. It shares maritime boundaries with other nations including Barbados to the northeast, Guyana to the southeast, and Venezuela to the south and west.
http://wn.com/Trinidad_and_Tobago -
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
http://wn.com/Turkey -
Tuxtla Gutiérrez
http://wn.com/Tuxtla_Gutiérrez -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Venezuela
http://wn.com/Venezuela -
Veracruz
http://wn.com/Veracruz -
Victoria, Tamaulipas
http://wn.com/Victoria_Tamaulipas -
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
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West Germany
West Germany () is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG () in the period between its creation in May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. This period, during which Germany and Berlin were divided, ended when communist East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the eleven states of the Federal Republic of Germany. The enlarged Federal Republic of Germany with sixteen states (known simply as "Germany") is thus the continuation of the pre-1990 Federal Republic of Germany, and not its successor.
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Western hemisphere
http://wn.com/Western_hemisphere -
Willemstad
http://wn.com/Willemstad -
Winnipeg
Winnipeg () is the capital and largest city of Manitoba, Canada, and is the primary municipality of the Winnipeg Capital Region, with more than sixty percent of Manitoba's population. It is located near the longitudinal centre of North America, at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers (a point now commonly known as The Forks).
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Xalapa, Veracruz
http://wn.com/Xalapa_Veracruz -
Xochicalco
Xochicalco () is a pre-Columbian archaeological site in the western part of the Mexican state of Morelos. The name Xochicalco may be translated from Nahuatl as "in the (place of the) house of Flowers". The site is located 38 km southwest of Cuernavaca, about 76 miles by road from Mexico City. The site is open to visitors all week, from 10am to 5pm, although access to the observatory is only allowed after noon. The apogee of Xochicalco came after the fall of Teotihuacan and it has been speculated that Xochicalco may have played a part in the fall of the Teotihuacan empire.
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Xochimilco
http://wn.com/Xochimilco -
Yokohama
http://wn.com/Yokohama -
Yucatán
http://wn.com/Yucatán -
Zacatecas
http://wn.com/Zacatecas -
Zacatecas, Zacatecas
http://wn.com/Zacatecas_Zacatecas -
Zona Rosa
:''This article is about Mexico City, for other uses read Zona Rosa (disambiguation)
http://wn.com/Zona_Rosa -
Zócalo
http://wn.com/Zócalo -
Álvaro Obregón, D.F.
http://wn.com/Álvaro_Obregón_DF
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Adolfo Domínguez
http://wn.com/Adolfo_Domínguez -
Alberto Kalach
Alberto Kalach (b. Mexico City, 1960) is a Mexican architect.
http://wn.com/Alberto_Kalach -
Auguste Rodin
http://wn.com/Auguste_Rodin -
Beijing
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http://wn.com/Beijing -
Benito Juárez
http://wn.com/Benito_Juárez -
Brazilian people
Brazilians (brasileiros in Portuguese) are all people born in Brazil. A Brazilian can be also a person born abroad to a Brazilian parent or a foreigner living in Brazil who applied for Brazilian citizenship. The vast majority of Brazilians live in Brazil.
http://wn.com/Brazilian_people -
Buddhism
http://wn.com/Buddhism -
Casas Grandes
http://wn.com/Casas_Grandes -
Charles IV of Spain
Charles IV (Carlos Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno Jose Januario Serafin Diego; 11 November 1748 – 20 January 1819) was King of Spain from 14 December 1788 until his abdication on 19 March 1808.
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Chinese people
The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following:
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Colombian people
Colombian people are from a multiethnic Spanish speaking nation in South America called Colombia. Colombians are predominantly Roman Catholic and are or a mixture of Europeans, Africans, and Amerindians.
http://wn.com/Colombian_people -
Cuauhtémoc
http://wn.com/Cuauhtémoc -
Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas
http://wn.com/Cuauhtémoc_Cárdenas -
Cubans
This article is about the native people of Cuba. For citizens of Cuban "national origin" inhabiting the United States of America, see Cuban American.
http://wn.com/Cubans -
Cuitláhuac
http://wn.com/Cuitláhuac -
Diego Rivera
http://wn.com/Diego_Rivera -
Dolores Olmedo
http://wn.com/Dolores_Olmedo -
Dutch people
The Dutch people (Dutch: ) are the dominant ethnic group of the Netherlands. They share a common culture and speak the Dutch language.
http://wn.com/Dutch_people -
Egyptians
Egyptians (Arabic: '; Egyptian Arabic: '; Coptic: ) are a nation of Mediterranean North Africans indigenous to Egypt.
http://wn.com/Egyptians -
El Greco
http://wn.com/El_Greco -
Federico Döring
http://wn.com/Federico_Döring -
Filipino people
The Filipino people are an ethnic group primarily located in the Philippines. There are about 92 million Filipinos in the Philippines. and about 11 million living outside the Philippines.
http://wn.com/Filipino_people -
Francisco I. Madero
http://wn.com/Francisco_I_Madero -
French people
French people can refer to:
http://wn.com/French_people -
Germans
|ref15 =
http://wn.com/Germans -
Guangzhou
http://wn.com/Guangzhou -
Hernán Cortés
http://wn.com/Hernán_Cortés -
Hondurans
Hondurans (; also ) are people inhabiting in, originating or having significant heritage from Honduras. Most Hondurans live in Honduras, although there is also a significant Honduran diaspora, particularly in the United States with smaller communities in other countries around the world. There are also people living in Honduras who are not Hondurans because they were not born or raised in Honduras nor have they gained citizenship.
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Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
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Irish people
http://wn.com/Irish_people -
Italian people
The Italian people () are a people that share a common Italian culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a mother tongue. Within Italy, Italians are defined by citizenship, regardless of ancestry or country of residence (though the principle of Jus Sanguinis is used extensively and arguably more favorably in the Italian nationality law), and are distinguished from people of Italian descent and, historically, from ethnic Italians living in the unredeemed territories adjacent to the Italian peninsula.
http://wn.com/Italian_people -
Jack Kerouac
Jean-Louis "Jack" Kerouac (; March 12, 1922 – October 21, 1969) was an American novelist and poet. He is considered a literary iconoclast, and alongside William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg, a pioneer of the Beat Generation. Kerouac is recognized for his spontaneous method of writing covering topics such as jazz, promiscuity, Buddhism, drugs, poverty, and travel. His writings have inspired other writers, including Hunter S. Thompson, Tom Robbins, Thomas Pynchon, Lester Bangs, Will Clarke, Richard Brautigan, Ken Kesey, Haruki Murakami, Jon Foreman, and Bob Dylan. Unsympathetic critics of his work have labeled it "slapdash", "grossly sentimental", and "immoral". Kerouac became an underground celebrity and, with other beats, a progenitor of the Hippie movement. At age 47 in 1969 Kerouac died from internal bleeding due to long-standing abuse of alcohol. Since his death Kerouac's literary prestige has grown and several previously unseen works have been published. All of his books are in print today, among them: On the Road, The Dharma Bums, Mexico City Blues, The Subterraneans, Desolation Angels, Visions of Cody and ''Big Sur.
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Jacques Cartier
http://wn.com/Jacques_Cartier -
José Clemente Orozco
http://wn.com/José_Clemente_Orozco -
Korean people
http://wn.com/Korean_people -
Leon Trotsky
http://wn.com/Leon_Trotsky -
List of Salvadorans
This is a list of famous or notable people born in El Salvador or of Salvadoran descent (also see Salvadoran American).
http://wn.com/List_of_Salvadorans -
Manuel Tolsá
http://wn.com/Manuel_Tolsá -
Marcelo Ebrard
http://wn.com/Marcelo_Ebrard -
Marcos Moshinsky
Marcos Moshinsky (1921-2009) was a Mexican physicist of Ukrainian origin whose work in the field of elementary particles won him the Prince of Asturias Prize for Scientific and Technical Investigation in 1988 and the UNESCO Science Prize in 1997.
http://wn.com/Marcos_Moshinsky -
Mario Lavista
Mario Lavista (born April 3, 1943, Mexico City) is a Mexican composer and writer. He has had numerous pieces published, especially chamber music, but also incidental music for plays, film scores, orchestral pieces, and vocal music.
http://wn.com/Mario_Lavista -
Max Mara
http://wn.com/Max_Mara -
Mazahua
http://wn.com/Mazahua -
Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica or Meso-America () is a region and culture area in the Americas, extending approximately from central Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua, within which a number of pre-Columbian societies flourished before the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries.
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Mexican Revolution
http://wn.com/Mexican_Revolution -
Michael Kors
Michael Kors (born August 9, 1959) is an American fashion designer. "Michael Kors" also refers to his brands of apparel and fragrances. He currently is said to be living on Morgan's Island in Glen Cove, New York.
http://wn.com/Michael_Kors -
Miguel Alemán Valdés
http://wn.com/Miguel_Alemán_Valdés -
Miguel de la Madrid
Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado (born 12 December 1934) is a Mexican politician affiliated to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) who served as President of Mexico from 1982 to 1988.
http://wn.com/Miguel_de_la_Madrid -
Mixtec
The Mixtec (or Mixteca) are indigenous Mesoamerican peoples inhabiting the Mexican states of Oaxaca, Guerrero and Puebla in a region known as La Mixteca. The Mixtecan languages form an important branch of the Otomanguean linguistic family.
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Oscar De La Renta
http://wn.com/Oscar_De_La_Renta -
Pablo Gómez Álvarez
http://wn.com/Pablo_Gómez_Álvarez -
Plácido Domingo
http://wn.com/Plácido_Domingo -
Polish people
http://wn.com/Polish_people -
Porfirio Diaz
http://wn.com/Porfirio_Diaz -
Porfirio Díaz
http://wn.com/Porfirio_Díaz -
Porfirio Muñoz Ledo
http://wn.com/Porfirio_Muñoz_Ledo -
Pre-Columbian era
The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents, spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the Early Modern period.
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Reform War
http://wn.com/Reform_War -
Remedios Varo
http://wn.com/Remedios_Varo -
Roberto Cavalli
Roberto Cavalli (born 15 November 1940) is an Italian fashion designer from Florence.
http://wn.com/Roberto_Cavalli -
Romanians
http://wn.com/Romanians -
Rosario Robles
http://wn.com/Rosario_Robles -
Salvatore Ferragamo
Salvatore Ferragamo (June 5, 1898 – August 7, 1960) was a Florentine and Italian shoe designer. He worked with many Hollywood stars in the 1920s, before returning to Italy to found the eponymous company making unique hand-made footwear. His scientific and creative approach to shoes spawned many innovations such as the wedge heel and cage heel. Film stars and celebrities continue to patronize his company, which has evolved into a luxury goods empire spanning the world.
http://wn.com/Salvatore_Ferragamo -
Shanghai
http://wn.com/Shanghai -
Spanish people
Spanish people or Spaniards constitute the European nation and ethnic group native of Spain, in the Iberian Peninsula, which forms the southwest of Europe. The Spanish nationality is in essence made up of regional nationalities, reflecting the complex history of Spain. Spain, in its current boundaries, was formed out of a number of predecessor kingdoms in the late 15th century as a result of the Reconquista and the War of the Castilian Succession.
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Swiss people
The Swiss (, , , ) are citizens and/or natives of Switzerland. The demonym derives from the toponym of Schwyz and has been in widespread use to refer to the Old Swiss Confederacy since the 16th century.
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Syrian people
http://wn.com/Syrian_people -
Teotihuacan
http://wn.com/Teotihuacan -
Tianjin
(; ; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is a metropolis in Northeastern China and one of the five national central cities. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is thus under direct administration of the central government, and borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea. In terms of urban population, it is the sixth largest city of the People's Republic of China, and its urban land area ranks 5th in the nation, only after Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen.
http://wn.com/Tianjin -
Tlaxcaltec
The Tlaxcalteca (also Tlaxcalans, Tlaxcallans) were an indigenous group of Nahua ethnicity that inhabited the Kingdom of Tlaxcala located in what is now the Mexican state of Tlaxcala.
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Uruguayan people
http://wn.com/Uruguayan_people -
Venezuelan people
Venezuelan people are from a multiethnic nation in South America called Venezuela. Venezuelans are predominantly Roman Catholic and overwhelmingly speakers of Spanish, and a majority of them are the result of a mixture of Europeans, Africans, and Amerindians.
http://wn.com/Venezuelan_people -
Venustiano Carranza
Venustiano Carranza de la Garza (December 29, 1859 – May 21, 1920) was one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution. He ultimately became President of Mexico following the overthrow of the dictatorial Huerta regime in the summer of 1914 and during his administration the current constitution of Mexico was drafted. He was assassinated near the end of his term of office at the behest of a cabal of army generals resentful at his insistence that his successor be a civilian.
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Victoriano Huerta
http://wn.com/Victoriano_Huerta -
William S. Burroughs
http://wn.com/William_S_Burroughs
Que necesitas marijuana? lucas? cuetes? banko?
Aqui tenemos de todo
Aqui en MEXICO! (mexican cry)
Mexico city (city)
A place you can go
And live your life in the low
Mexico city (city)
A place where you can hide
And everything will be tight
They want me on a murder rap which violates my probations
Aint no fucking way im staying here with what im facing
Sold my car to a junk yard
And bought a one-way bus ride
Take me across the border i'll coooool out and hide
After 80 wicked hours of stale they hit the last stop
Threw me out the bus left me standing there hasta
Turned and started walking tell me what is there to see
Everything was all in spanish but the sign "Welcome to Mexico City"
Mexico city (city)
A place you can go
And live your life in the low (ok)
Mexico city (city)
A place where you can hide
And everything will be tight (alright)
Maybe i can fetch a job, find a wife and start a family
In M-E-X-I-C-O C-I-T-Y
Maybe i can learn spanish cause nobody is understanding me
In M-E-X-I-C-O C-I-T-Y
Maybe i can get a place, settle down and try to blend in
In M-E-X-I-C-O C-I-T-Y
Maybe i can just relax, be myself and quit pretending
In M-E-X-I-C-O C-I-T-Y
You can say harbor bay or south monterey
Even islands off the map within their dead sea passageways
Dont fucking matter man from pakistan to chuck e. cheeses
From the ramada in granada i do far as the equater reaches
Virginia beaches, saskastun, cancoon, the blue lagoon, from desert sanddunes metropolis is
To the boones
From pueblo north cakalaki back to waikiki
They searchin high and low for me
But im in Mexico City
Mexico city (city)
A place you can go
And live your life in the low (ok)
Mexico city (city)
A place where you can hide
And everything will be tight (alright)
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Mexico City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:10
- Published: 14 Oct 2006
- Updated: 24 Aug 2012
Mexico City Music by Track One Recordings Images by: Oscar Ruiz homepage.mac.com
http://wn.com/Mexico_City
Mexico City - The Biggest City in The World
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:23
- Published: 07 Aug 2009
- Updated: 24 Aug 2012
Mexico City is the financial center of Latin America and virtually every foreign and domestic corporation has operations in the city. It produces an amazing 25% of Mexicos $815 billion economy making Mexico City alone the 30th largest economy in the world! In addition, it is one of the most important cultural centers in the world boasting more museums than any other city. It is also the fourth city in number of theaters just behind New York, London and Toronto. Every skyscraper in Mexico City is a monument to engineering. Mexico City is not only located in a major earthquake zone but it is also built over a lake which creates a very unstable foundation for high-rise construction. Yet, Mexico City had its first 40-story skyscraper almost half a century ago when the Torre Lationoamericana, the tallest building in Latin America at the time, was built. Today, there are hundreds of skyscrapers challenging nature in Mexico Citys skyline.
http://wn.com/Mexico_City_The_Biggest_City_in_The_World
The new face of Mexico City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Published: 28 Jun 2012
- Updated: 24 Aug 2012
Mexico City: the biggest capital in Latin America. Once one of the most polluted and dangerous cities in the world, it's now become a leader in environmental and safety measures. A feat the left hopes will give them an edge ahead of the July 1st elections.Duration: 02:33
http://wn.com/The_new_face_of_Mexico_City
Metallica - Fuel (Live - Mexico City, Mexico) - MetOnTour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:12
- Published: 07 Aug 2012
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Footage of James and Lars in the meet and greet (0:12), Breadfan in the Tuning Room (3:44), El Diablo Gato sings Creeping Death in Tuning (8:15) and Fuel from the show (10:16).
http://wn.com/Metallica_Fuel_Live_Mexico_City,_Mexico_MetOnTour
Peña Nieto protesters take over Mexico City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:05
- Published: 09 Jul 2012
- Updated: 24 Aug 2012
In the past, Mexico's democratic process has been tarnished by election fraud. The recent election results have compelled thousands of Mexicans to take to the streets to protest the Enrique Peña Nieto victory. Nieto, a member of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional party, is being accused of rigging the election where he won 38.2 percent of the vote. The protesters are alleging the PRI party bought people's votes and John Ackerman, a professor at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, joins us with his take on the march. Like us and/or follow us: twitter.com www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Peña_Nieto_protesters_take_over_Mexico_City
DBC Pierre's guide to Mexico City: part one
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:18
- Published: 11 Jun 2012
- Updated: 23 Aug 2012
Award-winning author DBC Pierre takes us on a tour of the San Angel neighbourhood in Mexico City, where he grew up
http://wn.com/DBC_Pierre's_guide_to_Mexico_City_part_one
Jolie Holland - "Mexico City" video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Published: 21 Oct 2008
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
Video for "Mexico City" of the album, THE LIVING AND THE DEAD. Anti Records Official Website: www.anti.com Anti Records Online Store: www.kingsroadmerch.com Anti Records Facebook: www.facebook.com Anti Records Twitter: twitter.com Anti Records Blog: www.antilabelblog.com Anti Records Tumblr: antirecords.tumblr.com
http://wn.com/Jolie_Holland_Mexico_City_video
Metallica - ...And Justice for All (Live - Mexico City, Mexico) - MetOnTour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:19
- Published: 20 Aug 2012
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Footage of Orion in the Tuning Room (0:12), and ...And Justice for All from the show. (5:08)
http://wn.com/Metallica_And_Justice_for_All_Live_Mexico_City,_Mexico_MetOnTour
Metallica - One (Live - Mexico City, Mexico) - MetOnTour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:54
- Published: 11 Aug 2012
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Footage of Kirk and Rob in the meet and greet (0:12), Helpless in Tuning (1:54), One from the show (7:50), and James getting pied for his birthday at the end of the show (16:31).
http://wn.com/Metallica_One_Live_Mexico_City,_Mexico_MetOnTour
Megacities - Mexico City 1/5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 04 Aug 2008
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
Megacities - Mexico City Part 1 To Mother Nature, Mexico City is one big target. On one side: one of the world's most earthquake-prone hotspots. On the other: one of the world's most active volcanoes. And beneath their feet - a shaky foundation of landfill. From subways to freeways, this episode examines how Mexico City is harnessing cutting-edge technology to build in safety.
http://wn.com/Megacities_Mexico_City_1_5
Metallica - Welcome Home (Sanitarium) (Live - Mexico City, Mexico) - MetOnTour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:47
- Published: 14 Aug 2012
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Footage of Leper Messiah in the Tuning Room, and Welcome Home (Sanitarium) from the show.
http://wn.com/Metallica_Welcome_Home_Sanitarium_Live_Mexico_City,_Mexico_MetOnTour
Acid Kit - Mexico City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Published: 03 Aug 2012
- Updated: 20 Aug 2012
www.djsounds.com Spanish language with English subtitles. In our latest visit to Mexico City we catch up with We Love Techno main hermano Acid Kit. Founder of We Love Techno and Technochtitlan Records (inspired we suspect from the ruins or Technochtitlan in Mexico City and not just a clever play on words) and the Yolotl Festival he has been pushing Techno in Mexico since '96. Acid Kit reveals how the labels came about and the Aztechno sound! An artist for supporting not only the underground but the new-breed his We Love Techno academy helps the next generation find their creativity and how his Yolotl Festival (meaning heart) is the answer to Berlin's infamous Love Parade supporting homegrown talent alongside established international guests.
http://wn.com/Acid_Kit_Mexico_City
Intel® Ultrabook™ Project, Mexico City - Hey You
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:16
- Published: 18 Apr 2012
- Updated: 17 Aug 2012
Intel Ultrabook™ Project: Mexico City. A journey with will.i.am, to discover the connections between his East LA roots and Mexican culture. will.i.am is creating 12 new songs, inspired by 12 great cities, on the Intel®-inspired Ultrabook™. Follow the global tour at www.intel.com Learn more about the Ultrabook™ Project on Facebook - www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Intel®_Ultrabook™_Project,_Mexico_City_Hey_You
UFO Court: Mexico City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:08
- Published: 16 Aug 2012
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Did these two witnesses capture alien ships in flight? Chasing UFOs: Fridays, 10P et/pt channel.nationalgeographic.com
http://wn.com/UFO_Court_Mexico_City
Mexico RT tour Part 3 - Mexico City ft Kie Willis, Slava Petin, Andrey Pishalnikov OFFICIAL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Published: 24 Jun 2012
- Updated: 24 Aug 2012
Mexico RT tour Part 3 - Mexico City ft Kie Willis, Slava Petin, Andrey Pishalnikov OFFICIAL Part 1 - www.youtube.com Part 2 - www.youtube.com Subscribe for more awesome videos! Follow me on Twitter - www.twitter.com 'Like' me on FaceBook - www.facebook.com Check out my Official website - www.kiewillis.co.uk For 3 weeks in May we toured around Mexico with Slava Petin, Daer Sanchez, Rocko Rovira and the rest of the Urban Runners team visiting 3 cities and training and meeting the locals. Thanks to Daer for arranging such and awesome trip! The video was directed, filmed, edited and also starring Kie Willis. The whole video was filmed on a Canon 550D with Magic Lantern and Cinestyle with an 18-55mm and 50mm lens (and Daers fish eye). It was edited using CS5.5 Premiere Pro and After Effects, and colour corrected using Magic Bullet Mojo and Colourista. The time lapses were all shot in RAW format and imported into Photoshops RAW editor to batch edit them. They were then imported into After Effects to make the final clip and then colour corrected in Premiere to match the rest of the video. Check out our Official bag sponsor! - http Check out our Official hat sponsor! - www.ignitehats.co.uk If you or you're brand are interested in sponsoring Kie, you can contact us at http parkour freerunning kie willis "kie willis" "pip andersen" kie willis "insane stunts" front flip frontflip somersault insane stunts Running Crazy Free Tricks Extreme Training Team Jump Urban "Flip (acrobatic <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Mexico_RT_tour_Part_3_Mexico_City_ft_Kie_Willis,_Slava_Petin,_Andrey_Pishalnikov_OFFICIAL
Metallica - Ride The Lightning (Live - Mexico City, Mexico) - MetOnTour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:35
- Published: 04 Aug 2012
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Footage includes Creeping Death in the Tuning Room (0:12), and full performance of Ride The Lightning from the show (5:50). For setlist and photos from the show, visit Metallica.com. www.metallica.com
http://wn.com/Metallica_Ride_The_Lightning_Live_Mexico_City,_Mexico_MetOnTour
Metallica - Battery (Live - Mexico City, Mexico) - MetOnTour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:02
- Published: 18 Aug 2012
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Footage of Blitzkrieg in the Tuning Room (0:12), and Battery from the show (5:03).
http://wn.com/Metallica_Battery_Live_Mexico_City,_Mexico_MetOnTour
On the Run in Mexico City (Azteca Stadium)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Published: 20 Jun 2012
- Updated: 17 Aug 2012
www.PaulMcCartney.com Video tour diary from Paul's gig at the Azteca Stadium in Mexico City. Fans can check out more exclusive videos from Paul's tour in the 'Premium Content' section of the 'Fans' area on the website. To sign up to Paul's website to get access to exclusive content click HERE paulm.cc
http://wn.com/On_the_Run_in_Mexico_City_Azteca_Stadium
Mexico City: A New Day
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:52
- Published: 15 Feb 2012
- Updated: 18 Aug 2012
Find out more about the work God is doing in Mexico and how you can be part of our team. We believe we are witnessing the dawning of a new day in Mexico City -- light breaking into the darkness. How will you help transform this mega city? www.rglatinamerica.org www.goreachglobal.org/latinamerica
http://wn.com/Mexico_City_A_New_Day
Steven Wilson 'Luminol' Live In Mexico City (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:32
- Published: 10 Aug 2012
- Updated: 24 Aug 2012
Recorded live in Mexico City on 13th April, 2012 - Taken from the forthcoming live DVD/Blu-ray 'Get All You Deserve' which is set to be released 25th September. The special edition DVD/Blu-Ray/2 CD version is now available to pre-order from Burning Shed. Directed by Lasse Hoile. www.burningshed.com www.swhq.co.uk http www.kscopemusic.com
http://wn.com/Steven_Wilson_'Luminol'_Live_In_Mexico_City_HD
Arctic Monkeys - RU Mine? - Live in Mexico City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:51
- Published: 29 Mar 2012
- Updated: 24 Aug 2012
Arctic Monkeys play "RU Mine" live in Mexico City shot by Focus Creeps
http://wn.com/Arctic_Monkeys_RU_Mine?_Live_in_Mexico_City
Mexico City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:19
- Published: 22 Nov 2011
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
A documentary looking at Mexico City and the conflict over power and space as the City's population increases annually.
http://wn.com/Mexico_City
DBC Pierre's guide to Mexico City: part two
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:52
- Published: 13 Jun 2012
- Updated: 17 Aug 2012
Award-winning author DBC Pierre grew up in Mexico City. In the second part of his guide to the city, he traces its Aztec history
http://wn.com/DBC_Pierre's_guide_to_Mexico_City_part_two
AP / Jose Luis Magana
AP / Jose Luis Magana
Creative Commons / Thelmadatter
Creative Commons / Thelmadatter
AP / Claudio Cruz
AP / Marco Ugarte
AP / Marco Ugarte
AP / Marco Ugarte
AP / Eduardo Verdugo
AP / Dario Lopez-Mills
AP / Dario Lopez-Mills
AP / Alexandre Meneghini
AP / Eduardo Verdugo
AP / Christian Palma
AP / Bernandino Hernandez
Public Domain / Daderot
AP / Bernandino Hernandez![Houston Art Car Parade is a diverse city with a large and growing international community.[104] The metropolitan area is home to an estimated 1.1 million (21.4 percent) residents who were born outside the United States, with nearly two-thirds of the area's foreign-born population from south of the United States–Mexico border.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120825190737im_/http://cdn2.wn.com/pd/ea/fc/9c7943b14124dd6a40f85478f4f3_small.jpg "Houston Art Car Parade is a diverse city with a large and growing international community.[104] The metropolitan area is home to an estimated 1.1 million (21.4 percent) residents who were born outside the United States, with nearly two-thirds of the area's foreign-born population from south of the United States–Mexico border.")
Creative Commons / Alex Brogan
Public Domain / Alfonsobouchot
Creative Commons / Alfonsobouchot
Creative Commons / Wolfgang Sauber
Creative Commons / AlejandroLinaresGarcia
AP / Marco Ugarte
AP / Julie Jacobson
Creative Commons / AlejandroLinaresGarcia
Creative Commons / AlejandroLinaresGarcia
AP / Marco Ugarte
AP / Raymundo Ruiz
Creative Commons / Jbarta
Creative Commons / Joaquín Martínez Rosado
![Houston Art Car Parade is a diverse city with a large and growing international community.[104] The metropolitan area is home to an estimated 1.1 million (21.4 percent) residents who were born outside the United States, with nearly two-thirds of the area's foreign-born population from south of the United States–Mexico border.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120825190737/http://cdn6.wn.com/pd/ea/fc/9c7943b14124dd6a40f85478f4f3_medium.jpg "Houston Art Car Parade is a diverse city with a large and growing international community.[104] The metropolitan area is home to an estimated 1.1 million (21.4 percent) residents who were born outside the United States, with nearly two-thirds of the area's foreign-born population from south of the United States–Mexico border.")
Photo: Public Domain / NOAA Photo Library: arct0318
23 Aug 2012
Scientists gathering data to underpin a claim by Denmark to a vast Arctic Ocean tract including the North Pole have harvested crucial new information about the seabed and toasted their arrival at the...
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24 Aug 2012
Barcelona's Lionel Messi (L) and Xavi Hernandez (R) celebrate after scoring a goal during the first leg of the Spanish Supercup vs Real Madrid CF on August 23, 2012 at the Camp Nou stadium in...
Photo: AP / Muhammed Muheisen
23 Aug 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Right after the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks against the Pentagon and World Trade Center, Charles Krauthammer-an extremely influential columnist and policy...
Photo: Creative Commons / HereToHelp
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A jury in San Jose, California rejected Samsung's counterclaims against Apple, according to media reports—a big win for the Silicon Valley giant, which had claimed its iconic iPhone and iPad had been...
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24 Aug 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. With compassionate resonance and a tender, but hauntingly, voice, a stinging cry, "Rags...rags...new rags for old!," continually echoes in the...
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18 Aug 2012
Related topics Manny PacquiaoMiguel CottoTimothy BradleyJuan Manuel Marquez Advertisement WBO light welterweight champion “Desert Storm” Timothy Bradley is becoming increasingly impatient with Manny...
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Inditex, the Spanish clothing retailer, has increased sales and made its founder, Amancio Ortega, the world's third richest man Amancio Ortega, the founder of Inditex, is the personification of the...
Photo: Creative Commons / mikineator
16 Aug 2012
Mexico City: Banco Santander SA’s Mexican unit plans to raise as much as $4 billion (Dh14.7 billion) in a record initial public offering for Latin America’s second-biggest economy,...
Business Insider
Earlier reports said U.S. Marines were involved but BI sources have refuted that report.Two U.S. government employees are in stable condition after their car was riddled with bullets on a busy highway outside of the Mexican capital, Dudley Althaus of the Houston Chronicle...(size: 3.3Kb)
New York Daily News
MEXICO CITY — Two U.S. government employees were shot and wounded in an attack on their vehicle south of Mexico City on Friday, a law enforcement official said. The...(size: 1.1Kb)
Star Tribune
MEXICO CITY - Two U.S. government employees were shot and wounded in an attack on their vehicle south of Mexico City on Friday, a law enforcement official said. The two were riding in an armored U.S....(size: 1.3Kb)
Star Tribune
...(size: 0.3Kb)
The Washington Post
MEXICO CITY — Two U.S. government employees were shot and wounded in an attack on their vehicle south of Mexico City on Friday, a law enforcement official said. The two were riding in an armored U.S. Embassy vehicle when they came under fire on a highway leading to the city of Cuernavaca....(size: 2.2Kb)
Diver keeps Mexico City's sewage flowing
24 Aug 2012
Newstrack India
Tweet Mexico City, Aug 24 (IANS/EFE) Julio Cesar Cu Camara has turned his diving hobby into an extreme job, keeping Mexico City's vast sewerage system flowing for 29 years. "I'm the only diver in the world who goes into black water," Cu Camara, chief diver for the sewerage system, said in an...(size: 4.6Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics Gay Marriagesame-sex marriageequal marriage rightsMexico Advertisement Mexico City legalized gay marriage, or same-sex marriage, in March 2012. As of August 21, 2012, the entire country will be legally required to recognize the gay marriages officiated in Mexico City. Previously, if...(size: 7.8Kb)
Mexico City marathon attracts 18,000 runners
22 Aug 2012
Newstrack India
Tweet Mexico City, Aug 22 (IANS) The organisers of the 30th Mexico City International Marathon expect about 18,000 runners to participate in the race Sep 2. Mexico City Sports Institute (IDDF) Director Francisco Javier Lopez told a press conference Tuesday that 13,000 runners from 14 countries had...(size: 2.8Kb)
18,000 runners to race in Mexico City marathon
22 Aug 2012
CNTV
MEXICO CITY, Aug. 21 (Xinhua) -- The organizers of the 30th Mexico City International Marathon said Tuesday they expected about 18,000 runners to participate in the race. With 13 days still to go, Mexico City Sports Institute (IDDF) Director Francisco Javier Lopez told a press conference that 13,000...(size: 6.1Kb)
CBC
Mexico's federal police have replaced all 348 officers assigned to security details at the Mexico City International Airport in the wake of the June...(size: 1.0Kb)
This article is about the capital of Mexico, coterminous with the Federal District. For other uses, see Mexico City (disambiguation).
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0.922 Mexico City (
/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ ˈsɪti/; Spanish: Ciudad de México [sjuˈðað ðe ˈmexiko], also known as México D.F., or simply D.F.) is the Federal District (Distrito Federal), capital of Mexico and seat of the federal powers of the Mexican Union.[9] It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole. Mexico City is the country's largest city as well as its most important political, cultural, educational and financial center.
As an "alpha" global city[10] Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in North America.[11] It is located in the Valley of Mexico (Valle de México), a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres (7,350 ft). The city consists of sixteen boroughs.
The 2009 estimated population for the city proper was around 8.84 million people,[12] and has a land area of 1,485 square kilometres (573 sq mi).[13] According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the Mexico City metropolitan area population is 21.2 million people,[12] making it the largest metropolitan area in the western hemisphere and the fifth largest agglomeration in the world.[14]
The Greater Mexico City has a gross domestic product (GDP) of US$390 billion in 2008, making Mexico City urban agglomeration the eighth richest metropolitan area in the world.[15] The city was responsible for generating 21% of Mexico's Gross Domestic Product and the metropolitan area accounted for 34% of total national GDP.[16]
The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan, which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan, and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenochtitlán,[17] and as of 1585 it was officially known as La Ciudad de México (Mexico City).[17] Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire.[18] After independence from Spain was achieved, the Federal District was created in 1824.
After years of demanding greater political autonomy, residents were given the right to directly elect the Head of Government and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by popular vote in 1997. Ever since, the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) has controlled both of them.[19] In recent years, the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies, such as abortion on request, a limited form of euthanasia, no-fault divorce and same-sex marriage.
Contents |
History of Mexico City[link]
Main article: History of Mexico City
Aztec period[link]
Main article: Tenochtitlan
The city currently known as Mexico City was founded by the Mexica people, later known as the Aztecs, in 1325. The old Mexica city is now referred to as Tenochtitlan. The Mexica were one of the last of the Nahuatl-speaking peoples who migrated to this part of the Valley of Mexico after the fall of the Toltec Empire. Their presence was resisted by the peoples who were already in the valley, but the Mexica were able to establish a city on a small island on the western side of Lake Texcoco. The Mexica themselves had a story about how their city was founded, after being led to the island by their principal god, Huitzilopochtli. According to the story, the god indicated the site where they were to build their home with a sign - an eagle perched on a nopal cactus with a snake in its beak. Between 1325 and 1521, Tenochtitlan grew in size and strength, eventually dominating the other city-states around Lake Texcoco, and in the Valley of Mexico. When the Spaniards arrived, the Aztec Empire reached much of Mesoamerica, touching both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. Scholars estimate that between 200,000 and 250,000 people lived in Tenochtitlan in 1500, more than four times the population of London at that time.
Spanish conquest of Tenochtitlán[link]
After landing in Veracruz, Hernán Cortés heard about the great city and the long-standing rivalries and grievances against it. Although Cortés came to Mexico with a very small army, he was able to persuade many of the other native peoples to help him destroy Tenochtitlan.[20] Cortés first saw Tenochtitlán on November 8, 1519.[21] Upon viewing it for the first time, Cortés and his men were stunned by its beauty and size. The Spaniards marched along the causeway leading into the city from Iztapalapa. Although Montezuma came out from the center of Tenochtitlán to greet them and exchange gifts, the camaraderie did not last long.[22] Cortés put Montezuma under house arrest, hoping to rule through him.[23] Tensions increased until, on the night of June 30, 1520 – during a struggle commonly known as "La Noche Triste" – the Aztec revolted against the Spanish intrusion and managed to capture or drive out the Europeans and their Tlaxcalan allies.[24] Cortés regrouped at Tlaxcala. The Aztecs thought the Spaniards were permanently gone. They elected a new king, Cuitláhuac, but he died after a few months due to smallpox; the next king was Cuauhtémoc.[25] Cortés decided to lay siege to Tenochtitlán in May 1521. For three months, the city suffered from the lack of food and water as well as the spread of smallpox brought by the Europeans.[20] Cortés and his allies landed their forces in the south of the island and fought their way through the city, street by street, and house by house.[26] Finally, Cuauhtémoc had to surrender in August 1521.[20]
The rebuilding of the city as Mexico City[link]
The Spaniards practically razed Tenochtitlán. Cortés first settled in Coyoacán, but decided to rebuild the Aztec site to erase all traces of the old order.[21] Cortés did not establish an independent, conquered territory under his own personal rule, but remained loyal to the Spanish crown. The first viceroy of the new domain arrived in Mexico City fourteen years later. By that time, the city had again become a city-state, having power that extended far beyond the city's established borders.[27] Although the Spanish preserved Tenochtitlán's basic layout, they built Catholic churches over the old Aztec temples and claimed the imperial palaces for themselves.[27] Tenochtitlán was renamed "Mexico", its alternative form name, only because the Spanish found this easier to say.[21]
Growth of the colonial city[link]
The city grew as the population did, coming up against the lake's waters. The 16th century saw a proliferation of churches, many of which can still be seen today in the historic center.[27] Economically, Mexico City prospered as a result of trade. Unlike Brazil or Peru, Mexico had easy contact with both the Atlantic and Pacific worlds. Although the Spanish crown tried to completely regulate all commerce in the city, it had only partial success.[28]
The concept of nobility flourished in New Spain in a way not seen in other parts of the Americas. Spaniards encountered a society in which the concept of nobility mirrored that of their own. Spaniards respected the indigenous order of nobility and added to it. In the ensuing centuries, a noble title in Mexico did not mean one exercised great political power as one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not.[29] The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family. Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself, then spending the revenues in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes. The craze to build the most opulent home possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century. Many of these homes can still be seen today, leading to Mexico City's nickname of "The city of palaces" given by Alexander Von Humboldt.[21][27][29]
The Grito de Dolores ("Cry of Dolores") also known as El Grito de la Independencia ("Cry of Independence"), uttered from the small town of Dolores near Guanajuato on September 16, 1810, is the event that marks the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence and is the most important national holiday observed in Mexico. The "Grito" was the battle cry of the Mexican War of Independence by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Roman Catholic priest. Hidalgo and several criollos were involved in a planned revolt against the Spanish colonial government, and the plotters were betrayed. Fearing his arrest,[1] Hidalgo commanded his brother Mauricio as well as Ignacio Allende and Mariano Abasolo to go with a number of other armed men to make the sheriff release the pro-independence inmates there on the night of September 15. They managed to set eighty free.[2] Around 6:00 am September 16, 1810, Hidalgo ordered the church bells to be rung and gathered his congregation. Flanked by Allende and Juan Aldama, he addressed the people in front of his church, encouraging them to revolt. The Battle of Guanajuato, the first major engagement of the insurgency, occurred four days later. Mexico's independence from Spain was effectively declared in the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire on September 27, 1821, after a decade of war.[30] Unrest followed for the next several decades, as different factions fought for control of Mexico.[31]
The Mexican Federal District was established by the new government and by the signing of their new constitution, where the concept of a federal district was adapted from The U.S. constitution.[32] Before this designation, Mexico City had served as the seat of government for both the State of Mexico and the nation as a whole. Texcoco and then Toluca became the capital of the state of Mexico.[33]
The Battle of Mexico City[link]
The Mexican–American War came to a close after the United States deployed combat units deep into Mexico resulting in the capture of Mexico City and Veracruz by the U.S. Army's 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Divisions.[34] The invasion culminated with the storming of Chapultepec Castle in the city itself.[35] The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in what is now the far north of the city.[36] Events such as the Reform War left the city relatively untouched and it continued to grow, especially during the rule of President Porfirio Díaz. During this time, the city developed a modern infrastructure, such as roads, schools, transportation, and communication systems. However, the regime concentrated resources and wealth into the city while the rest languished in poverty.
Revolution[link]
Fast modern development eventually led to the Mexican Revolution.[31] The most significant episode of this period for the city was the La decena trágica ("The Ten Tragic Days"), a coup against President Francisco I. Madero and his vice president, José María Pino Suárez. Victoriano Huerta, chief general of the Federal Army saw a chance to take power, forcing Madero and Pino Suarez to sign resignations. The two were murdered later while on their way to prison.[37]
20th century to present[link]
The history of the rest of the 20th century to the present focuses on the phenomenal growth of the city and its environmental and political consequences. In 1900, the population of Mexico City was about 500,000.[38] The city began to grow rapidly westward in the early part of the 20th century[27] and then began to grow upwards in the 1950s, with the Torre Latinoamericana becoming the city's first skyscraper.[20] The 1968 Olympic Games brought about the construction of large sporting facilities.[27] In 1969, the Metro system was inaugurated.[20] Explosive growth in the population of the city started from the 1960s, with the population overflowing the boundaries of the Federal District into the neighboring state of Mexico, especially to the north, northwest and northeast. Between 1960 and 1980 the city's population more than doubled to 8,831,079.[27] In 1980, half of all the industrial jobs in Mexico were located in Mexico City. Under relentless growth, the Mexico City government could barely keep up with services. Villagers from the countryside who continued to pour into the city to escape poverty only compounded the city's problems. With no housing available, they took over lands surrounding the city, creating huge shantytowns that extended for many miles.[31] This caused serious air pollution in Mexico City and water pollution problems, as well as a sinking city due to overextraction of groundwater, groundwater-related subsidence.[39] Air and water pollution has been contained and improved in several areas due to government programs, the renovation of vehicles and the modernization of public transportation.
The autocratic government that ruled Mexico City since the Revolution was tolerated, mostly because of the continued economic expansion since World War II. This was the case even though this government could not handle the population and pollution problems adequately. Nevertheless, discontent and protests began in the 1960s leading to the massacre of an unknown number of protesting students in Tlatelolco.[31]
Three years later, a demonstration in the Maestros avenue, organized by former members of the 1968 student movement, was violently repressed by a paramilitary group called "Los Halcones", composed of gang members and teenagers from many sports clubs who received training in the U.S.
On Thursday, September 19, 1985, at 7:19 am local time, Mexico City was struck by an earthquake of magnitude 8.1[40] on the Richter scale. Although this earthquake was not as deadly or destructive as many similar events in Asia and other parts of Latin America,[41] it proved to be a disaster politically for the one-party government. The government was paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption, forcing ordinary citizens to create and direct their own rescue efforts and to reconstruct much of the housing that was lost as well.[42] However, the last straw may have been the controverted elections of 1988. That year, the presidency was set between the P.R.I.'s candidate, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, and a coalition of left-wing parties led by Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, son of the former president Lázaro Cárdenas. The counting system "fell" because coincidentally the light went out and suddenly, when it returned, the winning candidate was Salinas, even though Cárdenas had the upper hand. As a result of the fraudulent election, Cárdenas became a member of the Party of the Democratic Revolution. Discontent over the election eventually led Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas to become the first elected mayor of Mexico City in 1997. Cárdenas promised a more democratic government, and his party claimed some victories against crime, pollution, and other major problems. He resigned in 1999 to run for the presidency.
Geography[link]
Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico, sometimes called the Basin of Mexico. This valley is located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in the high plateaus of south-central Mexico.[43][44] It has a minimum altitude of 2,200 meters (7,217 feet) above sea level and is surrounded by mountains and volcanoes that reach elevations of over 5,000 meters.[45] This valley has no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides, making the city vulnerable to flooding. Drainage was engineered through the use of canals and tunnels starting in the 17th century.[43][45] The city primarily rests on what was Lake Texcoco.[43] Seismic activity is frequent here.[46] Lake Texcoco was drained starting from the 17th century. Although none of the lake waters remain, the city rests on the lake bed's heavily saturated clay. This soft base is collapsing due to the over-extraction of groundwater, called groundwater-related subsidence. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the city has sunk as much as nine meters in some areas. This sinking is causing problems with runoff and wastewater management, leading to flooding problems, especially during the rainy season.[45][46] The entire lake bed is now paved over and most of the city's remaining forested areas lie in the southern boroughs of Milpa Alta, Tlalpan and Xochimilco.[46]
| Geophysical maps of the Federal District | |||
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 |
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| Topography | Hydrology | Climate patterns | |
Climate[link]
Mexico City has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen climate classification Cwb), due to its tropical location and high elevation. The lower region of the valley receives less rainfall than the upper regions of the south; the lower boroughs of Iztapalapa, Iztacalco, Venustiano Carranza and the west portion of Gustavo A. Madero are usually drier and warmer than the upper southern boroughs of Tlalpan and Milpa Alta, a mountainous region of pine and oak trees known as the range of Ajusco.
The average annual temperature varies from 12 to 16 °C (54 to 61 °F), depending on the altitude of the borough. The lowest temperatures, usually registered during January and February, may reach -2 to -5 °C (28 to 23 °F), and are usually accompanied by snow showers on the southern regions of Ajusco. The maximum temperatures of late spring and summer may reach up to 32 °C (90 °F). Extremes range from −4.4 °C (24.1 °F) to 33.9 °C (93.0 °F).[47]
Overall precipitation is heavily concentrated in the summer months, and includes dense hail. The central valley of Mexico rarely gets precipitation in the form of snow during winter; the two last recorded instances of such an event were on March 5, 1940 and January 12, 1967.
The region of the Valley of Mexico receives anti-cyclonic systems. The weak winds of these systems do not allow for the dispersion, outside the basin, of the air pollutants which are produced by the 50,000 industries and 4 million vehicles operating in and around the metropolitan area.[48]
The area receives about 820 millimetres (32.3 in) of annual rainfall, which is concentrated from June through September/October with little or no precipitation the remainder of the year.[45] The area has two main seasons. The rainy season runs from June to October when winds bring in tropical moisture from the sea. The dry season runs from November to May, when the air is relatively drier. This dry season subdivides into a cold period and a warm period. The cold period spans from November to February when polar air masses push down from the north and keep the air fairly dry. The warm period extends from March to May when tropical winds again dominate but do not yet carry enough moisture for rain.[49]
Extremes
| Climate data for Mexico City, Mexico | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 21.2 (70.2) |
22.9 (73.2) |
25.7 (78.3) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.5 (79.7) |
24.6 (76.3) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.3 (73.9) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.2 (72.0) |
21.8 (71.2) |
20.8 (69.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 5.8 (42.4) |
7.1 (44.8) |
9.2 (48.6) |
10.8 (51.4) |
11.7 (53.1) |
12.2 (54.0) |
11.5 (52.7) |
11.6 (52.9) |
11.5 (52.7) |
9.8 (49.6) |
7.9 (46.2) |
6.6 (43.9) |
9.6 (49.3) |
| Rainfall mm (inches) | 11.0 (0.433) |
4.3 (0.169) |
10.1 (0.398) |
25.9 (1.02) |
56.0 (2.205) |
134.8 (5.307) |
175.1 (6.894) |
169.2 (6.661) |
144.8 (5.701) |
66.9 (2.634) |
12.1 (0.476) |
6.0 (0.236) |
816.2 (32.134) |
| % humidity | 51 | 47 | 41 | 43 | 51 | 63 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 64 | 57 | 54 | 56 |
| Avg. rainy days | 2.3 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 7.9 | 12.7 | 17.7 | 23.4 | 22.8 | 18.9 | 9.5 | 4.4 | 2.6 | 127.4 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 240 | 234 | 268 | 232 | 225 | 183 | 176 | 176 | 157 | 194 | 232 | 236 | 2,555 |
| Source no. 1: World Meteorological Organisation (UN) (30 yr record)[50] | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (sun, RH for 1981–2000) | |||||||||||||
Environment[link]
See also: Water management in Greater Mexico City
Originally, much of the valley laid beneath the waters of Lake Texcoco, a system of interconnected saline and freshwater lakes. The Aztecs built dikes to separate the fresh water used to raise crops in chinampas and to prevent recurrent floods. These dikes were destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan, and during colonial times the Spanish regularly drained the lake to prevent floods. Only a small section of the original lake remains, located outside the Federal District, in the municipality of Atenco, State of Mexico. In recent years, architects Teodoro González de León and Alberto Kalach, along with a group of Mexican urbanists, engineers and biologists, have developed the project plan for Recovering the City of Lakes. The project, if approved by the government, will contribute to the supply of water from natural sources to the Valley of Mexico, the creation of new natural spaces, a great improvement in air quality, and greater population establishment planning.
The federal and local governments have implemented numerous plans to alleviate the problem of air pollution (such as carbon monoxide), including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and nitrogen oxides.[51] If the levels of these two pollutants reach critical levels, contingency actions are implemented which may include closing factories, changing school hours, and extending the A day without a car program to two days of the week.[51] To control air pollution, the government has instituted industrial technology improvements, a strict biannual vehicle emission inspection and the reformulation of gasoline and diesel fuels.[51] Data from the city's 36 air-quality monitoring stations show lead levels down 95 percent since 1990, while sulfur dioxide has fallen 86 percent, carbon monoxide 74 percent, and peak ozone levels 57 percent since 1991.[51] In 1990, Patricia Saad Sotomayor reported in the Mexico City daily Excélsior that "100,000 children die every year as a result of pollution in the Mexico City metropolitan area, 250,000 people suffer from eye diseases..and life expectancy has been reduced by up to ten years, according to the National Environmentalist Groups." in a report to President Salinas. At the time, according to the United Nations pollution scale "which set 100 as the maximum level before grave health problems begin", Mexico City's level was 97.5, compared to 4.5 for New York City, and 2.5 for Milan, Turin, and Los Angeles.[52]
In 1986, the non-urban forest areas of the southern boroughs were declared National Ecological Reserves by president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado. Other areas of the Federal District became protected over the following years.
Politics[link]
Federal District[link]
The Acta Constitutiva de la Federación of January 31, 1824 and the Federal Constitution of October 4, 1824[53] fixed the political and administrative organization of the United Mexican States after the Mexican War of Independence. In addition, Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located. This location would then be appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority. The two main candidates to become the capital were Mexico City and Querétaro.[citation needed] However, due in large part to the persuasion of representative Servando Teresa de Mier, Mexico City was chosen because it was the center of the country's population and history, even though Querétaro was closer to the center geographically. The choice was official on November 18, 1824, and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square (8,800 ac) centered on the Zocalo. This area was then separated from the State of Mexico, forcing that state's government to move from the Palace of the Inquisition (now Museum of Mexican Medicine) in the city to Texcoco. This area did not include the population centers of the towns of Coyoacán, Xochimilco, Mexicaltzingo and Tlalpan, all of which remained as part of the State of Mexico.[54]
In 1854, president Antonio López de Santa Anna, enlarged the area of the Federal District almost eightfold from the original 220 km2 (80 sq mi) to 1,700 km2 (660 sq mi), annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in event of a foreign invasion. (The Mexican-American War had just been fought.) The last changes to the limits of the Federal District were made between 1898 and 1902, reducing the area to the current 1,479 km2 (571 sq mi) by adjusting the southern border with the state of Morelos. By that time, the total number of municipalities within the Federal District was twenty-two.
While the Federal District was ruled by the federal government through an appointed governor, the municipalities within it were autonomous, and this duality of powers created tension between the municipalities and the federal government for more than a century. In 1903 already, Porfirio Díaz largely reduced the powers of the municipalities within the Federal District. Eventually, in December 1928, the federal government decided to abolish all the municipalities of the Federal District. In place of the municipalities, the Federal District was divided into one "Central Department" and 13 delegaciones (boroughs) administered directly by the government of the Federal District. The Central Department was integrated by the former municipalities of Mexico City, Tacuba, Tacubaya and Mixcoac.
In 1941, the General Anaya borough was merged to the Central Department, which was then renamed "Mexico City" (thus reviving the name, but not the autonomous municipality). From 1941 to 1970, the Federal District was comprised by 12 delegaciones and Mexico City. In 1970 Mexico City was split into four different delegaciones: Cuauhtémoc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Juárez, increasing the number of delegaciones to sixteen. Since then, in a de facto manner, the whole Federal District, whose delegaciones had by then almost formed a single urban area, began to be considered a synonym of Mexico City. However, the lack of a de jure stipulation left a legal vacuum that led to a number of sterile discussions about whether one concept had engulfed the other or if the latter had ceased to exist altogether. In 1993 this situation was solved by an amendment to the 44th article of the Constitution whereby Mexico City and the Federal District were set to be the same entity. This amendment was later introduced into the second article of the Statute of Government of the Federal District.[55]
Political structure[link]
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Mexico City, being the seat of the powers of the Union, did not belong to any particular state but to all. Therefore, it was the president, representing the federation, who used to designate the head of government of the Federal District, a position which is sometimes presented outside Mexico as the "Mayor" of Mexico City.[citation needed] In the 1980s, given the dramatic increase in population of the previous decades, the inherent political inconsistencies of the system, as well as the dissatisfaction with the inadequate response of the federal government after the 1985 earthquake, residents began to request political and administrative autonomy to manage their local affairs.[citation needed] Some political groups even proposed that the Federal District be converted into the 32nd state of the federation.
In response to the demands, in 1987 the Federal District received a greater degree of autonomy, with the elaboration the first Statute of Government (Estatuto de Gobierno), and the creation of an Assembly of Representatives.[citation needed] In the 1990s, this autonomy was further expanded and, starting from 1997, residents can directly elect the head of government of the Federal District and the representatives of a unicameral Legislative Assembly (which succeeded the previous Assembly) by popular vote. The first elected head of government was Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas. Cárdenas resigned in 1999 to run in the 2000 presidential elections and designated Rosario Robles to succeed him, who became the first woman (elected or otherwise) to govern Mexico City. In 2000 Andrés Manuel López Obrador was elected, and resigned in 2005 to run in the 2006 presidential elections, Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez being designated by the Legislative Assembly to finish the term. In 2006, Marcelo Ebrard Casaubon was elected for the 2006–2012 period.
The Federal District does not have a constitution, like the states of the Union, but rather a Statute of Government. As part of its recent changes in autonomy, the budget is administered locally; it is proposed by the head of government and approved by the Legislative Assembly. Nonetheless, it is the Congress of the Union that sets the ceiling to internal and external public debt issued by the Federal District.[56]
According to the 44th article of the Mexican Constitution, in case the powers of the Union move to another city, the Federal District will be transformed into a new state, which will be called "State of the Valley of Mexico", with the new limits set by the Congress of the Union.
Elections and government[link]
In 2006, elections were held for the post of head of government and the representatives of the Legislative Assembly. The elected and incumbent head of government is now Marcelo Ebrard Casaubon, candidate of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). Heads of government are elected for a 6-year period without the possibility of reelection. Traditionally, this position has been considered as the second most important executive office in the country.[57]
The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District is formed, as it is the case in all legislatures in Mexico, by both single-seat and proportional seats, making it a system of parallel voting. The Federal District is divided into 40 electoral constituencies of similar population which elect one representative by first-past-the-post plurality (FPP), locally called "uninominal deputies". The Federal District as a whole constitutes a single constituency for the parallel election of 26 representatives by proportionality (PR) with open-party lists, locally called "plurinominal deputies". Even though proportionality is only confined to the proportional seats, to prevent a part from being overrepresented, several restrictions apply in the assignation of the seats; namely, that no party can have more than 63% of all seats, both uninominal and plurinominal. In the 2006 elections leftist PRD got the absolute majority in the direct uninominal elections, securing 34 of the 40 FPP seats. As such, PRD was not assigned any plurinominal seat to comply with the law that prevents overrepresentation. The overall composition of the Legislative Assembly is:
| Political party | FPP | PR | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
 Party of the Democratic Revolution |
31 | 3 | 34 |
 National Action Party |
9 | 6 | 15 |
 Institutional Revolutionary Party |
8 | 8 | |
 Labour Party |
5 | 5 | |
 Ecologist Green Party of Mexico |
3 | 3 | |
 New Alliance Party |
1 | 1 | |
| Total | 40 | 26 | 66 |
The politics pursued by the administrations of heads of government in Mexico City since the second half of the 20th century have usually been more liberal than those of the rest of the country, whether with the support of the federal government—as was the case with the approval of several comprehensive environmental laws in the 1980s—or through laws recently approved by the Legislative Assembly. In April of the same year, the Legislative Assembly expanded provisions on abortions, becoming the first federal entity to expand abortion in Mexico beyond cases of rape and economic reasons, to permit it regardless of the reason should the mother request it before the twelfth week of pregnancy.[58] In December 2009, the Federal District became the first city in Latin America, and one of very few in the world, to legalize same-sex marriage.
Boroughs[link]
See also: Mexico City's boroughs and Colonias of Mexico City
For administrative purposes, the Federal District is divided into 16 "delegaciones" or boroughs. While not fully equivalent to a municipality, the 16 boroughs have gained significant autonomy, and since 2000 their heads of government are elected directly by plurality (they were previously appointed by the head of government of the Federal District). Given that Mexico City is organized entirely as a Federal District, most of the city services are provided or organized by the Government of the Federal District and not by the boroughs themselves, while in the constituent states these services would be provided by the municipalities. The 16 boroughs of the Federal District are:
|
1. Álvaro Obregón |
9. Iztapalapa |
The boroughs are composed by hundreds of colonias or neighborhoods, which have no jurisdictional autonomy or representation. It is plausible that the name, which literally means colony, arose in the late 19th, early 20th centuries, when one of the first urban developments outside the city's core was inhabited by a French colony in the city. Some colonias have identifiable attributes: Historic Center is the oldest quarter in the city, some of the buildings dating back to the 16th century[citation needed]; Condesa is known for its Art Deco architecture, and for being the newest artistic center of the city; Santa Fe is a growing business and financial district (built over old landfills); Roma is a beaux arts neighborhood and probably one of the oldest in the city; Polanco is an important commercial and economic center known for its large Jewish community, and Tepito and La Lagunilla are known for its large flea market.[citation needed]
Health[link]
Mexico City is home to some of the best private hospitals in the country; Hospital Ángeles, Hospital ABC and Médica Sur to name a few. The national public healthcare institution for private-sector employees IMSS, has its largest facilities in Mexico City, including the National Medical Center and the La Raza Medical Center, and has an annual budget of over 6 billion pesos. The IMSS and other public health institutions, including the ISSSTE (Public Sector Employees' Social Security Institute) and the National Health Ministry (SSA) maintain large specialty facilities in the city. These include the National Institutes of Cardiology, Nutrition, Psychiatry, Oncology, Pediatrics, Rehabilitation, among others.
The World Bank has sponsored a project to curb air pollution through public transport improvements and the Mexican government has started shutting down polluting factories. They have phased out diesel buses and mandated new emission controls on new cars; since 1993 all new cars must be fitted with a catalytic converter, which reduce the emissions released. Trucks must use only liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Also construction of an underground rail system was begun in 1968 order to help curb air pollution problems and alleviate traffic congestion. Today it has over 201 km (125 mi) of track and carries over 5 million people every day. Fees are kept low to encourage use of the system and during rush hours the crush is so great, that authorities have reserved a special carriage specifically for women. Due to these initiatives and others, the air quality in Mexico City has begun to improve, with the air becoming cleaner since 1991, when the air quality was declared to be a public health risk for 355 days of the year.
Economy[link]
Mexico City is one of the most important economic hubs in Latin America. The city proper (Federal District) produces 21.8% of the country's gross domestic product.[59] According to a study conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers, Mexico City had a GDP of $390 billion, ranking as the eighth richest city in the world after the greater areas of Tokyo, New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Paris, London and Osaka/Kobe, and the richest in the whole of Latin America, as measured by the GDP of the entire Metropolitan area.[15] making Mexico City alone the 30th largest economy in the world.[60] Mexico City is the greatest contributor to the country's industrial GDP (15.8%) and also the greatest contributor to the country's GDP in the service sector (25.3%). Due to the limited non-urbanized space at the south—most of which is protected through environmental laws the contribution of the Federal District in agriculture is the smallest of all federal entities in the country.[59] Mexico City has one of the world's fastest-growing economies and its GDP is set to double by 2020.[61]
In 2002, Mexico City had an HDI index of 0.915[62] identical to that of the Republic of Korea. The level of household expenditure in Mexico City is close to that of an average household in Germany or Japan.[citation needed]
The top twenty-five percent of GDP per capita holders in the city had a mean disposable income of US $98,517 in 2007.[citation needed] The extremely high spending power of Mexico City inhabitants,[citation needed] makes the city attractive for companies offering prestige and luxury goods. The combined personal wealth of privately held income of citizens of the entire federal district is estimated to be $536.95 billion USD,[citation needed] $146 billion larger than the city's GDP of $390 billion,[citation needed] which only takes into account the combined net worth of goods, services and corporately held assets.
The economic reforms of President Carlos Salinas de Gortari had a tremendous effect on the city, as a number of businesses, including banks and airlines, were privatized. He also signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This led to the decentralization[61] and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services, as most factories moved away to either the State of Mexico, or more commonly to the northern border. By contrast, corporate office buildings set their base in the city.
Historically Mexico City has had large slums and shanty towns on the periphery of the city although programs and government policies enacted between the 1980s and the present have significantly reduced the number of informal shanty towns in the city to near non existence and transformed many of the slums into modernized boroughs part of the city structure. Despite the elimination of most shanty towns and slums, the boroughs replacing them still suffer from many of the same problems the communities before them did. While modern Mexico City lacks slums in the classical definition of the word, the city does have large districts in which slum like characteristics such as high rates of poverty and crime are prevalent. Although these districts face many of the same problems as classical slums seen in Brazil and India do, they typically have water, sewage, electrical, transportation, school and sanitation services differentiating them from proper slums. These semi-slum, semi-developed areas are known as Zonas Marginales in Mexico or "Marginal Zones". In Mexico as a whole these Marginal Zones are characterized by their winding unplanned roads, and seemingly endless sprawls of cinder block buildings spanning over tens of square miles. Some well known Marginal Zones in Mexico City are Cuautepec, Tepito and Nezahualcoyotl. While Mexico City itself has no settlements that fit the classical definition of a slum, the neighboring state of Mexico has several such settlements.
Demographics[link]
Historically, and since pre-Hispanic times, the valley of Anáhuac has been one of the most densely populated areas in Mexico. When the Federal District was created in 1824, the urban area of Mexico City extended approximately to the area of today's Cuauhtémoc borough.[citation needed] At the beginning of the 20th century, the elites began migrating to the south and west and soon the small towns of Mixcoac and San Ángel were incorporated by the growing conurbation.[citation needed] According to the 1921 census, 54.78% of the city's population was considered Mestizo (Indigenous mixed with European), 22.79% considered European, and 18.74% considered Indigenous.[63] In 1921, Mexico City had less than one million inhabitants.
Up to the 1990s, the Federal District was the most populous federal entity in Mexico, but since then its population has remained stable at around 8.7 million. The growth of the city has extended beyond the limits of the Federal District to 59 municipalities of the state of Mexico and 1 in the state of Hidalgo.[64] With a population of approximately 19.8 million inhabitants (2008),[65] it is one of the most populous conurbations in the world. Nonetheless, the annual rate of growth of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City is much lower than that of other large urban agglomerations in Mexico,[66] a phenomenon most likely attributable to the environmental policy of decentralization. The net migration rate of the Federal District from 1995 to 2000 was negative.[67]
While they represented around 18.74% of the city's population, indigenous peoples from different regions of Mexico have immigrated to the capital in search of better economic opportunities. Náhuatl, Otomí, Mixteco, Zapoteco, and Mazahua are the indigenous languages with the greatest number of speakers in Mexico City.[68]
On the other hand, Mexico City is home to large communities of expatriates and immigrants, most notably from North America (U.S.A and Canada), from South America (mainly from Argentina and Colombia, but also from Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela), from Central America and the Caribbean (mainly from Cuba, Guatemala, El Salvador, Haiti and Honduras); from Europe (mainly from Spain, Germany and Switzerland, but also from Czech Republic, France, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland and Romania),[69][70] from the Middle East (mainly from Egypt, Lebanon and Syria);[71] and recently from Asia-Pacific (mainly from China and South Korea).[72] Historically since the era of New Spain, many Filipinos settled in the city and have become integrated in Mexican society. While no official figures have been reported, population estimates of each of these communities are quite significant. Mexico City is home to the largest population of U.S. Americans living outside the United States. Current estimates are as high as 600,000 U.S. Americans living in Mexico City, while in 1999 the U.S. Bureau of Consular Affairs estimated over 440,000 Americans lived in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area.[73][74]
The majority (82%) of the residents in Mexico City are Roman Catholic, higher than the national percentage, even though it has been decreasing over the last decades.[75] However, many other religions and philosophies are also practiced in the city: many different types of Protestant groups, different types of Jewish communities, Buddhist and Islam and other spiritual and philosophical groups, as well as an increasing number of irreligion.
Landmarks[link]
| Historic Center of Mexico City and Xochimilco * | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Country | Mexico |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | ii, iii, iv, v |
| Reference | 412 |
| Region ** | Latin America and the Caribbean |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1987 (11th Session) |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List ** Region as classified by UNESCO |
|
The Historic center of Mexico City (Centro Histórico) and the "floating gardens" of Xochimilco in the southern borough have been declared World Heritage Sites by the UNESCO. Famous landmarks in the Historic Center include the Plaza de la Constitución (Zócalo), the main central square with its time clashing Spanish-era Metropolitan Cathedral and National Palace, and Delran, and ancient Aztec temple ruins Templo Mayor ("Major Temple") are all within a few steps of one another. (The Templo Mayor was discovered in 1978 while workers were digging to place underground electric cables.)
The most recognizable icon of Mexico City is the golden Angel of Independence, found on the wide, elegant avenue Paseo de la Reforma, modeled by the order of the Emperor Maximilian of Mexico after the Champs-Élysées in Paris. This avenue was designed over Americas' oldest passage in the 19th century to connect the National Palace (seat of government) with the Castle of Chapultepec, the imperial residence. Today, this avenue is an important financial district in which the Mexican Stock Exchange as several corporate headquarters are located. Another important avenue is the Avenida de los Insurgentes, which extends 28.8 km (17.9 mi) and is one of the longest single avenues in the world.
The Chapultepec park houses the Castle of Chapultepec, now a museum on a hill that overlooks the park and its numerous museums, monuments and the national zoo and the National Museum of Anthropology (which houses the Aztec Calendar Stone). Another magnificent piece of architecture is the Fine Arts Palace, a stunning white marble theatre/museum whose weight is such that it has gradually been sinking into the soft ground below. Its construction began during the presidency of Porfirio Díaz and ended in 1934, after being interrupted by the Mexican Revolution in the 1920s. The Plaza of the Three Cultures in the Tlatelolco neighbourhood, and the shrine and Basilicas of Our Lady of Guadalupe are also important sites. There is a double-decker bus, known as the "Turibus", that circles most of these sites, and has timed audio describing the sites in multiple languages as they are passed.
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In addition, the city has around 160 museums, over 100 art galleries, and some 30 concert halls, all of which maintain a constant cultural activity during the whole year. It has the fourth highest number of theatres in the world after New York, London and Toronto, and it is the city with the highest number of museums in the world. [76] In many locales (Palacio Nacional and the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, to name a few), there are murals painted by Diego Rivera. He and his wife Frida Kahlo lived in the southern suburb of Coyoacán, where several of their homes, studios, and art collections are open to the public. The house where Leon Trotsky was initially granted asylum and finally murdered in 1940 is also in Coyoacán.
In addition, there are several restored haciendas that are now restaurants, such as the San Ángel Inn, the Hacienda de Tlalpan and the Hacienda de los Morales, all of which are stunning remnants of Mexican history and house some of the best food in the world.
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transportation in Mexico City
Public transportation[link]
Mexico City is served by the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo Metro, a 207 km (129 mi) metro system, which is the largest in Latin America. The first portions were opened in 1969 and it has expanded to 11 lines with 175 stations. A suburban rail system, known as the Tren Suburbano, similar to the Parisian RER started operations in 2008 connecting the city downtown to the Northern suburbs. A twelfth (gold color) metro line is currently in construction, and will add an additional 25 km (16 mi) to the network. The metro is one of the busiest in the world transporting approximately 4.5 million people every day, surpassed only by subway lines in Moscow (7.5 million), Tokyo (5.9 million), and New York City (5.1 million).[77] It is heavily subsidized, and has the lowest fares in the world, each trip costing 3.00 Mex$ and taking each passenger to almost any place in the mega city from 05:00 am to midnight. Several stations display pre-Columbian artifacts and architecture that were discovered during the metro's construction.[citation needed] However, the Metro does not extend over more than half of the urban area, for which an extensive network of bus routes exists. These routes are mostly managed by private companies which are allowed to operate buses as long as they adhere to certain minimal service quality standards.
The city government also operates a network of large buses, in contrast with the privately operated microbuses (peseros), with fares barely exceeding that of the metro. Electric transport other than the metro also exists, in the form of several Mexico City trolleybus routes and the Xochimilco Light Rail line, both of which are operated by Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos. The central area's last streetcar line (tramway, or tranvía) closed in 1979, but the reintroduction of streetcars to the historic city center is planned.[78] The city's first bus rapid transit line, the Metrobús, began operation in June 2005, along Avenida Insurgentes. A second line was constructed along Eje 4 Sur, opening in December 2008,[79] and a third line opened in February 2011, serving Eje 1 Poniente between Tenayuca and Metro Etiopía.[80] As the microbuses were removed from its route, it was hoped that the Metrobús could reduce pollution and decrease transit time for passengers. Also, since late 2002, the white and green taxis have been joined by red and white ones as part of a program to replace older vehicles with new ones.
Roads[link]
File:MexCity10.JPG
Aerial view of the elevated freeway running from the northern area of the city to the southern area
In the late 1970s many arterial roads were redesigned as ejes viales; high-volume one-way roads that cross, in theory, Mexico City proper from side to side. The eje vial network is based on a quasi-Cartesian grid, with the ejes themselves being called Eje 1 Poniente, Eje Central, and Eje 1 Oriente, for example, for the north-south roads, and Eje 2 Sur and Eje 3 Norte, for example, for east-west roads. Two freeway ring-roads serve to connect points within the city and the metropolitan area: Circuito Interior (the inner ring) and Periférico, which connect to one straight freeway: the Viaducto (Viaduct) (connecting west with east, from Observatorio to the Airport). Traffic in this system is so dense that an elevated highway that runs on top and parallel to a part of the Periférico, had to be constructed and finished in 2003. This elevated highway is colloquially called segundo piso ("second level") of the Periférico.
There is an environmental program, called Hoy No Circula ("Today Does Not Run", or "One Day without a Car"), whereby only vehicles with certain ending numbers on their license plates are allowed to circulate on certain days, in an attempt to cut down on pollution and traffic congestion.[citation needed]
Cycling[link]
The local government continuously strives for a reduction of massive traffic congestion, and has increased incentives for making a bicycle-friendly city. A bicycle lending program was created in the Centro Historico, in which a citizen or tourist can rent a bicycle for 3 hours, by filling out a simple form and presenting a valid ID, the so-called Cicloestaciones are located primarily by the Paseo de la Reforma.[81] There is also a service called Ecobici, in which registered residents can get bicycles for 45 minutes with a pre-paid subscription of 300 pesos a year, there are a total of 90 stations scattered along the Roma-Condesa, Centro, Juárez neighborhoods within 300 meters from each other and are fully automatic only serving one bicycle per person using a transponder based card.[82] Both bicycle service users have access to several permanent Ciclovías in the city, the most important runs 59 kilometers from Polanco to Fierro del Toro, which is located south of Cumbres del Ajusco National Park, near the Morelos state line. The city's initiative is inspired by forward thinking examples, such as Denmark's Copenhagenization.
Buses[link]
The city has four major bus stations (North, South, Observatorio, TAPO), which comprise one of the world's largest transportation agglomerations, with bus service to many cities across the country and international connections. The city has one train station, used for commercial and industrial purposes (interstate passenger trains are now virtually non-existent in Mexico). A suburban rail system, the Tren Suburbano serves the metropolitan area, beyond the city limits of the metro, to municipalities such as Tlalnepantla and Cuautitlán Izcalli, with future extensions to Chalco and La Paz.
Airports[link]
Mexico City is served by Mexico City International Airport (IATA Airport Code: MEX). This airport is Latin America's busiest and largest in traffic, with daily flights to United States and Canadá, mainland Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Europe and Asia. Aeroméxico (Skyteam) and Mexicana (Oneworld) are based at this airport, and provide codeshare agreements with non-Mexican airlines that span the entire globe. It is used by over 26 million passengers per year.[83] This traffic exceeds the current capacity of the airport, which has historically centralized the majority of air traffic in the country. An alternate option is Lic. Adolfo López Mateos International Airport (IATA Airport Code: TLC) located in the nearby Toluca, State of Mexico with about 4.5 million passengers transported last year. In 2008, about 31 million people went through the city's airports. The government engaged in an extensive restructuring program that includes the new second adjacent terminal, which began operations in 2007, and the enlargement of four other airports (at the nearby cities of Toluca, Querétaro, Puebla and Cuernavaca) that, along with Mexico City's airport, comprise the Grupo Aeroportuario del Valle de México, distributing traffic to different regions in Mexico. The city of Pachuca will also provide additional expansion to central Mexico's airport network. Mexico City's airport is the main hub for 11 of the 21 national airline companies.
Culture[link]
Art[link]
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Mexico City is one of the most important cultural centers in the world, boasting more museums than any other city.[84] It also comes third in the number of theaters in the world,[84] just after London and New York. Having been the capital of a vast pre-Hispanic empire, and also the capital of richest viceroyalty within the Spanish Empire (ruling over a vast territory in the Americas and Spanish East Indies), and, finally, the capital of the Mexican federation, Mexico City has a rich history of artistic expression. Since the mesoamerican pre-Classical period the inhabitants of the settlements around Lake Texcoco produced many works of art and complex craftsmanship, some of which are today displayed at the world-renown National Museum of Anthropology and the Templo Mayor museum. While many pieces of pottery and stone-engraving have survived, the great majority of the Amerindian iconography was destroyed during the Conquest of Mexico.
During colonial times the first art produced was that of the codices generated to preserve or recuperate Amerindian iconography and history. From then, artistic expressions in Mexico were mostly religious in theme. The Metropolitan Cathedral still displays works by Juan de Rojas, Juan Correa and an oil painting whose authorship has been attributed to Murillo. Secular works of art of this period include the equestrian sculpture of Charles IV of Spain, locally known as El Caballito ("The little horse"). This piece, in bronze, was the work of Manuel Tolsá and it has been placed at the Plaza Tolsá, in front of the Palacio de Minería (Mining Palace). Directly in front of this building is the beautiful Museo Nacional de Arte (Munal) (the National Museum of Art).
During the 19th century, an important producer of art was the Academia de San Carlos (San Carlos Art Academy), founded during colonial times, and which later became the Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas (the National School of Visual Arts), which is currently one of the art schools of UNAM. Many of the works produced by the students and faculty of that time are now displayed in the Museo Nacional de San Carlos (National Museum of San Carlos). One of the students, José María Velasco, is considered one of the greatest Mexican landscape painters of the 19th century. It was during Porfirio Díaz's regime that the government sponsored arts, especially those that followed the French school. In spite of that, popular arts in the form of cartoons and illustrations flourished like those of José Guadalupe Posada and Manuel Manilla. The permanent collection of the San Carlos Museum also includes paintings by European masters such as Rembrandt, Velázquez, Murillo, and Rubens.
After the Mexican Revolution, an avant-garde artistic movement originated in Mexico City: muralism. Many of the works of muralists José Clemente Orozco, David Alfaro Siqueiros and Diego Rivera are displayed in numerous buildings in the city, most notably at the National Palace and the Palacio de Bellas Artes. Frida Kahlo, wife of Rivera, with a strong nationalist expression, was also one of the most renowned of Mexican painters. Her house has become a museum that displays many of her works.
The former home of Rivera muse Dolores Olmedo house the namesake museum. The facility lies in the Xochimilco precinct in the southern part of the city and includes several buildings surrounded by sprawling manicured lawns. It houses a large collection of Rivera and Kahlo paintings and drawings, as well as living Xoloizcuintles (Mexican Hairless Dog). It also regularly hosts small but important temporary exhibits of classical and modern art (e.g. Venetian Masters and Contemporary New York artists).
During the 20th century, many artists immigrated to Mexico City from different regions of Mexico, like Leopoldo Méndez, an engraver from Veracruz, who supported the creation of the socialist Taller de la Gráfica Popular (Popular Graphics Workshop), designed to help blue-collar workers find a venue to express their art. Other painters came from abroad, like Catalan painter Remedios Varo and other Spanish and Jewish exiles. It was in the second half of the 20th century that the artistic movement began to drift apart from the Revolutionary theme. José Luis Cuevas opted for a modernist style in contrast to the muralist movement associated with social politics.
Museums[link]
Mexico City has numerous museums dedicated to art, including Mexican colonial, modern and contemporary art, and international art. The Museo Tamayo was opened in the mid-1980s to house the collection of international contemporary art donated by famed Mexican (born in the state of Oaxaca) painter Rufino Tamayo. The collection includes pieces by Picasso, Klee, Kandinsky, Warhol and many others, though most of the collection is stored while visiting exhibits are shown. The Museo de Arte Moderno (Museum of Modern Art) is a repository of Mexican artists from the 20th century, including Rivera, Orozco, Siqueiros, Kahlo, Gerzso, Carrington, Tamayo, among others, and also regularly hosts temporary exhibits of international modern art. In southern Mexico City, the Museo Carrillo Gil (Carrillo Gil Museum) showcases avant-garde artists, as does the University Museum/Contemporary Art (Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo – or MUAC), designed by famed Mexican architect Teodoro González de León, inaugurated in late 2008. The Museo Soumaya, named after the wife of Mexican tycoon Carlos Slim, has the largest private collection of original Rodin sculptures outside Paris. It also has a large collection of Dalí sculptures, and recently began showing pieces in its masters collection including El Greco, Velázquez, Picasso and Canaletto. The museum inaugurated a new futuristic-design facility in 2011 just north of Polanco, while maintaining a smaller facility in Plaza Loreto in southern Mexico City. The Colección Jumex is a contemporary art museum located on the sprawling grounds of the Jumex juice company in the northern industrial suburb of Ecatepec. It is said to have the largest private contemporarry art collection in Latin America and hosts pieces from its permanent collection as well as traveling exhibits by leading contemporary artists. The Museo de San Ildefonso, housed in the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso in Mexico City's historic downtwon district is a 17th century colonnaded palace housing an art museum that regularly hosts world-class exhbitis of Mexican and international art. Recent exhibits have included those on David LaChapelle, Antony Gormley and Ron Mueck. The National Museum of Art (Museo Nacional de Arte) is also located in a former palace in the historic center. It houses a large collection of pieces by all major Mexican artists of the last 400 years and also hosts visiting exhibits.
Jack Kerouac, the noted American author, spent extended periods of time in the city, and wrote his masterpiece volume of poetry Mexico City Blues here. Another American author, William S. Burroughs, also lived in the Colonia Roma neighborhood of the city for some time. It was here that he accidentally shot his wife.
There are more than 150 museums in Mexico City. Most of the museums can be visited from Tuesday to Sunday from 10 am to 5 pm, although some of them have extended schedules, such as the Museum of Anthropology and History, which is open up to 7 pm. In addition to this, entrance to most museums is for free on Sundays. However, in some cases a modest fee may be charged.[85]
Another major addition to the city's museum scene is the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance (Museo de la Memoria y Tolerancia), inaugurated in early 2011. The brainchild of two young Mexican women as a holocaust museum, the idea morphed into a unique museum dedicated to showcasing all major historical events of discrimination and genocide. Permanent exhibits include those on the holocaust and other humanitarian atrocities in history among others. It also houses temporary exhibits, including a recent one on Tibet which was inaugurated by the Dalai Lama in September 2011.
Music, theater and entertainment[link]
Mexico City is a mecca of classical music, with a number of orchestras offering season programs. These include the Mexico City Philharmonic,[86] which performs at the Sala Ollin Yoliztli; the National Symphony Orchestra, whose home base is the Palacio de Bellas Artes (Palace of the Fine Arts), a masterpiece of art nouveau and art decó styles; the Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (OFUNAM),[87] and the Minería Symphony Orchestra,[88] both of which perform at the acoustically renown Sala Nezahualcóyotl, which was the first wrap-around concert hall in the Western Hemisphere when inaugurated in 1976. There are also many smaller ensembles that enrich the city's musical scene, including the Carlos Chávez Youth Symphony, the New World Orchestra (Orquesta del Nuevo Mundo), the National Polytechnical Symphony and the Bellas Artes Chamber Orchestra (Orquesta de Cámara de Bellas Artes).
The city is also a leading center of popular culture and music. There are a multitude of venues hosting Spanish and foreign-language performers. These include the 10,000-seat National Auditorium that regularly schedules the top Spanish and English-language pop and rock artists, as well as many of the world's leading performing arts ensembles, the auditorium also broadcasts Grand Opera performances from New York's Metropolitan Opera on giant, high definition screens. The National Auditorium has been awarded Best Venue in the World.
Other popular sites for pop-artist performances include the Teatro Metropolitan, the 15,000-seat Palacio de los Deportes, and the larger 50,000-seat Foro Sol Stadium, where top-name international artists perform on a regular basis. The Cirque du Soleil has held several seasons at the Carpa Santa Fe, in the Santa Fe district in the western part of the city. There are numerous venues for smaller musical ensembles and solo performers. These include the Hard Rock Live, Bataclán, Foro Scotiabank, Lunario, Circo Volador and Voilá Acoustique.
It is said that Mexico City has more theatres than any other city in the Spanish-speaking world.[citation needed] At any given time, dozens of plays are staged which run the gamut from Spanish versions of Broadway shows to mainstream and alternative Spanish-language originals.
The Centro Nacional de las Artes (National Center for the Arts), in southern Mexico City, has several venues for music, theatre, dance. UNAM's main campus, also in the southern part of the city, is home to the Centro Cultural Universitario (the University Culture Center) (CCU). The CCU also houses the National Library, the interactive Universum, Museo de las Ciencias,[89] the Sala Nezahualcóyotl concert hall, several theatres and cinemas, and the new University Museum of Contemporary Art (MUAC).[90] A branch of the National University's CCU cultural center was inaugurated in 2007 in the facilities of the former Ministry of Foreign Affairs, known as Tlatelolco, in north-central Mexico City.
The José Vasconcelos Library, a national library, is located on the grounds of the former Buenavista railroad station in the northern part of the city.
The Papalote children's museum, which houses the world's largest dome screen, is located in the wooded park of Chapultepec, near the Museo Tecnológico, and La Feria amusement park. The theme park Six Flags México (the largest amusement park in Latin America) is located in the Ajusco borough, in southern Mexico City. During the winter, the main square of the Zócalo is transformed into a gigantic ice skating rink, which is said to be the largest in the world behind that of Moscow's Red Square.
The Cineteca Nacional (the Mexican Film Library), near the Coyoacán suburb, shows a wide variety of films, and stages many film festivals, including the annual International Showcase, and many smaller ones ranging from Scandinavian and Uruguayan cinema, to Jewish and GLBT-themed films. Cinépolis and Cinemex, the two biggest film business chains, also have several film festivals throughout the year, with both national and international movies. No other city in the world has the amount of IMAX theaters as are in Mexico City,[citation needed] this gives access to cinematographic documentaries as well as blockbusters on the world's largest screens.
Cuisine[link]
Mexico City offers a vast array of culinary experiences. Restaurants specializing in the regional cuisines of Mexico's 31 states are available in the city. Also available are restaurants representing a very broad spectrum of international cuisines, including French, Italian, Croatian, German, Greek, Hungarian, Russian, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish (including regional variations such as Asturian, Basque, Castilian, Catalan, Galician and Valencian), Arabic, Jewish, Lebanese, Moroccan, Turkish, Chinese (including regional variations such as Cantonese, Hunan, and Szechuan), Indian, Japanese, Korean, Philippine, Thai, Tibetan, Vietnamese; and of course fellow Latin American cuisine such as Argentine, Brazilian, Colombian, Cuban, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, Uruguayan and Venezuelan is offered. Haute, fusion, kosher, vegetarian and vegan cuisines are also available, as are restaurants solely based on the concepts of Local food and Slow Food.
Mexico City is a mecca for Seafood restaurants, and the city is known for having some of the freshest fish and seafood in the inland, which is, for the most part delivered to restaurants on the same day of the catch, distributed strategically through multiple logistics networks linking the extensive Pacific and Atlantic coastlines to the city.
The city also has several branches of renowned international restaurants and chefs. These include Paris' Au Pied de Cochon and Brasserie Lipp, Philippe (by Philippe Chow); Nobu; and Pámpano, owned by Mexican-raised opera legend Plácido Domingo. There are branches of the exclusive Japanese restaurant Suntory, Rome's famed Alfredo, as well as New York steakhouses Morton's and The Palm, and Madrid's L'Albúfera. Three of the most famous Lima-based Haute Peruvian restaurants, La Mar, Segundo Muelle and Astrid y Gastón have locations in Mexico City. The city, among few in the world, houses a Le Cordon Bleu culinary school and restaurant.
Mexico City also boasts two of the S.Pellegrino World's 50 Best Restaurants in the World list made by British magazine Restaurant. Basque-Mexican fusion restaurant Biko (run and co-owned by Bruno Oteiza and Mikel Alonso) ranks 31st, and Mexican avant-garde restaurant Pujol (owned by Mexican chef Enrique Olvera) ranks 49th.[91]
Mexico's award-winning wines are offered at many restaurants, and the city offers unique experiences for tasting the regional spirits, with broad selections of tequila and mezcal.
At the other end of the scale are working class pulque bars known as pulquerías, a challenge for tourists to locate and experience.
Sports[link]
Association football is Mexico's most popular and most televised franchised sport. The important venues in Mexico City for this franchise sport include the Aztec Stadium, home to the Mexico national football team and América, which has a capacity to seat 105,000 fans, making it the biggest stadium in Latin America. The Olympic Stadium in Ciudad Universitaria is home to the football club Pumas de la U.N.A.M., with a seating capacity of over 63,000. The Estadio Azul, which seats 35,000 fans, is located near the city's WTC in the Nochebuena Neighborhood, and is home to the Cruz Azul. The three teams are based in Mexico City and play in the First Division, they are also part of the "Big Four" of Mexico. The country hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1970 and 1986, therefore the Aztec Stadium is the only stadium in World Cup history to host a final match twice.
Mexico City remains the first and only Latin American city to host the Olympic Games, having organized the Summer Olympics in 1968, winning bids against Buenos Aires, Lyon and Detroit. (As of 2016, this will no longer be the case, as that year's games will be held in Rio de Janeiro.) The city has hosted the 1955 Pan American Games and then the 1975 Pan American Games after Santiago and São Paulo withdrew. The ICF Flatwater Racing World Championships have been hosted here twice, in 1974 and in 1994. Lucha libre is a Mexican style of wrestling, and is one of the more popular sports throughout the country. The main venues in the city are Arena México and Arena Coliseo.
Adjacent to Foro Sol is Mexico City's Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. From 1962 to 1970 and again from 1986 to 1992, the track hosted the Formula 1 Mexican Grand Prix. From 1980–1981 and again from 2002 to 2007, it hosted the Champ Car World Series Gran Premio de México. Beginning in 2005, the NASCAR Nationwide Series ran the Telcel-Motorola México 200. 2005 also marked the first running of the Mexico City 250 by the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series. Both races were removed from their series' schedules for 2009. Baseball is another sport played professionally in the city. Mexico City is currently home to the triple A level club the Mexico Red Devils of the MBL. The Devils play their home games at the Foro Sol sports and concert venue. In Mexico City there are approximately 10 little leagues for young baseball players.
In 2005, Mexico City became the first city to host an NFL regular season game outside of the United States, at the Aztec Stadium. To date, the crowd of 103,467 people attending this game is the largest ever for a regular season game in NFL history. The city has also hosted several NBA pre-season exhibition games along with exhibition matches among MLB teams at the Foro Sol. The FIBA Americas Championship has also been hosted here.
Other sports facilities in Mexico City are the Palacio de los Deportes indoor arena, Francisco Márquez Olympic Swimming Pool, the Hipódromo de Las Américas, the Velodromo Agustín Melgar[dead link], and venues for equestrianism and horse racing, Ice Hockey, Rugby, American football, baseball, and basketball for which what is widely regarded as the best International Basketball Tournament has been held in the city.
Bullfighting takes place every Sunday during bullfighting season at the 50,000-seat Plaza México, the largest bullfight ring in the world.
Mexico City's golf courses have held both the Women's LPGA tour, as well as two Men's Golf World Cups. These, and other golf courses throughout the city are available as private, as well as public venues.
Education[link]
The second oldest university in the Americas, established in 1551, the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), is located in Mexico City. It is the largest university on the continent, with 305,969 students from all backgrounds enrolled. Three Nobel laureates, several Mexican entrepreneurs and most of Mexico's modern-day presidents are among its former students. UNAM conducts 50% of Mexico's scientific research and has presence all across the country with satellite campuses, observatories and research centers. The National Autonomous University of Mexico ranks 45th in the Top 200 World University Ranking published by The Times Higher Education Supplement in 2009,[92] making it the highest ranked Spanish-speaking university in the world. The sprawling main campus of the university, known as Ciudad Universitaria, was named a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 2007.
The second largest higher-education institution is the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN) (which includes, among many other relevant centers, the Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), where high-level research is performed about very different scientific and technological disciplines. Other major higher-education institutions in the city include the Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), the ITAM, the ITESM (3 campuses), the Universidad Panamericana (UP), the Universidad La Salle, the Universidad del Valle de Mexico (UVM), the Universidad Anáhuac, the Alliant International University, the Universidad Iberoamericana, El Colegio de México (Colmex), Escuela Libre de Derecho and the Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económica, (CIDE). The most prestigious private universities in the country including Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México and the Universidad Panamericana have their flagship campus located in Mexico City. In addition, the prestigious University of California maintains a campus known as "Casa de California" in the city.[93] The Universidad Tecnológica de México is also in Mexico City.
Contrary to what occurs in the constituent states of the Mexican federation, the curriculum of Mexico City's public schools is managed by the federal level Secretary of Public Education. The whole funding is allocated by the government of Mexico City (in some specific cases, such as El Colegio de México, funding comes from both the city's government and other public and private national and international entities).[citation needed]
A very special case is that of El Colegio Nacional, created during the governmental period of Miguel Alemán Valdés to have, in Mexico, an institution very similar to the College of France. The very selected and privileged group of Mexican scientists and artists belonging to this institution (the membership is lifelong; some of the current members are Mario Lavista, Ruy Pérez Tamayo, José Emilio Pacheco, Marcos Moshinsky (d.2009), Guillermo Soberón Acevedo, and many others) have the obligation of disclosing their works among the general population, through conferences and public events such as concerts and recitals.
Amongst its many public and private schools (K-13), the city offers multi-cultural, multi-lingual and international schools which are attended by Mexican and foreign students. Best known are the Colegio Alemán (German school with 3 main campuses), the Liceo Mexicano Japonés (Japanese), the Escuela Coreana (Korean), the Lycée Français de Mexique (French), the American School,The Westhill Institute (American School), the Edron Academy and the Greengates School (British).
Media[link]
Mexico City is the leading center in Latin America for the television, music and film industries. It is also the most important center in Mexico for the printed media and book publishing industries. Dozens of daily newspapers are published in this city, including El Universal, Excélsior, Reforma and La Jornada. Other major papers include Milenio, Crónica, El Economista and El Financiero. Leading magazines include Expansión, Proceso, Poder, as well as dozens of entertainment publications, such as Vanidades, Quién, Chilango, TV y Novelas, and local editions of Vogue, GQ, and Architectural Digest.
It is also a leading center of the advertising industry. Most international ad firms have offices in the city, including Grey, JWT, Leo Burnett, Euro RSCG, BBDO, Ogilvy, Saatchi & Saatchi, and McCann Erickson. Many local firms also compete in the sector, including Alazraki, Olabuenaga/Chemistri, Terán, Augusto Elías, and Clemente Cámara, among others. There are 60 radio stations operating in the city and a huge number of local community radio transmission networks.
The two largest media companies in the Spanish-speaking world, Televisa and Azteca, are headquartered in Mexico City. Other local television networks include. XEW-TV 2 XHTV-TV 4 XHGC-TV 5 XHIMT-TV 7 XEQ-TV 9 XEIPN-TV 11 XHDF-TV 13 XHUNAM-TV 20 XEIMT-TV 22 XHRAE-TV 28 XHTVM-TV 40 XHCDM-DT 21
Shopping[link]
Mexico City offers an immense and varied consumer retail market, with thousands of options for everything from the very basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods.
Traditional markets[link]
See also: Traditional fixed markets in Mexico
The city's main source of fresh produce is the Central de Abasto. This in itself is a self-contained mini-city in the southeastern neighborhood of Iztapalapa covering an area equivalent to several dozen city blocks. The wholesale market supplies most of the city's "mercados", supermarkets, and restaurants, as well as individuals who come to purchase the freshest variety for their household. Tons of fresh produce are trucked in from all over Mexico every day.
The principal fish market is known as La Nueva Viga and is located in the southern part of the city, in the same complex as the Central de Abastos. Fresh fish from all around the country is available, mainly from the central Pacific coast and Veracruz. The world-renowned market of Tepito occupies 25 blocks of the city, and is known to sell everything and anything, except dignity.
A staple for consumers in the city is the omnipresent "mercado". Every major neighborhood in the city has its own borough-regulated market, often more than one. These are large well-established facilities offering most basic products, such as fresh produce and meat/poultry, dry goods, tortillerías, and many other services, such as locksmiths, herbal medicine, hardware goods, sewing implements, and a multitude of stands offering freshly made, home-style cooking and drinks in the tradition of aguas frescas and atole.
In addition, "tianguis" or mobile markets, set up shop on city streets in many neighborhoods, depending on the day of the week. Sundays are the day in which the largest number of these markets are set-up. The stalls generally use awnings of a single color or shade (pink and red, for example), making them easily identifiable from several blocks away.
Large, modern chain supermarkets including Soriana, Comercial Mexicana and Chedraui are scattered throughout the city. Others are located within mini-malls, in which the supermarket anchors a number of other shops, such as banks, dry-cleaners, shoe repairs, and fast-food eateries. Small "mom-and-pop" corner stores (known as "abarroterías" or more colloquially as "changarros") abound in all neighborhoods, including many finer residential neighborhoods. These are small shops offering basics such as soft drinks, packaged snacks, canned goods, and dairy products. Thousands of C-stores or corner stores, such as Oxxo, 7-Eleven, and Extra are located throughout the city.
Downtown[link]
The downtown area of the city is widely known as an area for specialized retailers, often at lower costs. Certain streets, for example, are known for having many lighting stores, or hardware shops, or yarn shops. The Mercado La Merced is one of city's oldest and is considered a smaller, older version of the Central de Abastos, where thousands of items are sold. The Mercado de Jamaica specializes in fresh flowers.
Calle Dolores, one block off Avenida Juárez, has one block known as Mexico City's Chinatown. The one block contains numerous stores selling imported Chinese knick-knacks, and restaurants offering lacquered Peking duck, many of the early settler's who created the Chinatown are actually of Philippine descent. Further afield, the city's Zona Rosa neighborhood is home to several blocks that represent Mexico City's Koreatown. A number of Korean restaurants, shops and even video rental shops are located here.
Shopping centers[link]
There are hundreds of modern retail shops throughout the city. There are a number of large shopping centers and malls, including Santa Fé mall in the Santa Fé district with several department stores and over 300 retail stores, restaurants and cinemas. Others include Plaza Universidad, Plaza Satélite, Galerías Coapa, Parque Delta, Parque Lindavista, Pabellón Polanco, Pabellón Bosques, Mundo E, Perinorte and Plaza Lindavista, with anchor stores such as El Palacio de Hierro, Liverpool, Sanborn's, Sears and Fábricas de Francia.
The Punta Norte Outlet Mall is located north of the city and includes many upscale outlet stores for brands such as Max Mara, Salvatore Ferragamo, Hugo Boss, Scappinio and Zegna. Well known Mexican boutique brands, such as Pineda Covalin, La Hamaca y el Rebozo and Soho, are available in most upper end shopping areas.Upscale malls such as Galerías Insurgentes, Centro Coyoacán, Santa Fé, Perisur, Antara Polanco and boutique malls Arcos Bosques and Altavista 147 are amongst the most modern and swank in Latin America. Top-end department stores include El Palacio de Hierro and Saks Fifth Avenue. Plaza Satélite mall is Latin America's highest profit shopping venue. For a more bohemian ambiance, the neighborhoods of Condesa, Coyoacan and San Ángel offer excellent outdoor shopping and dining experiences.
Luxury goods[link]
In addition to the extensive Santa Fé mall with Saks and numerous luxury boutiques, Antara Polanco is a high-end mall in Polanco with restaurants, cinemas, and boutiques, including Burberry, Longchamp, Just Cavalli, Etro, Emporio Armani, Brooks Brothers, Thomas Pink, Hackett, and Coach.
Altavista 147 is a small shopping center in the southern neighborhood of San Ángel, with Louis Vuitton, Salvatore Ferragamo, Carolina Herrera, Max Mara, Hugo Boss, and luxury Mexican silversmith Tane. The mall is located on Avenida Altavista which houses many other high-end retailers, focusing on furniture shops and interior decorators, restaurants, and silversmiths such as Christofle.
The Col. Del Valle is a large residential district prestige of Mexico City. Famous for its large Green Areas, Parks, Monuments, Department Stores, Boutiques, K-Fe (Cafeterias), Holiday Chocolate, Exclusive Restaurants scattered throughout the district. With two upscale shopping mall, Galerías Insurgentes and Centro Coyoacán. The two shopping centers contain the larges department stores El Palacio de Hierro and Liverpool, these contain luxury boutiques like Armani, BCBGMAXAZRIA, Bulgari, Burberry, Chanel, Cartier, DKNY, Hermès, Lancôme, Liz Claiborne, Longines, Longchamp, Michael Kors, MaxMara, Marc Jacobs, Oscar De La Renta, Purificación García, Rolex, Salvatore Ferragamo and Swarovski to mention a few. The neighborhood also houses car dealerships for Alfa Romeo, BMW, Lamborghini, Maserati, Mercedes Benz, Porsche, and many others. Restaurants such as Bellini, the only revolving restaurant in the country and known as "the biggest revolving restaurant in the world", and Suntory are known to be some the most exclusive restaurants in all of Mexico.
Arcos Bosques is a relatively new shopping complex in the namesake business complex in the upscale Bosques de las Lomas neighborhood, near Santa Fe. The complex hosts scores of restaurants, including a branch of Nobu, and smart shops including: Edmond Frette, Marc Jacobs, Thomas Pink, and Salvatore Ferragamo.
Most of the city's luxury boutiques are located on Avenida Presidente Masaryk in Polanco. Here, stand-alone shops include Louis Vuitton, Bulgari, Cartier, Chanel, Hermès, Frette, Ermenegildo Zegna, Etro, Brioni, Canali, Corneliani, Chopard, Gucci, Marc Jacobs, Tiffany & Co., and Roberto Cavalli. Other stores include European furniture retailers Roche-Bobois, Bang & Olufsen, Natuzzi, and Kartell. On smaller side streets, one can find stores such as Ferrari, Bentley Motors, Maserati, Land Rover, Lamborghini and Rolls-Royce dealerships, luxury French book publisher Assouline, Adolfo Dominguez, and Mitchell Gold + Bob Williams.
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Cartier - Masaryk, Polanco
Amusement parks and recreation[link]
There are a number of permanent amusement parks, the oldest and most traditional one is La Feria Chapultepec Mágico. It is located in the central area of the city and its vintage Montaña Rusa rollercoaster is visible from several points throughout the city. The theme park Six Flags México (the largest aumusement park in Latin America) is located in the Ajusco borough, in southern Mexico City, is known for a thrill roller coasters in Latin America. And in the north end of the city used to lie Parque Divertido. There are numerous seasonal fairs, the main one is held during the winter on the main square of the Zócalo, which is transformed into an arctic getaway with ice igloos, slides and a gigantic ice skating rink, said to be the largest set up of its kind in the world. This event is free to the public and hosts special events such as stage performances and concerts. Additionally there are many temporary fairs with rides throughout the city neighborhoods. Also to the northwest of the city there's one of the biggest ecological reserves in the entire metropolitan area, el Bosque de Aragón which is also an amusement park with a great lake, an aquarium, a watering place, a zoo, a theater and a lot more of recreation activities. Chapultepec Park is the city's principal public park. It is located in the central part of the city, between the Polanco, Cuauhtémoc, and San Miguel Chapultepec neighborhoods. There are many smaller parks distributed throughout the city. Most are small "squares" occupying two or three-square blocks in the middle of residential or commercial districts. Several other larger parks (including the Bosque de Aragón in the northwestern district of the city) such as the Bosque de Tlalpan and Viveros de Coyoacán in the southern part of the city, which offer many recreational activities, including jogging paths, children's play areas, soccer fields, etc.
Nicknames[link]
Mexico City was traditionally known as La Ciudad de los Palacios ("the City of the Palaces"), a nickname attributed to Baron Alexander von Humboldt when visiting the city in the 19th century who sending a letter back to Europe said Mexico City could rival any major city in Europe.
During López Obrador's administration a political slogan was introduced: la Ciudad de la Esperanza ("The City of Hope"). This slogan was quickly adopted as a nickname to the city under López Obrador's term, although it has lost popularity since the new slogan Capital en Movimiento ("Capital in Movement") was adopted by the recently elected administration headed by Marcelo Ebrard Casaubon; the latter is not treated as often as a nickname in media.
The city is colloquially known as Chilangolandia after the locals' nickname chilangos, which is used either as a pejorative term by people living outside Mexico City or as a proud adjective by Mexico City's dwellers.[94]
Residents of Mexico City are more formally called capitalinos (in reference to the city being the capital of the country) or, more recently defeños (a word which derives from the postal abbreviation of the Federal District in Spanish: D.F., which is read "De-Efe".)
Law enforcement[link]
Main article: Federal District Police
The Secretariat of Public Security of the Federal District (Secretaría de Seguridad Pública del Distrito Federal – SSP) manages a combined force of over 90,000 officers in the Federal District (DF). The SSP is charged with maintaining public order and safety in the center of Mexico City. The historic district of the city is also roamed by tourist police, which aims to serve and orient tourists. These enforcement agents dress in a more traditional outfit and ride on horses.
The investigative Judicial Police of the Federal District (Policía Judicial del Distrito Federal – PJDF) is organized under the Office of the Attorney General of the DF (the Procuraduría General de Justicia del Distrito Federal). The PGJDF maintains 16 precincts (delegaciones) with an estimated 3,500 judicial police, 1,100 investigating agents for prosecuting attorneys (agentes del ministerio público), and 941 experts or specialists (peritos).
Between 2000 and 2004 an average of 478 crimes were reported each day in Mexico City; however, the actual crime rate is thought to be much higher "since most people are reluctant to report crime."[95] Under policies enacted by Mayor Marcelo Ebrard between 2009 and 2011, Mexico City underwent a major security upgrade with violent and petty crime rates both falling significantly despite the rise in violent crime in other parts of the country. Some of the policies enacted included the installation of 11,000 security cameras around the city and a very large expansion of the city police force. Mexico City currently has one of the highest police officer to resident ratios in the world, with one uniformed police officer per every 100 citizens.[96] Although the city has experienced a dramatic downfall in crime, it is still not as safe as large cities found in highly developed western European cities such as Frankfurt or Barcelona but is safer than cities such as Moscow or Washington DC.[citation needed]
International relations[link]
Twin towns and sister cities[link]
Mexico City is twinned with:
See also[link]
- Large Cities Climate Leadership Group
- Largest cities in the Americas
- Metropolitan areas of Mexico
- Outline of Mexico
- World's largest cities
References[link]
- ^ "Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores – México". Sre.gob.mx. http://www.sre.gob.mx/ligas/info_general/fechas.htm. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
- ^ "De la Colonia / 13 agosto de 1521: rendición de México-Tenochtitlan". Redescolar.ilce.edu.mx. http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/act_permanentes/historia/histdeltiempo/mexicana/colonia/c_coteno.htm. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
- ^ "Conmemora la SecretarĂa de Cultura el 185 Aniversario del Decreto de CreaciĂłn del Distrito Federal". Cultura.df.gob.mx. http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/index.php/sala-de-prensa/boletines/2536-601-09-. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
- ^ "Senadores por el Distrito Federal LXI Legislatura". Senado de la Republica. http://www.senado.gob.mx/index.php?ver=int&mn=4&sm=4&id=10. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
- ^ "Listado de Diputados por Grupo Parlamentario del Distrito Federal". Camara de Diputados. http://sitl.diputados.gob.mx/LXI_leg/listado_diputados_gpnp.php?tipot=Edo&edot=9. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ "Resumen". Cuentame INEGI. http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/default.aspx?tema=me&e=09. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ "Relieve". Cuentame INEGI. http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/territorio/relieve.aspx?tema=me&e=09. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
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- ^ [1] Pollution Kills 100,000 Children In Mexico City Each Year, by Patricia Saad Sotomayor, Excélsior
- ^ "Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States (1824)". http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/1824index.html.
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- ^ "Los extranjeros en México, la inmigración y el gobierno ¿Tolerancia o intolerancia religiosa?" (PDF). http://historiamexicana.colmex.mx/pdf/13/art_13_1938_16335.pdf. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
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- ^ http://www.stay.com/mexico-city/museum/ Museums in Mexico City
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- ^ Gómez Flores, Laura (May 31, 2010). "Pretenden entregar antes la línea 3 del Metrobús" (in Spanish). La Jornada. http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/05/31/index.php?section=capital&article=038n2cap. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
- ^ ":: Secretaría del Medio Ambiente del Gobierno del Distrito Federal ::". Sma.df.gob.mx. September 24, 2009. http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/index.php?opcion=26&id=607. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
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- ^ Mexico City Philharmonic Archived December 2, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ This page is available to GlobePlus subscribers
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External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mexico City |
- Federal District Government (Spanish)
- Mexico City Tourism Ministry (Spanish)
- Mexico City Experience – An English-language website operated on behalf of the Mexico City government
- Mexico City at the Open Directory Project
- Mexico City travel guide from Wikitravel
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http://wn.com/Mexico_City
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Mexiko-Stadt
http://es.wn.com/México, D. F.
http://ru.wn.com/Мехико
http://it.wn.com/Città del Messico
http://fr.wn.com/Mexico
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the country in North America. For other uses, see Mexico (disambiguation).
| United Mexican States | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| Anthem: "Himno Nacional Mexicano" Mexican National Anthem |
||||||
| National seal: Seal of the United Mexican States  |
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.svg) |
||||||
| Capital (and largest city) |
Mexico City 19°03′N 99°22′W / 19.05°N 99.367°W / 19.05; -99.367 |
|||||
| Ethnic groups (2010) | Amerindian (14.86%)[3] | |||||
| Demonym | Mexican | |||||
| Government | Federal presidential constitutional republic[4] |
|||||
| - | President | Felipe Calderón (PAN) | ||||
| - | Secretary of the Interior | Alejandro Poiré | ||||
| - | Supreme Court President | Juan Silva Meza | ||||
| Legislature | Congress | |||||
| - | Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - | Lower house | Chamber of Deputies | ||||
| Independence | from Spain | |||||
| - | Declared | September 16, 1810 | ||||
| - | Recognized | September 27, 1821 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 1,972,550 km2 (14th) 761,606 sq mi |
||||
| - | Water (%) | 2.5 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2010 census | 112,336,538[5] (11th) | ||||
| - | Density | 57/km2 (142nd) 142/sq mi |
||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $1,661 trillion[6] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $14,609[6] | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $1.154 trillion[6] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $10,153[6] | ||||
| Gini (2008) | 48.3[7] (high) | |||||
| HDI (2011) | 0.770[8] (high) (57th) | |||||
| Currency | Peso (MXN) |
|||||
| Time zone | Official Mexican Timezones (UTC−8 to −6) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | varies (UTC−7 to −5) | ||||
| Drives on the | right | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | MX | |||||
| Internet TLD | .mx | |||||
| Calling code | +52 | |||||
Mexico (
i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] (
listen)),[9] officially the United Mexican States[10] (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico.[11] Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi),[2] Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million,[12] it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
Mexico has one of the world's largest economies, and is considered both a regional power and middle power.[13][14][15][16] In addition, Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD (since 1994), and considered an upper-middle income country by the World Bank.[17] Mexico is considered a newly industrialized country[18][19][20][21] and an emerging power.[22] It has the thirteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity. The economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) partners, especially the United States.[23][24] Mexico ranks fifth in the world and first in the Americas by number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites with 31,[25][26][27] and in 2007 was the tenth most visited country in the world with 21.4 million international arrivals per year.[28]
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Main article: Name of Mexico
After New Spain won independence from Spain, it was decided that the new country would be named after its capital, Mexico City, which was founded in 1524 on top of the ancient Aztec capital of México-Tenochtitlan. The name comes from the Nahuatl language, but its meaning is not well known.
Mēxihco was the Nahuatl term for the heartland of the Aztec Empire, namely, the Valley of Mexico, and its people, the Mexica, and surrounding territories which became the future State of Mexico as a division of New Spain prior to independence (compare Latium). It is generally considered to be a toponym for the valley which became the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance as a result, or vice versa.
The suffix -co is the Nahuatl locative, making the word a place name. Beyond that, the etymology is uncertain. It has been suggested that it is derived from Mextli or Mēxihtli, a secret name for the god of war and patron of the Aztecs, Huitzilopochtli, in which case Mēxihco means "Place where Huitzilopochtli lives".[29] Another hypothesis[30] suggests that Mēxihco derives from a portmanteau of the Nahuatl words for "moon" (mētztli) and navel (xīctli). This meaning ("Place at the Center of the Moon") might then refer to Tenochtitlan's position in the middle of Lake Texcoco. The system of interconnected lakes, of which Texcoco formed the center, had the form of a rabbit, which the Mesoamericans pareidolically associated with the moon. Still another hypothesis suggests that it is derived from Mēctli, the goddess of maguey.[30]
The name of the city-state was transliterated to Spanish as México with the phonetic value of the letter <x> in Medieval Spanish, which represented the voiceless postalveolar fricative [ʃ]. This sound, as well as the voiced postalveolar fricative [ʒ], represented by a <j>, evolved into a voiceless velar fricative [x] during the 16th century. This led to the use of the variant Méjico in many publications in Spanish, most notably in Spain, whereas in Mexico and most other Spanish–speaking countries México was the preferred spelling. In recent years the Real Academia Española, which regulates the Spanish language, determined that both variants are acceptable in Spanish but that the normative recommended spelling is México.[31] The majority of publications in all Spanish-speaking countries now adhere to the new norm, even though the alternative variant is still occasionally used.[citation needed] In English, the <x> in Mexico represents neither the original nor the current sound, but the consonant cluster [ks].
The official name of the country has changed as the form of government has changed. On two occasions (1821–1823 and 1863–1867), the country was known as Imperio Mexicano (Mexican Empire). All three federal constitutions (1824, 1857 and 1917, the current constitution) used the name Estados Unidos Mexicanos[32]—or the variants Estados Unidos mexicanos[33] and Estados-Unidos Mexicanos,[34] all of which have been translated as "United Mexican States". The term República Mexicana, "Mexican Republic" was used in the 1836 Constitutional Laws.[35]
History[link]
Main article: History of Mexico
Ancient cultures[link]
Archaic period[link]
The earliest human remains in Mexico are chips of stone tools found near campfire remains in the Valley of Mexico and radiocarbon-dated to c. 23,000 years ago.[36] Mexico is the site of the domestication of maize and beans which caused a transition from paleo-Indian hunter-gatherers to sedentary agricultural villages beginning around 7000 BCE.
Classic periods[link]
In the subsequent formative areas maize cultivation and cultural traits such as a complex mythological and religious complex, a vigesimal numeric system, were diffused from the Mexican cultures to the rest of the Mesoamerican culture area.[37] In this period villages began to become socially stratified and develop into chiefdoms, and the development of large ceremonial centers.[38]
Among the earliest complex civilizations in Mexico was the Olmec culture which flourish on the gulf coast from around 1500 BCE. Olmec cultural traits diffused through Mexico into other formative era cultures in Chiapas, Oaxaca and the Valley of Mexico. The formative period saw the spread of distinct religious and symbolic traditions, as well as artistic and architectural complexes.[39] In the subsequent pre-classical period, complex centers began to develop among the Maya with centers at Calakmul and the Zapotec at Monte Albán. During this period the first true Mesoamerican writing systems were developed in the Epi-Olmec and the Zapotec cultures, and the Mesoamerican writing tradition reached its height in the Classic Maya Hieroglyphic script.[40]
In Central Mexico, the height of the classic period saw the ascendancy of Teotihuacan which formed a military and commercial empire whose political influence stretched south into the Maya area and north. At its peak, Teotihuacan, containing some of the largest pyramidal structures built in the pre-Columbian Americas, had a population of more than 150,000 people.[41] At the collapse of Teotihuacán around 600 CE, competition between several important political centers in central Mexico such as Xochicalco and Cholula ensued. At this time during the Epi-Classic Nahua peoples began moving south into Mesoamerica from the North, and became politically and culturally dominant in central Mexico, as they displaced speakers of Oto-Manguean languages.
Post-classic period[link]
During the early post-classic Central Mexico was dominated by the Toltec culture, Oaxaca by the Mixtec and the lowland Maya area had important centers at Chichén Itzá and Mayapán. Towards the end of the post-Classic period the Aztecs of Central Mexico built a tributary empire covering most of central Mexico.[42] The Aztecs were noted for practicing human sacrifice on a large scale.[43] The distinct Mesoamerican cultural tradition ended with the Spanish conquest in the 16th century, and over the next centuries Mexican indigenous cultures were gradually subjected to Spanish colonial rule.[44]
Conquest[link]
The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire began in February 1519 when Hernán Cortés arrived on the coast of Veracruz with ca. 500 conquistadores. Following a strategy of allying with Indigenous city states that were subject to the Aztec empire and supporting them in a rebellion against the Aztecs, Cortés and his men were able to defeat the Aztecs after two years of campaigning on August 13, 1521.
New Spain[link]
In 1519, Hernán Cortés arrived at the port in Veracruz, and later moved on to the Aztec capital. On his search for gold and other riches, Cortés decided to invade and conquer the Aztec empire.[45]
The ruler of the Aztec empire upon the arrival of the Spaniards was Moctezuma II, who was later killed; his successor and brother Cuitláhuac took control of the Aztec empire, but was among the first to fall from the smallpox epidemic a short time later.[46] Unintentionally introduced by Spanish conquerors, smallpox ravaged Mesoamerica in the 1520s, killing more than 3 million Aztecs.[47] Other sources, however, mentioned that the death toll of the Aztecs might have reached up to 15 million (out of a population of less than 30 million).[48] Severely weakened, the Aztec empire was easily defeated by Hernán Cortés and his forces on his second return.[49] Smallpox was a devastatingly selective disease—it generally only killed the Aztecs, while the Spaniards were immune to the disease.[50] The deaths caused by smallpox are believe to have triggered a rapid growth of Christianity in Mexico and the Americas. At first, the Aztecs believed the epidemic was a punishment from an angry god, but they later accepted their fate and no longer resisted the Spanish rule.[51] Many of the surviving Aztecs blamed the cause of smallpox to the superiority of the Christian god, which resulted in the acceptance of Catholicism and yielding to the Spanish rule throughout Mexico.[52]
The territory became part of the Spanish Empire under the name of New Spain. Mexico City was systematically rebuilt by Cortés following the Fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521. Much of the identity, traditions and architecture of Mexico were created during the colonial period.[53]
Independence[link]
On September 16, 1810, independence from Spain was declared by priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, in the small town of Dolores, Guanajuato.[54] The first insurgent group was formed by Hidalgo, the Spanish viceregal army captain Ignacio Allende, the militia captain Juan Aldama and "La Corregidora" Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez. Hidalgo and some of his soldiers were captured and executed by firing squad in Chihuahua, on July 31, 1811. Following his death, the leadership was assumed by priest José María Morelos, who occupied key southern cities.
In 1813 the Congress of Chilpancingo was convened and, on November 6, signed the "Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America". Morelos was captured and executed on December 22, 1815. In subsequent years, the insurgency was near collapse, but in 1820 Viceroy Juan Ruiz de Apodaca sent an army under the criollo general Agustín de Iturbide against the troops of Vicente Guerrero. Instead, Iturbide approached Guerrero to join forces, and in 1821 representatives of the Spanish Crown and Iturbide signed the "Treaty of Córdoba" and the "Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire", which recognized the independence of Mexico under the terms of the "Plan of Iguala".
Juárez reforms and territorial losses[link]
Agustín de Iturbide immediately proclaimed himself emperor of the First Mexican Empire. A revolt against him in 1823 established the United Mexican States. In 1824, a Republican Constitution was drafted and Guadalupe Victoria became the first president of the newly born country. The first decades of the post-independence period were marked by economic instability, which led to the Pastry War in 1836, and a constant strife between liberales, supporters of a federal form of government, and conservadores, proposals of a hierarchical form of government.[citation needed]
General Antonio López de Santa Anna, a centralist and two-time dictator, approved the Siete Leyes in 1836, a radical amendment that institutionalized the centralized form of government. When he suspended the 1824 Constitution, civil war spread across the country, and three new governments declared independence: the Republic of Texas, the Republic of the Rio Grande and the Republic of Yucatán.
Texas successfully achieved independence and was annexed by the United States. A border dispute led to the Mexican-American War, which began in 1846 and lasted for two years; the War was settled via the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which forced Mexico to give up over half of its land to the U.S., including Alta California, New Mexico, and the disputed parts of Texas. A much smaller transfer of territory in what is today southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico — the Gadsden Purchase — occurred in 1854. The Caste War of Yucatán, the Mayan uprising that began in 1847,[55] was one of the most successful modern Native American revolts.[56] Maya rebels, or Cruzob,[57] maintained relatively independent enclaves until the 1930s.[citation needed]
Dissatisfaction with Santa Anna's return to power led to the liberal "Plan of Ayutla", initiating an era known as La Reforma, after which a new Constitution was drafted in 1857 that established a secular state, federalism as the form of government, and several freedoms. As the conservadores refused to recognize it, the Reform War began in 1858, during which both groups had their own governments. The war ended in 1861 with victory by the Liberals, led by Amerindian President Benito Juárez. In the 1860s Mexico underwent a military occupation by France, which established the Second Mexican Empire under the rule of Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria with support from the Roman Catholic clergy and the conservadores, who later switched sides and joined the liberales. Maximilian surrendered, was tried on June 14 and was executed on June 19, 1867.
Porfiriato[link]
Porfirio Díaz, a republican general during the French intervention, ruled Mexico from 1876 to 1880 and then from 1884 to 1911 in five consecutive reelections, period known as the Porfiriato, characterized by remarkable economic achievements, investments in the arts and sciences, but also of economic inequality and political repression.[citation needed]
Mexican Revolution[link]
A likely electoral fraud that led to Diaz's fifth reelection sparked the 1910 Mexican Revolution, initially led by Francisco I. Madero. Díaz resigned in 1911 and Madero was elected president but overthrown and murdered in a coup d'état two years later directed by conservative general Victoriano Huerta. That event re-ignited the civil war, involving figures such as Francisco Villa and Emiliano Zapata, who formed their own forces. A third force, the constitutional army led by Venustiano Carranza, managed to bring an end to the war, and radically amended the 1857 Constitution to include many of the social premises and demands of the revolutionaries into what was eventually called the 1917 Constitution. It is estimated that the war killed 900,000 of the 1910 population of 15 million.[58][59] Assassinated in 1920, Carranza was succeeded by another revolutionary hero, Álvaro Obregón, who in turn was succeeded by Plutarco Elías Calles. Obregón was reelected in 1928 but assassinated before he could assume power.
PRI rule[link]
In 1929, Calles founded the National Revolutionary Party (PNR), later renamed the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), and started a period known as the Maximato, which ended with the election of Lázaro Cárdenas, who implemented many economic and social reforms, and most significantly expropriated the oil industry into Pemex on March 18, 1938, but sparked a diplomatic crisis with the countries whose citizens had lost businesses by Cárdenas' radical measure.
Between 1940 and 1980, Mexico experienced a substantial economic growth that some historians call the "Mexican miracle".[60] Although the economy continued to flourish, social inequality remained a factor of discontent. Moreover, the PRI rule became increasingly authoritarian and at times oppressive[61] (see the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre,[62] which claimed the life of around 30–800 protesters).[63]
Electoral reforms and high oil prices followed the administration of Luis Echeverría,[64][65] mismanagement of these revenues led to inflation and exacerbated the 1982 Crisis. That year, oil prices plunged, interest rates soared, and the government defaulted on its debt. President Miguel de la Madrid resorted to currency devaluations which in turn sparked inflation.
In the 1980s the first cracks emerged in PRI's monopolistic position. In Baja California, Ernesto Ruffo Appel was elected as governor. In 1988, electoral fraud prevented leftist candidate Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas from winning the national presidential elections, giving Carlos Salinas de Gortari the Presidency and leading to massive protests in Mexico City.[66]
Salinas embarked on a program of neoliberal reforms which fixed the exchange rate, controlled inflation and culminated with the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which came into effect on January 1, 1994. The same day, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) started a two-week-long armed rebellion against the federal government, and has continued as a non-violent opposition movement against neoliberalism and globalization.
Democratization[link]
In December 1994, a month after Salinas was succeeded by Ernesto Zedillo, the Mexican economy collapsed, with a rapid rescue packaged authorized by U.S. President Bill Clinton and major macroeconomic reforms started by president Zedillo, the economy rapidly recovered and growth peaked at almost 7% by the end of 1999.[67]
In 2000, after 71 years, the PRI lost a presidential election to Vicente Fox of the opposition National Action Party (PAN). In the 2006 presidential elections, Felipe Calderón from the PAN was declared the winner, with a very narrow margin over leftist politician Andrés Manuel López Obrador of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). López Obrador, however, contested the election and pledged to create an "alternative government".[68]
Politics[link]
Main article: Politics of Mexico
The United Mexican States are a federation whose government is representative, democratic and republican based on a presidential system according to the 1917 Constitution. The constitution establishes three levels of government: the federal Union, the state governments and the municipal governments. According to the constitution, all constituent states of the federation must have a republican form of government composed of three branches: the executive, represented by a governor and an appointed cabinet, the legislative branch constituted by a unicameral congress and the judiciary, which will include called state Supreme Court of Justice. They also have their own civil and judicial codes.
The bicameral Congress of the Union, composed of a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies, makes federal law, declares war, imposes taxes, approves the national budget and international treaties, and ratifies diplomatic appointments.[69] Seats to federal and state legislatures are elected by a system of parallel voting that includes plurality and proportional representation.[70] The Chamber of Deputies of the Congress of the Union is conformed by 300 deputies elected by plurality and 200 deputies by proportional representation with closed party lists[71] for which the country is divided into 5 electoral constituencies or circumscriptions.[72] The Senate is conformed by a total of 128 senators: 64 senators, two for each state and two for the Federal District, elected by plurality in pairs; 32 senators assigned to the first minority or first-runner up (one for each state and one for the Federal District), and 32 are assigned by proportional representation with closed party lists for which the country conforms a single electoral constituency.[71]
The Executive, is the President of the United Mexican States, who is the head of state and government, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Mexican military forces. The President also appoints the Cabinet and other officers. The President is responsible for executing and enforcing the law, and has the authority of vetoing bills.[73]
The Judiciary branch of government is the Supreme Court of Justice, comprised by eleven judges appointed by the President with Senate approval, who interpret laws and judge cases of federal competency. Other institutions of the judiciary are the Electoral Tribunal, collegiate, unitary and district tribunals, and the Council of the Federal Judiciary.[74]
Three parties have historically been the dominant parties in Mexican politics: the National Action Party: a right-wing conservative party founded in 1939 and belonging to the Christian Democrat Organization of America;[75] the Institutional Revolutionary Party, a center-left party and member of Socialist International[76] that was founded in 1929 to unite all the factions of the Mexican Revolution and held an almost hegemonic power in Mexican politics since then; the Party of the Democratic Revolution: a left-wing party,[77] founded in 1989 as the successor of the coalition of socialists and liberal parties.
Foreign relations[link]
Main article: Foreign relations of Mexico
The foreign relations of Mexico are directed by the President of Mexico[78] and managed through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[79] The principles of the foreign policy are constitutionally recognized in the Article 89, Section 10, which include: respect for international law and legal equality of states, their sovereignty and independence, non-intervention in the domestic affairs of other countries, peaceful resolution of conflicts, and promotion of collective security through active participation in international organizations.[78] Since the 1930s, the Estrada Doctrine has served as a crucial complement to these principles.[80]
Mexico is one of the founding members of several international organizations, most notably the United Nations,[81] the Organization of American States,[82] the Organization of Ibero-American States,[83] the OPANAL[84] and the Rio Group.[85] In 2008, Mexico contributed over 40 million dollars to the United Nations regular budget.[86] In addition, it has been the only Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development since it joined in 1994 though Chile is in the process of gaining full membership.[87][88] Mexico is considered as a regional power[89][90] hence its presence in major economic groups such as the G8+5 and the G-20. In addition, since the 1990s Mexico has sought a reform of the United Nations Security Council and its working methods[91] with the support of Canada, Italy, Pakistan and other nine countries, which form a group informally called the Coffee Club.[92]
After the War of Independence, the relations of Mexico were focused primarily on the United States, its northern neighbor, largest trading partner,[93] and the most powerful actor in hemispheric and world affairs.[94] Mexico supported the Cuban government since its establishment in the early 1960s,[95] the Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua during the late 1970s,[96] and leftist revolutionary groups in El Salvador during the 1980s.[97] A greater priority to Latin America and the Caribbean has been given in the administration of President Felipe Calderón.[98]
Military[link]
Main article: Mexican Armed Forces
The Mexican Armed Forces have two branches: the Mexican Army (which includes the Mexican Air Force), and the Mexican Navy. The Mexican Armed Forces maintain significant infrastructure, including facilities for design, research, and testing of weapons, vehicles, aircraft, naval vessels, defense systems and electronics;[99][100] military industry manufacturing centers for building such systems, and advanced naval dockyards that build heavy military vessels and advanced missile technologies.[101]
In recent years, Mexico has improved its training techniques, military command and information structures and has taken steps to becoming more self-reliant in supplying its military by designing as well as manufacturing its own arms,[102] missiles,[100] aircraft,[103] vehicles, heavy weaponry, electronics,[99] defense systems,[99] armor, heavy military industrial equipment and heavy naval vessels.[104] Since the 1990s, when the military escalated its role in the war on drugs, increasing importance has been placed on acquiring airborne surveillance platforms, aircraft, helicopters, digital war-fighting technologies,[99] urban warfare equipment and rapid troop transport.[105]
Mexico has the capabilities to manufacture nuclear weapons, but forwent this possibility with the Treaty of Tlatelolco in 1968 and pledged to only use its nuclear technology for peaceful purposes.[106] In 1970 Mexico's national institute for nuclear research successfully refined weapons grade uranium[107][not in citation given] which is used in the manufacture of nuclear weapons but in April 2010, Mexico agreed to turn over its weapons grade uranium to the United States.[108][109]
Historically, Mexico has remained neutral in international conflicts[110] with the exception of World War II. However, in recent years some political parties have proposed an amendment of the Constitution in order to allow the Mexican Army, Air Force or Navy to collaborate with the United Nations in peacekeeping missions, or to provide military help to countries that officially ask for it.[111]
Administrative divisions[link]
Main articles: Political divisions of Mexico and List of Mexican states by population
The United Mexican States are a federation of thirty-one free and sovereign states, which form a union that exercises a degree of jurisdiction over the Federal District and other territories.
Each state has its own constitution, congress, and a judiciary, and its citizens elect by direct voting a governor for a six-year term, and representatives to their respective unicameral state congresses for three-year terms.[112]
The Federal District is a special political division that belongs to the federation as a whole and not to a particular state, and as such, has more limited local rule than the nation's states.[113]
The states are divided into municipalities, the smallest administrative political entity in the country, governed by a mayor or municipal president (Presidente municipal), elected by its residents by plurality.[114]
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Mexico
Mexico is located between latitudes 14° and 33°N, and longitudes 86° and 119°W in the southern portion of North America.[citation needed] Almost all of Mexico lies in the North American Plate, with small parts of the Baja California peninsula on the Pacific and Cocos Plates. Geophysically, some geographers include the territory east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (around 12% of the total) within Central America.[115] Geopolitically, however, Mexico is entirely considered part of North America, along with Canada and the United States.[116]
Mexico's total area is 1,972,550 km2 (761,606 sq mi), making it the world's 14th largest country by total area, and includes approximately 6,000 km2 (2,317 sq mi) of islands in the Pacific Ocean (including the remote Guadalupe Island and the Revillagigedo Islands), Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and Gulf of California. From its farthest land points, Mexico is a little over 2,000 mi (3,219 km) in length.
On its north, Mexico shares a 3,141 km (1,952 mi) border with the United States. The meandering Río Bravo del Norte (known as the Rio Grande in the United States) defines the border from Ciudad Juárez east to the Gulf of Mexico. A series of natural and artificial markers delineate the United States-Mexican border west from Ciudad Juárez to the Pacific Ocean. On its south, Mexico shares an 871 km (541 mi) border with Guatemala and a 251 km (156 mi) border with Belize.
Mexico is crossed from north to south by two mountain ranges known as Sierra Madre Oriental and Sierra Madre Occidental, which are the extension of the Rocky Mountains from northern North America. From east to west at the center, the country is crossed by the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt also known as the Sierra Nevada. A fourth mountain range, the Sierra Madre del Sur, runs from Michoacán to Oaxaca.[117]
As such, the majority of the Mexican central and northern territories are located at high altitudes, and the highest elevations are found at the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt: Pico de Orizaba (5,700 m, 18,701 ft), Popocatepetl (5,462 m, 17,920 ft) and Iztaccihuatl (5,286 m, 17,343 ft) and the Nevado de Toluca (4,577 m, 15,016 ft). Three major urban agglomerations are located in the valleys between these four elevations: Toluca, Greater Mexico City and Puebla.[117]
Climate[link]
Main article: Climate of Mexico
The Tropic of Cancer effectively divides the country into temperate and tropical zones. Land north of the twenty-fourth parallel experiences cooler temperatures during the winter months. South of the twenty-fourth parallel, temperatures are fairly constant year round and vary solely as a function of elevation. This gives Mexico one of the world's most diverse weather systems.
Areas south of the twenty-fourth parallel with elevations up to 1,000 m (3,281 ft) (the southern parts of both coastal plains as well as the Yucatán Peninsula), have a yearly median temperature between 24 to 28 °C (75.2 to 82.4 °F). Temperatures here remain high throughout the year, with only a 5 °C (9 °F) difference between winter and summer median temperatures. Both Mexican coasts, except for the south coast of the Bay of Campeche and northern Baja, are also vulnerable to serious hurricanes during the summer and fall. Although low-lying areas north of the twentieth-fourth parallel are hot and humid during the summer, they generally have lower yearly temperature averages (from 20 to 24 °C or 68 to 75.2 °F) because of more moderate conditions during the winter.
Many large cities in Mexico are located in the Valley of Mexico or in adjacent valleys with altitudes generally above 2,000 m (6,562 ft). This gives them a year-round temperate climate with yearly temperature averages (from 16 to 18 °C or 60.8 to 64.4 °F) and cool nighttime temperatures throughout the year.
Many parts of Mexico, particularly the north, have a dry climate with sporadic rainfall while parts of the tropical lowlands in the south average more than 2,000 mm (78.7 in) of annual precipitation. For example, many cities in the north like Monterrey, Hermosillo, and Mexicali experience temperatures of 40 °C (104 °F) or more in summer. In the Sonoran Desert temperatures reach 50 °C (122 °F) or more.
Biodiversity[link]
Mexico is one of the 18 megadiverse countries of the world. With over 200,000 different species, Mexico is home of 10–12% of the world's biodiversity.[118] Mexico ranks first in biodiversity in reptiles with 707 known species, second in mammals with 438 species, fourth in amphibians with 290 species, and fourth in flora, with 26,000 different species.[119] Mexico is also considered the second country in the world in ecosystems and fourth in overall species.[120] Approximately 2,500 species are protected by Mexican legislations.[120]
As of 2002, Mexico had the second fastest rate of deforestation in the world, second only to Brazil.[121] The government has taken another initiative in the late 1990s to expand the people's knowledge, interest and use of the country's esteemed biodiversity, through the Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad.
In Mexico, 170,000 square kilometres (65,637 sq mi) are considered "Protected Natural Areas." These include 34 biosphere reserves (unaltered ecosystems), 67 national parks, 4 natural monuments (protected in perpetuity for their aesthetic, scientific or historical value), 26 areas of protected flora and fauna, 4 areas for natural resource protection (conservation of soil, hydrological basins and forests) and 17 sanctuaries (zones rich in diverse species).[118]
The discovery of the Americas brought to the rest of the world many widely used food crops and edible plants. Some of Mexico's native culinary ingredients include: chocolate, avocado, tomato, maize, vanilla, guava, chayote, epazote, camote, jícama, nopal, zucchini, tejocote, huitlacoche, sapote, mamey sapote, many varieties of beans, and an even greater variety of chiles, such as the habanero and the jalapeño. Most of these names come from indigenous languages like Nahuatl.
Due to its high biodiversity Mexico has also been a frequent site of bioprospecting by international research bodies.[122] The first highly successful instance being the discovery in 1947 of the tuber "Barbasco" (Dioscorea composita) which has a high content of diosgenin, revolutionizing the production of synthetic hormones in the 1950es and 1960es and eventually leading to the invention of combined oral contraceptive pills.[123]
Economy[link]
Main articles: Economy of Mexico and Economic history of Mexico
Mexico has the 13th largest nominal GDP and the 11th largest by purchasing power parity. GDP annual average growth for the period of 1995–2002 was 5.1%.[65] Foreign debt decreased to less than 20% of GDP.[65] 17% of the population lives below Mexico's own poverty line, ranking behind Kazakhstan, Bulgaria and Thailand. The overall poverty rate however is 44.2%, while a full 70% lack one of the 8 economic indicators used to define poverty by the Mexican government.[124] From the late 1990s, the majority of the population has been part of the growing middle class.[125] But from 2004 to 2008 the portion of the population who received less than half of the median income has risen from 17% to 21% and the absolute levels of poverty have risen considerably from 2006 to 2010, with a rise in persons living in extreme or moderate poverty rising from 35 to 46% (52 million persons).[126][127] This is also reflected by the fact that infant mortality in Mexico is three times higher than the average among OECD nations, and the literacy levels are in the median range of OECD nations. The Mexican economy is expected to nearly triple by 2020.[128] According to Goldman Sachs, by 2050 Mexico will have the 5th largest economy in the world.[129]
According to the OECD, Mexico is the country in the world with the second highest degree of economic disparity between the extremely poor and extremely rich, after Chile – although it has been falling over the last decade. The bottom ten percent in the income hierarchy disposes of 1,36% of the country's resources, whereas the upper 10% dispose of almost 36%. OECD also notes that Mexico's budgeted expenses for poverty alleviation and social development is only about a third of the OECD average – both in absolute and relative numbers.[126]
According to a 2008 UN report the average income in a typical urbanized area of Mexico was $26,654, a rate higher than advanced nations like South Korea or Taiwan, while the average income in rural areas just miles away was only $8,403, a rate comparable to developing countries such as Russia or Turkey.[130] Daily minimum wages are set annually by law and determined by zone; $57.46 Mexican pesos ($5.75 US$) in Zona A (Baja California, Federal District, State of Mexico, and large cities), $55.84 Mexican pesos ($5.59 USD) in Zone B (Sonora, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, and Jalisco), and $54.47 Mexican pesos ($5.45 USD) in Zone C (all other states)[131]
In 2006, trade with the United States and Canada accounted for almost 50% of its exports and 45% of its imports.[2] During the first three quarters of 2010, the United States had a $46.0 billion trade deficit with Mexico.[132] In August 2010 Mexico surpassed France to became the 9th largest holder of US debt.[133] The commercial and financial dependence on the US is a cause for concern.[134] The remittances from Mexican citizens working in the United States account for 0.2% of Mexico's GDP[135] which was equal to US$20 billion dollars per year in 2004 and is the tenth largest source of foreign income after oil, industrial exports, manufactured goods, electronics, heavy industry, automobiles, construction, food, banking and financial services.[136] According to Mexico's central bank, remittances in 2008 amounted to $25bn.[137]
Mexico is the largest North American auto-producing nation, recently surpassing Canada and the U.S.[138] The industry produces technologically complex components and engages in some research and development activities.[139] The "Big Three" (General Motors, Ford and Chrysler) have been operating in Mexico since the 1930s, while Volkswagen and Nissan built their plants in the 1960s.[140] In Puebla alone, 70 industrial part-makers cluster around Volkswagen.[139] The relatively small domestic car industry is represented by DINA S.A., which has built buses and trucks for almost half a century,[141] and the new Mastretta company that builds the high performance Mastretta MXT sports car.[142]
Major players in the broadcasting industry are Televisa, the largest Spanish media company in the Spanish-speaking world,[143] and TV Azteca.
Tourism[link]
Main article: Tourism in Mexico
Mexico reports the twenty-third highest tourism-based income in the world, and the highest in Latin America.[144] The vast majority of tourists come to Mexico from the United States and Canada followed by Europe and Asia. A smaller number also come from other Latin American countries.[145] In the 2008 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index, fifth among Latin American countries, and the ninth in the Americas.[146]
Energy[link]
See also: Electricity sector in Mexico
Energy production in Mexico is managed by state-owned companies: the Federal Commission of Electricity and Pemex.
Pemex, the public company in charge of exploration, extraction, transportation and marketing of crude oil and natural gas, as well as the refining and distribution of petroleum products and petrochemicals, is one of the largest companies in the world by revenue, making US $86 billion in sales a year.[147][148][149] Mexico is the sixth-largest oil producer in the world, with 3.7 million barrels per day.[150] In 1980 oil exports accounted for 61.6% of total exports; by 2000 it was only 7.3%.[139]
The largest hydro plant in Mexico is the 2,400 MW Manuel Moreno Torres Dam in Chicoasén, Chiapas, in the Grijalva River. This is the world's fourth most productive hydroelectric plant.[151]
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transportation in Mexico
The paved-roadway network extended for 116,802 km (72,577 mi) in 2005; 10,474 km (6,508 mi) were multi-lane freeways or expressways,[152] most of which were tollways. Nonetheless, it still cannot meet national needs adequately.[153] Most of the domestic passenger transport needs are served by an extensive bus network.[154]
Mexico was one of the first Latin American countries to promote railway development,[153] and the network covers 30,952 km (19,233 mi).[154] The Secretary of Communications and Transport of Mexico proposed a high-speed rail link that will transport its passengers from Mexico City to Guadalajara, Jalisco.[155][156] The train, which travels at 300 kilometers per hour,[157] allows passengers to travel from Mexico City to Guadalajara in just 2 hours.[157] The whole project was projected to cost 240 billion pesos, or about 25 billion US$[155] and is being paid for jointly by the Mexican government and the local private sector including the wealthiest man in the world, Mexico's billionaire business tycoon Carlos Slim.[158] The government of the state of Yucatán is also funding the construction of a high speed line connecting the cities of Cozumel to Mérida and Chichen Itza and Cancún.[159]
In 1999, Mexico had 233 airports with paved runways; of these, 35 carry 97% of the passenger traffic.[154] The Mexico City International Airport remains the largest in Latin America and the 44th largest in the world[160] transporting 21 million passengers a year.[161]
Communications[link]
Main article: Telecommunications in Mexico
The telecommunications industry is mostly dominated by Telmex (Teléfonos de México), privatized in 1990. As of 2006, Telmex had expanded its operations to Colombia, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay and the United States. Other players in the domestic industry are Axtel and Maxcom. Due to Mexican orography, providing landline telephone service at remote mountainous areas is expensive, and the penetration of line-phones per capita is low compared to other Latin American countries, at forty-percent, however 82% of Mexicans over the age of 14 own a mobile phone. Mobile telephony has the advantage of reaching all areas at a lower cost, and the total number of mobile lines is almost two times that of landlines, with an estimation of 63 million lines.[162] The telecommunication industry is regulated by the government through Cofetel (Comisión Federal de Telecomunicaciones).
The Mexican satellite system is domestic and operates 120 earth stations. There is also extensive microwave radio relay network and considerable use of fiber-optic and coaxial cable.[162] Mexican satellites are operated by Satélites Mexicanos (Satmex), a private company, leader in Latin America and servicing both North and South America.[163] It offers broadcast, telephone and telecommunication services to 37 countries in the Americas, from Canada to Argentina. Through business partnerships Satmex provides high-speed connectivity to ISPs and Digital Broadcast Services.[164] Satmex maintains its own satellite fleet with most of the fleet being Mexican designed and built.
Usage of radio, television, and Internet in Mexico is prevalent.[154] There are approximately 1,410 radio broadcast stations and 236 television stations (excluding repeaters).[162] Major players in the broadcasting industry are Televisa—the largest Spanish media company in the Spanish-speaking world[143]—and TV Azteca.
Science and technology[link]
Main article: History of science and technology in Mexico
The National Autonomous University of Mexico was officially established in 1910,[166] and the university become one of the most important institutes of higher learning in Mexico.[167] UNAM provides world class education in science, medicine, and engineering.[168] Many scientific institutes and new institutes of higher learning, such as National Polytechnic Institute (founded in 1936),[169] were established during the first half of the 20th century. Most of the new research institutes were created within UNAM. Twelve institutes were integrated into UNAM from 1929 to 1973.[170] In 1959, the Mexican Academy of Sciences was created to coordinate scientific efforts between academics.
In 1995 Mexican chemist Mario J. Molina shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Paul J. Crutzen, and F. Sherwood Rowland for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone.[171] Molina, an alumnus of UNAM, became the first Mexican citizen to win the Nobel Prize in science.[172]
In recent years, the biggest scientific project being developed in Mexico was the construction of the Large Millimeter Telescope (Gran Telescopio Milimétrico, GMT), the world's largest and most sensitive single-aperture telescope in its frequency range.[173] It was designed to observe regions of space obscured by stellar dust.
The electronics industry of Mexico has grown enormously within the last decade. In 2007 Mexico surpassed South Korea as the second largest manufacturer of televisions, and in 2008 Mexico surpassed China, South Korea and Taiwan to become the largest producer of smartphones in the world. There are almost half a million (451,000) students enrolled in electronics engineering programs.[174]
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Mexico
| Historical populations | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1895 | 12,632,427 | — |
| 1900 | 13,607,272 | +7.7% |
| 1910 | 15,160,369 | +11.4% |
| 1921 | 14,334,780 | −5.4% |
| 1930 | 16,552,722 | +15.5% |
| 1940 | 19,653,552 | +18.7% |
| 1950 | 25,791,017 | +31.2% |
| 1960 | 34,923,129 | +35.4% |
| 1970 | 48,225,238 | +38.1% |
| 1980 | 66,846,833 | +38.6% |
| 1990 | 81,249,645 | +21.5% |
| 1995 | 91,158,290 | +12.2% |
| 2000 | 97,483,412 | +6.9% |
| 2005 | 103,263,388 | +5.9% |
| 2010 | 112,336,538 | +8.8% |
| Source: INEGI | ||
The recently conducted 2010 Census[175] showed a population of 112,336,538, making it the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world.[176]
Mexico is ethnically diverse, the various indigenous peoples and European immigrants are united under a single national identity.[177] The core part of Mexican national identity is formed on the basis of a synthesis of European culture with Indigenous cultures in a process known as mestizaje, alluding to the mixed biological origins of the majority of Mexicans.[177][178] Mexican politicians and reformers such as José Vasconcelos and Manuel Gamio were instrumental in building a Mexican national identity on the concept of mestizaje.[179][180] The term mestizo often used in literature about Mexican social identities carries a variety of meanings containing both socio-cultural, economic, racial and biological components and for this reason it has been deemed too imprecise to be used for ethnic classification, for which reason it has been abandoned in Mexican censuses.[153][181]
The category of "indígena" (indigenous) can be defined narrowly according to linguistic criteria including only persons that speak one of Mexicos 62 indigenous languages or self-identify as having an indigenous cultural background. According with the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples as of 2005, there are 10.1 million Mexicans who speak an indigenous language and claim indigenous heritage, representing 9.8% of the total population.[182]
The word "mestizo" is sometimes used with the meaning of a person with mixed Indigenous and European blood. This usage does not conform to the Mexican social reality where a person of pure indigenous genetic heritage would be considered Mestizo either by rejecting his indigenous culture or by not speaking an indigenous language,[183] and a person with a very low percentage of indigenous genetic heritage would be considered fully indigenous either by speaking an indigenous language or by identifying with a particular indigenous cultural heritage.[184]
Mexico represents the largest source of immigration to the United States. About 9% of the population born in Mexico is now living in the United States.[185] 28.3 million Americans listed their ancestry as Mexican as of 2006.[186] Per the 2000 U.S. Census, a plurality of 47.3% of Mexican Americans self identify as White, closely followed by Mexican Americans who self identify as "Some other race", usually Mestizo (European/Indian) with 45.5%.[187]
Mexico is home to the largest number of U.S. citizens abroad (estimated at one million as of 1999).[188] The Argentine community is considered to be the second largest foreign community in the country (estimated somewhere between 30,000 and 150,000).[189][190] Mexico also has a large Lebanese community, now numbering around 400,000.[191] In October 2008, Mexico agreed to deport Cubans using the country as an entry point to the US.[192] Large numbers of Central American migrants who have crossed Guatemala's western border into Mexico are deported every year.[193] Small numbers of illegal immigrants come from Ecuador, Cuba, China, South Africa, and Pakistan.[194]
Indigenous peoples[link]
Main article: Indigenous peoples of Mexico
According to the National Commission for the Development of the Indigenous Peoples (CDI) there are 9,854,301 indigenous people reported in Mexico in 2000, which constitute 9.54% of the population in the country. The absolute indigenous population is growing, but at a slower rate than the rest of the population so that the percentage of indigenous peoples is nonetheless falling.[195][196][197] The majority of the indigenous population is concentrated in the central and southern states, that are generally the least developed, and the majority of the indigenous population live in rural areas. Some indigenous communities have a degree of autonomy under the legislation of "usos y costumbres", which allows them to regulate some internal issues under customary law. According to the CDI, the states with the greatest percentage of indigenous population are:[198] Yucatán, with 59%, Quintana Roo with 39% and Campeche with 27% of the population being indigenous, most of them Maya; Oaxaca with 48% of the population, the most numerous groups being the Mixtec and Zapotec peoples; Chiapas has 28%, the majority being Tzeltal and Tzotzil Maya; Hidalgo with 24%, the majority being Otomi; Puebla with 19%, and Guerrero with 17%, mostly Nahua people and the states of San Luis Potosí and Veracruz both home to a population of 15% indigenous people, mostly from the Totonac, Nahua and Teenek (Huastec) groups.[199]
All of the indices of social development for the indigenous population are considerably lower than the national average. In all states indigenous people have higher infant mortality, in some states almost double of the non-indigenous populations. Literacy rates are also much lower, with 27% of indigenous children between 6 and 14 being illiterate compared to a national average of 12%. The indigenous population participate in the workforce longer than the national average, starting earlier and continuing longer. However, 55% of the indigenous population receive less than a minimum salary, compared to 20% for the national average. Many practice subsistence agriculture and receive no salaries. Indigenous people also have less access to health care and a lower quality of housing.[199]
Population genetics[link]
A study by the American Society of Human Genetics reported that Mestizo Mexicans are 58.96% European, 35.05% "Asian" (Amerindian), and 5.03% African. Sonora shows the highest European contribution (70.63%) and Guerrero the lowest (51.98%) where we also observe the highest Asian contribution (37.17%). African contribution ranges from 2.8% in Sonora to 11.13% in Veracruz. 80% of the Mexican population was classed as mestizo (defined as "being racially mixed in some degree").[200][year needed][volume & issue needed][citation needed]
In May 2009, Mexico's National Institute of Genomic Medicine issued a report on a genomic study of 300 mestizos from the states of Guerrero, Sonora, Veracruz, Yucatán, Zacatecas, and Guanajuato. The study found that the Mestizo population of these Mexican states were on average 55% of indigenous ancestry followed by 41.8 % of European, 1.8% of African, and 1.2% of East Asian ancestry. The study also noted that whereas Mestizo individuals from the southern state of Guerrero showed on average 66% of indigenous ancestry, those from the northern state of Sonora displayed about 61.6% European ancestry. The study found that there was an increase in indigenous ancestry as one traveled towards to the Southern states in Mexico, while the indigenous ancestry declined as one traveled to the Northern states in the country, such as Sonora.[201]
Languages[link]
Main article: Languages of Mexico
See also: Mexican Spanish and List of endangered languages in Mexico
The country has the largest Spanish-speaking population in the world with almost a third of all Spanish native speakers.[176][202]
Mexico is home to a large number of indigenous languages, spoken by some 5.4% of the population – 1.2% of the population are monolingual speakers of an indigenous language.[203] The indigenous languages with most speakers are Nahuatl, spoken by approximately 1,45 million people,[204] Yukatek Maya spoken by some 750,000 people and the Mixtec[205] and Zapotec languages[206] each spoken by more than 400,000 people. The National Institute of Indigenous Languages INALI recognizes 68 linguistic groups and some 364 different specific varieties of indigenous languages.[207] Since the promulgation of the Law of Indigenous Linguistic Rights in 2003, these languages have had status as national languages, with equal validity with Spanish in all the areas and contexts in which they are spoken.[208]
In addition to the indigenous languages other minority languages are spoken by immigrant populations such as the 80,000 German-speaking Mennonites in Mexico.[209] And 5,000 the Chipilo dialect of the Venetian language spoken in Chipilo, Puebla.
Religion[link]
See also: Religion in Mexico and Our Lady of Guadalupe
| Religion in Mexico (2010 census)[210] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roman Catholicism |
|
82.7% | ||
| Other Christian |
|
9.7% | ||
| Other Religion |
|
0.2% | ||
| No religion |
|
4.7% | ||
| Unspecified |
|
2.7% | ||
The 2010 census by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía gave Roman Catholicism as the main religion, with 82.7% of the population, while 9.7% (10,924,103) belong to other Christian denominations, including Evangelicals (5.2%); Pentecostals (1.6%); other Protestant or Reformed (0.7%); Jehovah's Witnesses (1.4%); Seventh-day Adventists (0.6%); and members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (0.3%).[210] 172,891 (or less than 0.2% of the total) belonged to other, non-Christian religions; 4.7% declared having no religion; 2.7% were unspecified.[210]
The 92,924,489[210] Catholics of Mexico constitute in absolute terms the second largest Catholic community in the world, after Brazil's.[211] 47% percent of them attend church services weekly.[212] Most Mexican cities, towns and villages hold a yearly feast day to commemorate their local patron saints.[citation needed] The feast day of Our Lady of Guadalupe, the patron saint of Mexico, is celebrated on December 12 and is regarded by many Mexicans as the most important religious holiday of their country.[213]
The 2010 census reported 314,932 members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,[210] though the church in 2009 claimed to have over one million registered members.[214] About 25% of registered members attend a weekly sacrament service although this can fluctuate up and down.[215]
The presence of Jews in Mexico dates back to 1521, when Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs, accompanied by several Conversos.[216] According to the 2010 census, there are 67,476 Jews in Mexico.[210] Islam in Mexico is practiced by a small population in the city of Torreón, Coahuila, and there are an estimated 300 Muslims in the San Cristóbal de las Casas area in Chiapas.[217][218] In the 2010 census 18,185 Mexicans reported belonging to an Eastern religion,[210] a category which includes a tiny Buddhist population.
Gender equality[link]
The World Economic Forum 2011 Global Gender Gap Report ranked Mexico 89th out of 135 countries for gender parity, making it one of the least gender balanced countries in the North American region, particularly to the disadvantage of women, who have a below average degree of political participation and labor equality. Education and health indicators for Mexican women were however better than the average in the study.[219]
Metropolitan areas[link]
Main article: Metropolitan areas of Mexico
Metropolitan areas in Mexico have been traditionally defined as the group of municipalities that heavily interact with each other, usually around a core city.[220] In 2004, a joint effort between CONAPO, INEGI and the Ministry of Social Development (SEDESOL) agreed to define metropolitan areas as either:[220]
- the group of two or more municipalities in which a city with a population of at least 50,000 is located whose urban area extends over the limit of the municipality that originally contained the core city incorporating either physically or under its area of direct influence other adjacent predominantly urban municipalities all of which have a high degree of social and economic integration or are relevant for urban politics and administration; or
- a single municipality in which a city of a population of at least one million is located and fully contained, (that is, it does not transcend the limits of a single municipality); or
- a city with a population of at least 250,000 which forms a conurbation with other cities in the United States.
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Mexico
File:Tradicionalranchero.JPG
Jarabe Tapatío, an example of traditional Mexican dance and costumes.
Mexican culture reflects the complexity of the country's history through the blending of indigenous cultures and the culture of Spain, imparted during Spain's 300-year colonization of Mexico. Exogenous cultural elements mainly from the United States have been incorporated into Mexican culture.[citation needed]
The Porfirian era (el Porfiriato), in the last quarter of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, was marked by economic progress and peace. After four decades of civil unrest and war, Mexico saw the development of philosophy and the arts, promoted by President Díaz himself. Since that time, as accentuated during the Mexican Revolution, cultural identity has had its foundation in the mestizaje, of which the indigenous (i.e. Amerindian) element is the core. In light of the various ethnicities that formed the Mexican people, José Vasconcelos in his publication La Raza Cósmica (The Cosmic Race) (1925) defined Mexico to be the melting pot of all races (thus extending the definition of the mestizo) not only biologically but culturally as well.[221] This exalting of mestizaje was a revolutionary idea that sharply contrasted with the idea of a superior pure race prevalent in Europe at the time.[citation needed]
Literature[link]
Main articles: Mexican literature and Mesoamerican literature
The literature of Mexico has its antecedents in the literatures of the indigenous settlements of Mesoamerica. The most well known prehispanic poet is Nezahualcoyotl. Modern Mexican literature was influenced by the concepts of the Spanish colonialization of Mesoamerica. Outstanding colonial writers and poets include Juan Ruiz de Alarcón and Juana Inés de la Cruz.
In light of the various ethnicities that formed the Mexican people, José Vasconcelos in his publication La Raza Cósmica (The Cosmic Race) (1925) defined Mexico to be the melting pot of all races, biologically as well as culturally.[221]
Other writers include Alfonso Reyes, José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, Ignacio Manuel Altamirano, Carlos Fuentes, Octavio Paz (Nobel Laureate), Renato Leduc, Carlos Monsiváis, Elena Poniatowska, Mariano Azuela ("Los de abajo") and Juan Rulfo ("Pedro Páramo"). Bruno Traven wrote "Canasta de cuentos mexicanos", "El tesoro de la Sierra Madre."
Visual arts[link]
See also: Mexican art
Post-revolutionary art in Mexico had its expression in the works of renowned artists such as Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco, Rufino Tamayo, Federico Cantú Garza, David Alfaro Siqueiros and Juan O'Gorman. Diego Rivera, the most well-known figure of Mexican muralism, painted the Man at the Crossroads at the Rockefeller Center in New York City, a huge mural that was destroyed the next year due to the inclusion of a portrait of Russian communist leader Lenin.[222] Some of Rivera's murals are displayed at the Mexican National Palace and the Palace of Fine Arts.
Mesoamerican architecture is mostly noted for its pyramids which are the largest such structures outside of Ancient Egypt.[citation needed] Spanish Colonial architecture is marked by the contrast between the simple, solid construction demanded by the new environment and the Baroque ornamentation exported from Spain.[citation needed] Mexico, as the center of New Spain has some of the most renowned buildings built in this style.
Cinema and media[link]
Main article: Cinema of Mexico
Mexican films from the Golden Age in the 1940s and 1950s are the greatest examples of Latin American cinema, with a huge industry comparable to the Hollywood of those years. Mexican films were exported and exhibited in all of Latin America and Europe. Maria Candelaria (1944) by Emilio Fernández, was one of the first films awarded a Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1946, the first time the event was held after World War II. The famous Spanish-born director Luis Buñuel realized in Mexico, between 1947 to 1965 some of him master pieces like Los Olvidados (1949), Viridiana (1961) and El angel exterminador (1963). Famous actors and actresses from this period include María Félix, Pedro Infante, Dolores del Río, Jorge Negrete and the comedian Cantinflas.
More recently, films such as Como agua para chocolate (1992), Cronos (1993), Amores perros (2000), Y tu mamá también (2001), El crimen del Padre Amaro (The Crime of Father Amaro) (2002), Pan's Labyrinth (2006) and Babel (2006) have been successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognised, as in the prestigious Cannes Film Festival. Mexican directors Alejandro González Iñárritu (Amores perros, Babel), Alfonso Cuarón (Children of Men, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban), Guillermo del Toro, Carlos Carrera (The Crime of Father Amaro), and screenwriter Guillermo Arriaga are some of the most known present-day film makers.
Two of the major television networks based in Mexico are Televisa and TV Azteca. Televisa is also the largest producer of Spanish-language content in the world and also the world's largest Spanish-language media network.[223] Grupo Multimedios is another media conglomerate with Spanish-language broadcasting in Mexico, Spain, and the United States. Soap operas (telenovelas) are translated to many languages and seen all over the world with renowned names like Verónica Castro, Lucía Méndez, Lucero, and Thalía.
Music[link]
Main article: Music of Mexico
Mexican society enjoys a vast array of music genres, showing the diversity of Mexican culture. Traditional music includes Mariachi, Banda, Norteño, Ranchera and Corridos; on an every-day basis most Mexicans listen to contemporary music such as pop, rock, etc. in both English and Spanish. Mexico has the largest media industry in Latin America, producing Mexican artists who are famous in Central and South America and parts of Europe, especially Spain. Some well-known Mexican singers are Thalía, Luis Miguel, Alejandro Fernández, Julieta Venegas and Paulina Rubio. Mexican singers of traditional music are: Lila Downs, Susana Harp, Jaramar, GEO Meneses and Alejandra Robles. Popular groups are Café Tacuba, Molotov and Maná, among others. Since the early years of 2000s (decade), Mexican rock has seen widespread growth both domesticly and internationally.[citation needed]
According to the Sistema Nacional de Fomento Musical, there are between 120 and 140 youth orchestras affiliated to this federal agency from all federal states.[citation needed] Some states, through their state agencies in charge of culture and the arts—Ministry or Secretary or Institute or Council of Culture, in some cases Secretary of Education or the State University—sponsor the activities of a professional Symphony Orchestra or Philharmonic Orchestra so all citizens can have access to this artistic expression from the field of classical music$3. Mexico City is the most intense hub of this activity hosting 12 professional orchestras sponsored by different agencies such as the National Institute of Fine Arts, the Secretary of Culture of the Federal District, The National University, the National Polytechnic Institute, a Delegación Política (Coyoacán) and very few are a kind of private ventures.[citation needed]
Cuisine[link]
Main article: Mexican cuisine
Mexican cuisine is known for its intense and varied flavors, colorful decoration, and variety of spices. Most of today's Mexican food is based on pre-Columbian traditions, including the Aztecs and Maya, combined with culinary trends introduced by Spanish colonists.
The conquistadores eventually combined their imported diet of rice, beef, pork, chicken, wine, garlic and onions with the native pre-Columbian food, including maize, tomato, vanilla, avocado, guava, papaya, pineapple, chili pepper, beans, squash, sweet potato, peanut, and turkey.
Mexican food varies by region, because of local climate and geography and ethnic differences among the indigenous inhabitants and because these different populations were influenced by the Spaniards in varying degrees. The north of Mexico is known for its beef, goat and ostrich production and meat dishes, in particular the well-known Arrachera cut.
Central Mexico's cuisine is largely made up of influences from the rest of the country, but also has its authentics, such as barbacoa, pozole, menudo, tamales, and carnitas.
Southeastern Mexico, on the other hand, is known for its spicy vegetable and chicken-based dishes. The cuisine of Southeastern Mexico also has quite a bit of Caribbean influence, given its geographical location. Veal is common in the Yucatan. Seafood is commonly prepared in the states that border the Pacific Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico, the latter having a famous reputation for its fish dishes, in particular à la veracruzana.
In modern times, other cuisines of the world have become very popular in Mexico, thus adopting a Mexican fusion. For example, sushi in Mexico is often made with a variety of sauces based on mango or tamarind, and very often served with serrano-chili-blended soy sauce, or complemented with vinegar, habanero and chipotle peppers
The most internationally recognized dishes include chocolate, tacos, quesadillas, enchiladas, burritos, tamales and mole among others. Regional dishes include mole poblano, chiles en nogada and chalupas from Puebla; cabrito and machaca from Monterrey, cochinita pibil from Yucatán, Tlayudas from Oaxaca, as well as barbacoa, chilaquiles, milanesas, and many others.
Sports[link]
Main article: Sport in Mexico
Mexico City hosted the XIX Olympic Games in 1968, making it the first Latin American city to do so.[224] The country has also hosted the FIFA World Cup twice, in 1970 and 1986.[225]
Mexico's most popular sport is association football (soccer). It is commonly believed that Football was introduced in Mexico by Cornish miners at the end of the 19th century. By 1902 a five-team league had emerged with a strong British influence.[226][227] Mexico's top clubs are Guadalajara with 11 championships, América with 10 and Toluca with 10.[228] Antonio Carbajal was the first player to appear in five World Cups,[citation needed] and Hugo Sánchez was named best CONCACAF player of the 20th century by IFFHS.[citation needed]
Baseball has traditionally been more popular than soccer in some regions.[citation needed] The Mexican professional league is named the Liga Mexicana de Beisbol. While usually not as strong as the United States, the Caribbean countries and Japan, Mexico has nonetheless achieved several international baseball titles.[citation needed] Mexico has had several players signed by Major League teams, the most famous of them being Dodgers pitcher Fernando Valenzuela.[citation needed]
Bullfighting is a popular sport in the country, and almost all large cities have bullrings. Plaza México in Mexico City, is the largest bullring in the world, which seats 55,000 people. Professional wrestling (or Lucha libre in Spanish) is a major crowd draw with national promotions such as AAA, LLL, CMLL and others.
Mexico is an international power in professional boxing (at the amateur level, several Olympic boxing medals have also been won by Mexico).[citation needed] Vicente Saldivar, Rubén Olivares, Salvador Sánchez, Julio César Chávez, Ricardo Lopez and Erik Morales are but a few Mexican fighters who have been ranked among the best of all time.[citation needed]
Notable Mexican athletes include golfer Lorena Ochoa, who was ranked first in the LPGA world rankings prior to her retirement,[229] Ana Guevara, former world champion of the 400 metres (1,300 ft) and Olympic subchampion in Athens 2004, and Fernando Platas, a numerous Olympic medal winning diver.
Health care[link]
Main article: Health care in Mexico
File:Mexicohospital.jpg
Hospital Angeles in Mexico City, the largest Mexican private hospitals chain.
Since the early 1990s, Mexico entered a transitional stage in the health of its population and some indicators such as mortality patterns are identical to those found in highly developed countries like Germany or Japan.[230] Although all Mexicans are entitled to receive medical care by the state, 50.3 million Mexicans had no medical insurance as of 2002.[231] Efforts to increase the number of people are being made, and the current administration intends to achieve universal health care by 2011.[232][233]
Mexico's medical infrastructure is highly rated for the most part and is usually excellent in major cities,[234][235] but rural communities still lack equipment for advanced medical procedures, forcing patients in those locations to travel to the closest urban areas to get specialized medical care.[153]
State-funded institutions such as Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) and the Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers (ISSSTE) play a major role in health and social security. Private health services are also very important and account for 13% of all medical units in the country.[236]
Medical training is done mostly at public universities with much specializations done in vocational or internship settings. Some public universities in Mexico, such as the University of Guadalajara, have signed agreements with the U.S. to receive and train American students in Medicine. Health care costs in private institutions and prescription drugs in Mexico are on average lower than that of its North American economic partners.[234]
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Mexico
In 2004, the literacy rate was at 97%[237] for youth under the age of 14 and 91% for people over 15,[238] placing Mexico at the 24th place in the world rank accordingly to UNESCO.[239]
The National Autonomous University of Mexico ranks 190th place in the Top 200 World University Ranking published by The Times Higher Education Supplement in 2009.[240] Private business schools also stand out in international rankings. IPADE and EGADE, the business schools of Universidad Panamericana and of Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education respectively, were ranked in the top 10 in a survey conducted by The Wall Street Joutnal among recruiters outside the United States.[241]
Law enforcement[link]
Public security is enacted at the three levels of government, each of which has different prerogatives and responsibilities. Local and state police department are primarily in charge of law enforcement, whereas the Mexican Federal Police is in charge of specialized duties. All levels report to the Secretaría de Seguridad Pública (Secretary of Public Security). The General Attorney's Office (Procuraduría General de la República, PGR) is the executive power's agency in charge of investigating and prosecuting crimes at the federal level, mainly those related to drug and arms trafficking,[242] espionage, and bank robberies.[243] The PGR operates the Federal Investigations Agency (Agencia Federal de Investigación, AFI) an investigative and preventive agency.[244]
While the government generally respects the human rights of its citizens, serious abuses of power have been reported in security operations in the southern part of the country and in indigenous communities and poor urban neighborhoods.[153] The National Human Rights Commission has had little impact in reversing this trend, engaging mostly in documentation but failing to use its powers to issue public condemnations to the officials who ignore its recommendations.[245] By law, all defendants have the rights that assure them fair trials and human treatment; however, the system is overburdened and overwhelmed with several problems.[153]
Despite the efforts of the authorities to fight crime and fraud, few Mexicans have strong confidence in the police or the judicial system, and therefore, few crimes are actually reported by the citizens.[153] The Global Integrity Index which measures the existence and effectiveness of national anti-corruption mechanisms rated Mexico 31st behind Kenya, Thailand, and Russia.[246] In 2008, president Calderón proposed a major reform of the judicial system, which was approved by the Congress of the Union, which included oral trials, the presumption of innocence for defendants, the authority of local police to investigate crime—until then a prerogative of special police units—and several other changes intended to speed up trials.[247]
Crime[link]
Main articles: Crime in Mexico and Mexican Drug War
According to a 2012 OECD study 15% of Mexicans report having been a victim of crime in the past year, a figure which among OECD countries is only higher in South Africa.[126] As of 2009 Mexico's homicide rate varied from 10~14 per 100,000 inhabitants; the world average is 10.9 per 100,000 inhabitants.[248] Drug-traffic and narco-related activities are a major concern in Mexico.[249] Mexico's drug war has claimed nearly 50,000 lives.[250] The Mexican drug cartels have as many as 100,000 members.[251]
Current president Felipe Calderón made abating drug-trafficking one of the top priorities of his administration deploying military personnel to cities where drug cartels operate. This move has been criticized by the opposition parties and the National Human Rights Commission for escalating the violence, but its effects have been positively evaluated by the Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs as having obtained "unprecedented results..." with "many important successes".[252] Since President Felipe Calderón launched a crackdown against cartels in 2006 more than 28,000 alleged criminals have been killed.[253][254] Of the total drug-related violence 4% are innocent people,[255] mostly by-passers and people trapped in between shootings; 90% accounts for criminals and 6% for military personnel and police officers.[255] In October 2007, the president Calderón and US president George W. Bush announced the Mérida Initiative a plan of law enforcement cooperation between the two countries.[256]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Official Name of the Country". MX: Presidency of Mexico. March 31, 2005. http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/index.php?DNA=91. Retrieved May 30, 2010.
- ^ a b c Mexico entry at The World Factbook
- ^ "Población de 3 años y más en entidades federativas seleccionadas y su distribución porcentual según condición de autoadscripción étnica para cada entidad federativa, sexo y condición de habla indígena" (in Spanish). Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010. Cuestionario ampliado. INEGI. 2011. http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/LeerArchivo.aspx?ct=27495&c=27303&s=est&f=2. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
- ^ "Political Constitution of the United Mexican States Title 2 Article 40" (PDF). MX: SCJN. http://www.scjn.gob.mx/SiteCollectionDocuments/PortalSCJN/RecJur/BibliotecaDigitalSCJN/PublicacionesSupremaCorte/Political_constitucion_of_the_united_Mexican_states_2008.pdf. Retrieved August 14, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "RESULTADOS DEFINITIVOS CENSO DE POBLACIÓN Y VIVIENDA 2010" (in Spanish). INEGI. 2011-03-03. http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/comunicados/AbrirArchivo.aspx?consec=17181&a=2011&m=3&n=comunica.pdf. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
- ^ a b c d "Mexico". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=68&pr.y=3&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=273&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
- ^ "Gini Index". World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
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Si bien la pobreza había venido disminuyendo a lo largo de los últimos decenios, en fechas recientes ha vuelto a aumentar. Entre 2004 y 2008 la proporción de personas que vivían con menos del 50% del ingreso medio aumentó del 18.4% al 21%. También se registró un crecimiento considerable en las últimas estadísticas oficiales sobre la pobreza absoluta, que tienen en cuenta el acceso a alimentos, salud, educación, vivienda y otros factores. De acuerdo con datos recientes del Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social (CONEVAL), entre 2006 y 2010, la proporción de personas que vivían en la pobreza (extrema y moderada) aumentó del 35% al 46% (lo que equivale a 52 millones de personas). El alto nivel de pobreza absoluta se refleja también en otros indicadores relativos a las condiciones de vida: por ejemplo, la mortalidad infantil, que es tres veces superior al promedio de la OCDE, y la tasa de analfabetismo, que supera a la media del conjunto de la Organización. México es el segundo país con las desigualdades más grandes entre los países de la OCDE, después de Chile, si bien la tendencia ha sido descendente en la última década. Las estadísticas más recientes de la OCDE, que figuran en el informe Divided We Stand (diciembre de 2011), señalan que el 10% más pobre de la población de México percibe alrededor del 1.3% del ingreso total disponible, mientras que el 10% más rico recibe casi el 36%. Aunque México es uno de los pocos países de la OCDE donde las desigualdades han disminuido en las últimas décadas, éstas siguen siendo altas y se han convertido en un obstáculo para el crecimiento y el desarrollo.
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- ^ Mexico Police and Law Enforcement Organizations. Accessed: 2008-03-04
- ^ Agencia Federal de Investigacion. Procuraduría General de la República. Accessed: 2008-03-04
- ^ Big, expensive and weirdly spineless. The Economist. Issued: 2008-02-14. Retrieved March 4, 2008
- ^ "Global Integrity Report". Report.globalintegrity.org. http://report.globalintegrity.org/globalindex/results.cfm. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
- ^ McKinley, JC Jr. (March 7, 2008) Mexico’s Congress Passes Overhaul of Justice Laws. The New York Times. Accessed on: March 18, 2008
- ^ "Seventh United Nations survey of crime trends and operations of criminal justice systems, covering the period 1998–2009" (PDF). United Nations Office on drugs and crime division for policy analysis and public affairs. pp. 13–15. Archived from the original on 2006. http://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/seventh_survey/7sv.pdf. Retrieved December 1, 2006.
- ^ "Mexico Boosts Force in War with Drug Gang". Cbsnews.com. July 17, 2009. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/07/17/world/main5167018.shtml. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
- ^ "Is Mexico's Drug War Worth The Cost?". Npr.org. 2012-04-03. http://www.npr.org/2012/04/03/149919311/is-mexicos-drug-war-worth-the-cost. Retrieved 2012-05-07.
- ^ "100,000 foot soldiers in Mexican cartels". Washingtontimes.com. 2009-03-03. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/mar/03/100000-foot-soldiers-in-cartels/. Retrieved 2012-05-07.
- ^ Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs. (2008). International Narcotics Control Strategy Report[dead link]. Retrieved March 4, 2008
- ^ "Mexico country profile". BBC News. November 29, 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1205074.stm. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
- ^ AP (February 1, 2010). "More Than 30,000 Killed in Mexico's Drug Violence". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/12/16/killed-mexicos-drug-violence/. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
- ^ a b "Mexican president: We're not losing drug war". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29413556/ns/world_news-americas. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
- ^ Gómez, Natalia (2007). Otorgará Iniciativa Mérida 500 mdd a México en primer año. El Universal. Retrieved March 4, 2008
Bibliography[link]
- Krauze, Enrique (1998). Mexico: Biography of Power: A history of Modern Mexico 1810–1996. New York, New York: Harper Perennial. p. 896. ISBN 0-06-092917-0.
- Meyer, Michael C.; William H. Beezley, editors (2000). The Oxford History of Mexico. Oxford University Press. p. 736. ISBN 0-19-511228-8.
- Parkes, Henry Bamford (1972). A History of Mexico (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-08410-5.
External links[link]
| Find more about Mexico on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- The Presidency of Mexico (English)
- Mexico entry at The World Factbook
- Mexico at the Open Directory Project
- Wikimedia Atlas of Mexico
- Mexico travel guide from Wikitravel
- Key Development Forecasts for Mexico from International Futures
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http://wn.com/Mexico
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico
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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (September 2010) |
| Peter Finlay | |
|---|---|
| File:DBC Pierre.jpg | |
| Born | Peter Warren Finlay 1961 Old Reynella, South Australia |
| Pen name | DBC Pierre |
| Occupation | Novelist |
| Period | 2003-present |
| Genres | Satire, dark comedy, allegory |
| Notable work(s) | Vernon God Little |
DBC Pierre (born Peter Warren Finlay[1]) is a writer known for his novel Vernon God Little. The "DBC" part of his nom-de-plume (normally so written, without punctuation) stands for "Dirty But Clean". "Pierre" was a nickname bestowed on him by childhood friends after the cartoon character "Dirty Pierre" from the television series "Super-6".
He was born in South Australia in 1961, before moving to Mexico, where Pierre was largely raised. Having since lived in Spain, Australia, England and the West Indies, he now resides in the Republic of Ireland.
Pierre was awarded the Booker Prize for fiction on 14 October 2003 for Vernon God Little, his first novel, becoming the third Australian-born author to be so honoured. Upon winning the Whitbread First Novel Award in 2003 he became the first writer ever to receive a Booker and a Whitbread for the same book. The book also won the Bollinger Wodehouse Everyman Prize for comic literature at the Hay Festival in 2003, and earned the author a James Joyce Award from the Literary and Historical Society of University College Dublin.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Born into an old Reynella winery homestead in South Australia, where his father was lecturing in genetics at the University of Adelaide, by the age of 2 Pierre had already spent time in the United States, the South Pacific and Great Britain. He was then raised from early childhood into his 20s in a lavish mansion in Mexico City's landmark modernist community of Jardines del Pedregal, and attended Edron Academy.[1] Pierre wrote of his upbringing in the British magazine Quintessentially in December 2009:
In the neighbourhood where I grew up I was only once ever sniped with a gun. Only one Bengal tiger ever threatened me there, and of all the earthquakes only one was ever strong enough to throw me out of bed. One raccoon lived there, who was my pet. And despite our house ... being immense, still only one child was ever discovered hidden in an upstairs room for over a decade who neither I nor my parents knew anything about. Among the neighbour’s daughter’s wedding presents were thirteen cars; but it wasn’t that neighbour’s Bengal tiger which threatened me.
Pierre was taken to revisit this home by Alan Yentob for the BBC television series Imagine in 2004. He reflected that the seeds of a later troubled and often outrageous youth were planted there, citing constant attendance by servants, and a social system where money could buy anything including the law. Pierre has told the press that of the gang of 7 youths that formed his fast-living teenage milieu, only he and one other survive today. In the Yentob documentary, a childhood friend and neighbour of Pierre's, the financier and industrialist Antonio Mayer, stated that "we were bad - but we weren't rotten".
Owing to his father's work around the globe Pierre was part of the original jetset, and claims that constant travel took its toll on his academic life, though he was always able to draw and paint, and was published as a cartoonist while still in his early teens. He went on to practice photography, graphic design and filmmaking, working freelance for clients around the world. His varied cultural background added more reasons to travel - his mother was born in the shadow of Durham castle in North East England, and Pierre also once attended Bow School there as a child. He recalls in a Guardian article of 1 September 2004, that he would later return to Durham most years, usually around the 2nd week in July, to see the Big Meeting. Also known as the Durham Miners Gala, the event was at one time the largest gathering of mineworkers outside the Soviet Union. He found the meeting of working folk moving and inspiring, and enjoyed contact with more "realistic" family roots than those suggested by his opulent existence in Mexico City. His first setback was when, aged seven, he fell ill with hepatitis and had to spend a year in bed. After he recovered, his parents were faced with the choice of keeping him a year behind in school, or letting him stay in his class and just catch up. They chose the latter. Pierre sees this as his "all the trouble began when ... " moment, as it meant him falling out with his peers.[2]
His father, once decorated as a Lancaster Bomber pilot in World War 2, by then a scientific partner to Nobel Peace Prize winner Norman E. Borlaug, fell ill when Pierre was sixteen, and died three years later. During that time Pierre was left alone with the family mansion and its servants and cars. He later said that in trying to deal with his father's slipping away from him he started a party at the house which "Ran for more than a decade in some form or other." He also spent long periods in New York City and on the Mediterranean, until President José López Portillo issued a decree nationalising Mexico's banking system and greatly devaluing its currency overnight. Pierre has called the period of his father's illness and death, and the financial collapse which cost his family much of its fortune, "the beginning of my problems".
Middle years[link]
Pierre's permanent residency in Mexico ended at Reynosa on the United States-Mexican border in the middle of the night when he was stopped trying to import a 6-litre sports car. He intended to drive through the Sonora Desert to Mexico City, but Mexico at the time had a protectionist auto industry, making foreign vehicle imports illegal to all but tourists. Pierre succeeded in crossing with the car but found his papers cancelled by the time he reached Mexico City some 18 hours later. The border crossing at Reynosa is described and celebrated in Pierre's novel Vernon God Little, as is the journey by road from the border.
Pierre asserts that of the following years, nine were spent in a drug-induced haze, culminating with a stay in Australia where he finally collapsed. He described this period of his life in an interview given on the Australian television show Enough Rope with Andrew Denton in 2006:
I was lucky enough to be in Australia at the time, having come back to try my luck. The support network was fantastic. There's immediately the safety net under you here, which, in the rest of the world I wouldn't have survived, definitely. But, here, I was taken into therapy, where they told me that ... I was in the grip of bad psychology, and that this rabbit was never going to come out of the hat and I should get used to the idea, which was what I needed at the time.[3]
During his 20s he had been involved in illegal and unprofitable schemes, including one aimed at mounting a film production to explore the fall of the Aztec Empire and follow trails to the remains of Aztec Emperor Moctezuma, and possibly to his lost treasure, the whereabouts of which remains one of Mexico's great mysteries. He has also confessed to once selling the apartment of an American neighbour in Spain and using much of the proceeds ($34,000) to finance his drug habit, as well as taking possession of a police car in Mexico and using it as his own for many months. For most of the 1990s, he lived as a recluse; in his own words, "repolarising and deconstructing" himself while listening to Russian and German orchestral music. After years of recovery and patchy employment he wrote his first novel on the floor of a box-room in Balham, south London, finally agreeing a publication deal with Faber & Faber on September 11, 2001, 45 minutes before the tragic attacks on New York. In the following weeks he relocated to a remote mountainside in County Leitrim, Ireland, where he began work on a second novel. The Booker Prize comes with a monetary award of GBP 50,000. Upon being notified of his victory, Pierre said that the money would go part way toward paying off the debts incurred in his 20s, when psychological issues and drug abuse were driving forces.
Recent years[link]
In 2005 DBC Pierre revisited the Mexico of his youth to finally explore and document the downfall of the Aztecs. In this revealing Channel 4 documentary he revisits the Aztecs' epic tale of decline and conquest. The Last Aztec, part historical film and part road movie, was aired in 2006 and follows Pierre as he traces the advance of the Spanish conquistadors toward the Aztec capital. It also picks up the threads he had intended to pursue in his ill-fated production of years earlier, centring on the wizards and witches of an Otomi culture in a remote valley in the Sierra Madre mountains of central Mexico.
In 2007 his award-winning first novel, Vernon God Little, was adapted by Tanya Ronder for the London stage. It was directed by Rufus Norris at the Young Vic from 27 April – 9 June. To date the work has been translated in more than 40 countries worldwide and produced as a play by at least four theatre companies. The book has also been optioned for film, but no production has yet taken place.
In 2009, he donated the short story "Suddenly Dr Cox" to Oxfam's Ox-Tales project, four collections of UK stories written by 38 authors. Pierre's story was published in the Air collection.[4] He is also a contributor to the 2009 rock biography on The Triffids Vagabond Holes: David McComb and the Triffids, edited by Australian academics Niall Lucy and Chris Coughran.[5]
Published works[link]
- Vernon God Little (January 2003, Booker Prize 2003)
- Ludmila's Broken English (February 2006)
- Suddenly Doctor Cox (May 2009)[6]
- Lights Out in Wonderland (September 2010)[7]
Appearances[link]
- Tilley's, Canberra, where DBC Pierre was presented with organic corn (in reference to his first encounter with Australian Customs, when Pierre, as a 20 year-old, returned some of his deceased father's belongings in boxes to Australia from Mexico City. One box was found to contain cobs of ornamental maize from a table decoration, and Pierre was subsequently charged and convicted in court for "willfully importing plants or parts of plants" and "signing a false customs declaration." Commenting on this first contact with his birthplace as a returning adult, Pierre later said that he spent much of his time in Australia in either court or hospital - the latter referring particularly to a near-fatal car crash which required the right side of his face to be reconstructed, leaving scars he still bears today). (Book launch, March 2006.)
- Enough Rope, interview with Andrew Denton. (Interview, May 2006.)
- "Fairwell to the wharf of innocence", an essay on the music of David McComb & The Triffids, appears in the collection 'Vagabond Holes' (Freemantle Press, 2009)
Quotations[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: DBC Pierre |
- I likened writing to painting a still life with live rats. I even wrote that on my study wall, and within days there was an infestation of rats in the house. What are the Gods like?[8]
- My family planted the idea that I could do anything ... I just want to apologise for taking it so literally.- DBC Pierre, part of his acceptance speech for the Man Booker Prize[9]
- Mexico, with its contrasts, its crushing poverty and sparkling wealth, its institutionalised corruption and cultural wisdom, its love of life and its embracing of death, undoubtedly set me on a path toward the deep end, philosophically and emotionally speaking.– DBC Pierre[10]
References[link]
- ^ a b "DBC Pierre - About the author". Authors. Noordhoff Uitgevers. http://www.lijsters.nl/wps/portal/!ut/p/c0/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gDA2NPTzcDd3dnA29DRzNP71BDAwjQL8h2VAQA2_m7SA!!/?New_WCM_Context=/wcm/connect/Thuis/Home/abstract/Auteurs/DBC+Pierre. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
- ^ "The man who fell to earth - Celebrity News & Gossip, Independent Woman". Independent.ie. 2006-04-16. http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/news-gossip/the-man-who-fell-to-earth-129027.html. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
- ^ Andrew Denton. "episode 104, Monday 22 May 2006". Enough Rope. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
- ^ "Ox-Tales". Oxfam. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/shop/content/books/books_oxtales.html. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
- ^ Niall Lucy and Chris Coughran, eds. Vagabond Holes: David McComb and The Triffids (Fremantle: Fremantle Press, 2009).
- ^ "press". Hay Festival. http://www.hayfestival.com/c-192-hay-festival-press.aspx. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
- ^ "Year of reading dangerously - Books - Entertainment". theage.com.au. 2010-01-23. http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2010/01/23/1263663182998.html. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
- ^ DBC Pierre (2009-05-28). "Retro BlackBook: Bryce Dallas Howard, 2005 - BlackBook". Blackbookmag.com. http://www.blackbookmag.com/article/bryce-dallas-howard-vintage-blackbook-profile/7713. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
- ^ "Australian expat wins Booker Prize - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". Abc.net.au. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/10/15/967158.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
- ^ DBC Pierre - Books: Meet the Writers at barnesandnoble.com
External links[link]
- DBC Pierre at Contemporary Writers
- Recorded interview with DBC Pierre Feeding the Chooks
- Interview discussing Ludmila's Broken English: article on DBC Pierre (BBC Collective)
- How did I get here?: article on DBC Pierre (The Guardian)
- Strong first impression: interview with DBC Pierre (Powell's City of Books)
- What have you learnt in your time on this planet?–recorded interview with DBC Pierre, April 2006 (RTRFM)
- Faber and Faber: DBC Pierre's UK publisher
- A short interview with DBC Pierre: discussing Ludmila's Broken English
- BBC Entertainment: video and links to DBC Pierre and Man Booker
- Video Interview with Martin Goodman at The Philip Larkin Centre
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Pierre, Dbc |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1961 |
| Place of birth | Old Reynella, South Australia |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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|
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2012) |
| Jolie Holland | |
|---|---|
 Jolie Holland performing in 2009 |
|
| Background information | |
| Born | (1975-09-11) September 11, 1975 (age 36) Houston, Texas United States |
| Genres | Rock, traditional, country, Americana |
| Occupations | Musician |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano, guitar, violin, accordion |
| Labels | ANTI- |
| Associated acts | The Be Good Tanyas |
| Website | jolieholland.com |
Jolie Holland (born September 11, 1975 in Houston, Texas)[1] is an American singer and performer who combines elements of folk, traditional, country, rock, jazz, and blues. She was one of the founding members of The Be Good Tanyas.
Contents |
Career[link]
ANTI- labelmates Tom Waits and Sage Francis are both outspoken fans of Holland's: Waits nominated her for the Shortlist music prize[2] while Francis has said that Holland's album Escondida was his most listened to album of 2005.[3] Holland collaborated with Francis on two tracks on his album Human the Death Dance.
Discography[link]
Live albums[link]
- Jolie Holland and The Quiet Orkestra 2002
- Catalpa 2003
Studio albums[link]
- Escondida 2004
- Springtime Can Kill You 2006
- The Living and the Dead 2008
- Pint of Blood 2011
Contributions[link]
- Multiple collaborations with David Dondero, including backing vocals on the song "Analysis Of A 1970's Divorce" on Dondero's 2001 album Shooting at the Sun With a Water Gun
- Lead vocals on The Grey Funnel Line on Hal Willner's Rogue's Gallery: Pirate Ballads, Sea Songs, and Chanteys (2006, ANTI-)
- Backing vocals for Bad Religion frontman Greg Graffin's studio solo album Cold as the Clay
- Violin on The Speakers' album Yeats Is Greats
- Backing vocals on Chuck Ragan's album Feast or Famine
- Lyrics and performance of Flood of Dreams in the film King of California
- Backing vocals on "Cinders of the Sun" and "Heart of Misery"[4] for Steve Abel and the Chrysalids' album Flax Happyon
- Backing vocals on David Gray's "Kathleen"
- Contributed to two tracks on Sage Francis' Human the Death Dance
- Backing vocals on "Songs for Love Drunk Sinners" by Jan Bell and the Cheap Dates
- Collaboration with Booker T. Jones on the album "What A Wonderful World"
- Backing vocals on "Old/New" by Frally
- Backing vocals on "Alabama chicken" and "Rattlesnake charm (Dream machine)" by Sean Hayes (musician)
References[link]
- ^ "Jolie Holland Interview". Quietcolor.com. http://quietcolor.com/qc/?p=1203. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
- ^ allmusic ((( Jolie Holland > Overview )))
- ^ "Topic Galleries - chicagotribune.com". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/chi-0701190157jan19,1,3256114.story?coll=chi-ent_music-hed.
- ^ Stepping Out of Daddy's Dark Shadow - Entertainment - redOrbit
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jolie Holland |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Holland, Jolie |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Singer |
| Date of birth | September 11, 1975 |
| Place of birth | Houston, Texas, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
   |
This article about a singer-songwriter from the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011) |
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This article may be written from a fan's point of view, rather than a neutral point of view. Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality, and to make it neutral in tone. (September 2010) |
| Steven Wilson | |
|---|---|
 Steven Wilson onstage with Blackfield, Bowery Ballroom, NYC, March 2007. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Steven John Wilson |
| Born | (1967-11-03) 3 November 1967 (age 44) Kingston upon Thames, England |
| Genres | Progressive rock, progressive metal, psychedelic rock, art rock, ambient, krautrock, alternative rock, post-punk, jazz fusion, experimental rock. |
| Occupations | Musician, songwriter, producer |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitars, bass, piano, keyboards, mellotron, hammer dulcimer, flute, banjo, sampler, organ, harp, programming |
| Years active | 1983–present |
| Associated acts | Porcupine Tree, Blackfield, No-Man, Incredible Expanding Mindfuck, Bass Communion, Opeth, Continuum, Storm Corrosion |
| Website | Steven Wilson Headquarters |
Steven John Wilson (born 3 November 1967) is an English musician, best known as the founder, lead guitarist, singer and songwriter of progressive rock band Porcupine Tree. He is involved in many other bands and musical projects both as musician and producer (including No-Man and Blackfield) and also maintains a solo career.
Wilson is a self-taught producer, audio engineer, guitar and keyboard player, playing other instruments as and where required (including bass guitar, concert harp, hammered dulcimer and flute).
He used to split his living time between Tel Aviv and London, England,[1] but he no longer holds a permanent residence in Tel Aviv.[2]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Background and early years[link]
Born in Kingston upon Thames, London, England[3] (but brought up in Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, England from the age of 6)[citation needed], Wilson discovered his love for music around the age of 8. It began one Christmas when his parents bought presents for each other in the form of LPs. His father and mother received Pink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon and Donna Summer's Love to Love You Baby, respectively. The young Steven spent much of his childhood listening to these albums in "heavy rotation", as he once commented.
Both LPs would influence his future song writing. He claims "...in retrospect I can see how they are almost entirely responsible for the direction that my music has taken ever since." His interest in Pink Floyd led him towards experimental/psychedelic conceptual progressive rock (as exemplified by Porcupine Tree and Blackfield), and Donna Summer's trance-inflected grooves inspired the initial musical approach of No-Man (Wilson's long-running collaboration with fellow musician and vocalist Tim Bowness), although the band would later develop a more meditative and experimental Talk Talk-esque approach.
As a child, Steven was forced to learn the guitar, but he did not enjoy it; his parents eventually stopped paying for lessons. However, at the age of 11 Wilson rescued a nylon string classical guitar from his attic and started to experiment with it; or in his own words, "...scraping microphones across the strings, feeding the resulting sound into overloaded reel to reel tape recorders and producing a primitive form of multi-track recording by bouncing between two cassette machines." At the age of twelve, his father, who was an electronic engineer, built him his first multi-track tape machine and a Vocoder so he could begin experimenting with the possibilities of studio recording.[4]
Early bands[link]
It didn't take long before he began to form bands with his friends from school and play live. However, the activity which kept him satisfied the most was that of experimenting with sounds and producing the recordings he made. Between the years 1983 and 1986 he began to record material for release. Some of those tapes have recently resurfaced due to the increasing popularity of Porcupine Tree. Wilson describes it as "...a bit like a painter having his nursery school paint blots on display..."[citation needed]
One of these projects was the psychedelic duo Altamont (featuring a 15-year-old Wilson working with synth/electronics player Simon Vockings). Their one and only cassette album, Prayer for the Soul, featured lyrics by British psychedelic scenester Alan Duffy, whose work Wilson would later use for two Porcupine Tree songs: "This Long Silence" and "It Will Rain for a Million Years". Around the same time that Wilson was working as Altamont, he was also in a teenaged progressive rock band called Karma, who played live around Hertfordshire and recorded two cassette albums, The Joke's On You (1983) and The Last Man To Laugh (1985). These contained early versions of "Small Fish", "Nine Cats" and "The Joke's On You", which were subsequently resurrected as Porcupine Tree songs.
Wilson went on to join the New Wave/AOR band Pride of Passion as keyboard player, replacing former Marillion keyboard player Brian Jelliman (another former Marillion member, Diz Minnitt, also played in the band). Pride of Passion would later change their name to Blazing Apostles and alter their lineup and approach, finally coming to an end in 1987.[5][6]
Breakthrough work[link]
Up to this point Wilson's diverse musical experiments had contained avant-garde and industrial recordings, psychedelia and progressive rock. He was, however, also becoming more interested in songwriting and pop music, something that would manifest itself in his next developments.
In 1986, Wilson launched the two projects that would make his name. The first of these was initially called "No Man Is An Island (Except The Isle Of Man)", although it would later be renamed "No-Man." This began life as a solo Wilson instrumental project blending progressive rock with synth pop, subsequently moving towards art-pop when singer/lyricist Tim Bowness joined the project the following year. The second project was "Porcupine Tree", which was originally a full-on pastiche of psychedelic rock (inspired by the similar Dukes of Stratosphear project by XTC) and which was carried out for the mutual entertainment of Wilson and his schoolfriend Malcolm Stocks.
Over the next three years, the projects would evolve in parallel. No Man Is An Island (Except The Isle Of Man) was the first to release a commercial single (1989's "The Girl From Missouri", on Plastic Head Records), while Porcupine Tree built an increasing underground reputation via the release of a series of cassette-only releases via The Freak Emporium (the mail-order wing of British psychedelic label Delerium Records).
By 1990, No Man Is An Island (Except The Isle Of Man) had fully evolved into No-Man and was a voice/violin/multi-instrument trio which had incorporated dance beats into its art-pop sound. The second No-Man single – a crooned cover of the Donovan song "Colours" arranged in a dub-loop style anticipating trip-hop - won the Single of the Week award in Melody Maker and gained the band a recording contract with the high-profile independent label One Little Indian (at the time, famous for The Shamen and Björk). Their debut One Little Indian single, "Days In The Trees", won the same Single of the Week award the following year. The single also briefly charted and, although sales were not outstanding, Wilson had now gained credibility in the record industry (as well as enough finance to fit out his home studio with the equipment he’d need to advance his music). By this time, he’d also released the official, lavishly packaged Porcupine Tree debut album, On the Sunday of Life... (which compiled the best material from the underground tapes).
No-Man's debut full-length release – a compilation of EP tracks called Lovesighs – An Entertainment – followed in 1992, as did Porcupine Tree's infamous LSD-themed maxi-single "Voyage 34" which made the NME indie chart for six weeks.[7] No-Man also toured England with a six-piece band including three ex-members of the glam-pop band Japan – Mick Karn, Steve Jansen and (most significantly) keyboardist Richard Barbieri. 1993 saw Wilson consolidating his initial success with albums from both Porcupine Tree (Up the Downstair) and No-Man (Loveblows And Lovecries – A Confession). At the end of 1993, Porcupine Tree was launched as a four-piece live band featuring Wilson, Barbieri, bass player Colin Edwin and former No-Man live drummer Chris Maitland.
From this point onwards, Wilson would alternate between Porcupine Tree and No-Man releases. Although No-Man retired from live performance in 1994 (and would not return to the stage until 2006), the band continued to release a steady stream of albums featuring guests such as Barbieri, Steve Jansen, Robert Fripp, Theo Travis and Pat Mastelotto, and has maintained a healthy cult following as well as continued critical acclaim. Porcupine Tree, meanwhile, toured frequently (steadily gaining credibility as a consistent band) and passed through various overt phases of different musical stylings (including psychedelia, progressive rock, modern guitar rock and heavy metal) while retaining the core of Wilson's sonic imagination and songwriting. By the mid-2000s Porcupine Tree had become a highly successful rock band with albums on major labels such as Atlantic and Roadrunner, with Wilson's singing, songwriting and frontman skills increasing by the year. Also by this time, Wilson had become in-demand as a producer and was being cited as an influence by various up-and-coming musicians.
Diversification[link]
During the late 90's Wilson's love of experimental, drone and ambient music began to manifest itself in a series of new projects, notably Bass Communion and Incredible Expanding Mindfuck (also known as IEM). He also began to release a series of CD singles under his own name.
Having established himself as a skilled producer with a very high standard of sound engineering, Wilson was invited to produce other artists, notably the Norwegian artist Anja Garbarek and Swedish progressive-metal band Opeth. Though he claims to enjoy production more than anything else, with the demands of his own projects, he has mostly restricted himself to mixing for other artists in the last few years.[8]
More recently Wilson has become known for his 5.1 Surround Sound mixes: the 2007 Porcupine Tree album Fear of a Blank Planet was nominated for a Grammy in the "Best Mix For Surround Sound" category.[9] The album was also voted #3 album of the year by Sound And Vision.[10] Wilson is currently working on several other surround sound projects, including remixing the Jethro Tull and King Crimson back catalogue.[11]
Steven Wilson has recently begun to write reviews for the Mexican edition of the Rolling Stone magazine. They're all translated to Spanish. Two reviews have been published so far: one for Radiohead's In Rainbows and other for Murcof's 2007 work, Cosmos.[12] He also contributes to UK magazine Classic Rock as an occasional reviewer.
Group projects (and pseudonymous projects)[link]
Porcupine Tree[link]
Main article: Porcupine Tree
Porcupine Tree started out as a duo of Wilson and his schoolfriend Malcolm Stocks (with Wilson providing the majority of the instrumentation and Stocks contributing mostly ideas, additional vocals and experimental guitar sounds). Wilson began experimenting by recording music in his home until he had the hunch it could become someway marketable. The material was subsequently compiled into three demo tapes (Tarquin's Seaweed Farm, Love, Death & Mussolini and The Nostalgia Factory). For the first tape, he even wrote an inlay introduction to an obscure (imaginary) band called "The Porcupine Tree", suggesting the band met in the early '70s at a rock festival, and they had been in and out of prison many times. The booklet also contained information about band's obscure members like Sir Tarquin Underspoon and Timothy Tadpole-Jones, and crew members like Linton Samuel Dawson (if put into initials forming LSD). Wilson: "It was a bit of fun. But of course like anything that starts as a joke, people started to take it all seriously!".[13] When Wilson signed to Delerium label, he selected what he considered the best tracks from these early tapes. All those songs were mastered and made up Porcupine Tree's first official studio album, On the Sunday of Life....
Quickly after, Wilson would release the single "Voyage 34", a thirty-minute long piece that could be described as a mixture of ambient, trance and psychedelia. This was done partly as an attempt to produce the longest single yet released, which it was until it was later exceeded by The Orb's "Blue Room." With non-existent radio play "Voyage 34" still managed to enter the NME indie chart for six weeks and became an underground chill-out classic.[7]
The second full-length album, Up the Downstair (though Wilson considers it the first 'proper' PT album since it was made as such and not simply compiled), was released in 1993 and had a very good reception, praised by Melody Maker as "a psychedelic masterpiece... one of the albums of the year".[14] This was the first album to include ex-Japan member, keyboardist Richard Barbieri and Australian-born bassist Colin Edwin. About the end of the year, Porcupine Tree became a full band for the first time with the inclusion of Chris Maitland on drums.
Wilson continued exploring the ambient and trance grounds and issued The Sky Moves Sideways. It also entered the NME, Melody Maker, and Music Week charts[7] and many fans started hailing them as the Pink Floyd of the nineties, something Wilson would reject: "I can't help that. It's true that during the period of 'The Sky Moves Sideways', I had done a little too much of it in the sense of satisfying, in a way, the fans of Pink Floyd who were listening to us because that group doesn't make albums any more. Moreover, I regret it".[13]
The band's fourth work, Signify, included the first full-band compositions and performance, which resulted in less use of drum machines and a more full-band sound. It can be considered a departure from its predecessors for a more song-oriented style.[15] After the release of the live album Coma Divine concluded their deal with Delerium in 1997, the band moved to Snapper and issued two poppier albums, Stupid Dream in 1999 and Lightbulb Sun in 2000. Both were critical successes and only increased their popularity in the underground music scene.
Two years would pass until their sixth studio album, and in the meantime the band switched labels again, this time signing to Lava, and drummer Chris Maitland was replaced by Gavin Harrison. Now with the support of a major label, In Absentia saw the light of day in 2002, featuring a heavier sound than all the group's previous works. It charted in many European countries and remains one of the top-selling Porcupine Tree albums by now; it was also their first record to be released in 5.1 Surround Sound, in a special edition of 2004 that shortly after won the "Best Made-For-Surround Title" award for the Surround Music Awards 2004. Another two years elapsed before its follow-up, Deadwing, an ambitious and very cohesive record inspired by a film script by Steven Wilson and his friend Mike Bennion, was released in May 2005. This became the first Porcupine Tree album to chart the Billboard 200, entering at #132. The album was prizewinning for the "Album of the Year" award on the Classic Rock magazine awards[16] and its surround version received the "Best Made-For-Surround Title" once again.[17]
Steven Wilson started writing Porcupine Tree's next album in early 2006 in Tel Aviv, Israel, alongside work on the second album for his side-project Blackfield. Writing sessions finished in London, UK, in June 2006, then in August of the same year, the band released their first live DVD, titled Arriving Somewhere... and started a tour between September and November to promote it, during which the first half of each show was made up of all-new material. When the tour concluded the band went to studio and finished recording and mastering and added the last touches to the album. In early January 2007, the band revealed the album title was going to be Fear of a Blank Planet (a deliberate reference to Public Enemy's Fear of a Black Planet), and the concept was influenced by the Bret Easton Ellis novel Lunar Park. The album hit the shops on 16 April 2007 in Europe and April 24 in USA. The lyrics revolve around common 21st Century issues such as technology alienation, teen violence, prescription drugs, attention deficit disorder and bipolar disorder.
Fear of a Blank Planet resulted in the most successful album to date in terms of market and sales, and also received the most favourable reviews of the band's whole career. It entered the Billboard 200 at #59, and charted in almost all European countries, peaking at #31 in the UK. It was nominated for a US Grammy, and won several polls as the best album of the year (e.g. Classic Rock magazine, Aardshock, The Netherlands). In July 2007 the Nil Recurring EP was released, containing other material that hadn't made it onto the album for one reason or another.
At a European show in August 2008, Wilson said that Porcupine Tree was beginning work on material for their next album with an eye toward a release in 2009.[18] Consisting of one long 55 minute song along with 4 shorter songs on the second disc, The Incident was released on September 14, 2009.
The Incident is a double CD set containing the self-titled 55 minute song cycle on disc 1. It has received significant attention and media coverage, and achieved for the band their highest chart positions to date, reaching 5 in The Netherlands, 9 in Germany, 23 in the UK, and 25 on the Billboard 200 in the USA. The subsequent tour of the US and Europe highlighted a large increase in the band's following, with many shows sold out. The single from The Incident, "Time Flies" was available as the free download from iTunes for one week in October 2009.[19] A new DVD release is expected in Spring 2010, and a preview appeared on the band's website in April 2010.
No-Man[link]
Main article: No-Man
No-Man is Wilson's long term collaboration with singer and songwriter Tim Bowness. Influenced by everything from ambient music to hip-hop, their early singles and albums were a mixture of dance beats and lush orchestrations. However, after a few years the duo started to create more textural and experimental music, most comparable with later Talk Talk. Beginning with Flowermouth in 1994, they have worked with a very wide palette of sounds, and many guest musicians, blending balladry with both acoustic and electronic sounds. No-Man was the first Wilson project to achieve any degree of success, signing with UK independent label One Little Indian (the label of Björk, The Shamen and Skunk Anansie among others), and releasing a string of critically acclaimed singles. The band remains an ongoing, predominantly studio-based project and continues to produce material, although it has never achieved the same level of commercial success as Porcupine Tree.
I.E.M.[link]
Main article: Incredible Expanding Mindfuck
In 1996 came the first in a series of albums by I.E.M. (The Incredible Expanding Mindfuck, a name which had also been considered for Porcupine Tree in its infancy), dedicated to exploring Wilson's love of krautrock and experimental rock music. Initially Wilson had planned for the project to be anonymous, but then label Delerium Records published a song on their Pick N Mix compilation with the composition credited to "Steven Wilson" and so attempts to pass off the project in this way were abandoned.[20] The project released 2 more albums Arcadia Son, and IEM Have Come For Your Children, both in 2001. A box set of 4 CDs, consisting of everything Wilson recorded under the name - billed as "an homage and a final farewell to I.E.M." - was released in June 2010.
Bass Communion[link]
Main article: Bass Communion
In 1998 Wilson launched another solo project Bass Communion, dedicated to recordings in an ambient, drone, and/or electronic vein. The atmosphere of the music has tended towards the dark and melancholic, but expressed with an almost Zen-like beauty. More recently Wilson has also started working with a guitar and laptop configuration to create fuzzy power drones. So far there have been several full length Bass Communion CDs, vinyl LPs, and singles, many of them issued in handmade or limited editions (which sell out very quickly) in elaborate packaging. Bass Communion has collaborated with many leading experimental musicians such as Muslimgauze, Robert Fripp, Vidna Obmana (on the ongoing Continuum project), Jonathan Coleclough, Colin Potter, Andrew Liles, and several others.
Blackfield[link]
Main article: Blackfield
In 2001 Wilson met and began to collaborate with Israeli rock star Aviv Geffen, with whom he created the band Blackfield. Since then the duo have released three highly acclaimed albums of what they refer to as "melodic and melancholic rock". The albums spawned several hits, notably "Blackfield", "Pain" and "Once". The band has toured several times, and a live DVD of their show in New York was released in 2007. A third album, titled "Welcome to my DNA" was released on 28 March 2011 with a European and American tour to follow.
Storm Corrosion[link]
Main article: Storm Corrosion
In March 2010 Wilson and Mikael Åkerfeldt, the front man of Opeth decided to work on a new project as a collaboration under the name of Storm Corrosion. The self-titled album is set to be released in April 2012 on Roadrunner Records. It has been described as being "the final part in the odd trilogy of records completed by (Opeth's) Heritage and Steven Wilson's brand new solo album Grace for Drowning.[21][22]
Solo career[link]
Cover Versions[link]
Between 2003 and 2010 Wilson released a series of six two-track CD singles under his own name, each one featuring a cover version and an original Steven Wilson song. The choice of covers is unpredictable, featuring songs by Canadian singer Alanis Morissette, Swedish pop group Abba, UK rock band The Cure, Scottish songwriter Momus, Prince, and Scottish singer/songwriter Donovan.
Separate from the Cover Versions series, Wilson has also contributed a cover version of the Cardiacs song "Stoneage Dinosaurs" to Leader Of The Starry Skies: A Tribute To Tim Smith, Songbook 1 (a fundraising compilation album released in December 2010 to benefit the hospitalised Cardiacs leader Tim Smith, whom Wilson has cited as a major inspiration spiritually, if not necessarily in style).[23]
[edit] Insurgentes
Main article: Insurgentes (album)
In November 2008 Wilson released his first official solo album, Insurgentes, recorded all over the world between January–August, as a double CD plus a DVD-A (limited to 3,000 copies) and a 4 x 10 inch vinyl version (limited to 1,000 copies), both with hardback book featuring the images of acclaimed and long time collaborator Danish photographer Lasse Hoile. A standard retail CD version (also including the 5.1 DVD-A) was released on 9 March 2009.[24]
Lasse Hoile's full length feature version of the film based on the recording of the album was premiered at the CPH:DOX international film festival in Copenhagen in November 2009. The film will also be screened at film festivals in Sweden, Germany, Mexico, USA, and Canada. The film is described as part documentary / part surreal road movie. Lasse also directed a video for the song Harmony Korine from the Insurgentes album - the video was a homage to some of Steven and Lasse's favourite European art house films, and has been nominated for Best Cinematography Award and Best Music Video Award at the prestigious Plus Camerimage - International Film Festival of the Art of Cinematography Awards.
A remix mini album was released in November, featuring remixes of material from Insurgentes by TV on the Radio's David A. Sitek, Dälek, Engineers, Pat Mastelotto, and Fear Falls Burning.
[edit] Grace for Drowning
Main article: Grace for Drowning
Wilson's second album, Grace For Drowning, was released in September 2011 in CD, vinyl and Blu-ray formats.[25] It is a double album, with the individual parts named Deform to Form a Star and Like Dust I Have Cleared From My Eye.[26] He also announced his first solo tour, in Europe and North America, to promote his solo albums. The tour took place in October and November 2011 and contained songs from both Insurgentes and Grace for Drowning.[citation needed]
On December 16, 2011, Wilson announced on his Facebook page new European tourdates for the second leg of his Grace for Drowning tour, running in April and May 2012. South American dates were later added and announced in February 21, 2012, including Venezuela, Chile, Argentina and Brazil[27].
Third solo studio album[link]
Wilson has announced plans to do a third solo studio album, with the members of the touring band for Grace for Drowning.[28]
Collaborations[link]
He produced and contributed backing vocals, guitar and keyboards for Opeth on the albums Blackwater Park, Deliverance, and Damnation. In addition to this, he has collaborated on many projects with Belgian experimental musician Dirk Serries of Vidna Obmana and Fear Falls Burning, most notably on their collaboration project Continuum which has so far produced two albums. Wilson is also featured on a Fovea Hex EP "Allure" (Part 3 of the "Neither Speak Nor Remain Silent" trilogy of EP's) on bass guitar. This EP was released in April 2007 through Die-Stadt Musik.
Steven Wilson has also worked with OSI, Marillion, JBK, Orphaned Land, Paatos, Theo Travis, Yoko Ono, Fish, Cipher and Anja Garbarek performing songwriting duties as well as performing musically. Most recently, Wilson is featured on the Pendulum album "Immersion", with his vocals featuring on "The Fountain".[29] He made a guest appearance on Dream Theater's 2007 album, Systematic Chaos on the song "Repentance", as one of several musical guests recorded apologizing to important people in their lives for wrongdoings in the past.
Wilson did an interview with German musician and composer Klaus Schulze. Schulze was an important figure of the Krautrock movement. This interview is featured as bonus material in Schulze's Live DVD, Rheingold.[30]
The Anathema album, We're Here Because We're Here, was mixed by Wilson in a period beginning January 2010 and he is thanked in the album liner notes.[31] A current ongoing project for Wilson is remixing the back catalogue of King Crimson from 1969 to 1984 into MLP (Meridian Lossless Packaging) 5.1 and new stereo mixes.[32] The first three new editions were issued in October 2009, with more emerging in batches over the coming years.[33]
Performance style[link]
For live shows Wilson plays with bare feet. This particular custom goes back to his early childhood, where he remembers: "I always had a problem wearing shoes and I've always gone around with bare feet".[34] He also adds that another factor on performing barefoot is the advantage it gives in operating his diverse guitar pedals.[35]
Wilson:
"I’ve stepped on nails, screws, drawing pins, stubbed my toe, I’ve come off stage with blood just coming out… I mean, I’ve had it all mate, but to be honest, nothing's going to stop me."[34]
Discography[link]
Main article: Steven Wilson discography
See also: Porcupine Tree discography
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Porcupine Tree frontman enjoys life in Israel - Israel Culture, Ynetnews". 2006-05-04. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3246992,00.html. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
- ^ "Steven doesn't live here anymore (hebrew)". 2011-03-23. http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4046139,00.html. Retrieved 2001-04-10.
- ^ "no-man". http://no-man.co.uk/biography-1980s.html. Retrieved 2010-04-05. [dead link]
- ^ "Porcupine Tree". Free Williamsburg. http://www.freewilliamsburg.com/september_2002/porcupine.html. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ "Interview - Diz Minnitt of Marillion". The Marquee Club website. http://www.themarqueeclub.net/interview-diz-minnitt-of-marillion. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
- ^ "Graham Collins - About (Steven Wilson and Pride of Passion mentioned in biography)". http://www.graham-collins.com/drummer/index.php/bio/about. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
- ^ a b c "Porcupine Tree Biography". http://www.porcupinetree.com/background.cfm. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
- ^ "Guest Appearances - Steven Wilson Headquarters". http://www.swhq.co.uk/guest.cfm. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
- ^ "GRAMMY.com - 50th Annual GRAMMY Nominations List". 2007-12-06. http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/50th_Show/list.aspx#28. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
- ^ "Top 10 DVDs and CDs of 2007". Sound and Vision. http://www.soundandvisionmag.com/features/2679/top-10-dvds-and-cds-of-2007.html. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ "Ptree in Action, Crimson in Surround!". http://bitstream.soundandvisionmag.com/blog/2008/01/scoop-ptree-in.html. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
- ^ "No Fear of a Blank Planet" (PDF). Voyage PT. 2007-11-13. http://www.voyage-pt.de/VPT-SWInterview20071113-English.pdf. Retrieved 2008-04-24.
- ^ a b "DPRP - Counting Out Time". The Dutch Progressive Rock Page. http://www.dprp.net/proghistory/index.php?i=1999_01. Retrieved 2008-03-01.
- ^ "Porcupine Tree's Digital Releases". Snapper Music. http://www.snappermusic.com/ms/porcupinetree/. Retrieved 2008-02-02. [dead link]
- ^ "Porcupine Tree (Review/Interview)". Aural Innovations. July 1999. http://www.aural-innovations.com/issues/issue7/ptree03.html. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
- ^ "Steven Wilson -The Complete Discography (6th Edition), p. 111" (PDF). http://www.voyage-pt.de/swdisco.pdf. Retrieved November 2005.
- ^ "Surround Expo 2005". 2005-12-15. Archived from the original on 14 December 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20051214183245/http://www.surroundexpo.com/awards.shtml. Retrieved 2005-12-15.
- ^ "New Porcupine Tree Album in 2009". 2008-10-20. http://www.theseaweedfarm.com/2008/10/new-porcupine-tree-album-in-2009.html. Retrieved 2008-11-22.
- ^ "Porcupine Tree - Official Website". www.porcupinetree.com. 2009=10=22. http://porcupinetree.com/news.cfm. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- ^ "Porcupine Tree Interviews: Record Collector November 1996 Issue 207". http://www.porcupinetree.com/background.interviews.cfm?press=1471#i. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
- ^ http://www.theprp.com/2011/09/26/news/opethporcupine-tree-project-to-release-debut-early-next-year-opeth-ny-soundcheck-footage-available/
- ^ http://www.metalunderground.com/news/details.cfm?newsid=74431
- ^ http://www.thegenepool.co.uk/items/597.htm
- ^ [1] Kscope. Retrieved on 2008-10-31.
- ^ "SW HQ News". http://www.swhq.co.uk/index.cfm.
- ^ "SW's Facebook entry". https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=208843205802616&id=114657261887878.
- ^ ""Steven Wilson Headquarters News"". www.swhq.co.uk. 2012-02-21. http://swhq.co.uk/news.cfm.
- ^ http://www.hit-channel.com/sinenteuxeis/xenoi-kallitexnes/english-version/item/5394-steven-wilson-soloporcupine-treeblackfieldno-man
- ^ http://twitter.com/rob_swire
- ^ MySpace.com - Klaus Schulze Rheingold DVD. Rheingold DVD's MySpace (2008-09-11). Retrieved on 2008-10-07.
- ^ "Twitter / Vincent Cavanagh: @DECORYAH we're mixing the...". Twitter. 2010-01-30. http://twitter.com/VincentCavanagh/status/8410313922.
- ^ "News". www.dgmlive.com. 2010-03-23. http://www.dgmlive.com/news.htm?entry=2896. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
- ^ http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/news/Steven-Wilson-On-Remixing-King-Crimson-20442.aspx
- ^ a b "Interview: Steven Wilson (Porcupine Tree)". Rock Eyez. 2005-05-12. http://www.rockeyez.com/interviews/int-porcupine-tree.html. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
- ^ "Specials - Steve Wilson Interview". The Dutch Progressive Rock Page. http://www.dprp.net/specials/porcupinetree/index.html. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Steven Wilson |
- Steven Wilson Headquarters
- Steven Wilson's Complete Discography
- Chemical Harvest - French Porcupine Tree & Steven Wilson Site
- Steven Wilson at last.fm
- The Seaweed Farm - Steven Wilson related news
- Aural Innovations Review/Interview
- Steven Wilson French Site - Steven Wilson French Site (since 2008)
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Wilson, Steven |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | English musician |
| Date of birth | 3 November 1967 |
| Place of birth | Kingston upon Thames, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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PAULMCCARTNEY
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