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Rum
![The Rum Diary - Official Trailer [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120919181244im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/0YUx36yLLug/0.jpg "Subscribe ow.ly | Facebook ow.ly | Twitter ow.ly Release Date: 28 October 2011 Genre: Adventure | Drama Cast: Johnny Depp, Amber Heard, Aaron Eckhart Directors: Bruce Robinson Writer: Bruce Robinson, Hunter S. Thompson Studio: E1 Entertainment Plot: Paul Kemp is a freelance journalist who finds himself at a critical turning point in his life while writing for a run-down newspaper in the Caribbean. Paul is challenged on many levels as he tries to carve out a more secure niche for himself amidst a group of lost souls all bent on self-destruction.")
![Sunny D and Rum - Gianni Luminati [Walk off the Earth]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120919181244im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/0WQUZEoTV-A/0.jpg "Mp3 Download: walkofftheearth.bandcamp.com WOTE and Beard Guy shirts and undies!!! - click here: bit.ly WOTE TOUR DATES! TICKET LINKS: September 20 -- Toronto, ON goo.gl October 24 -- Buffalo, NY goo.gl October 25 -- New Haven, CT goo.gl October 26 -- Boston, MA goo.gl October 27 -- Towson, MD goo.gl October 28 -- Philadelphia, PA goo.gl October 30 -- Pittsburgh, PA goo.gl October 31 -- New York, NY goo.gl November 02 -- Cincinnati, OH goo.gl November 03 -- Chicago, IL goo.gl November 04 -- Grand Rapids, MI goo.gl November 06 -- Nashville, TN goo.gl November 07 -- Birmingham, AL goo.gl November 08 -- Atlanta, GA goo.gl November 09 -- Orlando, FL goo.gl November 10 -- Ft. Lauderdale, FL goo.gl November 26 -- Seattle. WA goo.gl November 28 -- Portland, OR goo.gl November 29 -- San Francisco, CA goo.gl November 30 -- Los Angeles, CA goo.gl December 1 -- Santa Ana, CA goo.gl Walk Off The Earth's new EP \"REVO\" is available for pre-order right now! Follow this link for details: smarturl.it Fall tour dates (US only) are ALSO available for pre-order! Follow THIS link for details: smarturl.it Shmoyoho!! Gianni Luminati pumps out a loop pedal cover of the smash hit \"Sunny D and Rum\". We are sorry for jumping on the Sunny D and Rum bandwagon but this song is soo damn catchy. The only way to get it out of our heads was to make this video! Plus, the drink is disgustingly awesome!\" This song will be available for FREE Download, so Subscribe and we will let you know where to get it asap <b>...</b>")
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Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
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Australia
{{Infobox country
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Barbados
Barbados ()or (Bar-bay-dos) is an island nation of the Lesser Antilles, in length and as much as in width, amounting to . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic Ocean and 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about east of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and north-east of Venezuela. Barbados is outside of the principal Atlantic hurricane belt.
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Battle of Trafalgar
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Belize
Belize () (formerly British Honduras), is a democratic constitutional monarchy, and the northernmost Central American nation. Belize has a diverse society, comprising many cultures and languages. Although Kriol and Spanish are spoken among the population, Belize is the only country in Central America where English is the official language. Belize is bordered by Mexico to its north, by Guatemala to its south and west, and by the Caribbean Sea to the east.
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Bengal
{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 290px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
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Bermuda
Bermuda (; officially, the Bermudas or Somers Islands) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. Located off the east coast of the United States, its nearest landmass is Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, about to the west-northwest. It is about south of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and northeast of Miami, Florida. Its capital city is Hamilton but the largest municipality is the town of Saint George's.
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Bolivia
Bolivia (), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, (, ) is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west.
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Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
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Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Canary Islands
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Caribbean
The CaribbeanPronounced or . Both pronunciations are equally valid; indeed, they see equal use even within areas of the Caribbean itself. Cf. Royal Caribbean, which stresses the second syllable. In this case, as a proper noun, those who would normally pronounce it a different way may use the pronunciation associated with the noun when referring to it. More generic nouns such as the Caribbean Community are generally referred to using the speaker's preferred pronunciation.; Dutch ; or more commonly Antilles is a region consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (most of which enclose the sea), and the surrounding coasts. The region is located southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and North America, east of Central America, and to the north of South America.
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Chile
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Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
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Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
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Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (; , ) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba), with and an estimated 10 million people.
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Drambuie
Drambuie ( or ) is a honey- and herb-flavoured golden liqueur made from aged malt whisky, heather honey and a secret blend of herbs and spices. The flavour suggests saffron, honey, anise, nutmeg and herbs.
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England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Fiji
Fiji (; ), officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (; ), is an island nation in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about 2000 km northeast of New Zealand's North Island. Its more immediate neighbours are Vanuatu to the west, France's New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec to the southeast, Tonga to the east, the Samoas and France's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast and Tuvalu to the north. Fiji has had inhabitants since the second millennium B.C. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch and the British explored Fiji.Fiji was a British colony up until 1970; British occupation lasted almost a century. Because of the abundance of forest, mineral, and fish resources, Fiji is one of the most developed economies in the Pacific island realm. Today, the main sources of foreign exchange are its tourist industry and sugar exports. The country's currency is the Fijian dollar.
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France
{{Infobox Country
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Grenada
Grenada () is an island country and Commonwealth Realm consisting of the island of Grenada and six smaller islands at the southern end of the Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Grenada is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela, and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
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Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe (; ; Antillean Creole: Gwadloup) is an archipelago located in the Leeward Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, with a land area of 1,628 square kilometres (629 sq. mi) and a population of 400,000. It is the first overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. As with the other overseas departments, Guadeloupe is also one of the twenty-six regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic since 2007.
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Guatemala
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Guyana
Guyana ( ), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is a state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana has been a former colony of the British, Dutch and for a brief period, the French. It is the only state of the Commonwealth of Nations on mainland South America, and is also a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), which has its secretariat headquarters in Guyana's capital, Georgetown. Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966 and became a Republic on 23 February 1970.
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Haiti
Haiti (; French , ; Haitian Creole: Ayiti, ), officially the Republic of Haiti ( ;
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Hawaii
: For geographic details see Geography and environment or Hawaiian Islands.
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
http://wn.com/Indonesia -
Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Jamaica
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Liberia
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Martinique
Martinique () is an island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of . Like Guadeloupe, it is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. To the northwest lies Dominica, to the south St Lucia, and to the southeast Barbados. As with the other overseas departments, Martinique is one of the twenty-six regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic. The Island was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1502.
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Mauritius
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Melbourne
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Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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New South Wales
New South Wales (abbreviated as NSW), Australia's most populous state, is located in the south-east of the country, north of Victoria, south of Queensland, east of South Australia and encompasses the whole of the Australian Capital Territory. The colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788 and originally comprised much of the Australian mainland, as well as Van Diemen's Land, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island in addition to the area currently referred to as the state of New South Wales, which was formed during Federation in 1901.
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New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/New_Zealand -
Nicaragua
Nicaragua ( ) officially the Republic of Nicaragua (, ), is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the country, the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's Caribbean coast is part of the Western Caribbean Zone. Falling within the tropics, Nicaragua sits between 11 degrees and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. Roughly one quarter of the nation's population lives in the Nicaraguan capital, making it the second largest city and metropolitan area in Central America (following Guatemala City).
http://wn.com/Nicaragua -
Panama
Panama (), officially the Republic of Panama (; ), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital is Panama City.
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Puerto Rico
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Rhode Island
The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, more commonly referred to as Rhode Island ( or ), is a state in the New England region of the United States. It is the smallest U.S. state by area. Rhode Island borders Connecticut to the west and Massachusetts to the north and east, and it shares a water boundary with New York's Long Island to the southwest.
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Réunion
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Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
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South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
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Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
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St.Lucia
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Staten Island
Staten Island () is a borough of New York City, New York, United States, located in the southwest part of the city. Staten Island is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, and from the rest of New York by New York Bay. With a population of 491,730, Staten Island is the least populated of the five boroughs but is the third largest in area at .
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Sydney
Sydney () is the largest and most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. With an approximate population of 4.5 million in the Sydney metropolitan area the city is the largest in Oceania. Inhabitants of Sydney are called Sydneysiders, comprising a cosmopolitan and international population of people from numerous places around the world.
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The Philippines
http://wn.com/The_Philippines -
Trinidad and Tobago
The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago () is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American country of Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles. It shares maritime boundaries with other nations including Barbados to the northeast, Guyana to the southeast, and Venezuela to the south and west.
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U.S. Virgin Islands
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Venezuela
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Victoria (Australia)
Victoria is the second most populous state in Australia. Geographically the smallest mainland state, Victoria is bordered by New South Wales to the north, South Australia to the west, and Tasmania to the south, across Bass Strait. Victoria is the most densely populated state, and has a highly centralised population, with almost 75% of Victorians living in Melbourne, the state capital and largest city. Approximately 30,000 Indigenous Australians are estimated to have lived in the area, before European settlement in Victoria began in the 1830s. The discovery of gold in 1851 at Ballarat and Warrandyte transformed it into a leading industrial and commercial centre.
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West Indies
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Åland
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Berton Roueché
http://wn.com/Berton_Roueché -
Edward Vernon
Edward Vernon ("Old Grog") (12 November 1684 – 30 October 1757) was an English naval officer. Vernon was born in Westminster, England and went to Westminster School. He joined the Navy in 1700 and was promoted to Lieutenant in 1702 and served on several different ships for the next five years. He was appointed Captain in 1706, taking command of , part of the fleet of Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovell. With HMS Rye he narrowly escaped the Scilly naval disaster of 1707 in which Shovell and nearly 2,000 sailors were lost. In the next ten years Vernon was on half pay for half of this time. In May 1728 he took up parliamentary duties and the case of Robert Jenkins, who was alleged to have had his ear cut off by Spanish coastguards in the Caribbean. This led to the War of Jenkin's Ear in 1739 in which Vice Admiral Vernon led a fleet along with Major General Thomas Wentworth. Vernon captured Porto Bello a Spanish colonial possession, as a result of which, he was granted the Freedom of the City of London. However, Vernon's next campaign against the Spanish, a large-scale assault on Cartagena de Indias in 1741 ended in disaster. This was the biggest amphibious attack until the Invasion of Normandy in 1944: in Cartagena the British fleet of 186 ships and almost 27.000 men was defeated by a garrison of 3.500 men and 6 ships of the line commanded by the one-eyed, one-armed and lame, admiral Blas de Lezo. The strategic defense of the colonial port of Cartagena, together with weather and disease led to heavy British casualties and eventually a retreat to Jamaica. Following the disease outbreak and quarrels with Wentworth, Vernon returned to the UK to find he had been elected MP for Ipswich. However, the news of the Cartagena defeat eventually led to the collapse of Robert Walpole's government. Vernon maintained his Naval career for another four years before retiring in 1746. In an active Parliamentary career Vernon advocated an improvement in naval procedures and he continued to hold an interest in naval affairs until his death in 1757.
http://wn.com/Edward_Vernon -
Geoffrey Blainey
Geoffrey Norman Blainey AC (born 11 March 1930), is an Australian historian. He is prominent as a conservative political commentator.
http://wn.com/Geoffrey_Blainey -
George Washington
http://wn.com/George_Washington -
Joan Coromines
http://wn.com/Joan_Coromines -
Lachlan Macquarie
http://wn.com/Lachlan_Macquarie -
Marco Polo
http://wn.com/Marco_Polo -
Rupert Holmes
http://wn.com/Rupert_Holmes -
William Bligh
Vice Admiral William Bligh FRS RN (9 September 1754 – 7 December 1817) was an officer of the British Royal Navy and a colonial administrator. A notorious mutiny occurred during his command of HMS Bounty in 1789; Bligh and his loyal men made a remarkable voyage to Timor, after being set adrift by the mutineers in the ''Bounty's launch. Fifteen years after the Bounty'' mutiny, he was appointed Governor of New South Wales in Australia, with orders to clean up the corrupt rum trade of the New South Wales Corps, resulting in the so-called Rum Rebellion.
http://wn.com/William_Bligh
35 Shots of Rum (2009)
"35 Shots of Rum (2009)" Actors
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Why is the Rum Gone? - Remix
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Published: 11 Aug 2007
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
~!~!~MP3 DOWNLOAD!~!~! www.andrewvanvlear.com --------- A musical remix of Pirates of the Caribbean in the style of the infamous "They're Taking the Hobbits to Isengard." FAQ: Q. What program did you use to make this amazing masterpiece? A. I used Final Cut Express for the video and Logic Pro to compose and mix the audio. Q. Can I use the audio for a remix of a remix that I am making? A. Yes. Go right ahead. Q. Why is the rum gone? A. Well the answer is simple. It is b--- *gets pulled offstage by a cane*
http://wn.com/Why_is_the_Rum_Gone?_Remix
Alestorm - Rum (NEW SONG 2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:30
- Published: 28 May 2011
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
I am not the creator of the song, Alestorm is. I am also not the creator of the image. Please comment, rate, and subscribe! Track 7 from their new 2011 album, Back Through Time
http://wn.com/Alestorm_Rum_NEW_SONG_2011
Beenie Man Ft Future Fambo - Drinking Rum & RedBull
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Published: 05 Sep 2010
- Updated: 18 Sep 2012
Maud!
http://wn.com/Beenie_Man_Ft_Future_Fambo_Drinking_Rum_RedBull
Rum & Whisky - Song Promo - Vicky Donor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Published: 29 Mar 2012
- Updated: 18 Sep 2012
Presenting" Rum Whisky" [with Lyrics] from Vicky Donor featuring John Abraham, Ayushmann Khurrana,Yaami Gautam and Annu Kapoor. The song is sung by Akshay Verma. To watch more log on to www.erosnow.com For all the updates on our movies and more: twitter.com www.facebook.com For all official...
http://wn.com/Rum_Whisky_Song_Promo_Vicky_Donor
The Rum Diary - Official Trailer [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Published: 26 Aug 2011
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
Subscribe ow.ly | Facebook ow.ly | Twitter ow.ly Release Date: 28 October 2011 Genre: Adventure | Drama Cast: Johnny Depp, Amber Heard, Aaron Eckhart Directors: Bruce Robinson Writer: Bruce Robinson, Hunter S. Thompson Studio: E1 Entertainment Plot: Paul Kemp is a freelance journalist who finds himself at a critical turning point in his life while writing for a run-down newspaper in the Caribbean. Paul is challenged on many levels as he tries to carve out a more secure niche for himself amidst a group of lost souls all bent on self-destruction.
http://wn.com/The_Rum_Diary_Official_Trailer_HD_
Rumstajn -RUM- (Toxicity- System of a Down)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Published: 20 Sep 2006
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
rum-rum-rum-rum-rum
http://wn.com/Rumstajn_-RUM_Toxicity_System_of_a_Down
But why is the Rum Gone?!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:41
- Published: 16 Jan 2006
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
Pirates of the Caribbean The rum is gone!
http://wn.com/But_why_is_the_Rum_Gone?!
Songify This - SunnyD and Rum - THE POP SINGLE!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:42
- Published: 28 Sep 2010
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
Extended SunnyD chorus with Ray William Johnson!! www.youtube.com his channel: www.youtube.com What is more satisfying, more precious, more soothing to the body and soul than one's favorite adult beverage*, fixed to perfection, poured to one's liking? One woman's specialty cocktail becomes the inspiration for a song. That song becomes the inspiration for millions. Cheers. ORIGINAL VIDEO www.youtube.com ^make sure to give u8a22 some love for writing such a catchy hook^ FOLLOW the Gregory Brothers for more remixes/songifications: www.youtube.com www.twitter.com www.facebook.com 2ND CHANNEL www.youtube.com T-shirts: www.districtlines.com SunnyD'n'Rum recipe: bit.ly CHORDS Intro: Absus - Ab All the rest: Ab - Fmin - Cmin - Db - Ab LYRICS Woah SunnyD and rum Yum yum It's a flavor I just thought of Woah SunnyD and rum Yum yum It's so good I can't get enough Woah Oooh SunnyD and rum Yum yum Think I'll run and get me some Woah SunnyD and rum Yum yum It's so good I can't get enough Woah Oooh Woah SunnyD and rum I think I'll run and get me some Woah SunnyD and rum Yum yum I think I'll just drink me some Yum SunnyD and rum Yum yum Yeah SunnyD and rum Yum yuuuum It's so good I can't get enough *The Gregory Brothers neither endorse nor condone underage drinking.
http://wn.com/Songify_This_SunnyD_and_Rum_THE_POP_SINGLE!
The Rum Diary - Official Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:30
- Published: 26 Aug 2011
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
www.rumdiarythemovie.com http www.twitter.com In theaters October 28, 2011! Based on the debut novel by Hunter S. Thompson, "The Rum Diary" tells the increasingly unhinged story of itinerant journalist Paul Kemp (Johnny Depp). Tiring of the noise and madness of New York and the crushing conventions of late Eisenhower-era America, Kemp travels to the pristine island of Puerto Rico to write for a local newspaper, The San Juan Star, run by downtrodden editor Lotterman (Richard Jenkins). Adopting the rum-soaked life of the island, Paul soon becomes obsessed with Chenault (Amber Heard), the wildly attractive Connecticut-born fiancée of Sanderson (Aaron Eckhart). Sanderson, a businessman involved in shady property development deals, is one of a growing number of American entrepreneurs who are determined to convert Puerto Rico into a capitalist paradise in service of the wealthy. When Kemp is recruited by Sanderson to write favorably about his latest unsavory scheme, the journalist is presented with a choice: to use his words for the corrupt businessmen's financial benefit, or use them to take the bastards down.
http://wn.com/The_Rum_Diary_Official_Trailer
The Andrews Sisters - Rum and Coca Cola
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Published: 16 Oct 2010
- Updated: 18 Sep 2012
Update (08/18/11): This song WAS originally by a Trinidadian by the name "Lord Invader". His version is quite great too, but the lyrics are much different... www.youtube.com And you guys stop fighting about it... What ever you are fighting about, both versions were WONDERFUL in their own rights. And yes, they went to court, Lord Invader won. Update (3/11/11): I want to thank all you Mafia and Fallout gamers for watching this video OVER AND OVER AGAIN! I also want to thank the fans of the Andrews Sisters' and many other people who have watched this, making this become MY most watched video! ALL OF YOU ROCK! THANK YOU AGAIN! Update: If you really like this song by the Andrews Sisters, you've got to hear the remix of this: (uploaded by trekdropsec): www.youtube.com I personally love this song, and really influences me to drink rum and coke... but I hate alcohol, LOL, so you won't be seeing me drinking! I was so shocked to find out that the first Rum and Coca Cola video was deleted. I made this one around 4 to7 days ago... hope you enjoy! Drink rum and coca cola all day... everyday (Just kidding)! Peace :)) I DO NOT OWN ANY SONGS OR PICTURES USED IN THIS VIDEO. FOR ENTERTAINMENT PURPOSES ONLY.
http://wn.com/The_Andrews_Sisters_Rum_and_Coca_Cola
Fifteen Men (Bottle of Rum) - Original Version
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Published: 06 Jun 2008
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
The most realistic and accurate version of this all-time pirate tune. Forget POTC. The song is subtitled, so you can sing it in your nights at sea! This is from the Roger Wagner Chorale recording of Sea Chantys. Capitol record number P3462 of 1959. Harve Presnell is the soloist. Thanks to IUFTR for the info and sorry for my big mistake. As you will know, the song is based on the lyrics by RL Stevenson's Treasure Island, one of the greatest novels ever written. I think this version captures its essence, and because of it I say it's the most realistic and accurate version (for me). Stevenson is one of my favourite writers. From The Master of Ballantrae and The Wrecker, his horror literature as The Body Snatcher or Markheim, to his travel books as The Silverado Squatters. I have ALL his works published in Spain! ;)
http://wn.com/Fifteen_Men_Bottle_of_Rum_Original_Version
Sunny D and Rum - Gianni Luminati [Walk off the Earth]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:22
- Published: 16 Nov 2010
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
Mp3 Download: walkofftheearth.bandcamp.com WOTE and Beard Guy shirts and undies!!! - click here: bit.ly WOTE TOUR DATES! TICKET LINKS: September 20 -- Toronto, ON goo.gl October 24 -- Buffalo, NY goo.gl October 25 -- New Haven, CT goo.gl October 26 -- Boston, MA goo.gl October 27 -- Towson, MD goo.gl October 28 -- Philadelphia, PA goo.gl October 30 -- Pittsburgh, PA goo.gl October 31 -- New York, NY goo.gl November 02 -- Cincinnati, OH goo.gl November 03 -- Chicago, IL goo.gl November 04 -- Grand Rapids, MI goo.gl November 06 -- Nashville, TN goo.gl November 07 -- Birmingham, AL goo.gl November 08 -- Atlanta, GA goo.gl November 09 -- Orlando, FL goo.gl November 10 -- Ft. Lauderdale, FL goo.gl November 26 -- Seattle. WA goo.gl November 28 -- Portland, OR goo.gl November 29 -- San Francisco, CA goo.gl November 30 -- Los Angeles, CA goo.gl December 1 -- Santa Ana, CA goo.gl Walk Off The Earth's new EP "REVO" is available for pre-order right now! Follow this link for details: smarturl.it Fall tour dates (US only) are ALSO available for pre-order! Follow THIS link for details: smarturl.it Shmoyoho!! Gianni Luminati pumps out a loop pedal cover of the smash hit "Sunny D and Rum". We are sorry for jumping on the Sunny D and Rum bandwagon but this song is soo damn catchy. The only way to get it out of our heads was to make this video! Plus, the drink is disgustingly awesome!" This song will be available for FREE Download, so Subscribe and we will let you know where to get it asap <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Sunny_D_and_Rum_Gianni_Luminati_Walk_off_the_Earth_
Chocolate Rum Balls - RECIPE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Published: 12 Oct 2011
- Updated: 17 Sep 2012
ONE POT CHEF COOKBOOKS ON iTUNES BOOKSTORE: itunes.apple.com ONE POT CHEF COOKBOOKS - PAPERBACKS AND EBOOKS: www.lulu.com Chocolate Rum Balls are decadent sweet truffles that are perfect as a home-made gift or for some indulgent snacking. Crushed chocolate biscuits are combined with melted milk chocolate, rum coconut and condensed milk to create a thick, chewy dough. Rolled into balls and coated with sprinkles, these little babies will have everyone begging for more - give it a go! MY SECOND CHANNEL: www.youtube.com PLEASE SUBSCRIBE! au.youtube.com FOLLOW ME! www.twitter.com BECOME A FAN ON FACEBOOK! www.facebook.com =================RECIPE FACT SHEET ================= INGREDIENTS IN THIS DISH: 250g Packet of Plain Chocolate Biscuits / Cookies (about 25) 1/2 Cup of Desiccated Coconut 400g Can of Sweetened Condensed Milk 200g Milk Chocolate (melted) 1 Tablespoon of Rum Chocolate Sprinkles (to coat) MAKES ABOUT 30 - 50 BALLS (depending on size) Preparation Time: About 10 minutes Chilling Time: About 20 minutes ALL MEASUREMENTS GIVEN ARE AUSTRALIAN STANDARD METRIC (Look up Google for a conversion chart if using Imperial) More cooking videos at: www.onepotchefshow.com Music Tracks "Bright Wish" and "Peppy Pepe" by Kevin MacLeod incompetech.com Royalty Free Music - Used with Permission under Creative Commons license.
http://wn.com/Chocolate_Rum_Balls_RECIPE
Sunny D and Rum (The =3 Musical)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Published: 28 Sep 2010
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
SUBSCRIBE & JOIN THE DARK SIDE! :D bit.ly --------------------------------------------- FOLLOW ME ON TWITTER: twitter.com LIKE MY FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com GET =3 T-SHIRTS HERE: shop.raywj.com MY WEBSITE: raywj.com
http://wn.com/Sunny_D_and_Rum_The_=3_Musical
Bob Marley - Jamaica Rum
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Published: 13 Mar 2008
- Updated: 18 Sep 2012
Bob Marley - Jamica Rum The video does not belong to me , all the credits go to the owner of this track .
http://wn.com/Bob_Marley_Jamaica_Rum
Sound of Rum - Slow Slow (Official Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Published: 19 Jan 2011
- Updated: 18 Sep 2012
Slow Slow by Sound of Rum a music video by Dean Puckett & Lucca Benney www.deaddeanfilms.org Available now with B-Side and Remixes from iTunes bit.ly or Amazon: amzn.to Sound of Rum Website: www.soundofrum.com Sound of Rum Myspace www.myspace.com
http://wn.com/Sound_of_Rum_Slow_Slow_Official_Video
The Old Black Rum
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Published: 30 Dec 2006
- Updated: 18 Sep 2012
A fan vid I made to the first Pirates of the Carribbean movie. About Captain Jack and Black Rum. Music by Great Big Sea.
http://wn.com/The_Old_Black_Rum
Cats 05 The Rum Tum Tugger
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Published: 22 Aug 2008
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
Cats 05 The Rum Tum Tugger.
http://wn.com/Cats_05_The_Rum_Tum_Tugger
Lord Invader - Rum and coca cola (audio)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Published: 02 Oct 2009
- Updated: 17 Sep 2012
Lord Invader - Rum and coca cola
http://wn.com/Lord_Invader_Rum_and_coca_cola_audio
The Rum Tum Tugger
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Published: 18 Dec 2008
- Updated: 18 Sep 2012
Starring John Partridge as Rum Tum Tugger. From the 'Cats' film.
http://wn.com/The_Rum_Tum_Tugger
Andrews Sisters - Rum And Coca Cola (Rare DOT Recording)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Published: 20 Sep 2009
- Updated: 18 Sep 2012
Rum and Coca Cola by The Andrews Sisters recorded in the 1960's on the DOT Label. This version is rare and not currently Available on CD
http://wn.com/Andrews_Sisters_Rum_And_Coca_Cola_Rare_DOT_Recording
Captain Jack Sparrow - Why is the rum always gone
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:35
- Published: 03 Jan 2011
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
One of the best scenes in movie The Pirates of the Caribbean
http://wn.com/Captain_Jack_Sparrow_Why_is_the_rum_always_gone
![Machel Montano : BOTTLE OF RUM [2012 Trinidad Soca][3Zero Riddim, Prod. By Precision Prod.]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120919181244im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/JX5QwFpfmXk/0.jpg "Machel Montano : BOTTLE OF RUM [2012 Trinidad Soca][3Zero Riddim, Prod. By Precision Prod.]")
Machel Montano : BOTTLE OF RUM [2012 Trinidad Soca][3Zero Riddim, Prod. By Precision Prod.]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Published: 22 Jan 2012
- Updated: 18 Sep 2012
DOWNLOAD HERE: itunes.apple.com www.facebook.com Produced & Mixed By Precision Productions. Written By Full Blown Entertainment, Machel Montano & Kasey Philips. LIVE MUSICIANS :- Bass - Billy Joe Saunders. Drums - Alpha Simpson. Guitars - Jeremy Mc Intosh. Keys & Additional Production - Reuel Lynch. Background Vocals - Tricia Hamilton. Mastered by Sterling Sound, New York. Song Here: www.islandmix.com It is one thing to trod and widen a well-worn path, but quite another to pull away from the crowd and produce music that reconnects the musical ear to long forgotten sounds. In their latest releases, Precision Productions unearth the soul of our music and breathe fresh new life into it with the use of all live instruments. The songs, vocalized by two Soca-soul veterans, Machel Montano and Benjai, are groovy elemental tunes that masterfully straddle the strength of the past and the vibrancy of our present culture. Benjai's 'The People's Champion,' done in his signature hip swinging style expresses his deep devotion and commitment to not only keep this musical art form alive and ever-growing, but to also ensure that his fans, who crowned him as their king, forever thoroughly enjoy themselves with his offerings. Machel meanwhile joyously yet responsibly embraces a long time love affair many Soca aficionados can easily identify with. 'Bottle of Rum' artistically reflects upon an essential feteing staple in a nostalgic and seductively entertaining way that revelers will be unable <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Machel_Montano_BOTTLE_OF_RUM_2012_Trinidad_Soca_3Zero_Riddim,_Prod_By_Precision_Prod_
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Photo: AP / Paul White
18 Sep 2012
Real Madrid pulled off a stunning Champions League comeback when they twice fought back from a goal down as Cristiano Ronaldo netted a 90th-minute winner in a 3-2 Group D win at home to Manchester...
Photo: WN / Imran Nissar
11 Sep 2012
New Delhi: The 80-year-old Yash Copra has kept alive Yash Raj Films' tradition of using song lyrics as titles of the Hindi films it produces and distributes by naming its latest 'Jab Tak Hai Jaan',...
Buffalo News
Rum, the sugar-based liquor that has fueled the development of the Caribbean for centuries, has become the focus of an increasingly bitter dispute with the United States. Small producers in countries such as Antigua, Guyana and Jamaica complain they are being punched by unfair trade and marketing...(size: 3.2Kb)
Woody's Third Rum Social in Fells Point (Video)
19 Sep 2012
The Examiner
Related topics Woody's Rum Bar and Island GrillMount Gay Rum Advertisement What: Go join Woody's for an informative evening of fine Rum, wonderful food and intriguing discussion with featuring Mount Gay Rum. The cost is $25 per person. Your tickets include: - A sampling of Mount Gay Rum - Mount...(size: 6.3Kb)
PR Newswire
...(size: 4.4Kb)
Bundy rum gets makeover with new top-shelf drop
18 Sep 2012
Canberra Times
By the admission of its makers, Bundaberg Rum has long been seen as the yellow-label spirit for the quintessential Aussie bloke who drinks in the pub or the back of his ute. But the Bundaberg distillers have set out to add some class to the "everyman's drink" with an array of boutique, premium rums...(size: 3.3Kb)
Jamaicans really love their rum
16 Sep 2012
The Gleaner
Jamaicans drink three times more rum than all other alcoholic drinks combined, and have shelled out more than J$18 billion for the pleasure of imbibing the sugar-based concoction, according to breakout data on spirits conglomerate Lascelles and its markets. The information from Gruppo Campari also...(size: 3.7Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics SeafoodFishRed SnapperFoodCookingChef Larry Edwards Advertisement As Fall approaches and another Summer ebbs its way into our memories, there is no reason to forgo the flavors of the season past. Take a mental vacation to the islands and experience one of the great joys of the...(size: 7.3Kb)
Newsday
New York City's just-approved ban on serving sugar-sweetened beverages larger than 16 ounces, along with the decision by to post calories on menu boards nationwide, signal a new era in efforts to control the obesity epidemic. And as we navigate this future, it's worth taking a look at similar...(size: 13.5Kb)
10 Things To Know About Rum
14 Sep 2012
Huffington Post
The Rodney Dangerfield of spirits, rum, is rarely given its fair due. In the post-Hemingway world of serious drinkers, it's either maligned as super saccharine, or pigeonholed as a beachside one-trick-pony. But a rum renaissance is upon us. An increasingly curious cocktail culture is embracing the...(size: 6.4Kb)
The Daily Mail
The ancient, primitive...(size: 0.2Kb)
Jamaica Observer
The Grand Finals of the Appleton Estate Jamaica Rum Bartender Challenge - Jamaica 2012 was held Friday last, September 7, 2012 at the Knutsford Court Hotel. Five finalists from across the island competed for the honour of representing Jamaica in the Appleton Estate Jamaica Rum International...(size: 6.6Kb)
This article is about the beverage. For other uses, see Rum (disambiguation).
Rum is a distilled alcoholic beverage made from sugarcane byproducts such as molasses, or directly from sugarcane juice, by a process of fermentation and distillation. The distillate, a clear liquid, is then usually aged in oak barrels. Rum can be referred to in Spanish by descriptors such as ron viejo ("old rum") and ron añejo ("aged rum").
The majority of the world's rum production occurs in the Caribbean and Latin America (including the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Martinique, Guatemala, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia,Saint Vincent and the grenadines, Grenada, Barbados, Jamaica, St.Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Brazil, Haiti, Belize, Grenada, Guyana, Peru and Cuba). Rum is also produced in the Canary Islands of Spain, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Mexico, Hawaii, the Philippines, India, Reunion Island, Mauritius, South Africa, and Canada.
Light rums are commonly used in cocktails, whereas "golden" and "dark" rums were typically consumed individually (i.e. "straight" or "neat") or for cooking, but are now commonly consumed with mixers. Premium rums are also available, made to be consumed either straight or iced.
Rum plays a part in the culture of most islands of the West Indies as well as in the Canadian Maritimes and Newfoundland. This beverage has famous associations with the Royal Navy (where it was mixed with water or beer to make grog) and piracy (where it was consumed as bumbo). Rum has also served as a popular medium of economic exchange, used to help fund enterprises such as slavery, organized crime, and military insurgencies (e.g., the American Revolution and Australia's Rum Rebellion) See Triangular trade.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The origin of the word "rum" is generally unclear. In an 1824 essay about the word's origin, Samuel Morewood, a British etymologist, suggested it might be from the British slang term for "the best", as in "having a rum time." He wrote:
As spirits, extracted from molasses, could not well be ranked under the name whiskey, brandy, or arrack, it would be called rum, to denote its excellence or superior quality.—Samuel Morewood[1]
Given the harsh taste of early rum, this is unlikely. Morewood later suggested another possibility: that it was taken from the last syllable of the Latin word for sugar, saccharum, an explanation commonly heard today.[1] The -um is a very common noun ending in Latin, and plenty of Latin word roots end in r, so in reality, one could apply this logic to a plethora of Latin words to draw the link.
Other etymologists have mentioned the Romani word rum, meaning "strong" or "potent". These words have been linked to the ramboozle and rumfustian, both popular British drinks in the mid-17th century. However, neither was made with rum, but rather eggs, ale, wine, sugar, and various spices. The most probable origin is as a truncated version of rumbullion or rumbustion.[2] Both words surfaced in English about the same time as rum did (Coromines states 1651 as the first recording of "rumbullion", and 1654 for "rum" -1770 for the first recording in Spanish of ron), and were slang terms for "tumult" or "uproar". This is a far more convincing explanation, and brings the image of fractious men fighting in entanglements at island tippling houses, which are early versions of the bar.[1]
Another claim is the name is from the large drinking glasses used by Dutch seamen known as rummers, from the Dutch word roemer, a drinking glass.[3] Other options include contractions of the words iterum, Latin for "again, a second time", or arôme, French for aroma.[4] Regardless of the original source, the name was already in common use by 1654, when the General Court of Connecticut ordered the confiscations of "whatsoever Barbados liquors, commonly called rum, kill devil and the like".[5] A short time later in May 1657, the General Court of Massachusetts also decided to make illegal the sale of strong liquor "whether knowne by the name of rumme, strong water, wine, brandy, etc."[4]
In current usage, the name used for a rum is often based on its place of origin. For rums from Spanish-speaking locales, the word ron is used. A ron añejo indicates a rum that has been significantly aged and is often used for premium products. Rhum is the term used for rums from French-speaking locales, while rhum vieux is an aged French rum that meets several other requirements.
Some of the many other names for rum are Nelson's blood, kill-devil, demon water, pirate's drink, navy neaters, and Barbados water.[6] A version of rum from Newfoundland is referred to by the name screech, while some low-grade West Indies rums are called tafia.[7]
History[link]
Origins[link]
The precursors to rum date back to antiquity. Development of fermented drinks produced from sugarcane juice is believed to have first occurred either in ancient India or China,[2] and spread from there. An example of such an early drink is brum. Produced by the Malay people, brum dates back thousands of years.[8] Marco Polo also recorded a 14th-century account of a "very good wine of sugar" that was offered to him in what is modern-day Iran.[2]
The first distillation of rum took place on the sugarcane plantations of the Caribbean in the 17th century. Plantation slaves first discovered molasses, a byproduct of the sugar refining process, can be fermented into alcohol.[9] Later, distillation of these alcoholic byproducts concentrated the alcohol and removed impurities, producing the first true rums. Tradition suggests rum first originated on the island of Barbados. However, in the decade of the 1620s, rum production was recorded in Brazil.[10]
A 1651 document from Barbados stated, "The chief fuddling they make in the island is Rumbullion, alias Kill-Divil, and this is made of sugar canes distilled, a hot, hellish, and terrible liquor."[9]
Colonial America[link]
After rum's development in the Caribbean, the drink's popularity spread to Colonial North America. To support the demand for the drink, the first rum distillery in the British colonies of North America was set up in 1664 on present-day Staten Island. Boston, Massachusetts had a distillery three years later.[11] The manufacture of rum became early Colonial New England's largest and most prosperous industry.[12] New England became a distilling center due to the technical, metalworking and cooperage skills and abundant lumber; the rum produced there was lighter, more like whiskey. Rhode Island rum even joined gold as an accepted currency in Europe for a period of time.[13] Estimates of rum consumption in the American colonies before the American Revolutionary War had every man, woman, or child drinking an average of 3 imperial gallons (14 l) of rum each year.[14]
To support this demand for the molasses to produce rum, along with the increasing demand for sugar in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries, a labor source to work the sugar plantations in the Caribbean was needed. A triangular trade was established between Africa, the Caribbean, and the colonies to help support this need.[15] The exchange of slaves, molasses, and rum was quite profitable, and the disruption to the trade caused by the Sugar Act in 1764 may have even helped cause the American Revolution.[14]
The popularity of rum continued after the American Revolution, with George Washington insisting on a barrel of Barbados rum at his 1789 inauguration.[16]
Rum started to play an important role in the political system; candidates attempted to influence the outcome of an election through their generosity with rum. The people would attend the hustings to see which candidate appeared more generous. The candidate was expected to drink with the people to show he was independent and truly a republican. In the 1833 Mississippi state senate election, one candidate, Judge Edward Turner, poured his drinks and socialized with the people. He was more personal and it appeared as if he was going to win. The other candidate, a Methodist parson named Dick Stewart, announced he would not be pouring their drinks and they could have as much as they wanted; Dick Stewart won.[17][18]
Eventually, the restrictions on rum from the British islands of the Caribbean, combined with the development of American whiskey, led to a decline in the drink's popularity.
Naval rum[link]
Rum's association with piracy began with English privateers trading on the valuable commodity. As some of the privateers became pirates and buccaneers, their fondness for rum remained, the association between the two only being strengthened by literary works such as Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island.[19]
The association of rum with the Royal Navy began in 1655, when the British fleet captured the island of Jamaica. With the availability of domestically produced rum, the British changed the daily ration of liquor given to seamen from French brandy to rum.[20] While the ration was originally given neat, or mixed with lime juice, the practice of watering down the rum began around 1740. To help minimize the effect of the alcohol on his sailors, Admiral Edward Vernon had the rum ration watered down, a mixture that became known as grog. While many believe the term was coined in honor of the grogram cloak Admiral Vernon wore in rough weather,[21] the term predates his famous order. It probably originates in the West Indies, perhaps of African etymology (see Grog). The Royal Navy continued to give its sailors a daily rum ration, known as a "tot," until the practice was abolished after July 31, 1970.[22]
Today, the tot is still issued on special occasions, using an order to "splice the mainbrace", which may only be given by the Queen, a member of the royal family or, on certain occasions, the admiralty board in the UK, with similar restrictions in other Commonwealth navies.[23] Recently, such occasions have included royal marriages or birthdays, or special anniversaries. In the days of daily rum rations, the order to "splice the mainbrace" meant double rations would be issued.
Following his victory at the Battle of Trafalgar, Horatio Nelson's body was preserved in a cask of rum to allow transport back to England. Upon arrival, however, the cask was opened and found to be empty of rum. The pickled body was removed and, upon inspection, it was discovered that the sailors had drilled a hole in the bottom of the cask and drunk all the rum, in the process drinking Nelson's blood. Thus, this tale serves as a basis for the term "Nelson's blood" being used to describe rum. It also serves as the basis for the term "tapping the admiral" being used to describe drinking the daily rum ration. The details of the story are disputed, as many historians claim the cask contained French brandy, whilst others claim instead the term originated from a toast to Admiral Nelson.[24] Variations of the story, involving different notable corpses, have been in circulation for many years. The official record states merely that the body was placed in "refined spirits" and does not go into further detail.[25]
The Royal New Zealand Navy was the last naval force to give sailors a free daily tot of rum. The Royal Canadian Navy still gives a rum ration on special occasions; the rum is usually provided out of the commanding officer's fund, and is 150 proof. It is consumed on the order "up spirits".[citation needed] The order to "splice the mainbrace" (i.e. take rum) can be given by the Queen as commander-in-chief, as occurred on 29 June 2010, when Her Majesty gave the order to the Royal Canadian Navy as part of the celebration of their 100th anniversary.
Rum was also occasionally consumed mixed with gunpowder, either to test the proof of an alcohol ration (if the alcohol was diluted, the gunpowder would not ignite after being soaked with alcohol) or to seal a vow or show loyalty to a rebellion.
Colonial Australia[link]
See also: Rum Rebellion
Rum became an important trade good in the early period of the colony of New South Wales. The value of rum was based upon the lack of coinage among the population of the colony, and due to the drink's ability to allow its consumer to temporarily forget about the lack of creature comforts available in the new colony. The value of rum was such that convict settlers could be induced to work the lands owned by officers of the New South Wales Corps. Due to rum's popularity among the settlers, the colony gained a reputation for drunkenness, though their alcohol consumption was less than levels commonly consumed in England at the time.[26]
Australia was so far away from England that the convict colony, established in 1788, faced severe food shortages, compounded by poor conditions for growing crops and the shortage of livestock . Eventually it was realized that it might be cheaper for India, instead of England to supply the settlement of Sydney. By 1817, two out of every three ships which left Sydney, went to Java or India, and cargoes from Bengal fed and equipped the colony. Casks of Bengal Rum ( which was reputed to be stronger than Jamaiacan Rum, and not so sweet ) were brought back in the depths of nearly every ship from India although taken to shore clandestinely, to the dismay of the governors. Englishmen living in India grew wealthy through sending ships to Sydney "laden half with rice and half with bad spirits." [27]
When William Bligh became governor of the colony in 1806, he attempted to remedy the perceived problem with drunkenness by outlawing the use of rum as a medium of exchange. In response to this action, and several others, the New South Wales Corps marched, with fixed bayonets, to Government House and placed Bligh under arrest. The mutineers continued to control the colony until the arrival of Governor Lachlan Macquarie in 1810.[28]
Categorization[link]
Dividing rum into meaningful groupings is complicated because no single standard exists for what constitutes rum. Instead, rum is defined by the varying rules and laws of the nations producing the spirit. The differences in definitions include issues such as spirit proof, minimum aging, and even naming standards.
Examples of the differences in proof is Colombia, requiring their rums possess a minimum alcohol content of 50% alcohol by volume (ABV), while Chile and Venezuela require only a minimum of 40% ABV. Mexico requires rum be aged a minimum of eight months; the Dominican Republic, Panama and Venezuela require two years. Naming standards also vary. Argentina defines rums as white, gold, light, and extra light. Grenada and Barbados uses the terms white, overproof, and matured, while the United States defines rum, rum liqueur, and flavored rum.[29] In Australia, rum is divided into dark or red rum (underproof known as UP, overproof known as OP, and triple distilled) and white rum.
Despite these differences in standards and nomenclature, the following divisions are provided to help show the wide variety of rums produced.
Regional variations[link]
Within the Caribbean, each island or production area has a unique style. For the most part, these styles can be grouped by the language traditionally spoken. Due to the overwhelming influence of Puerto Rican rum, most rum consumed in the United States is produced in the 'Spanish-speaking' style.
- Spanish-speaking islands and countries traditionally produce añejo rums with a fairly smooth taste. Rums from Cuba, Guatemala, Panama, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, Colombia and Venezuela are typical of this style. Rum from the U.S. Virgin Islands is also of this style. The Canary Islands produces honey rum known as ron miel de Canarias and carries a geographical designation.
- English-speaking islands and countries are known for darker rums with a fuller taste that retains a greater amount of the underlying molasses flavor. Rums from Grenada, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Saint Kitts, Trinidad and Tobago, the Demerara region of Guyana, and Jamaica are typical of this style.
- French-speaking islands are best known for their agricultural rums (rhum agricole). These rums, being produced exclusively from sugar cane juice, retain a greater amount of the original flavor of the sugar cane and are generally more expensive than molasses-based rums. Rums from Haiti, Guadeloupe and Martinique are typical of this style.
Cachaça is a spirit similar to rum that is produced in Brazil. (Some countries, including the United States, classify cachaça as a type of rum.) Seco, from Panama, is also a spirit similar to rum, but also similar to vodka since it is triple distilled.
The Indonesian spirit Batavia arrack, or arrak, is a spirit similar to rum that includes rice in its production.[30] Mexico produces a number of brands of light and dark rum, as well as other less-expensive flavored and unflavored sugarcane-based liquors, such as aguardiente de caña and charanda.
A spirit known as aguardiente, distilled from molasses and often infused with anise, with additional sugarcane juice added after distillation, is produced in Central America and northern South America.[31]
In West Africa, and particularly in Liberia, 'cane juice' (also known as Liberian rum[32] or simply CJ within Liberia itself[33]) is a cheap, strong spirit distilled from sugarcane, which can be as strong as 86 proof.[34] A refined cane spirit has also been produced in South Africa since the 1950s, simply known as cane.
Within Europe, a similar spirit made from sugar beet is known as tuzemák (from tuzemský rum, domestic rum) in the Czech Republic and kobba libre on the Åland Islands.[citation needed]
In Germany, a cheap substitute for genuine dark rum is called Rum-Verschnitt (literally: blended or "cut" rum). This distilled beverage is made of genuine dark rum (often from Jamaica), rectified spirit, and water. Very often, caramel coloring is used, too. The relative amount of genuine rum it contains can be quite low, since the legal minimum is at only 5%, but the taste of Rum-Verschnitt is still very similar to genuine dark rum. In Austria, a similar rum called Inländerrum or domestic rum is available. However, Austrian Inländerrum is always a spiced rum (brand example: Stroh); German Rum-Verschnitt, in contrast, is never spiced or flavored.
Grades[link]
The grades and variations used to describe rum depend on the location where a rum was produced. Despite these variations, the following terms are frequently used to describe various types of rum:
- Light rums, also referred to as silver or white rums, in general, have very little flavor aside from a general sweetness. Consequently, they often serve as bases for cocktails. Light rums are sometimes filtered after aging to remove any color. The Brazilian cachaça is generally this type, but some varieties are more akin to "gold rums". The majority of light rums come from Puerto Rico. Their milder flavors make them popular for use in mixed drinks, as opposed to drinking them straight.
- Gold rums, also called amber rums, are medium-bodied rums that are generally aged. These gain their dark color from aging in wooden barrels (usually the charred, white oak barrels that are the byproduct of Bourbon whiskey). They have more flavor and are stronger-tasting than light rum, and can be considered midway between light rum and the darker varieties.
- Dark rums, also known by their particular color, such as brown, black, or red rums, are classes a grade darker than gold rums. They are generally aged longer, in heavily charred barrels, giving them much stronger flavors than either light or gold rums, and hints of spices can be detected, along with a strong molasses or caramel overtone. They commonly provide substance in rum drinks, as well as color. In addition, dark rum is the type most commonly used in cooking. Most dark rums come from areas such as Jamaica, Haiti, and Martinique, though two Central American countries, Nicaragua and Guatemala, produced two of the most award-winning dark rums in the world: Flor de Caña and Ron Zacapa Centenario, respectively.[35]
- Spiced rums obtain their flavors through the addition of spices and, sometimes, caramel. Most are darker in color, and based on gold rums. Some are significantly darker, while many cheaper brands are made from inexpensive white rums and darkened with caramel color. Among the spices added are cinnamon, rosemary, absinthe/aniseed, or pepper.
- Flavored rums are infused with flavors of fruits, such as banana, mango, orange, citrus, coconut, starfruit or lime. These are generally less than 40% ABV, serve to flavor similarly themed tropical drinks, and are also often drunk neat or on the rocks.
- Overproof rums are much higher than the standard 40% ABV. Most of these rums bear greater than 60%, in fact, and preparations of 75% to 80% ABV occur commonly. One example is Jack Iron Rum from Grenada made by Westerhall Estate Ltd.
- Premium rums, as with other sipping spirits, such as Cognac and Scotch, are in a special market category. These are generally from boutique brands that sell carefully produced and aged rums. They have more character and flavor than their "mixing" counterparts, and are generally consumed straight. One example is Diplomático Ambassador Selection from Venezuela made by DUSA in La Miel.
Production method[link]
Unlike some other spirits, rum has no defined production methods. Instead, rum production is based on traditional styles that vary between locations and distillers.
Fermentation[link]
Most rum produced is made from molasses. Within the Caribbean, much of this molasses is from Brazil.[16] A notable exception is the French-speaking islands, where sugarcane juice is the preferred base ingredient.[2]
Yeast and water are added to the base ingredient to start the fermentation process. While some rum producers allow wild yeasts to perform the fermentation, most use specific strains of yeast to help provide a consistent taste and predictable fermentation time.[36] Dunder, the yeast-rich foam from previous fermentations, is the traditional yeast source in Jamaica.[37] "The yeast employed will determine the final taste and aroma profile," says Jamaican master blender Joy Spence.[2] Distillers who make lighter rums, such as Bacardi, prefer to use faster-working yeasts.[2] Use of slower-working yeasts causes more esters to accumulate during fermentation, allowing for a fuller-tasting rum.[36]
Distillation[link]
As with all other aspects of rum production, no standard method is used for distillation. While some producers work in batches using pot stills, most rum production is done using column still distillation.[36] Pot still output contains more congeners than the output from column stills, so produces fuller-tasting rums.[2]
Aging and blending[link]
Many countries require rum to be aged for at least one year. This aging is commonly performed in used bourbon casks,[36] but may also be performed in stainless steel tanks or other types of wooden casks. The aging process determines the color of the rum. When aged in oak casks, it becomes dark, whereas rum aged in stainless steel tanks remains virtually colorless. Due to the tropical climate common to most rum-producing areas, rum matures at a much faster rate than is typical for Scotch or Cognac. An indication of this faster rate is the angels' share, or amount of product lost to evaporation. While products aged in France or Scotland see about 2% loss each year, rum producers may see as much as 10%.[36] After aging, rum is normally blended to ensure a consistent flavor. Blending is the final step in the rum-making process.[38] As part of this blending process, light rums may be filtered to remove any color gained during aging. For darker rums, caramel may be added to adjust the color of the final product.
In cuisine[link]
 |
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on |
Besides rum punches, cocktails such as the Cuba libre and daiquiri have well-known stories of their invention in the Caribbean. Tiki culture in the US helped expand rum's horizons with inventions such as the mai tai and zombie. Other well-known cocktails containing rum include the piña colada, a drink made popular in America by Rupert Holmes' song "Escape (The Piña Colada Song)",[39] and the mojito. Cold-weather drinks made with rum include the rum toddy and hot buttered rum.[40] A number of local specialties also use rum, including Bermuda's dark 'n' stormy (Gosling's Black Seal rum with ginger beer), and the painkiller from the British Virgin Islands.
Rum may also be used as a base in the manufacture of liqueurs. Another combination is jagertee, a mixture of rum and black tea.
Rum may also be used in a number of cooked dishes as a flavoring agent in items such as rum balls or rum cakes. It is commonly used to macerate fruit used in fruitcakes and is also used in marinades for some Caribbean dishes. Rum is also used in the preparation of bananas Foster and some hard sauces. Rum is sometimes mixed into ice cream, often with raisins.
Ti punch, short for "petit punch", is a traditional drink in the French-speaking region of the Caribbean.
See also[link]
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- Cachaça
- Charanda
- List of Puerto Rican rums
- List of rum producers
- Rum cocktails
- Pirate
- Ron Zacapa Centenario
- Rum row
- Rum cake
- Rum-running
Notes[link]
- ^ a b c Wayne (2006). p.34-35
- ^ a b c d e f g Pacult, F. Paul (July 2002). "Mapping Rum By Region". Wine Enthusiast Magazine. http://www.winemag.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=F24EEC220FFD4B3A9A2E58D486F2CADE.
- ^ Blue, p. 72–73
- ^ a b Blue p. 73
- ^ "The West Indies Rum Distillery Limited" WIRD Ltd. 2009 http://www.westindiesrum.com/. Retrieved April 28, 2011
- ^ Rajiv. M (March 12, 2003). "A Caribbean drink". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/12/stories/2003031200300400.htm.
- ^ Wayne (2006). p.14
- ^ Blue p. 72
- ^ a b Blue p. 70
- ^ Cavalcante, Messias Soares. A verdadeira história da cachaça. São Paulo: Sá Editora, 2011. 608p. ISBN 978-85-88193-62-8
- ^ Blue p. 74
- ^ Roueché, Berton. Alcohol in Human Culture. in: Lucia, Salvatore P. (Ed.) Alcohol and Civilization New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963 p. 178
- ^ Blue p. 76
- ^ a b Tannahill p. 295
- ^ Tannahill p. 296
- ^ a b Frost, Doug (January 6, 2005). "Rum makers distill unsavory history into fresh products". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/01/06/WIGMQAL3K21.DTL.
- ^ Rorabaugh p. 152–154, though this anecdote relates to whiskey, not rum.
- ^ page 129
- ^ Pack p. 15
- ^ Blue p. 77
- ^ Tannahill p. 273
- ^ Pack p. 123
- ^ http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/CD1D5C34-B41B-43D5-B3B4-66E61A93A7F9/0/jsp456_206.pdf
- ^ Blue p. 78
- ^ Mikkelson, Barbara (2006-05-09). "Body found in barrel". Urban Legends Reference Pages. Snopes.com. Archived from the original on 2009-01-15. http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fhorrors%2Fcannibal%2Ftapping.asp&date=2009-01-15. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
- ^ Clarke p. 26
- ^ Geoffrey Blainey The Tyranny of Distance : How Distance Shaped Australia's History , Sun Books, Melbourne, Vic., 1966.
- ^ Clarke p. 29
- ^ Blue p. 81–82
- ^ Cooper p. 60
- ^ Selsky, Andrew (2003-09-15). "Age-old drink losing kick". The Miami Herald.
- ^ "Tourism Industry in Liberia". Uniboa.org. http://www.uniboa.org/tourism.html. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
- ^ Surreptitious drug abuse and the new Liberian reality: an overview
- ^ Photo-article on Liberian village life
- ^ http://www.exploretaca.com/eng/article.html?id=1070 exploretaca.com
- ^ a b c d e Vaughan, Mark (1 June 1994). "Tropical Delights". Cigar Aficionado. http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Features/CA_Feature_Basic_Template/0,2344,736,00.html.
- ^ Cooper p. 54
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Blue p. 80
- ^ Cooper p. 54–55
References[link]
- Curtis, Wayne (2006). And a bottle of rum - a history of the New World in ten cocktails. Crown Publishers. p. 285. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/1-400-5167-3|1-400-5167-3]]. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5676434.
- Blue, Anthony Dias (2004). The Complete Book of Spirits : A Guide to Their History, Production, and Enjoyment. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-054218-7.
- Clarke, Frank G. (2002). The History of Australia. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31498-5.
- Cooper, Rosalind (1982). Spirits & Liqueurs. HPBooks. ISBN 0-89586-194-1.
- Foley, Ray (2006). Bartending for Dummies: A reference for the Rest of Us. Wiley Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-470-05056-X.
- Pack, James (1982). Nelson's Blood: The Story of Naval Rum. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-944-8.
- Tannahill, Reay (1973). Food in History. Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-1437-1.
- Rorabaugh, W.J.. The Alcoholic Republic. Oxford University Press.
Further reading[link]
- Williams, Ian (2005). Rum: A Social and Sociable History of the Real Spirit of 1776. Nation Books. (extract)
- Broom, Dave (2003). Rum. Abbeville Press.
- Arkell, Julie (1999). Classic Rum. Prion Books.
- Coulombe, Charles A (2004). Rum: The Epic Story of the Drink that Changed Conquered the World. Citadel Press.
- Smith, Frederick (2005). Caribbean Rum: A Social and Economic History. University Press of Florida. (Introduction)
External links[link]
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Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Rum. |
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| Beenie Man | |
|---|---|
 Beenie Man performing in August 2008 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Anthony Moses Davis |
| Also known as | Ras Moses, The Doctor, The Girls Dem Sugar[1] |
| Born | (1973-08-22) August 22, 1973 (age 38) |
| Origin | Kingston, Jamaica |
| Genres | Reggae, dancehall, reggae fusion, ragga-soca |
| Occupations | Musician, songwriter, deejay, producer |
| Years active | late 1970s–present |
| Labels | Brookland Universal Republic Island Jamaica/PolyGram Records Virgin/EMI Records |
| Associated acts | Don Omar, Snow (musician), Talib Kweli, Memphis Bleek, YoungBloodZ, Pastor Troy, Johnny J , T.I. |
| Website | www.beeniemanmusic.com |
Anthony Moses Davis (August 22, 1973),[2] better known by his stage name Beenie Man, is a Grammy award winning Jamaican reggae artist. He is the self-proclaimed "King of the Dancehall".
Contents |
Biography[link]
Davis was born in the Waterhouse district of Kingston in 1973.[2][3][4] He was involved in the music industry from a young age, starting toasting at the age of five, and was encouraged by his uncle Sydney Wolfe, who played drums for Jimmy Cliff.[5][6] He won the Tastee Talent contest in 1981,[3][7] and Radio DJ Barry G introduced him to local sound system operators, who helped to establish the popularity of the young deejay, who became known as Beenie Man.[5] He recorded his debut single, "Too Fancy", with record producer Henry "Junjo" Lawes in 1981, with Lawes also including him on the 1983 album Junjo Presents Two Big Sounds alongside established stars such as Dillinger, Fathead, and Ringo.[3] His debut album, The Invincible Beenie Man: The Ten Year Old DJ Wonder was produced by Bunny Lee and released in 1983,[8] his first hit single following the same year with the Winston Holness-produced "Over the Sea".[3] In 1984 Beenie Man recorded some material with Barrington Levy (released ten years later), but his music career was put on hold while he finished school, and spent time travelling to the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada.[3]
1990s return[link]
Beenie Man continued performing and honed his craft beside the then dominant dancehall figures including Ninjaman, Admiral Bailey and Shabba Ranks. He found his artistic home at the Shocking Vibes studio where he continued to record singles with only moderate success in the early 1990s. His career gained momentum after a performance at the Reggae Sunsplash festival in 1992, and a rivalry with Bounty Killer began the following year after Beenie Man was accused of stealing Bounty Killer's style and catch phrases.[3] The rivalry was captured on the 1994 album Guns Out, with the two artists settling the feud with a soundclash.[3] Beenie Man had his first number one single in Jamaica in 1993 with "Matie", and he won the DJ of the Year Award the same year, the first of eight consecutive awards.[7]
International stardom[link]
Partially as a result of prodding from his producers, Sly and Robbie, with whom he recorded cover versions of Bob Marley's "Crazy Baldhead" and "No Woman No Cry" in 1994, the latter a Jamaican chart-topper, Beenie Man converted to the Rastafari movement, as did several of his contemporaries at the time, although in 2005 he stated "I have not converted. I was baptised an Ethiopian Orthodox and at the age of 10 I became a Judah Coptic."[3][6] In 1994, he was signed by Island Records and released the critically acclaimed album Blessed, which established his reputation internationally.[3] In 1995 he toured the UK and joined up again with Barrington Levy to record an updated jungle version of Levy's "Under Mi Sensi".[3]
In 1995, Beenie Man collaborated with Dennis Brown and Triston Palmer to release Three Against War and Mad Cobra and Lieutenant Stitchie on Mad Cobra Meets Lt. Stitchie & Beenie Man. He also collaborated with Lady Saw on "Healing", Sanchez on "Refugee", and Michael Prophet on "Gun 'n' Bass", further establishing his reputation.[3] He took another step up the ladder in 1996, releasing the seminal Maestro, produced by Patrick Roberts and shot him to UK fame. During the period from the mid to late 1990s, Beenie Man dominated the Jamaican charts to the extent that he perhaps had a good claim to the crown of "Dancehall King", a title only bestowed previously on Yellowman in the early 1980s. Beenie Man's first real break into the United States came in 1997. He heard an instrumental rhythm by an unknown producer named Jeremy Harding, and demanded to add his voice to the rhythm. So this was the birth of his first international hit; he recorded "Who Am I" and the single quickly went Gold. It opened the doors for the world to see a new reggae star in the pages of Newsweek and other major media outlets. The same year, Beenie Man topped the Jamaican singles chart with seven different singles.[3]
Beenie Man appeared as himself in the 1997 film Dancehall Queen.
In 1998, Beenie Man headlined Reggae Sunsplash and signed to Virgin Records to release albums in the United States. His first American offering was The Doctor (1998). During the late 1990s, Beenie Man began his conquest of America with the hits, "Romie", "Who Am I", and "Girls Dem Sugar", which featured American R&B singer, Mýa. During this time he received an impressive number of international music awards including a MOBO Award for Best International Reggae Act in 1998,[9] while remaining at the top of the local charts. In 2000, Beenie Man released Art & Life, which featured Arturo Sandoval and Wyclef Jean (The Fugees), for which received a Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album.[3] In the same year he co-produced (with Wyclef Jean) the debut album by actor Steven Seagal.[3] Beenie Man, like many dancehall artists is outspoken on a number of social issues, as exemplified by songs such as "Steve Biko" and "Murderer".[10][11][12]
In 2002, he had a sizeable hit with a duet with Janet Jackson called "Feel It Boy", but his biggest break in America came in early 2004 with the release of a remix of "Dude", featuring guest vocals by fellow Jamaican Ms. Thing, as well as rhymes by Shawnna. He thus cemented his fan base on both sides of the Atlantic.
He had hits in the UK in 1998 with "Who am I" (#10), in 2003 with "Street Life" (#13) and "Feel It Boy" (UK #9), a duet with Janet Jackson, and in 2004 with "Dude" (#7) and "King of the Dancehall" (#14).[13]
He was also a judge for the 6th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers.[14]
In April 2008 it was announced that Beenie Man was to co-write and star in the film Kingston.[15] In October 2010 Beenie Man came out with the EP "I'm Drinking Rum and Red Bull", which included 4 songs, "Im drinking Rum and Red Bull", "I'm Okay", and two versions of "Stack and Pile". He later relaased the full album on February 28, 2011. "Im Drinking Rum and Red Bull" features Future Fambo. In September 2008 Beenie Man was cleared of charges of tax evasion.[16][17]
In April 2009, Beenie Man signed with Brookland Entertainment, a new record label formed by Eric Nicks and The Trackmasters, in preparation to release his new album, "The Legend Returns". The music video for the release of his new single “Gimme Gimme” will be shot in Canada on April 18, 2009. The song "Let's Go" was released on the Overproof Riddim compilation album in 2011.
Personal life[link]
Beenie Man married Michelle "D'Angel" Downer on August 22, 2006. Downer was previously known as long-time girlfriend to Bounty Killer. They have a son together, Marco Dean,[18] born in November 2006. In June 2007, Beenie Man separated from his wife due to her alleged infidelity. In March 2010, they released a duet single titled "You Are My First", although at the time they were separated.[18] The couple divorced in 2011.[19]
Controversy[link]
The lyrics to some of his songs have been criticized for inciting the murder of homosexuals.[20] He was removed from the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards after protests by gay-rights activists.[21] That same year, Beenie Man was stopped by police at Heathrow Airport in London, after the cancellation of a concert in England.[22] He then issued an apology for the lyrics through his record company.[23] In 2005, gay rights group OutRage! suspended their opposition to Beenie Man after he agreed not to play songs featuring homophobic lyrics, and he performed in London that year.[24] The following year, he claimed his lyrics were anti-pedophilia, not against consensual homosexual relationships.[25]
In 2007, it was reported that Beenie Man, along with several other artists, had signed the Reggae Compassionate Act, an agreement to cease performances of anti-gay material.[26] He later denied that he had signed the act.[27] As of 2010, protests have continued to cause cancellations of his concerts in some countries, including New Zealand, Belgium and the Netherlands.[28][29][30]
In 2012, Beenie Man apologized to the gay community for his earlier 'homophobic' lyrics: "Let me make this clear and straight.[31] I have nothing against no one. I respect each and every human being, regardless of which race or creed, regardless of which religious belief you believe in, and regardless of which sexual preference you are, including gays and lesbian people. I respect all human...Please I am begging you do not have me up for some songs I wrote a long time ago. I love each and every one and am just begging each and everyone to do the same."[32][33]
Discography[link]
Albums[link]
Studio albums[link]
- 1983: The Invincible Beenie Man: The Incredible Ten Year Old DJ Wonder - Bunny Lee
- 1992: Cool Cool Rider - VP
- 1994: Dis Unu Fi Hear - High Tone
- 1994: Defend It VP
- 1994: Guns Out with Bounty Killer - Greensleeves
- 1995: Blessed - Island
- 1995: Maestro - Greensleeves & VP
- 1995: Mad Cobra Meets Lt. Stitchie & Beenie Man - VP
- 1997: Many Moods Of Moses - VP
- 1999: Y2K - Artists Only
- 1999: Ruff n Tuff
- 1999: The Doctor - VP
- 2000: Art and Life - Virgin
- 2001: Black Liberty
- 2001: Youth Quake
- 2002: Tropical Storm
- 2004: Back to Basics
- 2006: Concept of Life
- 2006: Hundred Dollar Bag
- 2006: Undisputed
- 2007: Monsters of Dancehall
- 2009: The Legend Returns
- 2012: TBA
Compilations[link]
- 1995: All the Best
- 2000: Best of Beenie Man
- 2002: Gold - The Very Best of - Charm
- 2005: Kingston to King of the Dancehall
- 2005: Greatest Hits So Far
Live albums[link]
- 2004: Live in San Francisco
Mixtapes and unofficial releases[link]
- 2000: Trendsetter
- 2004: Cool Cool Rider - The Roots of a Dancehall Don
- 2006: Its Ah! Beenie (riddim mixtape)
- 2007: Monsters of Dancehall
Singles[link]
- 1981: "Too Fancy"
- 1983: "Over the Sea"
- 1993: "Matie" (PROD by Dave and Donovan Mills and Efraim Barrett on the Shelly Power label)
- 1995: "Slam"
- 1995: "Romie"
- 1995: "Old Dog"
- 1995: "Healing" (with Lady Saw)
- 1997: "Dancehall Queen" (with Chevelle Franklin)
- 1998: "Who Am I (Sim Simma)"
- 1998: "Tell Me"
- 2000: "Jungle Boogie" (featuring Sly and Robbie)
- 2000: "Love Me Now" (featuring Wyclef Jean)
- 2000: "Girls Dem Sugar" (featuring Mýa)
- 2002: "Fresh from Yard" (featuring Lil' Kim)
- 2002: "Feel It Boy" (featuring Janet Jackson)
- 2002: "Red Red Red" (with Robyn)
- 2003: "Street Life" (featuring Assia)
- 2003: "Bossman" (featuring Sean Paul and Lady Saw)
- 2004: "Dude" (featuring Ms. Thing and Shawnna)
- 2004: "King of the Dancehall"
- 2005: "Specialists" (featuring Vybz Kartel)
- 2006: "Girls" (featuring Akon)
- 2006: "Hmm Hmm"
- 2006: "Dreaming of You" (featuring Alaine)
- 2007: "Give It Up" (featuring Barbee)
- 2008: "Wine Gyal"
- 2008: "Pickney Nah Hold Yah Dung"
- 2008: "Gimme Gimme"
- 2010: "I'm Drinking/Rum & Red Bull"
- 2012: "Let's Go"
Featured singles[link]
- 1996: "Sound Clash" (Dream Warriors featuring Beenie Man)
- 1996: "Hands In the Air" (Doug E. Fresh featuring Beenie Man)
- 1999: "Outa Space (UFOs)" (Machel Montano featuring Beenie Man); album Any Minute Now
- 2000: "Money" (Jamelia featuring Beenie Man)
- 2001: "I'm Serious" (T.I. featuring Beenie Man)
- 2004: "Compton" (Guerilla Black featuring Beenie Man)
- 2005: "Soul on Fire" (KMC featuring Beenie Man)
- 2006: "Belly Danza" (Don Omar featuring Beenie Man)
- 2006: "Zingy" (Ak'Sent featuring Beenie Man)
- 2006: "Flow Natural" (Tito El Bambino featuring Deevani and Beenie Man)
- 2006: "Heaven Baby" (Brooke Hogan featuring Beenie Man)
- 2007: "Back It Up"
- 2008: "Better than Dem" (Natasja featuring Beenie Man)
- 2008: "Scorpion" (Nisha B. featuring Beenie Man)
- 2008: "Burnin' Burnin" (Ms. Triniti featuring Beenie Man)
- 2009: "Get It On" (Rasun featuring Beenie Man)
- 2009: "Giggle" (Busta Rhymes featuring Beenie Man)
- 2009: "Woman"
- 2009: "International" (Chali 2na featuring Beenie Man)
- 2009: "Pleasure" (2G featuring Beenie Man and Chris S)
- 2012: "Gun Shot" (Nicki Minaj featuring Beenie Man)
Notes[link]
- ^ "Beenie Man to perform as 'Ras Moses' at Rebel Salute", Jamaica Gleaner, 11 January 2009
- ^ a b Greene, Jo-Ann. "Beenie Man - Biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p37348. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Thompson 2002, pp. 32–34
- ^ Moskowitz, David V. (2006) Caribbean Popular Music: an Encyclopedia of Reggae, Mento, Ska, Rock Steady, and Dancehall, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-33158-8, p. 24
- ^ a b Larkin 1998, pp. 22–23
- ^ a b Roper, Rasheen (2005) "One-0n-One with Beenie Man - Pursue whatever you desire", Jamaica Observer, 18 January 2005
- ^ a b Jackson, Kevin (2003) "25 years of top class music from Beenie Man", Jamaica Observer, 22 August 2003
- ^ Vibe, October 1998
- ^ Rodgers, Jennifer (1998) "Music: Toasting the many moods of Beenie Man", The Independent, 6 February 1998
- ^ Beenie Man Plays NYC - News Story | Music, Celebrity, Artist News | MTV News
- ^ "Beenie Man blames government for problems". October 31, 2007.
- ^ "Beenie Man Apologies To JLP Government", Hardbeatnews. New York, NY, Thurs. Nov. 1, 2007.
- ^ Beenie Man, ChartStats
- ^ Independent Music Awards - 6th Annual Judges
- ^ Peru, Yasmine (2008) "Beenie Man to co-write, star in movie", Jamaica Observer, 25 April 2008
- ^ "Reggae artist Beenie Man faces arrest in tax case". Reuters. 23 October 2007. http://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSN2331887120071023?feedType=RSS&feedName=entertainmentNews.
- ^ "Beenie Man cleared of tax evasion", BBC, 1 October 2008
- ^ a b Sadeke Brooks: We are still not together - D'Angel Jamaica Star online, March 2010
- ^ It's final ... D'Angel serves Beenie with divorce papers Jamaica Star August 31, 2011
- ^ "Battybwoys affi dead": Action against homophobia in Jamaica
- ^ (August 26, 2004). MTV bars Beenie Man as gays plan protest USA Today. Accessed June 22, 2008.
- ^ Branigan, Tania (2004) "Beenie Man concert axed over homophobia fears", The Guardian, 25 June 2004
- ^ Clennell, Andrew (2004) "Beenie Man offers apology for his homophobic lyrics", The Independent, 4 August 2004
- ^ "Beenie Man gets London reprieve", BBC, 18 March 2005
- ^ Egere-Cooper (2006) "Beenie Man: 'I'm not homophobic' ", The Independent, 11 August 2006
- ^ Swash, Rosie (2007) "Beenie Man, Sizzla and Capleton renounce homophobia", The Guardian, 14 June 2007
- ^ Wright, Keril (2007) "Beenie Man denies signing deal with gay group", Jamaica Observer, 22 July 2007
- ^ Big Day Out cancels anti-gay Beenie Man. GayNZ.com. 15 November 2009.
- ^ Na Snoop ook geen Beenie Man op Parkpop. De Telegraaf. 21 June 2010.
- ^ Beenie Man ook geweerd van festival Brussel. De Telegraaf. 23 June 2010.
- ^ http://www.mydancehallmadness.com/2012/05/beenie-man-says-he-respects-homosexuals.html
- ^ Campbell-Livingston, Cecelia (2012) "Beenie asks gays for forgiveness", Jamaica Observer, 17 May 2012, retrieved 2012-06-01
- ^ http://www.towleroad.com/2012/05/beenie.html
References[link]
- Thompson, Dave (2002). Reggae & Caribbean Music. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0-87930-655-6.
- Larkin, Colin (1998). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae. Virgin Books. ISBN 0-7535-0242-9.
Further reading[link]
- Wray, Milton: Who Am I?: The Untold Story of Beenie Man, 2008, Great House/Omnimedia, Kingston, Jamaica, ISBN 978-9769519930
External links[link]
- Official website
- Beenie Man discography at MusicBrainz
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||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Man, Beenie |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 22 August 1973 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Beenie_Man
Related pages:
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http://it.wn.com/Beenie Man
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beenie_Man
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the American comedian, see Bob Marley (comedian).
| Bob Marley | |
|---|---|
 Bob Marley performing in concert, circa 1980. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Robert Nesta Marley |
| Also known as | Tuff Gong |
| Born | (1945-02-06)6 February 1945 Nine Mile, Saint Ann, Jamaica |
| Died | 11 May 1981(1981-05-11) (aged 36) Miami, Florida, U.S. |
| Genres | Reggae, ska, rocksteady |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, musician |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, piano, saxophone, harmonica, percussion |
| Years active | 1962–1981 |
| Labels | Studio One, Upsetter, Tuff Gong |
| Associated acts | Bob Marley & The Wailers, Wailers Band, The Upsetters, I Threes |
| Website | bobmarley.com |
Robert Nesta "Bob" Marley, OM (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican singer-songwriter and musician. He was the rhythm guitarist and lead singer for the ska, rocksteady and reggae band Bob Marley & The Wailers (1963–1981). Marley remains the most widely known and revered performer of reggae music, and is credited with helping spread both Jamaican music and the Rastafari movement to a worldwide audience.[1]
Marley's music was heavily influenced by the social issues of his homeland, and he is considered to have given voice to the specific political and cultural nexus of Jamaica.[2] His best-known hits include "I Shot the Sheriff", "No Woman, No Cry", "Could You Be Loved", "Stir It Up", "Get Up Stand Up", "Jamming", "Redemption Song", "One Love" and, "Three Little Birds",[3] as well as the posthumous releases "Buffalo Soldier" and "Iron Lion Zion". The compilation album Legend (1984), released three years after his death, is reggae's best-selling album, going ten times Platinum which is also known as one Diamond in the U.S.,[4] and selling 25 million copies worldwide.[5][6]
Contents |
Early life and career[link]
Bob Marley was born in the village of Nine Mile in Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica as Nesta Robert Marley.[7] A Jamaican passport official would later swap his first and middle names.[8] His father, Norval Sinclair Marley, was a white Jamaican of mixed and English descent whose family came from Sussex, England. Norval was a captain in the Royal Marines,[citation needed] as well as a plantation overseer, when he married Cedella Booker, an Afro-Jamaican then 18 years old.[9] Norval provided financial support for his wife and child, but seldom saw them, as he was often away on trips. In 1955, when Bob Marley was 10 years old, his father died of a heart attack at age 70.[10] Marley faced questions about his own racial identity throughout his life. He once reflected:
I don't have prejudice against meself. My father was a white and my mother was black. Them call me half-caste or whatever. Me don't deh pon nobody's side. Me don't deh pon the black man's side nor the white man's side. Me deh pon God's side, the one who create me and cause me to come from black and white.[11]
Although Marley recognised his mixed ancestry, throughout his life and because of his beliefs, he self-identified as a black African, following the ideas of Pan-African leaders. Marley stated that his two biggest influences were the African-centered Marcus Garvey and Haile Selassie. A central theme in Bob Marley's message was the repatriation of black people to Zion, which in his view was Ethiopia, or more generally, Africa.[12] In songs such as "Black Survivor", "Babylon System", and "Blackman Redemption", Marley sings about the struggles of blacks and Africans against oppression from the West or "Babylon".[13]
Marley and his step brother Bunny Wailer (Bob's mother had a daughter with Bunny's father, younger sister to both of them) started to play music while he was still at school, which he left at the age of 14 to make music with Joe Higgs, a local singer and devout Rastafari. At a jam session with Higgs and Livingston, Marley met Peter McIntosh (later known as Peter Tosh), who had similar musical ambitions.[14] In 1962, Marley recorded his first two singles, "Judge Not" and "One Cup of Coffee", with local music producer Leslie Kong. These songs, released on the Beverley's label under the pseudonym of Bobby Martell,[15] attracted little attention. The songs were later re-released on the box set Songs of Freedom, a posthumous collection of Marley's work. Marley was also known to use an Epiphone guitar for much of his career.
Bob Marley & The Wailers[link]
Main article: Bob Marley & The Wailers
1963–1974[link]
In 1963, Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh, Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, and Cherry Smith formed a ska and rocksteady group, calling themselves "The Teenagers". They later changed their name to "The Wailing Rudeboys", then to "The Wailing Wailers", at which point they were discovered by record producer Coxsone Dodd, and finally to "The Wailers". By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith had left The Wailers, leaving the core trio of Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, and Peter Tosh.[16]
In 1966, Marley married Rita Anderson, and moved near his mother's residence in Wilmington, Delaware in the United States for a short time, during which he worked as a DuPont lab assistant and on the assembly line at a Chrysler plant, under the alias Donald Marley.[17]
Though raised in the Catholic tradition, Marley became captivated by Rastafarian beliefs in the 1960s, when away from his mother's influence.[18] Formally converted to Rastafari after returning to Jamaica, Marley began to wear his trademark dreadlocks (see the religion section for more on Marley's religious views). After a conflict with Dodd, Marley and his band teamed up with Lee "Scratch" Perry and his studio band, The Upsetters. Although the alliance lasted less than a year, they recorded what many consider The Wailers' finest work. Marley and Perry split after a dispute regarding the assignment of recording rights, but they would remain friends and work together again.
Between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer re-cut some old tracks with JAD Records in Kingston and London in an attempt to commercialise The Wailers' sound. Bunny later asserted that these songs "should never be released on an album ... they were just demos for record companies to listen to". Also in 1968, Bob and Rita visited the Bronx to see Johnny Nash's songwriter Jimmy Norman.[21] A three-day jam session with Norman and others, including Norman's co-writer Al Pyfrom, resulted in a 24-minute tape of Marley performing several of his own and Norman-Pyfrom's compositions. This tape is, according to Reggae archivist Roger Steffens, rare in that it was influenced by pop rather than reggae, as part of an effort to break Marley into the American charts.[21] According to an article in The New York Times, Marley experimented on the tape with different sounds, adopting a doo-wop style on "Stay With Me" and "the slow love song style of 1960's artists" on "Splish for My Splash".[21] An artist yet to establish himself outside his native Jamaica, Marley lived in Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, London during 1972.[19][20]
In 1972, the Wailers entered into an ill-fated deal with CBS Records and embarked on a tour with American soul singer Johnny Nash. Broke, the Wailers became stranded in London. Marley turned up at Island Records founder and producer Chris Blackwell's London office, and asked him to advance the cost of a new single. Since Jimmy Cliff, Island's top reggae star, had recently left the label, Blackwell was primed for a replacement. In Marley, Blackwell recognized the elements needed to snare the rock audience: "I was dealing with rock music, which was really rebel music. I felt that would really be the way to break Jamaican music. But you needed someone who could be that image. When Bob walked in he really was that image."[22] Blackwell told Marley he wanted The Wailers to record a complete album (essentially unheard of at the time). When Marley told him it would take between £3,000 and £4,000, Blackwell trusted him with the greater sum. Despite their "rude boy" reputation, the Wailers returned to Kingston and honored the deal, delivering the album Catch A Fire.
Primarily recorded on eight-track at Harry J's in Kingston, Catch A Fire marked the first time a reggae band had access to a state-of-the-art studio and were accorded the same care as their rock'n'roll peers.[22] Blackwell desired to create "more of a drifting, hypnotic-type feel than a reggae rhythm",[23] and restructured Marley's mixes and arrangements. Marley travelled to London to supervise Blackwell's overdubbing of the album, which included tempering the mix from the bass-heavy sound of Jamaican music, and omitting two tracks.[22]
The Wailers' first major label album, Catch a Fire was released worldwide in April 1973, packaged like a rock record with a unique Zippo lighter lift-top. Initially selling 14,000 units, it didn't make Marley a star, but received a positive critical reception.[22] It was followed later that year by Burnin', which included the standout songs "Get Up, Stand Up", and "I Shot the Sheriff", which appealed to the ear of Eric Clapton. He recorded a cover of the track in 1974 which became a huge American hit, raising Marley's international profile.[24] Many Jamaicans were not keen on the new "improved" reggae sound on Catch A Fire, but the Trenchtown style of Burnin' found fans across both reggae and rock audiences.[22]
During this period, Blackwell gifted his Kingston residence and company headquarters at 56 Hope Road (then known as Island House) to Marley. Housing Tuff Gong Studios, the property became not only Marley's office, but also his home.[22]
The Wailers were scheduled to open 17 shows for the number one black act in the States, Sly and the Family Stone. After 4 shows, the band was fired because they were more popular than the acts they were opening for.[25] The Wailers broke up in 1974 with each of the three main members pursuing solo careers. The reason for the breakup is shrouded in conjecture; some believe that there were disagreements amongst Bunny, Peter, and Bob concerning performances, while others claim that Bunny and Peter simply preferred solo work.
1974–1981[link]
Despite the break-up, Marley continued recording as "Bob Marley & The Wailers". His new backing band included brothers Carlton and Aston "Family Man" Barrett on drums and bass respectively, Junior Marvin and Al Anderson on lead guitar, Tyrone Downie and Earl "Wya" Lindo on keyboards, and Alvin "Seeco" Patterson on percussion. The "I Threes", consisting of Judy Mowatt, Marcia Griffiths, and Marley's wife, Rita, provided backing vocals. In 1975, Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica, "No Woman, No Cry", from the Natty Dread album. This was followed by his breakthrough album in the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which spent four weeks on the Billboard Hot 100.[26] On 3 December 1976, two days before "Smile Jamaica", a free concert organised by the Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley in an attempt to ease tension between two warring political groups, Marley, his wife, and manager Don Taylor were wounded in an assault by unknown gunmen inside Marley's home. Taylor and Marley's wife sustained serious injuries, but later made full recoveries. Bob Marley received minor wounds in the chest and arm.[27] The shooting was thought to have been politically motivated, as many felt the concert was really a support rally for Manley. Nonetheless, the concert proceeded, and an injured Marley performed as scheduled, two days after the attempt. When asked why, Marley responded, "The people who are trying to make this world worse aren’t taking a day off. How can I?" The members of the group Zap Pow, which had no radical religious or political beliefs, played as Bob Marley's backup band before a festival crowd of 80,000 while members of The Wailers were still missing or in hiding.[28][29]
Marley left Jamaica at the end of 1976, and after a month-long "recovery and writing" sojourn at the site of Chris Blackwell's Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas, arrived in England, where he spent two years in self-imposed exile. Whilst there he recorded the albums Exodus and Kaya. Exodus stayed on the British album charts for 56 consecutive weeks. It included four UK hit singles: "Exodus", "Waiting in Vain", "Jamming", and "One Love" (a rendition of Curtis Mayfield's hit, "People Get Ready"). During his time in London, he was arrested and received a conviction for possession of a small quantity of cannabis.[30] In 1978, Marley returned to Jamaica and performed at another political concert, the One Love Peace Concert, again in an effort to calm warring parties. Near the end of the performance, by Marley's request, Michael Manley (leader of then-ruling People's National Party) and his political rival Edward Seaga (leader of the opposing Jamaica Labour Party), joined each other on stage and shook hands.[31]
Under the name Bob Marley and the Wailers eleven albums were released, four live albums and seven studio albums. The releases included Babylon by Bus, a double live album with thirteen tracks, were released in 1978 and received critical acclaim. This album, and specifically the final track "Jamming" with the audience in a frenzy, captured the intensity of Marley's live performances.[32]
"Marley wasn’t singing about how peace could come easily to the World but rather how hell on Earth comes too easily to too many. His songs were his memories; he had lived with the wretched, he had seen the downpressers and those whom they pressed down."
Survival, a defiant and politically charged album, was released in 1979. Tracks such as "Zimbabwe", "Africa Unite", "Wake Up and Live", and "Survival" reflected Marley's support for the struggles of Africans. His appearance at the Amandla Festival in Boston in July 1979 showed his strong opposition to South African apartheid, which he already had shown in his song "War" in 1976. In early 1980, he was invited to perform at the 17 April celebration of Zimbabwe's Independence Day. Uprising (1980) was Bob Marley's final studio album, and is one of his most religious productions; it includes "Redemption Song" and "Forever Loving Jah".[34] Confrontation, released posthumously in 1983, contained unreleased material recorded during Marley's lifetime, including the hit "Buffalo Soldier" and new mixes of singles previously only available in Jamaica.[35]
Personal life[link]
Religion[link]
| Main doctrines | |
| Jah · Afrocentrism · Ital · Zion · Cannabis use | |
| Central figures | |
| Haile Selassie I · Jesus · Menen Asfaw · Marcus Garvey | |
| Key scriptures | |
| Bible · Kebra Nagast · The Promise Key · Holy Piby · My Life and Ethiopia's Progress · Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy | |
| Branches and festivals | |
| Mansions · in United States · Shashamane · Grounation Day · Reasoning | |
| Notable individuals | |
| Leonard Howell · Joseph Hibbert · Mortimer Planno · Vernon Carrington · Charles Edwards · Bob Marley · Peter Tosh | |
| See also: | |
| Vocabulary · Persecution · Dreadlocks · Reggae · Ethiopian Christianity · Index of Rastafari articles
|
.svg)
Bob Marley was a member of the Rastafari movement, whose culture was a key element in the development of reggae. Bob Marley became an ardent proponent of Rastafari, taking their music out of the socially deprived areas of Jamaica and onto the international music scene. He once gave the following response, which was typical, to a question put to him during a recorded interview:
- Interviewer: "Can you tell the people what it means being a Rastafarian?"
- Bob: "I would say to the people, Be still, and know that His Imperial Majesty, Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia is the Almighty. Now, the Bible seh so, Babylon newspaper seh so, and I and I the children seh so. Yunno? So I don't see how much more reveal our people want. Wha' dem want? a white God, well God come black. True true."[36]
Observant of the Rastafari practice Ital, a diet that shuns meat, Marley was a vegetarian.[37] According to his biographers, he affiliated with the Twelve Tribes Mansion. He was in the denomination known as "Tribe of Joseph", because he was born in February (each of the twelve sects being composed of members born in a different month). He signified this in his album liner notes, quoting the portion from Genesis that includes Jacob's blessing to his son Joseph. Marley was baptised by the Archbishop of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church in Kingston, Jamaica, on 4 November 1980.[38][39]
Family[link]
Bob Marley had a number of children: three with his wife Rita, two adopted from Rita's previous relationships, and several others with different women. The Bob Marley official website acknowledges eleven children.
Those listed on the official site are:
- Sharon, born 23 November 1964, to Rita in previous relationship
- Cedella born 23 August 1967, to Rita
- David "Ziggy", born 17 October 1968, to Rita
- Stephen, born 20 April 1972, to Rita
- Robert "Robbie", born 16 May 1972, to Pat Williams
- Rohan, born 19 May 1972, to Janet Hunt
- Karen, born 1973 to Janet Bowen
- Stephanie, born 17 August 1974; according to Cedella Booker she was the daughter of Rita and a man called Ital with whom Rita had an affair; nonetheless she was acknowledged as Bob's daughter
- Julian, born 4 June 1975, to Lucy Pounder
- Ky-Mani, born 26 February 1976, to Anita Belnavis
- Damian, born 21 July 1978, to Cindy Breakspeare
Makeda was born on 30 May 1981, to Yvette Crichton, after Marley's death.[40] Meredith Dixon's book lists her as Marley's child, but she is not listed as such on the Bob Marley official website.
Various websites, for example,[41] also list Imani Carole, born 22 May 1963 to Cheryl Murray; but she does not appear on the official Bob Marley website.[40]
Final years and death[link]
In July 1977, Marley was found to have a type of malignant melanoma under the nail of one of his toes. Contrary to urban legend, this lesion was not primarily caused by an injury during a football match in that year, but was instead a symptom of the already existing cancer. Marley turned down doctors' advice to have his toe amputated, citing his religious beliefs.[42] Despite his illness, he continued touring and was in the process of scheduling a world tour in 1980. The intention was for Inner Circle to be his opening act on the tour but after their lead singer Jacob Miller died in Jamaica in March 1980 after returning from a scouting mission in Brazil this was no longer mentioned.[43]
The album Uprising was released in May 1980 (produced by Chris Blackwell), on which "Redemption Song" is particularly considered to be about Marley coming to terms with his mortality.[citation needed] The band completed a major tour of Europe, where they played their biggest concert, to a hundred thousand people in Milan. After the tour Marley went to America, where he performed two shows at Madison Square Garden as part of the Uprising Tour.
The final concert of Bob Marley's career was held 23 September 1980 at the Stanley Theater (now called The Benedum Center For The Performing Arts) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The audio recording of that concert is now available on CD, vinyl, and digital music services.
Shortly after, Marley's health deteriorated and he became very ill; the cancer had spread throughout his body. The rest of the tour was cancelled and Marley sought treatment at the Bavarian clinic of Josef Issels, where he received a controversial type of cancer therapy (Issels treatment) partly based on avoidance of certain foods, drinks, and other substances. After fighting the cancer without success for eight months, Marley boarded a plane for his home in Jamaica.[44]
While flying home from Germany to Jamaica, Marley's vital functions worsened. After landing in Miami, Florida, he was taken to the hospital for immediate medical attention. He died at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami (now University of Miami Hospital) on the morning of 11 May 1981, at the age of 36. The spread of melanoma to his lungs and brain caused his death. His final words to his son Ziggy were "Money can't buy life".[45] Marley received a state funeral in Jamaica on 21 May 1981, which combined elements of Ethiopian Orthodoxy and Rastafari tradition.[46] He was buried in a chapel near his birthplace with his red Gibson Les Paul (some accounts say it was a Fender Stratocaster).[47]
On 21 May 1981, Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga delivered the final funeral eulogy to Marley, declaring:
His voice was an omnipresent cry in our electronic world. His sharp features, majestic looks, and prancing style a vivid etching on the landscape of our minds. Bob Marley was never seen. He was an experience which left an indelible imprint with each encounter. Such a man cannot be erased from the mind. He is part of the collective consciousness of the nation.[48]
Legacy[link]
Bob Marley was the Third World's first pop superstar. He was the man who introduced the world to the mystic power of reggae. He was a true rocker at heart, and as a songwriter, he brought the lyrical force of Bob Dylan, the personal charisma of John Lennon, and the essential vocal stylings of Smokey Robinson into one voice.
In 1999 Time magazine chose Bob Marley & The Wailers' Exodus as the greatest album of the 20th century.[50] In 2001, he was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and a feature-length documentary about his life, Rebel Music, won various awards at the Grammys. With contributions from Rita, The Wailers, and Marley's lovers and children, it also tells much of the story in his own words.[51] A statue was inaugurated, next to the national stadium on Arthur Wint Drive in Kingston to commemorate him. In 2006, the State of New York renamed a portion of Church Avenue from Remsen Avenue to East 98th Street in the East Flatbush section of Brooklyn "Bob Marley Boulevard".[52] In 2008, a statue of Marley was inaugurated in Banatski Sokolac, Serbia.[53]
Internationally, Marley’s message also continues to reverberate amongst various indigenous communities. For instance, the Aboriginal people of Australia continue to burn a sacred flame to honor his memory in Sydney’s Victoria Park, while members of the Native American Hopi and Havasupai tribe revere his work.[54] There are also many tributes to Bob Marley throughout India, including restaurants, hotels, and cultural festivals.[55][56]
Marley has also evolved into a global symbol, which has been endlessly merchandised through a variety of mediums. In light of this, author Dave Thompson in his book Reggae and Caribbean Music, laments what he perceives to be the commercialized pacification of Marley's more militant edge, stating:
Bob Marley ranks among both the most popular and the most misunderstood figures in modern culture ... That the machine has utterly emasculated Marley is beyond doubt. Gone from the public record is the ghetto kid who dreamed of Che Guevara and the Black Panthers, and pinned their posters up in the Wailers Soul Shack record store; who believed in freedom; and the fighting which it necessitated, and dressed the part on an early album sleeve; whose heroes were James Brown and Muhammad Ali; whose God was Ras Tafari and whose sacrament was marijuana. Instead, the Bob Marley who surveys his kingdom today is smiling benevolence, a shining sun, a waving palm tree, and a string of hits which tumble out of polite radio like candy from a gumball machine. Of course it has assured his immortality. But it has also demeaned him beyond recognition. Bob Marley was worth far more.[57]
Film adaptations[link]
In February 2008, director Martin Scorsese announced his intention to produce a documentary movie on Marley. The film was set to be released on 6 February 2010, on what would have been Marley's 65th birthday.[58] However, Scorsese dropped out due to scheduling problems. He was replaced by Jonathan Demme,[59] who dropped out due to creative differences with producer Steve Bing during the beginning of editing. Kevin Macdonald replaced Demme[60] and the film, Marley, was released on 20 April 2012.
In March 2008, The Weinstein Company announced its plans to produce a biopic of Bob Marley, based on the book No Woman No Cry: My Life With Bob Marley by Rita Marley. Rudy Langlais will produce the script by Lizzie Borden and Rita Marley will be executive producer.[61]
Ex-girlfriend and filmmaker Esther Anderson, along with Gian Godoy, made the documentary Bob Marley: The Making of a Legend, which premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival in 2011.[62]
Discography[link]
Main article: Bob Marley & The Wailers discography
- The Wailing Wailers (1965)
- The Best of The Wailers (1970)
- Soul Rebels (1970)
- Soul Revolution (1971)
- Catch a Fire (1973)
- Burnin' (1973)
- Natty Dread (1974)
- Rastaman Vibration (1976)
- Exodus (1977)
- Kaya (1978)
- Survival (1979)
- Uprising (1980)
- Confrontation (1983)
Awards and honors[link]
- 1976: Band of the Year (Rolling Stone).
- June 1978: Awarded the Peace Medal of the Third World from the United Nations.[54]
- February 1981: Awarded Jamaica's third highest honour, the Jamaican Order of Merit.
- March 1994: Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
- 1999: Album of the Century for Exodus by Time Magazine.
- February 2001: A star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
- February 2001: Awarded Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
- 2004: Rolling Stone ranked him No.11 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[63]
- "One Love" named song of the millennium by BBC.
- Voted as one of the greatest lyricists of all time by a BBC poll.[64]
- 2006: A blue plaque was unveiled at his first UK residence in Ridgmount Gardens, London, dedicated to him by Nubian Jak community trust and supported by Her Majesty's Foreign Office.[65]
- 2010: "Catch a Fire" inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame (Reggae Album).[66]
References[link]
- ^ "2007 Pop Conference Bios/Abstracts". Experience Music Project and Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame. 2007. http://www.empsfm.org/education/index.asp?categoryID=26&ccID=127&xPopConfBioID=784&year=2007.
- ^ "Bob Marley". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/bob-marley. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "Bob Marley". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006.
- ^ Miller, Doug (26 February 2007). "Concert Series: 'No Woman, No Cry'". web.BobMarley.com. http://web.bobmarley.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070226&contentid=3540. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
- ^ Newcomb, Peter (25 October 2004). "Top Earners for 2004". Forbes: p. 9. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2004/10/25/cx_2004deadcelebtears_9.html. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
- ^ "Rolling in the money". iAfrica. http://entertainment.iafrica.com/features/1051960.htm. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
- ^ Moskowitz 2007, p. 1
- ^ Moskowitz 2007, p. 9
- ^ Moskowitz 2007, p. 2
- ^ Moskowitz 2007, p. 4
- ^ Webley, Bishop Derek (10 May 2008). "One world, one love, one Bob Marley". Birmingham Post. http://www.birminghampost.net/comment/birmingham-columnists/more-columnists/2008/05/10/bishop-webley-one-world-one-love-one-bob-marley-65233-20891539/. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
- ^ "Religion and Ethics: Rastafari – Bob Marley". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/rastafari/people/bobmarley.shtml.
- ^ Middleton 2000, pp. 181–198
- ^ Ankeny, Jason. "Bob Marley – Biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p2907. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
- ^ "The Beverley Label and Leslie Kong: Music Business". bobmarley.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060621034903/http://www.bobmarley.com/life/musicbusiness/beverley.html.
- ^ "The Wailers'Biography". Vital Spot. http://www.vitalspot.com/TheWailers/Biography.html. Retrieved 1 October 2009. [dead link]
- ^ White, Timothy (25 June 1981). "Bob Marley: 1945–1981". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6879720/bob_marley_19451981.
- ^ Moskowtz, David Vlado (2007). The Words and Music of Bob Marley. Westport, Connecticut. p. 16. ISBN 0-275-98935-6, ISBN 978-0-275-98935-4.
- ^ a b Bob Marley’s London home on the Music Pilgrimages website.
- ^ a b Muir, Hugh (27 October 2006). "Blue plaque marks flats that put Marley on road to fame". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2006/oct/27/musicnews.arts. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
- ^ a b c McKinley, Jesse (19 December 2002). "Pre-reggae tape of Bob Marley is found and put on auction". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9803E2DD133DF93AA25751C1A9649C8B63. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f Hagerman, Brent (February 2005). "Chris Blackwell: Savvy Svengali". Exclaim.ca. http://exclaim.ca/Features/Timeline/chris_blackwell-savvy_svengalil. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ [Quoted in the liner notes to 2001 reissue of Catch a Fire, written by Richard Williams]
- ^ "I Shot the Sheriff". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner. 9 December 2004. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6596288/i_shot_the_sheriff/print. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
- ^ "Bob Marley Biography". admin. 9 August 2010. http://bobmarleytshirts.net/bob-marley-biography/. Retrieved November 2010.
- ^ "Bob Marley Bio". niceup.com. http://www.niceup.com/bmbio.html. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
- ^ Moskowitz 2007, pp. 71–73
- ^ "The shooting of a Wailer". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner. 13 January 1997. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6879667/the_shooting_of_a_wailer. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
- ^ Walker, Jeff (1980) on the cover of Zap Pow's LP Reggae Rules. Los Angeles: Rhino Records.
- ^ "A Timeline of Bob Marley's Career". Thirdfield.com. http://www.thirdfield.com/new/timeline.html. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
- ^ "One Love Peace Concert". Everything2.com. 24 May 2002. http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1307397. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
- ^ White, Timothy (28 December 1978). "Babylon by Bus review". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner. http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/301860. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
- ^ Henke 2006, p. 61
- ^ Morris, Chris (16 October 1980). "Uprising review". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner. http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/103460/review/6068123?utm_source=Rhapsody&utm_medium=CDreview. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
- ^ Schruers, Fred (1 September 1983). "Confrontation review". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner. http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/bobmarley/albums/album/232098/review/6067472/confrontation. Retrieved 3 October 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Davis, Steven, Bob Marley: the biography (1983) p. 115
- ^ "Bob Marley". The International Vegetarian Union. http://www.ivu.org/people/music/marley.html. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
- ^ "The Ethiopian Orthodox Church & Bob Marley's Baptism And The Church". Jamaicans.com. http://www.jamaicans.com/culture/rasta/ethiopian_church.shtml.
- ^ "Bob Marley's Baptism in Ethiopian Orthodox Church". Rastafarispeaks.com. http://www.rastafarispeaks.com/cgi-bin/forum/archive1/config.pl?noframes;read=47421.
- ^ a b Dixon, Meredith. "Lovers and Children of the Natural Mystic: The Story of Bob Marley, Women and their Children". The Dread Library. http://debate.uvm.edu/dreadlibrary/dixon.html. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
- ^ "Bob Marley's Children". Chelsea's Entertainment Reviews. http://chelseasreviews.wordpress.com/2006/12/07/bob-marleys-children/. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
- ^ "A Death by Skin Cancer? The Bob Marley Story". The Tribune. 11 April 2011. http://www.tribune242.com/04122011_Bob-Marley_features_pg9. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
- ^ Slater, Russ (6 August 2010). "The Day Bob Marley Played Football in Brazil". Sounds and Colours. http://www.soundsandcolours.com/articles/brazil/the-day-bob-marley-played-football-in-brazil/. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
- ^ "His story: The life and legacy of Bob Marley". web.bobmarley.com. http://web.bobmarley.com/story/?storypage=7. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
- ^ "Why Did Bob Marley Die - What Did Bob Marley Die From". Worldmusic.about.com. http://worldmusic.about.com/od/genres/f/BobMarleyDeath.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
- ^ Moskowitz 2007, p. 116
- ^ "Bob Marley". Find a Grave. 1 January 2001. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1732. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
- ^ Henke 2006, p. 58
- ^ Henke 2006, p. 4
- ^ "The Best Of The Century". Time (Time Inc.). 31 December 1999. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,993039,00.html. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
- ^ "Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award for Bob Marley". Caribbian Today. 31 January 2001. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79143687.html. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
- ^ "Brooklyn Street Renamed Bob Marley Boulevard". NY1. 2 July 2006. http://ny1.com/1-all-boroughs-news-content/top_stories/?SecID=1000&ArID=60701. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
- ^ "n. Marinković, "Marli u Sokolcu"". Politika.rs. http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Drustvo/Marli-u-Sokolcu.lt.html. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
- ^ a b Henke 2006, p. 5
- ^ Singh, Sarina; Brown, Lindsay; Elliot, Mark; Harding, Paul; Hole, Abigail; Horton, Patrick (2009). Lonely Planet India. Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet. p. 1061. ISBN 978-1-74179-151-8. http://books.google.com/?id=vK88ktao7pIC&pg=PA1061&dq=bob+marley+cafe+Mamallapuram+(Mahabalipuram)#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
- ^ "Bob Marley Cultural Fest 2010". Cochin Square. 4 May 2010. http://www.cochinsquare.com/bob-marley-cultural-fest-2010/. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
- ^ Reggae and Caribbean Music, by Dave Thompson, Hal Leonard Corporation, 2002, ISBN 0-87930-655-6, pp. 159
- ^ Winter Miller (17 February 2008). "Scorsese to make Marley documentary". Ireland On-Line. http://breakingnews.iol.ie/entertainment/story.asp?j=246581796&p=z4658z5xz. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
- ^ "Martin Scorsese Drops Out of Bob Marley Documentary". WorstPreviews.com. 22 May 2008. http://www.worstpreviews.com/headline.php?id=8737&count=25. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
- ^ Kevin Jagernauth (2 February 2011). "Kevin Macdonald Takes Over 'Marley' Doc From Jonathan Demme". indieWire. http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/kevin_macdonald_takes_over_marley_doc_from_jonathan_demme#. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
- ^ Miller, Winter (3 March 2008). "Weinstein Co. options Marley". Variety (Reed Business Information). http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117981772.html?categoryid=13&cs=1. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
- ^ http://local.stv.tv/edinburgh/news/20021-bob-marley-the-making-of-a-legend-at-eiff/
- ^ "The Immortals: The First Fifty". Rolling Stone Issue 946. Jann Wenner. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5939214/the_immortals_the_first_fifty.
- ^ "Who is the greatest lyricist of all time". BBC. 23 May 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1347071.stm.
- ^ "London honours legendary reggae artist Bob Marley with heritage plaque". AfricaUnite.org. http://africa-unite.org/site/content/view/63/54.
- ^ "Grammy Hall of Fame Awards Complete Listing". Grammy.com. http://www2.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/Awards/Hall_Of_Fame/#c.
Further reading[link]
- Farley, Christopher (2007). Before the Legend: The Rise of Bob Marley, Amistad Press ISBN 0-06-053992-5
- Goldman, Vivien (2006). The Book of Exodus: The Making and Meaning of Bob Marley and the Wailers' Album of the Century, Aurum Press ISBN 1-84513-210-6
- Henke, James (2006). Marley Legend: An Illustrated Life of Bob Marley. Tuff Gong books. ISBN 0-8118-5036-6
- Marley, Rita; Jones, Hettie (2004) No Woman No Cry: My Life with Bob Marley Hyperion Books ISBN 0-7868-8755-9
- Masouri, John (2007) Wailing Blues: The Story of Bob Marley's "Wailers" Wise Publications ISBN 1-84609-689-8
- Moskowitz, David (2007). The Words and Music of Bob Marley. Westport, Connecticut, United States: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-98935-6. http://books.google.com/?id=JJ4ub5h5E6sC&printsec=frontcover
- White, Timothy (2006). Catch a Fire: The Life of Bob Marley. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-8050-8086-4.
- Middleton, J. Richard (2000). Religion, culture, and tradition in the Caribbean: Identity and Subversion in Babylon: Strategies for "Resisting Against the System" in music of Bob Marley and the Wailers. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-23242-X
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bob Marley |
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Bob Marley |
- Official website
- Bob Marley at the Internet Movie Database
- The Bob Marley Foundation
- Online Home of the Marleys
- Bob Marley at Rolling Stone
- Marley Elected one of the Greatest Songwriters BBC News, 23 May 2001
- Showcase: Bob Marley by James Estrin, The New York Times, 18 May 2009
- Interview with Heather Marley in Bob Marley Magazine
- Extensive discography
|
||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Marley, Bob |
| Alternative names | Marley, Robert Nesta |
| Short description | Singer, songwriter, guitarist |
| Date of birth | 6 February 1945 |
| Place of birth | Nine Miles, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica |
| Date of death | 11 May 1981 |
| Place of death | Miami, Florida, U.S. |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the Lonely Island single, see Jack Sparrow (song).
| Captain Jack Sparrow | |
|---|---|
| 200px Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow |
|
| Gender | Male |
| Profession | Pirate Captain Pirate Lord of the Caribbean Sea "Governor" of Rumrunner's Isle Formerly: East India Trading Company |
| Ship(s) served on | Barnacle La Fluer De La Mort Troubadour Fair Wind Wicked Wench/Black Pearl HMS Interceptor Queen Anne's Revenge |
| Weaponry | Anything Conceivable |
| Bounty | 10001 Guineas (Wanted dead)[1] |
| Family | Edward Teague (father) |
| Appearance(s) | Film series Books Video games Ride |
| Portrayer | Johnny Depp Joseph Trenan (As a kid) Matthew Conners (flashback) |
Captain Jack Sparrow is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series created by screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, portrayed by Johnny Depp. He is first introduced in the film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003). He later appears in the sequels Dead Man's Chest (2006), At World's End (2007), and On Stranger Tides (2011). Jack Sparrow was originally conceived as a supporting character. He was brought to life by the actor Johnny Depp, who based his characterization on The Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards and cartoon character Pepé Le Pew. He tends to become rather frustrated whenever someone pronounces his name without the term "Captain".
The series Pirates of the Caribbean was inspired by a Disney theme park ride, and in 2006, when the ride was revamped, the character of Jack Sparrow was introduced to it. Jack Sparrow is also the subject of a children's book series, Pirates of the Caribbean: Jack Sparrow, which chronicles his teenage years and the character has also appeared in numerous video games.
In the context of the films, Sparrow is one of the Brethren Court, the Pirate Lords of the Seven Seas. He can be treacherous and survives mostly by using wit and negotiation rather than weapons or force, preferring to flee most dangerous situations and fight only when necessary. Sparrow is introduced seeking to regain his ship, the Black Pearl, from his mutinous first mate, Hector Barbossa, and attempts to escape his blood debt to the legendary Davy Jones while battling the East India Trading Company.
Contents |
Films[link]
[edit] The Curse of the Black Pearl
Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl
Captain Jack Sparrow first appears in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl, where he arrives in Port Royal looking to commandeer a ship. Despite rescuing Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley), the daughter of Governor Weatherby Swann (Jonathan Pryce) from drowning, he is jailed for piracy. That night, a cursed ship called the Black Pearl attacks Port Royal, capturing Elizabeth in the process. Its captain, Hector Barbossa (Geoffrey Rush), is trying desperately to break an ancient Aztec curse that he and the crew are under. Will Turner (Orlando Bloom), a blacksmith who loves Elizabeth, frees Sparrow to aid him in rescuing her. They steal the HMS Interceptor and acquire a crew in Tortuga before heading to Isla de Muerta, where Elizabeth is being held captive. Along the way, Will learns that Sparrow was originally captain of the Pearl, but Barbossa posed as his first mate in order to steal the ship from him – eventually leaving him marooned on a desert island eight years ago. While attempting to infiltrate Isla de Muerta, they are quickly captured, and Barbossa maroons both Sparrow and Elizabeth on the same deserted island where he left Jack years ago.
The pair are rescued by the British Royal Navy, after Elizabeth uses some rum found on the island to send off a smoke bomb signal. In order to escape hanging, Sparrow cuts a deal to deliver them the Black Pearl. During the film's final battle at Isla de Muerta, Sparrow steals a cursed coin, making himself immortal so he can fight Barbossa. He shoots his rival with the same bullet he has carried for ten years just as Will breaks the curse, killing Barbossa. Sparrow is captured and later sentenced to death.
At his scheduled execution in Port Royal, Will comes to his rescue, but they are quickly caught. Right at that moment Elizabeth shows her love for Will, and he is pardoned, while Sparrow escapes by falling off the sea wall. He is rescued by the Black Pearl crew, and made captain once more. Apparently impressed by the clever pirate, Commodore James Norrington (Jack Davenport) allows him one day's head start before giving chase.[2]
[edit] Dead Man's Chest
Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
In the sequel, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, Sparrow searches for the Dead Man's Chest, which will help him to "control" the seas and save himself: thirteen years earlier, Sparrow bartered his soul to Captain Davy Jones (Bill Nighy) in return for Jones raising the sunken Black Pearl and making Sparrow captain. In the film, Sparrow must either serve for one hundred years aboard the Flying Dutchman, or be taken by the Kraken to Davy Jones's Locker.
The Dead Man's Chest contains Jones's heart, which Sparrow can use as leverage against Jones and end his debt. Adding to Sparrow's woes, Lord Cutler Beckett (Tom Hollander) of the East India Trading Company wants to settle his own debt with Sparrow and forces Will Turner to search for him. Will finds Sparrow and his crew hiding from the Kraken on Pelegosto, where they have been captured by cannibals. They escape, but Davy Jones captures them and demands that Jack pay his debt. Jack argues that he was captain for only two years before he was mutinied by Barbossa, but Jones rejects his argument, stating that he's been calling himself "Captain" Jack Sparrow for the allotted years.
Sparrow betrays Will to Davy Jones as part of a new deal to deliver 100 souls in exchange for his own. Sparrow recruits sailors in Tortuga, where he unexpectedly encounters Elizabeth and the disgraced James Norrington, who has turned to alcohol. Convincing Elizabeth that she can free Will by finding the Chest, Sparrow and she head for Isla Cruces after she pinpoints its location with Jack's magic compass. Will also arrives, having escaped Jones's ship after stealing the key to the Chest. Will wants to stab the heart and free his father who is in Jones's service, while Norrington—who has discovered that Lord Cutler Beckett desires the heart in order to control Davy Jones and the seas—hopes to regain his career and honor by delivering the heart to Beckett. Sparrow fears that if Jones is dead, the Kraken will continue hunting him, and wants the heart as leverage.
Jones' crew arrives, and during the ensuing battle, Norrington steals the heart. Jones summons the Kraken to attack the Black Pearl. After seeing his crew get attacked by the Kraken, Jack tries to escape in the last undamaged longboat, but just as he nears an island, he is struck with remorse at abandoning his crew, and goes back to help rescue them. Once there, he helps blow up the kraken before sadly giving orders to abandon the ship; when Gibbs asks if he is sure that he wants to leave his ship behind to the Kraken, he replies, "She's only a ship, mate."
Realizing that the Kraken only wants Sparrow, Elizabeth tricks him by giving him a passionate kiss while chaining him to the mast to save the crew, with Jack looking on smirking, he calls her a pirate. The Kraken then arrives, spitting out Jack's hat, which he had lost earlier. Jack, having freed himself, resigns himself to his fate and charges the beast's mouth muttering, " 'Ello beastie." Sparrow and the ship are dragged down to Davy Jones's Locker. The crew seeks solace at the home of Tia Dalma, who surprises them by offering a captain who can help rescue Sparrow: Barbossa, brought back to life at her doing.[3]
[edit] At World's End
Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End opens with Davy Jones's heart now in Beckett's possession, and the nine pirate lords of the Brethren Court are summoned to convene at Shipwreck Cove to combat the combined threat of Beckett and Jones. Though taken to Davy Jones's Locker at the end of the previous film, Sparrow, who is a Pirate Lord of the Caribbean, must attend the meeting, as he failed to bequeath his "piece of eight", a pirate lord's identification marker, to an heir. The collective "pieces of eight" can free the sea goddess Calypso. A resurrected Barbossa leads Sparrow's crew to Davy Jones's Locker using the Singaporean pirate lord Sao Feng (Chow Yun-fat)'s navigational charts. There Sparrow has been hallucinating an entire crew of himself, each member representing a facet of his personality. After Barbossa and the crew find him, Sparrow deciphers a clue on the charts that indicates (in a clever nod to the Fata Morgana mirages attributed to the real life legend of the Flying Dutchman) they must capsize the Black Pearl to escape the Locker; at sunset, the ship upturns back into the living world. Sparrow and Barbossa journey to the Brethren Court where they encounter Elizabeth, who was traded to Sao Feng, and was made a Pirate Lord by him just before he died. At the Brethren Court, she is elected "Pirate King" after Sparrow breaks a stalemate (in all previous meetings except the first, Pirate Lords had always voted for themselves). During parley, he is traded for Will, who was captured by Jones and Beckett after Sparrow sent him overboard on the Black Pearl. The Black Pearl and the Flying Dutchman face off in battle during a maelstrom created by Calypso, during which Sparrow steals Davy Jones's heart to become immortal. During the act Jones breaks Jack's cutlass. When Jones mortally wounds Will, Sparrow instead saves Will by helping him stab the heart with his own broken sword, killing Jones and making Will the Flying Dutchman's new captain. Together, the Black Pearl and the Flying Dutchman destroy Beckett's ship. At the end of the film Barbossa again commandeers the Black Pearl and Feng's charts, and maroons Sparrow and Mr. Gibbs in Tortuga. Fortunately, Jack has already removed the chart's center, and he sets sail in a dinghy, using his compass and the chart to guide him to the Fountain of Youth.[4]
[edit] On Stranger Tides
Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
After reaching a dead end in his search for the Fountain of Youth, Jack Sparrow makes his way to London, where he hears of someone going by his name to gather a crew. Along the way, Sparrow poses as a judge to save the convicted Gibbs before being captured by the Royal Guards and summoned to an audience with King George the Second and Captain Hector Barbossa of the Royal Navy. By then, Jack Sparrow crosses paths with his impostor, revealed to be an old flame named Angelica (Penélope Cruz) who shanghaies him to the Queen Anne's Revenge, the ship of the horrific Blackbeard (Ian McShane) who forces Jack to help him reach the Fountain of Youth. Learning the full story behind it, Jack attempts to set up Blackbeard's demise and save the naive Angelica from her father. After some trouble with mermaids and the Spanish Navy, he succeeds by tricking Blackbeard into giving up his life to save Angelica. Jack and Angelica admit their love for one another, but Jack maroons Angelica on a stranded island, knowing that she will probably want to avenge her father's death. He then has Gibbs retrieve the shrunken Black Pearl in the hopes of finding a way to restore it to regular size. When asked about giving up his chance for immortality, Jack answers that immortality is not everything, though he admits making a name for himself as the one who found the Fountain is good enough immortality at the moment. After the credits in the film, the voodoo doll of Jack is seen drifting at sea towards the island Sparrow stranded Angelica on.[5]
Tie-ins[link]
Outside films, Jack Sparrow first appeared as a companion character in the 2006 video game Kingdom Hearts II, where he was voiced by James Arnold Taylor in the English version and Hiroaki Hirata (who also dubbed Sparrow in the film's Japanese dubs) in the Japanese version. Sparrow has since appeared in other video games, Pirates of the Caribbean: The Legend of Jack Sparrow where he was voiced by Johnny Depp, the adaptation of Dead Man's Chest and various game versions of At World's End, where he was voiced by Jared Butler with motion capture movements provided by Johnny Paton. The character was also voiced by Jared Butler in Pirates of the Caribbean Online, which takes place before the films.
Sparrow's backstory in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Complete Visual Guide indicates he was born on a pirate ship during a typhoon in the Indian Ocean, and that he was trained to fence by an Italian.[6] Rob Kidd wrote an ongoing book series entitled Pirates of the Caribbean: Jack Sparrow, following a teenage Sparrow and his crew on the Barnacle as they battle sirens, mermaids and adult pirates while looking for various treasures. The first book, The Coming Storm, was published on 1 June 2006. In 2011, Ann C. Crispin wrote a novel Pirates of the Caribbean: The Price of Freedom about Jack's adventures when he worked as a merchant captain for the East India Trading Company.
A parody of him called Jack Swallows, was featured in the film Epic Movie played by Darrell Hammond
On Saturday Night Live, Andy Samberg and the rest of The Lonely Island collaborated with Michael Bolton in a Digital Short called "Jack Sparrow" about Bolton's obsession with the "Pirates" movies. In it Bolton dresses up as Jack Sparrow and the character is mentioned several times in the verses.
On the TV Show So Random! the show players of the name Jack Sparrow making Sparrow a bird in a recurring skit. He is played by Shayne Topp. The impression has become one of Topp's signature skits on the show.
Concept and creation[link]
Character creation[link]
When writing the screenplay for Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl, Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio envisioned Jack Sparrow as a supporting character, citing Bugs Bunny and Groucho Marx as influences.[7] The producers saw him as a young Burt Lancaster.[8] Director Gore Verbinski admitted, "The first film was a movie, and then Jack was put into it almost. He doesn't have the obligations of the plot in the same ways that the other characters have. He meanders his way through, and he kind of affects everybody else."[9] Sparrow represents an ethical pirate, with Captain Barbossa as his corrupt foil.[7] His true motives usually remain masked, and whether he is honorable or evil depends on the audience's perspective.[10] This acts as part of Will Turner's arc, in which Sparrow tells him a pirate can be a good man, like his father.[7]
Following the success of The Curse of the Black Pearl, the challenge to creating a sequel was, according to Verbinski, "You don't want just the Jack Sparrow movie. It's like having a garlic milkshake. He's the spice and you need a lot of straight men ... Let's not give them too much Jack. It's like too much dessert or too much of a good thing."[9] Although Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest was written to propel the trilogy's plot,[11] Sparrow's state-of-mind as he is pursued by Davy Jones becomes increasingly edgy, and the writers concocted the cannibal sequence to show that he was in danger whether on land or at sea. Sparrow is also perplexed over his attraction to Elizabeth Swann, and attempts to justify it throughout the film.[12]
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End was meant to return it tonally to a character piece. Sparrow, in particular, is tinged with madness after extended solitary confinement in Davy Jones's Locker,[11] and now desires immortality.[13] Sparrow struggles with what it takes to be a moral person,[14] after his honest streak caused his doom in the second film. This is mainly shown by his increasingly erratic behaviour and Jack's hallucinations which appeared to be simply his deranged mind in the beginning where dozens of "Jack Sparrows" appeared to crew the ship in his solitary exile, but later the hallucinations grew more important and there were mainly two "Jacks" constantly arguing about which path to follow: the immortality or the mortality. The last hallucination took place while Jack was imprisoned on the Dutchman where his honest streak won (possibly due to not liking his sea creature-like "future" which comedically dropped his brain and searched for it around the Brig.[15]By the end of At World's End Sparrow is sailing to the Fountain of Youth, an early concept for the second film.[16] Rossio has said they may write the screenplay for a fourth film,[17] and producer Jerry Bruckheimer has expressed interest in a spin-off.[18] Gore Verbinski concurred that "all of the stories set in motion by the first film have been resolved. If there ever were another Pirates of the Caribbean film, I would start fresh and focus on the further adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow."[19]
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides was first announced on 28 September 2008 during a Disney event at the Kodak Theater. On 11 September 2009 the title of the film was officially announced. Gore Verbinski did not return to direct the fourth installment, and is instead directed by Rob Marshall. The movie uses elements from Tim Powers novel On Stranger Tides, particularly Blackbeard and the Fountain of Youth but the film is not a straight adaptation of the novel.[20]
Johnny Depp[link]
Johnny Depp was looking to do a family film in 2001, and was visiting the Walt Disney Studios when he heard there were plans to adapt the Pirates of the Caribbean ride into a film. Depp was excited by the possibility of reviving an old Hollywood genre,[8] and was further delighted that the script met his quirky sensibilities: the crew of the Black Pearl were not searching for treasure, but were instead trying to return it to lift their curse. In addition, the traditional mutiny had already occurred.[21] Depp was cast on 10 June 2002.[22] Producer Jerry Bruckheimer felt Depp was "an edgy actor who will kind of counter the Disney Country Bears soft quality and tell an audience that an adult and teenager can go see this and have a good time with it."[23]
At the first read-through, Depp surprised the cast and crew by portraying the character in an off-kilter manner.[24] After researching 18th century pirates, Depp compared them to modern rock stars and decided to base his performance on Keith Richards.[23] Verbinski and Bruckheimer had confidence in Depp, partly because Orlando Bloom would be playing the traditional Errol Flynn-type character.[21] Depp also improvised the film's final line, "Now, bring me that horizon", which is the writer's favorite line.[24] Disney executives were initially confused by Depp's performance, asking him whether the character was drunk or gay. Michael Eisner even proclaimed while watching rushes, "He's ruining the film!"[24] Depp responded, "Look, these are the choices I made. You know my work. So either trust me or give me the boot."[23] Many industry insiders also questioned Depp's casting, as he was an unconventional actor not known for working within the traditional studio system.[25]
Depp's performance was highly acclaimed by film critics. Alan Morrison found it "Gloriously over-the-top ... In terms of physical precision and verbal delivery, it's a master-class in comedy acting."[26] Roger Ebert also found his performance "original in its every atom. There has never been a pirate, or for that matter a human being, like this in any other movie ... his behavior shows a lifetime of rehearsal." Ebert also praised Depp for drawing away from the way the character was written.[27] Although he disliked the film, critic Kenneth Turan enjoyed Depp's performance,[28] but Mark Kermode wrote it was some of Depp's "worst work to date ... under [director Gore Verbinski]'s slack direction Depp defaults to an untrammelled showiness not seen since the sub-Buster Keaton antics of Benny & Joon."[29] Depp won a Screen Actor's Guild award for his performance, and was also nominated for a Golden Globe[30] and the Academy Award for Best Actor, the first in his career.[31] Film School Rejects argued that because of the film, Depp became as much a movie star as he was a character actor.[32]
File:OriginalSparrow.jpg
An initial costume concept for Jack Sparrow before Depp's ideas took hold
Johnny Depp returned as Jack Sparrow in 2006's Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, the first time the actor ever made a sequel.[24] Drew McWeeny noted, "Remember how cool Han Solo was in Star Wars the first time you saw it? And then remember how much cooler he seemed when Empire came out? This is that big a jump."[33] Yet, Eric Vespe felt that "In the first movie he was playing a fool that was hiding a great pirate on the inside and in this one he's a great pirate hiding a cowardly fool."[34] By At World's End, Peter Travers felt it proved "there can indeed be too much of a good thing."[35] Nonetheless, Depp received an MTV Movie Award[36] and a Teen Choice Award for Dead Man's Chest, and was also nominated for a Golden Globe, which he lost to Sacha Baron Cohen for his portrayal of Borat Sagdiev in Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan. Depp was also nominated at the 2007 Empire Awards for best actor but lost to Daniel Craig for Casino Royale.[37] For his performance in At World's End, Depp won an MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance, as well as a People's Choice Award and a Kids' Choice Award. He has signed on to reprise the role for future sequels.[38]
Make-up and costumes[link]
Johnny Depp wore a wig to portray Sparrow's dreadlocks, an aesthetic influenced by Depp's rock n' roll approach to pirates.[39] In addition to a red bandanna Sparrow wears numerous objects in his hair, influenced by Keith Richards' habit of collecting souvenirs from his travels;[40] Sparrow's decorations include his "piece of eight".[4] Sparrow wears kohl around his eyes, which was inspired by Depp's study of nomads, whom he compared to pirates,[41] and Depp also wore contacts that acted as sunglasses.[42] Sparrow has several gold teeth, two of which belong to Depp,[43] although they were applied during filming. Depp forgot to have them removed after shooting The Curse of the Black Pearl,[44] and decided to keep them throughout shooting of the sequels.[8] Like all aspects of Depp's performance, Disney initially expressed great concern over Depp's teeth.[12] Sparrow wears his goatee in two braids. Initially wire was used in them, but the wires were abandoned because they made the braids stick up when Depp lay down.[45] Sparrow also has numerous tattoos,[4] and has been branded a pirate on his right arm by Cutler Beckett,[3] underneath a tattoo of a sparrow.[2] In At World's End, one of the "Jack" incarnations is working stripped to the waist, and a full body tattoo of the poem Desiderata is clearly seen.
Depp collaborated with costume designer Penny Rose on his character's appearance, handpicking a tricorne as Sparrow's signature leather hat: the other characters in the series could not wear leather hats, to make Sparrow's unique. For the scene when it floats on water in Dead Man's Chest, a rubber version was used.[46] Depp liked to stick to one costume, wearing one lightweight silk tweed frock coat throughout the series,[47] and he had to be coaxed out of wearing his boots for a version without a sole or heel in beach scenes.[48] The official line is that none of the costumes from The Curse of the Black Pearl survived, which allowed the opportunity to create tougher linen shirts for stunts.[49] However, one remains which has been displayed in an exhibition of screen costumes in Worcester, England.[50] It was a nightmare for Rose to track down the same makers of Sparrow's sash in Turkey. Rose did not want to silkscreen it, as the homewoven piece had the correct worn feel.[51] Sparrow wears an additional belt in the sequels, because Depp liked a new buckle which did not fit with the original piece.[52]
Sparrow's weapons are genuine 18th century pieces: his sword dates to the 1740s, while his pistol is from the 1760s. Both were made in London.[42][53] Depp used two pistols on set, one being rubber. Both props survived after production of the first film.[54] Sparrow's magic compass also survived into the sequels, though director Gore Verbinski had a red arrow added to the dial as it became a more prominent prop. As it does not act like a normal compass, a magnet was used to make it spin.[55] Sparrow wears four rings, two of which belong to Depp. Depp bought the green ring in 1989, and the gold ring is a replica of a 2400-year old ring Depp gave to the crew, though the original was later stolen. The other two are props to which Depp gave backstories: the gold-and-black ring is stolen from a Spanish widow Sparrow seduced, and the green dragon ring recalls his adventures in the Far East.[56] Among Depp's additional ideas was the necklace made of human toes that Sparrow wears as the Pelegosto prepare to eat him,[57] and the sceptre was based on one a friend of Depp's owned.[58]
During the course of the trilogy, Sparrow undergoes physical transformations. In The Curse of the Black Pearl Sparrow curses himself to battle the undead Barbossa. Like all the actors playing the Black Pearl crew, Depp had to shoot scenes in costume as a reference for the animators, and his shots as a skeleton were shot again without him. Depp reprised the scene again on a motion capture stage.[42] In At World's End, Sparrow hallucinates a version of himself as a member of Davy Jones's crew, adhered to a wall and encrusted with barnacles. Director Gore Verbinski oversaw that the design retained Sparrow's distinctive look,[59] and rejected initial designs which portrayed him as over 100 years old.[60]
Characterization[link]
According to screen writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, Sparrow is a trickster who uses wit and deceit to attain his goals, preferring to end disputes verbally instead of by force.[61]He walks with a slightly drunken swagger and has slurred speech and flailing hand gestures, which are slightly based on Tuco, from The Good, The Bad and The Ugly.[7]
Although Barbossa does not respect him much, as evidenced by naming his monkey Jack, Sparrow is shrewd, calculating and intelligent. He fools Commodore Norrington and his entire crew to set sail on the royal ship Interceptor, which compels the admiration of Lieutenant Groves (Greg Ellis) as he concedes: 'That's got to be the best pirate I have ever seen'. Norrington himself acquiesces to this praise: 'So it would seem', in sharp contrast to what he had previously proclaimed: 'You are without doubt the worst pirate I have ever heard of'. In the third film, while he leaves Beckett's ship stranded and makes off, Lieutenant Groves asks him: "Do you think he plans it all out, or just makes it up as he goes along?".[4]It was he who deciphered the seemingly unintelligible map in the same film while the others were still grappling with the problem of returning to the real world. When the Brethren Court convenes but the pirate lords fail to reach a consensus as to whether to fight the Armada or not (he and Elizabeth are inclined to go to war, while the others are not), Jack suggests a way out of this impasse by calling for a ritual vote whose results determine who will be the king. Every pirate lord votes only for himself or herself, but he votes for Elizabeth, resulting her being elected the 'king', after which she announces 'Prepare every vessel that floats. At dawn we are at war', which was what he had intended, and which other pirates are now bound to obey.
In combat, Sparrow is an extremely skilled swordsman (capable of quite easily holding his own against Davy Jones and also Will Turner), but uses his superior intelligence to his advantage during fights. Jack usually prefers the strategies of non-violent negotiations and turning his enemies against each other, reasoning "Why fight when you can negotiate? All one needs is the proper leverage."[3]He will invoke parley and tempt his enemies away from their murderous intentions, encouraging them to see the bigger picture, as he does when he persuades Hector Barbossa to delay returning to mortal form so he can battle the British Royal Navy.[2] He often uses complex wordplay and vocabulary to confound his enemies,[2][3]and it is suggested that his pacifism may be one reason Barbossa and the Black Pearlcrew mutinied; Barbossa says in the first film, "Jack, that's exactly the attitude that lost you the Pearl. People are easier to search when they're dead."[2]His pacifism is further indicated by the tattoo of the Desiderata on his back. Although a pirate and willing to kill his enemies in a fight, Jack has also shown a reluctance to kill people who do not actually wish himharm, as seen when he preferred to simply avoid a fight with Will Turner in their first meeting- the fight being provoked by Will's insistence-; when facing soldiers or navy officers, Jack has generally resorted to simply knocking them out or distracting them while he makes his escape. When Will is fatally wounded by Davy Jones, he relinquishes his dream of stabbing Jones' heart and becoming immortal and lets a dying Will stab it instead, thus ensuring that he lives, albeit not in the usual way. When searching for the Fountain of Youth, Jack noted that his desire for the Fountain had lessened when he learned that the Fountain would only provide someone with extra life if another died at the same time.
| "Gentlemen; m'lady. You will always remember this as the day that you almost caught Captain! Jack! Sparrow!" |
| —Jack almost escapes another sticky situation[2] |
The character is portrayed as having created, or at least contributed to, his own reputation. When Gibbs tells Will that Sparrow escaped from a desert island by strapping two sea turtles together, Sparrow embellishes the story by claiming the rope was made from hair from his own back, while in reality, Sparrow escaped the island by bartering with rum traders. The video game Pirates of the Caribbean: The Legend of Jack Sparrow bases itself around these tall tales, including the sacking of Nassau port without firing a single shot.[2] In a script draft of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest Will's guide says that he heard Sparrow escaped execution in Port Royal by grabbing two parrots and flying away.[12] Johnny Depp has said pirates were like rock stars in that their fame preceded them, which suggests a reason for the portrayal of Sparrow as having an enormous ego.[61] Sparrow also insists on being addressed as "Captain" Jack Sparrow[2] and often gives the farewell, "This is the day you will always remember as the day that you almost caught Captain Jack Sparrow!," which is sometimes humorously cut off.[2][3] When accused by Norrington as being the worst pirate he has ever heard of, Sparrow replies, "But you have heard of me."[2] In a deleted scene from Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl Sparrow ponders being "the immortal Captain Jack Sparrow",[62] and during the third film he seeks immortality, although his father, Captain Teague, warns it can be a terrible curse. Sparrow also ponders being "Captain Jack Sparrow, the last pirate," as the East India Trading Company purges piracy.[4]
Despite his many heroics, Sparrow is a pirate and a morally ambiguous character.[14] When agreeing to trade 100 souls, including Will, to Davy Jones in exchange for his freedom, Jones asks Sparrow whether he can, "condemn an innocent man—a friend—to a lifetime of servitude in your name while you roam free?" After a hesitation Sparrow merrily replies, "Yep! I'm good with it!"[3] He carelessly runs up debts with Anamaria,[2] Davy Jones, and the other pirate lords.[4] Sao Feng (Chow Yun-fat), pirate lord of Singapore, is particularly hateful towards him.[4] In a cowardly moment, Sparrow abandons his crew during the Kraken's attack, but underlying loyalty and morality compel him to return and save them.[63] Sparrow claims to be a man of his word,[2] and expresses surprise that people doubt his truthfulness;[3] there is no murder on his criminal record.[1][2]
Depp partly based the character on Pepé Le Pew, a womanizing skunk from Looney Tunes.[8] Sparrow claims to have a "tremendous intuitive sense of the female creature",[3] although his conquests are often left with a sour memory of him. Former flames, Scarlett and Giselle, usually slap him[2] or anyone looking for him.[3] His witty charm easily attracts women, and even has Elizabeth Swann questioning her feelings.[3] Director Gore Verbinski noted phallic connotations in Sparrow's relationship with his vessel, as he grips the steering wheel.[21] The Black Pearl is described as "the only ship which can outrun the Flying Dutchman".[4] The Freudian overtones continue in the third film when Sparrow and Barbossa battle for captaincy of the Black Pearl, showing off the length of their telescopes, and in a deleted scene, they fight over the steering wheel.[64] Sparrow claims his "first and only love is the sea,"[3] and describes his ship as representing freedom.[2] Davy Jones's Locker is represented as a desert, symbolizing his personal hell.[12]
Sparrow also has bad personal hygiene, a trait of Pepé Le Pew. Verbinski described Sparrow's breath as "a donkey's ass".[21] Sparrow knocks Will off his ship simply by huffing at him.[4] Lastly, Sparrow has an insatiable thirst for rum, which can confuse his magic compass as to what he wants most.[3][4] According to his criminal record on the At World's End website, he even sacked a shipment of rum to quench his thirst.[1]
Impact[link]
When Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest grossed over $1 billion worldwide, Ian Nathan attributed this to Sparrow's popularity: "Pirates, the franchise, only had to turn up. There was a powerful holdover from the cheeky delights of its debut, something we hadn't felt since the Clone Wars called it a day."[65] Empire declared Johnny Depp's performance to be the seventy-fourth "thing that rocked our world" in 2006 when celebrating 200 issues and later named him as the eighth greatest movie character of all time.[66] A survey of more than 3,000 people showed Jack Sparrow was the most popular Halloween costume of 2006,[67] and a 2007 poll held by the Internet Movie Database showed Sparrow to be the second most popular live action hero, after Indiana Jones.[68] In a 2007 Pearl & Dean poll, Jack Sparrow is Depp's most popular performance.[69]
Emanuel Levy feels the character is the only iconic film character of the 2000s decade,[61] while Todd Gilchrist feels Sparrow is the only element of the films that will remain timeless.[70] According to Sharon Eberson, the character's popularity can be attributed to being a "scoundrel whose occasional bouts of conscience allow viewers to go with the flaws because, as played to the larger-than-life hilt by Depp, he owns every scene he is in."[71] Film history professor at UCLA Jonathan Kuntz also attributed his popularity to the increased questioning of masculinity in the 21st century, and Sparrow's personality contrasts with action-adventure heroes in cinema. Leonard Maltin concurs that Sparrow has a carefree attitude and does not take himself seriously.[72] Mark Fox also noted Sparrow is an escapist fantasy figure for women, free from much of the responsibility of most heroes.[73] Sparrow is listed by IGN as one of their ten favorite film outlaws, as he "lives for himself and the freedom to do whatever it is that he damn well pleases. Precious few film characters have epitomized what makes the outlaw such a romantic figure for audiences as Captain Jack Sparrow has."[74] Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Part Keith Richards rift, part sozzled lounge lizard, Johnny Depp's swizzleshtick pirate was definitely one of the most dazzling characters of the decade."[75]
In 2011, comedic group The Lonely Island, with singer Michael Bolton, released a song called Jack Sparrow as an homage to the character, declaring him "The Pauper of the Surf" and "The Jester of Tortuga."
Johnny Depp reprised his Captain Jack persona for a special episode of Doraemon. However, on the show, he was called "Captain Johnny".[76]
The British metalcore band Bring Me the Horizon took its name from Sparrow's last line in The Curse of the Black Pearl, "Now... Bring me that horizon".
References[link]
- ^ a b c "Port Royal". Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End Official Website. http://disney.go.com/disneypictures/pirates/atworldsend/. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Gore Verbinski (director) (2003) (Film). Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. Walt Disney Pictures.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Gore Verbinski (director) (2006) (Film). Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest. Walt Disney Pictures.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gore Verbinski (director) (2007) (Film). Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End. Walt Disney Pictures.
- ^ "Production Begins on "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides" in 3D" (Press release). Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. 21 June 2010. http://www.mouseinfo.com/forums/movies-television/92045-production-begins-pirates-caribbean-stranger-tides-3d.html. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
- ^ Richard Platt; Glenn Dakin (2007). Pirates of the Caribbean: The Complete Visual Guide. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 12–15. ISBN 0-7566-2676-5.
- ^ a b c d Ted Elliott, Terry Rossio, Stuart Beattie, Jay Wolpert (2003) (DVD). Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl: Audio Commentary. Buena Vista.
- ^ a b c d Sean Smith (26 June 2006). "A Pirate's Life". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/52442. Retrieved 30 May 2007.
- ^ a b Jeff Otto (28 June 2006). "IGN Interviews Gore Verbinski". IGN. http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/714/714964p1.html. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
- ^ "Shipload of Characters Both New and Familiar". Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest Production Notes. http://madeinatlantis.com/pirates/production/production3.htm. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
- ^ a b Ian Nathan (27 April 2007). "Pirates 3". Empire: pp. 88–92.
- ^ a b c d Ted Elliott, Terry Rossio (2006) (DVD). Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest: Audio Commentary. Buena Vista.
- ^ "Characters (video)". Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End Official site. http://disney.go.com/disneypictures/pirates/atworldsend/. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
- ^ a b "Success Can Be a Tough Taskmaster". Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End Production Notes. http://numberonestars.com/pirates3/production1.htm. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
- ^ "Chapter 3 – Revealing the True Nature of all the Characters". Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End Production Notes. http://numberonestars.com/pirates3/production3.htm. Retrieved 2 June 2007.
- ^ (DVD) Charting the Return. Buena Vista. 2006.
- ^ "Exclusive interview: Terry Rossio". Moviehole. 12 February 2007. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011163402rn_1/www.moviehole.net/interviews/20070212_exclusive_interview_terry_ross.html. Retrieved 12 February 2007.
- ^ "Bruckheimer talks Pirates spin-off". Moviehole. 10 May 2007. Archived from the original on 12 May 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070512134248/http://www.moviehole.net/news/20070510_bruckheimer_talks_pirates_spin.html.
- ^ Steve Fritz (30 November 2007). "Talking Pirates with Gore Verbinski". Newsarama. http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=137989. Retrieved 2 December 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Johnny Depp (in Jack Sparrow costume) surprises Disney D23 Expo audience". Los Angeles Times. 11 September 2009. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/herocomplex/2009/09/johnny-depp-jack-sparrow-disney-costume-.html. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
- ^ a b c d Gore Verbinski, Johnny Depp (2003) (DVD). Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl Audio Commentary. Buena Vista.
- ^ Greg Dean Schmitz. "Greg's Previews – Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003)". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on 13 July 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20050713090935/http://movies.yahoo.com/shop?d=hp&cf=prev&id=1808405416&gpt=ch. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
- ^ a b c Stax (25 June 2003). "Depp & Bruckheimer Talk Pirates". IGN. http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/425/425848p1.html. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
- ^ a b c d Ian Nathan (1 July 2006). "Pirates of the Caribbean 2". Empire. pp. 66–69.
- ^ Chris Nashawaty. "Box Office Buccaneer". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20037288_20037290_465481,00.html. Retrieved 18 May 2007.
- ^ Alan Morrison. "Pirates Of The Caribbean: The Curse Of The Black Pearl". Empire. http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=9271. Retrieved 21 May 2007.
- ^ Roger Ebert (9 July 2003). "Pirates Of The Caribbean: The Curse Of The Black Pearl". Chicago Sun-Times. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20030709/REVIEWS/307090301/1023. Retrieved 21 May 2007.
- ^ Kenneth Turan. "'Pirates of the Caribbean'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070929145615/http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/reviews/cl-et-turan9jul09,2,3211342.story. Retrieved 21 May 2007.
- ^ Mark Kermode (9 July 2006). "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest". The Observer (UK). http://film.guardian.co.uk/News_Story/Critic_Review/Guardian_Film_of_the_week/0,,1816109,00.html. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
- ^ "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl Awards". Allmovie. http://www.allmovie.com/cg/avg.dll?p=avg&sql=1:281052~T4. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
- ^ "Pirates World's End: Johnny Depp's Farewell?". Emanuel Levy. 2007. http://www.emanuellevy.com/article.php?articleID=5729. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
- ^ Neil Miller (29 May 2007). "The Ten Most Powerful Movie Franchises in History". Film School Rejects. http://www.filmschoolrejects.com/opinions/the-ten-most-powerful-movie-franchises-in-history.php. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
- ^ Drew McWeeny (25 June 2006). "Moriarty Reviews Pirates of the Caribbean 2: Dead Man's Chest!!". Ain't It Cool News. http://www.aintitcool.com/node/23694. Retrieved 29 May 2007.
- ^ Eric Vespe (3 July 2006). "Quint, The Crusty Seaman, scrapes the barnacles off of the Dead Man's Chest!!!". Ain't It Cool News. http://www.aintitcool.com/?q=node/23753. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
- ^ Peter Travers (22 May 2007). "Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/peter-travers/blogs/thetraverstake_2007/51659/49670. Retrieved 23 May 2007.
- ^ MTV (4 June 2007). "The MTV Movie Awards Winners!". Comingsoon.net. http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=20777. Retrieved 4 June 2007.
- ^ "Awards for Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006)". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0383574/awards. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
- ^ Marc Graser (24 September 2008). "Disney, Depp return to 'Caribbean'". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117992798.html. Retrieved 25 September 2008.
- ^ (DVD) Jack's Scarf And Wig. Buena Vista. 2006.
- ^ (DVD) Jack's Dingles. Buena Vista. 2006.
- ^ (DVD) Jack's Eye Make-Up. Buena Vista. 2006.
- ^ a b c (DVD) An Epic At Sea: The Making of Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. Buena Vista. 2003.
- ^ (DVD) Jack's Teeth/Johnny's Teeth. Buena Vista. 2006.
- ^ "Depp's Golden Teeth". Internet Movie Database. 23 June 2003. http://www.imdb.com/news/wenn/2003-06-23#celeb5. Retrieved 21 May 2007.
- ^ (DVD) Jack's Beard. Buena Vista. 2006.
- ^ (DVD) Jack's Hat. Buena Vista. 2006.
- ^ (DVD) Jack's Pirate Coat. Buena Vista. 2006.
- ^ (DVD) Jack's Boots. Buena Vista. 2006.
- ^ (DVD) Jack's Shirt. Buena Vista. 2006.
- ^ "Starstruck: the Costumes". http://www.worcestercathedral.co.uk/media/List_of_costumes.pdf. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
- ^ (DVD) Jack's Sash. Buena Vista. 2006.
- ^ (DVD) Jack's Belt. Buena Vista. 2006.
- ^ (DVD) Jack's Sword. Buena Vista. 2006.
- ^ (DVD) Jack's Pistol. Buena Vista. 2006.
- ^ (DVD) Jack's Compass. Buena Vista. 2006.
- ^ (DVD) Jack's Rings. Buena Vista. 2006.
- ^ (DVD) Jack's Cannibal Toe Necklace. Buena Vista. 2006.
- ^ (DVD) Jack's Cannibal Scepter. Buena Vista. 2006.
- ^ Scott Collura, Eric Moro (29 May 2007). "Designing At World's End". IGN. http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/792/792383p3.html. Retrieved 2 June 2007.
- ^ Drew McWeeny (27 April 2007). "AICN Exclusive! Pirates of the Caribbean 3 New Crew Member Designs!". Ain't It Cool News. http://www.aintitcool.com/node/32457. Retrieved 2 June 2007.
- ^ a b c "Pirates Dead Man's Chest: Depp's Iconic Role". Emanuel Levy. 2006. http://www.emanuellevy.com/article.php?articleID=2688. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
- ^ (DVD) The Immortal Captain Jack. Buena Vista. 2003.
- ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest comic book adaptation, Disney Adventures, 2006
- ^ Gore Verbinski (2007) (DVD). Two Captains, One Ship audio commentary. Buena Vista.
- ^ Ian Nathan (27 October 2006). "How Pirates' feckless hero won over the fans before he even showed up". Empire. p. 176.
- ^ "200 things that rocked our world". Empire. 2 January 2006. p. 118.
- ^ "Captain Jack Sparrow top pick for 2006 Most Popular Halloween Costume". Extreme Halloween Network. 17 October 2006. Archived from the original on 6 June 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070606083704/http://www.anniescostumes.com/popularhalloweencostumes2006.htm. Retrieved 2 June 2007.
- ^ "From this list of live-action heroes, who is your favorite?". Internet Movie Database. 3 June 2007. http://www.imdb.com/poll/results/2007-06-03. Retrieved 3 June 2007.
- ^ "Johnny Depp's great Captain role". People. 22 May 2007. http://people.monstersandcritics.com/news/article_1307679.php. Retrieved 4 June 2007.
- ^ Todd Gilchrist (24 May 2007). "Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End". IGN. http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/791/791309p1.html. Retrieved 24 May 2007.
- ^ Sharon Eberson (24 May 2007). "Jack Sparrow joins a unique line of iconic characters". Post Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07144/788381-254.stm. Retrieved 2 June 2007.
- ^ Sandy Cohen (25 May 2007). "Depp’s Captain Jack Sparrow smashes enduring cinematic mold of swashbuckling seafarers". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 30 July 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5rcAPIz38. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ Mark Fox (24 May 2007). "Besting Jack Sparrow". Crave Online. http://www.craveonline.com/articles/humor/04647967/besting_jack_sparrow.html. Retrieved 4 June 2007.
- ^ "Top Ten Movie Outlaws". IGN. 19 September 2007. http://movies.ign.com/articles/821/821191p1.html. Retrieved 22 September 2007.
- ^ Geier, Thom; Jensen, Jeff; Jordan, Tina; Lyons, Margaret; Markovitz, Adam; Nashawaty, Chris; Pastorek, Whitney; Rice, Lynette; Rottenberg, Josh; Schwartz, Missy; Slezak, Michael; Snierson, Dan; Stack, Tim; Stroup, Kate; Tucker, Ken; Vary, Adam B.; Vozick-Levinson, Simon; Ward, Kate (11 December 2009), "The 100 Greatest Movies, TV Shows, Albums, Books, Characters, Scenes, Episodes, Songs, Dresses, Music Videos, and Trends That Entertained Us over the Past 10 Years". Entertainment Weekly. (1079/1080):74–84
- ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-06-16/johnny-depp-to-guest-voice-on-doraemon-pirates-special
External links[link]
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| Machel Montano | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Machel Montano performing in 2007 |
|
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Lyrics Machel |
| Born | (1974-11-24) 24 November 1974 (age 37) Carenage, Trinidad and Tobago |
| Origin | Couva, Trinidad and Tobago |
| Genres | Soca |
| Occupations | Musician, producer, Song-writer |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, keyboards, percussion |
| Years active | 1982–present |
| Associated acts | Xtatik, Destra Garcia, Farmer Nappy, Patrice Roberts, Zan |
| Website | www.machelmontano.com |
Machel Montano (born 24 November 1974, Trinidad and Tobago)[1] is a soca singer, record producer and songwriter based in Trinidad and Tobago.
He is the frontman of the popular soca band The HD Family, and is noted for his high energy, fast-paced, and often unpredictable on-stage performances. During his career, which spans over 30 years, he has recorded several songs alongside many of Caribbean music's most popular acts, such as Lerone Guy of St Anthonys College, Alison Hinds, Beenie Man, Calypso Rose, Burning Flames, Drupatee, Wyclef Jean, Canibus, Red Rat, Shaggy, Sparrow, Denise Belfon, Ken Marlon Charles (KMC), Destra, Walker Hornung, Vybz Kartel, Mohombi, G-Unit, Black Stalin, David Rudder, Buju Banton, Mr. Vegas, Doug E. Fresh, Pitbull and many others. In 1987 he was the youngest finalist to ever win the Caribbean Song Festival. He now stands as one of the most well-known soca acts in the world, using his leverage as an artist able to sell-out shows. Recently he has moved to the Los Angeles area and furthered his pursuit saying "I may not be the one to bring it forth, but in the meantime, I have a lot of work to do in order for something to happen". He is very well known in New York and has had sold out concerts in Madison Square Gardens many times over.[2]
Contents |
Early career[link]
Born in Carenage (West Trinidad), his family moved to Siparia, South Trinidad when he was very young. Machel attended Siparia Boys' R.C., then Presentation College, San Fernando, a prestigious secondary school in San Fernando, South Trinidad where he was in the choir led by Mrs. Cynthia Lee-Mack. Machel first shot to fame as a 9 year-old boy with the song "Too Young To Soca" while he was still in primary school. In 1984, along with his older brother Marcus and neighbours the group Pranasonic Express was started and in 1989, the band became Xtatik.
Machel is father to three children. Nicholas(13) his son, Melanie (12) and Malaya Journey (11), his daughters.
Machel Montano HD - his concepts[link]
The band developed and was re-invented by its leader Montano several times as Xtatik 5.0, The Xtatik Circus, Xtatik The Road Marching Band, The Band of the Year and many others. Every year Machel has a battle in Zen to keep his band and his performances fresh. From 2007 they are known as Machel Montano HD (High Definition) and he promotes the concept by saying that he is the first human being to go HD. He claims this is a representation of the evolution of his music over the last 25 years and highly improved style in which his music shall be presented to his fans over radio formats, television, and during live performances. He is part of a campaign in Trinidad and Tobago to promoting safe driving - "Arrive Alive". Part of the hype surrounding Montano since 2007 is his HD tour bus, a 20-year-old bus from the Public Transport Service Corporation (PTSC) which was re-done and includes a bedroom, bathroom facilities, flat screen TVs, Internet access and expansive audio systems. After the bus' debut in 2007, it was re-painted for 2008, the new images of Machel matching various photos of him from the album artwork of his 2008 CD, Flame on. The bus featured heavily in his videos for "Jumbie" - 2007 and "Rollin/Blazin d Trail" - 2008. In 2012 Macheal Montano won the Road March, Power Soca Monarch and the Groovy Soca Monarch. He won the acclaimed the Road March with his song "Pump yuh Flag" and he won the Groovy Soca Monarch with his rendition "Mr.Fete". THe singer recently launced the music video to his hit single "Bottle Of Rum" in May,2012.
.JPG)
Xtatik's music[link]
In the last few years the band has risen to a new level of musicality as each performance is very tight musically and has foreign influences such as Ernesto Luis Gutirrez, its Venezuelan percussionist, Shawn Mitchell, bassist from Grenada and musicians from Barbados. Kernal Roberts, the son of the late Lord Kitchener (calypsonian) has picked up the role as Xtatik's drummer and musical director and has brought new life to the band.
Montano was also instrumental in the promotion of soca music in the United Kingdom on the British Broadcasting Corporations' black music digital radio station 1Xtra, where he co-presented the International Sounds of Soca show for four years with DJ Slic. He has released many successful singles, with and without Xtatik, during his career, such as "Big Truck" (Xtatik's most successful single, which won the Road March title in 1997), "Outa Space" (with Beenie Man), "Music Farm" (Xtatik), "It's Carnival" (with Destra), and his most recent back to back Road March title wins for 2006, "Band Of The Year" (with Patrice Roberts) and 2007, "Jumbie".
His 2008 album Flame On, was released in February 2008 and featured collaborations with some of the most esteemed artistes in calypso such as David Rudder on "Oil and Music" and The Mighty Sparrow on "Congo Man". These two collaborations were well-received all around, especially "Congo Man".
Flame On also includes collaborations with other well-known artistes from various genres including soca, reggae, rap and reggaeton. Examples of these partnerships can be heard on the following tracks: Patrice Roberts on "Rollin", Shaggy on "Wining Season", Buju Banton on "Make Love" and finally Lil Jon and Pitbull on "Defense (The Anthem)".
Flame On displays the very strong relationship between Machel Montano and Kernal Roberts, his right-hand man. Roberts was involved in the writing of eight out the 13 tracks on the album.
In Trinidad's Carnival Road March Competition for Carnival 2008, Montano's song "Blazin d Trail" placed third even though it was a crowd favourite[citation needed] when it was played at Carnival fetes during the Carnival season of 2008.
In 2011, Machel won the International Soca Monarch competition defeating the likes of Iwer George (2nd) and Bunji Garlin (3rd) after a fierce night of competition. In the end, Machel walked away with the TT$2 million dollar prize and the first International Soca Monarch title of his career. He then went on to win the Carnival Road March title with the same hit 'Advantage' by a landslide victory.
In 2012,Machel once again won the International Power Soca Monarch with the song "Pump Yuh Flag" beating Iwer George (2nd) Who sang a rendition of the song he did last year. Destra Garcia finished(3rd). Montano once again received the TT$2 million dollar prize and title. Also he entered the Groovy Soca Monarch and was victorious beating out reigning Groovy Soca Monarch King Kes Diffenthaller and crowd favorite Kerwin Du Bois (2nd). Topping off the Carnival Season In Trinidad & Tobago, he Won the Road March Title(Pump Yuh Flag-Played 233 Times) Beating Fay-ann Lyons(96) & Iwer George(84). Montano's last two years have been the most successful of his career and most attribute it to his strong work ethic, relationship with current manager, James Walton and mother Liz Montano.
Discography[link]
Solo albums[link]
- Too Young to Soca? (1986)
- Soca Earthquake (1987)
- Dr. Carnival (1988)
- Katch Ya! (1989)
- Breakin Out! (1990)
- One Step Ahead! (1991)
- 2000 Young To Soca (2000 Re-Edition)
- The Xtatik Experience (2005)
- B.O.D.Y. (2006)
- The Book of Angels (2007)
- Flame on, released as Wining Season in the United States (2008)
- Heavenly Drum (2009)
- Album 34 (2010)
- The Return (2011)
Xtatik albums[link]
- X Amount Ah Sweetnesss (1992)
- Soca Style Hot (1993)
- By All Means (1994)
- Loose Yuh Waist (1995)
- Men At Work (1996)
- Heavy Duty (1997)
- Xtatik Live (1997)
- Charge (1998)
- Any Minute Now (1999)
- Here Comes the Band (2000)
- Same High (2001)
- On the Cusp (2002)
- The Xtatik Circus (2003- as "Xtatik Band 5.0")
- The Xtatik Parade (2004)
References[link]
- ^ Thompson, Dave (2002) Reggae & Caribbean Music, Backbeat Books, ISBN 0-87930-655-6, p. 300-301
- ^ New York Amsterdam News, Vol. 98, Issue 39, Pages 24-25 9/20/2007
External links[link]
- Official website
- Xtatik
- Answers.com biography on Machel Montano
- BET J to air Machel Montano Trinidad & Tobago special - Saturday, March 24, 2007: CaribbeanNetNews
 |
Book: Machel Montano |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Montano, Machel |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 24 November 1975 |
| Place of birth | Carenage, Trinidad and Tobago |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Machel_Montano
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machel_Montano
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
