The Wayback Machine - http://web.archive.org./web/20120911160311/http://wn.com:80/N.Y.
Tuesday, 11 September 2012
Ny - Trophy Boy
Ny - Music
Odd Future -
NSA Whistle-Blower Tells All - Op-Docs: The Program
Breezy Point, NY tornado 9-08-12
Fake Celebrity Pranks New York City
NEW YORK,NEW YORK- FRANK SINATRA
Gil Scott-Heron and Jamie xx - 'NY Is Killing Me'
GoPro: New York City... A Day in the Life - Starring Skate Legend Ryan Sheckler
Slash Live from New York:
Nas - NY State of Mind (Live at #VEVOSXSW 2012)

Ny

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Ny - Trophy Boy
  • Order:
  • Published: 03 Sep 2012
  • Duration: 3:19
  • Updated: 11 Sep 2012
Author: NyVEVO
Single released October 7th. Pre-Order the bundle with remixes from Todd Edwards, Andi Durrant & Steve More + The Preditah Edit here - bit.ly To purchase Trophy Boy on your phone - Text TROPHY to 60155 (T&CS -- Texts cost £1 + 1 standard rate msg. Not iPhone Compatible). www.nyofficial.co.uk http www.facebook.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120911160311/http://wn.com/Ny - Trophy Boy
Ny - Music
  • Order:
  • Published: 28 Mar 2012
  • Duration: 3:26
  • Updated: 10 Sep 2012
Author: NyVEVO
Official Video for Music. Single track out now on iTunes - bit.ly Full official single with remixes from Sunship, Ruffloaderz and Bill Posters out 7th May 2012 - bit.ly www.nyofficial.co.uk http www.facebook.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120911160311/http://wn.com/Ny - Music
Odd Future -
  • Order:
  • Published: 06 Mar 2012
  • Duration: 2:22
  • Updated: 11 Sep 2012
Author: OFWGKTA
Directed By Wolf Haley Filmed By Luis Perez Produced Tara Razavi The OF Tape Vol. 2 Out Now!!! smarturl.it North American tour begins March 9! www.oddfuture.com for dates + tickets. www.facebook.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120911160311/http://wn.com/Odd Future - "NY (Ned Flander)" [feat. Hodgy Beats & Tyler, The Creator]
NSA Whistle-Blower Tells All - Op-Docs: The Program
  • Order:
  • Published: 29 Aug 2012
  • Duration: 8:28
  • Updated: 11 Sep 2012
Author: TheNewYorkTimes
The filmmaker Laura Poitras profiles William Binney, a 32-year veteran of the National Security Agency who helped design a top-secret program he says is broadly collecting Americans' personal data. Related Article: nyti.ms Watch more videos at nytimes.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120911160311/http://wn.com/NSA Whistle-Blower Tells All - Op-Docs: The Program
Breezy Point, NY tornado 9-08-12
  • Order:
  • Published: 08 Sep 2012
  • Duration: 5:54
  • Updated: 11 Sep 2012
Author: rcurrlin
A tornado hitting Breezy Point in Queens, New York. It hits the beach first then tracks northeast damaging the Breezy Point Surf Club before continuing on across the peninsula. Time of day: 10:52am All rights reserved - Roy Currlin for those that wish to view the unprocessed original video: www.youtube.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120911160311/http://wn.com/Breezy Point, NY tornado 9-08-12
Fake Celebrity Pranks New York City
  • Order:
  • Published: 22 Aug 2012
  • Duration: 4:25
  • Updated: 11 Sep 2012
Author: WorldTalkLIVE
On the night of July 27th, 2012, a huge prank was pulled in New York City and this is the video of what took place. Brett Cohen came up with a crazy idea to fool thousands of pedestrians walking the streets of Times Square into thinking he was a huge celebrity, and it worked! Not only did...
http://web.archive.org./web/20120911160311/http://wn.com/Fake Celebrity Pranks New York City
NEW YORK,NEW YORK- FRANK SINATRA
  • Order:
  • Published: 21 May 2008
  • Duration: 4:19
  • Updated: 11 Sep 2012
Author: zgazda66
New York,Frank Sinatra
http://web.archive.org./web/20120911160311/http://wn.com/NEW YORK,NEW YORK- FRANK SINATRA
Gil Scott-Heron and Jamie xx - 'NY Is Killing Me'
  • Order:
  • Published: 28 Nov 2010
  • Duration: 5:50
  • Updated: 11 Sep 2012
Author: youngturksrecords
'NY Is Killing Me' is available to purchase for download now. The remix album 'We're New Here' is released on February 21st, 2011. For more information on this project or to purchase this track, visit: www.werenewhere.com Or buy here itunes.apple.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120911160311/http://wn.com/Gil Scott-Heron and Jamie xx - 'NY Is Killing Me'
GoPro: New York City... A Day in the Life - Starring Skate Legend Ryan Sheckler
  • Order:
  • Published: 04 Jun 2012
  • Duration: 3:04
  • Updated: 11 Sep 2012
Author: GoProCamera
Shot 100% with the HD HERO2® camera & Wi-Fi BacPac by GoPro.com. What would you do with 50 GoPros at the touch of a button? World- renowned skateboarder, Ryan Sheckler, shares his idea an epic run from the top of the Manhattan Bridge to the storied Lower East Side skate park in New York City. 0:22 Preview Video w GoPro App 0:54 Remote Control Camera 1:32 Photo Burst Mode 2:12 Multi Camera Control Music Frankie Numi "On & On" from the Ep NEAB Link to Buy: sleediz.bandcamp.com Sleep Disorders Records: www.sleediz.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120911160311/http://wn.com/GoPro: New York City... A Day in the Life - Starring Skate Legend Ryan Sheckler
Slash Live from New York:
  • Order:
  • Published: 23 May 2012
  • Duration: 1:45:08
  • Updated: 10 Sep 2012
Author: Dragonforcer991
Slash Live from New York: "Apocalyptic Love" Album Full Show in HD (23.05.2012) Tracklist: 01. Mean Bone (Slash's Snakepit song) 02. Dirty Little Thing (Velvet Revolver song) 03. Nightrain (Guns N' Roses song) 04. One Last Thrill 05. Back From Cali 06. Ghost 07. Standing in the Sun 08. Rocket Queen (Guns N' Roses song) 09. Doctor Alibi 10. Speed Parade (Slash's Snakepit song) 11. Apocalyptic Love 12. Watch This 13. Starlight 14. Just Like Anything (Slash's Snakepit song) 15. Halo 16. You're a Lie 17. Sweet Child O' Mine (Guns N' Roses song) 18. Slither (Velvet Revolver song) 19. By the Sword 20. Paradise city
http://web.archive.org./web/20120911160311/http://wn.com/Slash Live from New York: "Apocalyptic Love" Album Full Show (2012 HD)
  • Order:
  • Published: 26 Jan 2007
  • Duration: 4:00
  • Updated: 08 Sep 2012
Author: truetigertv
"Fire" The 1st Video from True Tiger, Ny & Purple has landed and is getting heavy rotation on UK TV screens right now. The 1st single off Ny's forthcoming mixtape "Split Endz Volume Two" coming out on True Tiger Recordings soon. More info check www.truetiger.co.uk www.nysword.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120911160311/http://wn.com/"Fire" - Ny feat. Purple (Full Video)
Nas - NY State of Mind (Live at #VEVOSXSW 2012)
  • Order:
  • Published: 22 Mar 2012
  • Duration: 4:56
  • Updated: 10 Sep 2012
Author: NasVEVO
Music video by Nas performing NY State of Mind (Live at #VEVOSXSW 2012).
http://web.archive.org./web/20120911160311/http://wn.com/Nas - NY State of Mind (Live at #VEVOSXSW 2012)
Rolling to the Future: NY Subways Get Wi-Fi
  • Order:
  • Published: 07 Aug 2012
  • Duration: 2:19
  • Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Author: AssociatedPress
Six New York City subway stations are getting free wireless internet. It's part of a plan to help New Yorkers stay plugged in. (Aug. 7)
http://web.archive.org./web/20120911160311/http://wn.com/Rolling to the Future: NY Subways Get Wi-Fi
The Who at The Concert For New York City
  • Order:
  • Published: 15 Sep 2011
  • Duration: 27:35
  • Updated: 10 Sep 2012
Author: brodieman1999
The Who perform "Who Are You", "Baba O'Riley", "Behind Blue Eyes" and "Won't Get Fooled Again" at The Concert For New York City (Madison Square Garden; October 20, 2001). One of John Entwistle's final appearances with the band.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120911160311/http://wn.com/The Who at The Concert For New York City
  • Ny - Trophy Boy...3:19
  • Ny - Music...3:26
  • Odd Future - "NY (Ned Flander)" [feat. Hodgy Beats & Tyler, The Creator]...2:22
  • NSA Whistle-Blower Tells All - Op-Docs: The Program...8:28
  • Breezy Point, NY tornado 9-08-12...5:54
  • Fake Celebrity Pranks New York City...4:25
  • NEW YORK,NEW YORK- FRANK SINATRA...4:19
  • Gil Scott-Heron and Jamie xx - 'NY Is Killing Me'...5:50
  • GoPro: New York City... A Day in the Life - Starring Skate Legend Ryan Sheckler...3:04
  • Slash Live from New York: "Apocalyptic Love" Album Full Show (2012 HD)...1:45:08
  • "Fire" - Ny feat. Purple (Full Video)...4:00
  • Nas - NY State of Mind (Live at #VEVOSXSW 2012)...4:56
  • Rolling to the Future: NY Subways Get Wi-Fi...2:19
  • The Who at The Concert For New York City...27:35
Single released October 7th. Pre-Order the bundle with remixes from Todd Edwards, Andi Durrant & Steve More + The Preditah Edit here - bit.ly To purchase Trophy Boy on your phone - Text TROPHY to 60155 (T&CS -- Texts cost £1 + 1 standard rate msg. Not iPhone Compatible). www.nyofficial.co.uk http www.facebook.com
3:19
Ny - Tro­phy Boy
Sin­gle re­leased Oc­to­ber 7th. Pre-Or­der the bun­dle with remix­es from Todd Ed­wards, Andi Dur...
pub­lished: 03 Sep 2012
Au­thor: NyVE­VO
3:26
Ny - Music
Of­fi­cial Video for Music. Sin­gle track out now on iTunes - bit.​ly Full of­fi­cial sin­gle wit...
pub­lished: 28 Mar 2012
Au­thor: NyVE­VO
2:22
Odd Fu­ture - "NY (Ned Flan­der)" [feat. Hodgy Beats & Tyler, The Cre­ator]
Di­rect­ed By Wolf Haley Filmed By Luis Perez Pro­duced Tara Raza­vi The OF Tape Vol. 2 Out No...
pub­lished: 06 Mar 2012
Au­thor: OFWGK­TA
8:28
NSA Whis­tle-Blow­er Tells All - Op-Docs: The Pro­gram
The film­mak­er Laura Poitras pro­files William Bin­ney, a 32-year vet­er­an of the Na­tion­al Sec...
pub­lished: 29 Aug 2012
5:54
Breezy Point, NY tor­na­do 9-08-12
A tor­na­do hit­ting Breezy Point in Queens, New York. It hits the beach first then tracks no...
pub­lished: 08 Sep 2012
Au­thor: rcur­rlin
4:25
Fake Celebri­ty Pranks New York City
On the night of July 27th, 2012, a huge prank was pulled in New York City and this is the ...
pub­lished: 22 Aug 2012
Au­thor: WorldTalk­LIVE
4:19
NEW YORK,NEW YORK- FRANK SINA­TRA
New York,Frank Sina­tra...
pub­lished: 21 May 2008
Au­thor: zgaz­da66
5:50
Gil Scott-Heron and Jamie xx - 'NY Is Killing Me'
'NY Is Killing Me' is avail­able to pur­chase for down­load now. The remix album '...
pub­lished: 28 Nov 2010
3:04
GoPro: New York City... A Day in the Life - Star­ring Skate Leg­end Ryan Sheck­ler
Shot 100% with the HD HERO2® cam­era & Wi-Fi Bac­Pac by GoPro.​com. What would you do...
pub­lished: 04 Jun 2012
105:08
Slash Live from New York: "Apoc­a­lyp­tic Love" Album Full Show (2012 HD)
Slash Live from New York: "Apoc­a­lyp­tic Love" Album Full Show in HD (23.05.2012) ...
pub­lished: 23 May 2012
4:00
"Fire" - Ny feat. Pur­ple (Full Video)
"Fire" The 1st Video from True Tiger, Ny & Pur­ple has land­ed and is get­ting ...
pub­lished: 26 Jan 2007
Au­thor: truetigertv
4:56
Nas - NY State of Mind (Live at #VEVOSXSW 2012)
Music video by Nas per­form­ing NY State of Mind (Live at #VEVOSXSW 2012)....
pub­lished: 22 Mar 2012
Au­thor: NasVE­VO
2:19
Rolling to the Fu­ture: NY Sub­ways Get Wi-Fi
Six New York City sub­way sta­tions are get­ting free wire­less in­ter­net. It's part of a p...
pub­lished: 07 Aug 2012
27:35
The Who at The Con­cert For New York City
The Who per­form "Who Are You", "Baba O'Riley", "Be­hind Blue E...
pub­lished: 15 Sep 2011
Au­thor: brodie­man1999
Vimeo results:
3:22
The Art of Mak­ing, Alma Fla­men­ca
Pieces of wood, love, knowl­edge and 299 hours of work, con­densed in a 3 minute film. The ...
pub­lished: 28 May 2012
3:46
El Cielo de Ca­narias / Ca­nary sky - Tener­ife
"El Cielo de Ca­narias" Re­al­iza­do y pro­duci­do por Daniel López. www.​elcielodecanarias.​com ...
pub­lished: 03 May 2011
Au­thor: Daniel López
4:03
N.Y. Adorned “Tra­di­tion”
www.​nyadorned.​com Di­rec­tor: Evan Den­nis www.​evandennis.​com Pro­duc­er: Evan Den­nis DOP: Za...
pub­lished: 08 Apr 2011
3:14
CA­NARIAS TIME­LAPSE
TIME­LAPSE AND SLOW­MO­TION 38 MIN DOC­U­MEN­TARY Avance del doc­u­men­tal CA­NARIAS TIME­LAPSE, de ...
pub­lished: 25 Mar 2009
Youtube results:
2:09
Cam­era Catch­es Dis­abled Beg­gar Woman in NY Scam­ming Peo­ple!
Woman in Man­hat­tan Caught on Cam­era Pos­ing as a Dis­abled Beg­gar and Tak­ing Ev­ery­one's ...
pub­lished: 29 Jul 2012
5:45
D-WHY - "New York Times" (Of­fi­cial Short Film / Music Video)
This song is on D-WHY's all-orig­i­nal debut FREE ALBUM! 'Don't Flat­ter Your­self...
pub­lished: 13 Aug 2012
7:21
Wel­come to New York City, city guide (orig­i­nal DVD 60min.)
City guide of New York nar­rat­ed in En­glish. www.​creativesystemservices.​net...
pub­lished: 02 Aug 2007
Au­thor: iwafrank
2:12
Donut Ice Cream Sand­wich­es. Enough Said. - NY CHOW Re­port
**After two great years, the NY CHOW Re­port is com­ing to an end. Catch the se­ries fi­nale i...
pub­lished: 20 Aug 2012
Au­thor: CHOW


Photo: AP / Rafiq Maqbool
Indian policemen escort political cartoonist Aseem Trivedi, center in black as they leave a court in Mumbai, India, Monday, Sept. 10, 2012.
Indian Express
10 Sep 2012
Supporters and family members of cartoonist Aseem Trivedi, arrested for allegedly posting seditious content on his web portal, today protested outside the residence of Coal Minister Sriprakash...



Photo: AP / Chris Pizzello
ARCHIV: US-Starlet Kim Kardashian posiert bei der Veranstaltung "Us Weekly Hot Hollywood Style" (Foto vom 17.04.12) in Hollywood in den Vereinigten Staaten. Kardashian verdankt ihre Prominenz dem Internet. Sie waere heute nicht so beruehmt, wenn es die sozialen Netzwerke im World Wide Web nicht gaebe, sagte die 31-jaehrige Unternehmerin der Onlineausgabe der US-Zeitschrift "Paper". (zu dapd-Text)
The Examiner
09 Sep 2012
Related topics Kim KardashianKUWTK Advertisement Kim Kardashian's appearance at Club Hush in Charlotte, North Carolina was kind of a bust. The reality star showed up, hoping to see tons of screaming...



Photo: AP / Rahimullah Yousafzai
al Qaida leader Osama bin Laden speaks to a selected group of reporters in mountains of Helmand province in southern Afghanistan A person familiar with developments said Sunday, May 1, 2011 that bin Laden is dead and the U.S. has the body.
WorldNews.com
11 Sep 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. When Osama bin Laden, former leader of al Qaeda and master mind behind the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks, wrote in 2004, "Our actions are but a reaction to...



Photo: AP / Emad Matti
Citizens and security forces inspect the scene of a car bomb attack in Kirkuk, 290 kilometers (180 miles) north of Baghdad, Iraq, Friday, Sept 7, 2012.
Indian Express
10 Sep 2012
A series of bombs ripped through mainly Shi'ite Baghdad districts on Sunday after Iraq's fugitive Vice President Tareq al-Hashemi was sentenced to death, ending one of the bloodiest days of the year...



Photo: AP / Nabil al-Jurani
Security forces inspect the scene of a car bomb attack in Basra, 340 miles (550 kilometers) southeast of Baghdad, Iraq, Sunday, Sept. 9, 2012.
Gulf News
09 Sep 2012
Baghdad: A series of more than 20 attacks across Iraq killed 52 people and wounded more than 250 on Saturday and Sunday, security and medical officials said, with targets including security forces and...





Photo: AP / Pablo Martinez Monsivais
President Barack Obama, right, is picked-up and lifted off the ground by Scott Van Duzer, left, owner of Big Apple Pizza and Pasta Italian Restaurant during an unannounced stop, Sunday, Sept. 9, 2012, in Ft. Pierce, Fla.
The New York Times
10 Sep 2012
On Sunday, Scott Van Duzer became the Obama campaign’s favorite Republican bench-pressing pizza-parlor owner when he lifted President Obama off the floor during a surprise hug in his Florida...



Photo: AP / Esteban Felix
A Nicaraguan National Police officer patrols on a road blanketed with volcanic ash spewed from the San Cristobal volcano, near Chinandega, Nicaragua, Saturday, Sept. 8, 2012.
Yahoo Daily News
09 Sep 2012
MANAGUA (Reuters) - Nicaragua's highest volcano belched an ash plume up to 3 miles into the atmosphere on Saturday, prompting the evacuation of hundreds of nearby residents. There were no immediate...



Photo: WN / Aruna Gilbert
Rob Thomas, lead singer of the band Matchbox Twenty performing at Hard Rock Live in Hollywood, Florida on September 23, 2009 during the start of his Cradlesong 09 tour.
The Examiner
09 Sep 2012
Related topics CelebrityFNORob ThomasMatchbox TwentybloomingdalesNYC Advertisement While Rob Thomas awaited the arrival of the three other band members that together make up Matchbox Twenty, he was...



North Jersey VALHALLA, N.Y. (AP) — Westchester County is urging its residents to do good deeds on 9/11 — and beyond....(size: 3.3Kb)
North Jersey NEW YORK (AP) — Americans paused again Tuesday to mark the 11th anniversary of the Sept. 11, 2001, terror attacks with familiar ceremony, but also a sense that it's time to move forward after a decade of remembrance....(size: 11.9Kb)
New York Post Online A popular dance crew that’s waltzed its way to fame on “America’s Got Talent” nearly got the boot from a New York hotel because of rowdy behavior, according to a...(size: 1.2Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle AMSTERDAM, N.Y. (AP) — A 30-year-old man is scheduled to be arraigned charges he stabbed two people to death in...(size: 0.8Kb)
Herald Tribune CHEEKTOWAGA, N.Y. - Authorities say 8-year-old boy escaped injury after taking his mother's car for a spin through his suburban Buffalo, N.Y., neighborhood and hitting several objects before his joy ride ended on a neighbor's lawn. Police in the town of Cheektowaga (cheek-tuh-WAH'-guh) tell media...(size: 4.6Kb)
Newsday (AP) -- All sorts of musical styles will be featured at a Central Park 9/11 sing-along. But there's one over-arching theme: peace. The Peace of Heart Choir is holding the sing-along Tuesday afternoon at Merchant's Gate of Central Park. The songs include "Let There Be Peace" and "Peace, Salaam,...(size: 5.8Kb)
Star Tribune CHEEKTOWAGA, N.Y. - Authorities say 8-year-old boy escaped injury after taking his mother's car for a spin through his suburban Buffalo, N.Y.,...(size: 0.9Kb)
The Leaf Chronicle NEW YORK (AP) — Americans paused again Tuesday to mark the 11th anniversary of the Sept. 11, 2001, terror attacks with familiar ceremony, but also a sense that it’s time to move forward after a decade of remembrance. As in past years, thousands were expected to gather at the World Trade Center site...(size: 6.5Kb)
State of New York
Flag of New York State seal of New York
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): The Empire State
Motto(s): Excelsior (Latin)[1]
Ever upward
Map of the United States with New York highlighted
Demonym New Yorker
Capital Albany
Largest city New York City
Largest metro area New York City Metropolitan Area
Area  Ranked 27th in the U.S.
 - Total 54,556[2] sq mi
(141,300 km2)
 - Width 285 miles (455 km)
 - Length 330 miles (530 km)
 - % water 13.5
 - Latitude 40° 30′ N to 45° 1′ N
 - Longitude 71° 51′ W to 79° 46′ W
Population  Ranked 3rd in the U.S.
 - Total 19,465,197 (2011 est)[3]
 - Density 412/sq mi  (159/km2)
Ranked 7th in the U.S.
Elevation  
 - Highest point Mount Marcy[4][5][6]
5,343 ft (1628.57 m)
 - Mean 1,000 ft  (300 m)
 - Lowest point Atlantic Ocean[5][6]
sea level
Admission to Union  July 26, 1788 (11th)
Governor Andrew Cuomo (D)
Lieutenant Governor Robert Duffy (D)
Legislature New York Legislature
 - Upper house State Senate
 - Lower house State Assembly
U.S. Senators Charles Schumer (D)
Kirsten Gillibrand (D)
U.S. House delegation 21 Democrats,
8 Republicans
(list)
Time zone Eastern: UTC-5/-4
Abbreviations NY US-NY
Website www.ny.gov

New York (/nj ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] ( listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.

New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.

New York was inhabited by various tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian speaking Native American tribes at the time Dutch settlers moved into the region in the early 17th century. In 1609, the region was first claimed by Henry Hudson for the Dutch. Fort Nassau was built near the site of the present-day capital of Albany in 1614. The Dutch soon also settled New Amsterdam and parts of the Hudson River Valley, establishing the colony of New Netherland. The British took over the colony by annexation in 1664.

The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were roughly similar to those of the present-day state. About one third of all the battles of the Revolutionary War took place in New York. The state constitution was enacted in 1777. New York became the 11th state to ratify the United States Constitution, on July 26, 1788.

Contents

History[link]

17th century[link]

Henry Hudson's 1609 voyage marked the beginning of the European involvement with that area. Sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year. After his return word of his findings quickly spread and Dutch merchants began to explore the coast in search for profitable fur trade. During the 17th century, Dutch trading posts established for the trade of pelts from the Lenape, Iroquois and other indigenous peoples expanded into the colony of New Netherland. The first of these trading posts were Fort Nassau (1614, near present-day Albany); Fort Orange (1624, on the Hudson River just south of the current city of Albany and created to replace Fort Nassau), developing into settlement Beverwijck (1647), and into what became Albany; Fort Amsterdam (1625, to develop into the town New Amsterdam which is present-day New York City); and Esopus, (1653, now Kingston). The success of the patroonship of Rensselaerswyck (1630), which surrounded Albany and lasted until the mid 19th century, was also a key factor in the early success of the colony. The English captured the colony during the Second Anglo-Dutch War and governed it as the Province of New York. The city of New York was recaptured by the Dutch once again in 1673 during the Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–1674) and renamed New Orange, but returned to the English under the terms of the Treaty of Westminster a year later.[7]

American Revolution[link]

New York in 1777

The Sons of Liberty were organized in New York City during the 1760s, largely in response to the oppressive Stamp Act passed by the British Parliament in 1765. The Stamp Act Congress met in the city on October 19 of that year: a gathering of representatives from across the Thirteen Colonies that set the stage for the Continental Congress to follow. The Stamp Act Congress resulted in the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which was the first written expression by representatives of the Americans of many of the rights and complaints later expressed in the United States Declaration of Independence, including the right to representative government.

The Capture of Fort Ticonderoga provided the cannon and gunpowder necessary to force a British withdrawal from the Siege of Boston in 1775.

New York endorsed the Declaration of Independence on July 9, 1776.[8] The New York state constitution was framed by a convention which assembled at White Plains, New York on July 10, 1776, and after repeated adjournments and changes of location, terminated its labors at Kingston, New York on Sunday evening, April 20, 1777, when the new constitution drafted by John Jay was adopted with but one dissenting vote. It was not submitted to the people for ratification. On July 30, 1777, George Clinton was inaugurated as the first Governor of New York at Kingston.

The first major battle of the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared—and the largest battle of the entire war—was fought in New York at the Battle of Long Island (a.k.a. Battle of Brooklyn) in August 1776. British victory made New York City their military and political base of operations in North America for the duration of the conflict, and consequently the center of attention for General George Washington's intelligence network.

The notorious British prison ships of Wallabout Bay saw more American combatants die of intentional neglect than were killed in combat in every battle of the war, combined.

The first of two major British armies were captured by the Continental Army at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777, influencing France to ally with the revolutionaries.

In an attempt to retain their sovereignty and remain an independent nation positioned between the new United States and British North America, four of the Iroquois nations fought on the side of the British; only the Oneidas and their dependents the Tuscaroras allied themselves to the Americans.[9] The Sullivan Expedition of 1778 and 1779 destroyed nearly 50 Iroquois villages and adjacent croplands, forcing many refugees to British-held Niagara.[10] As allies of the British, the Iroquois were resettled in Canada after the war. In the treaty settlement, the British ceded most Indian lands to the new United States. Because New York made treaty with the Iroquois without getting Congressional approval, some of the land purchases are the subject of modern-day claims by the individual tribes. More than 5 million acres (20,000 km2) of former Iroquois territory was put up for sale in the years after the Revolutionary War, leading to rapid development in upstate New York.[11] As per the Treaty of Paris, the last vestige of British authority in the former Thirteen Colonies—their troops in New York City—departed in 1783, which was long afterwards celebrated as Evacuation Day.[12]

Following heated debate, which included the publication of the now quintessential constitutional interpretation—the Federalist Papers—as a series of installments in New York City newspapers, New York was the 11th state to ratify the United States Constitution, on July 26, 1788.[13]

19th century[link]

The creation of the Erie Canal led to rapid industrialization in New York.

Transportation in western New York was difficult before canals were built in the early part of the 19th century. The Hudson and Mohawk Rivers could be navigated only as far as Central New York. While the St. Lawrence River could be navigated to Lake Ontario, the way westward to the other Great Lakes was blocked by Niagara Falls, and so the only route to western New York was over land.

Governor DeWitt Clinton strongly advocated building a canal to connect the Hudson River with Lake Erie, and thus all the Great Lakes. Work commenced in 1817, and the Erie Canal was finished in 1825. It was considered an engineering marvel. Packet boats traveled up and down the canal with sightseers and visitors on board.[14] The canal opened up vast areas of New York to commerce and settlement. It enabled Great Lakes port cities such as Buffalo and Rochester to grow and prosper. It also connected the burgeoning agricultural production of the Midwest and shipping on the Great Lakes, with the port of New York City. Improving transportation, it enabled additional population migration to territories west of New York.

Ellis Island[link]

Ellis Island immigration footage.ogg
Scenes at the Immigration Depot and a nearby dock on Ellis Island
Ellis Island in 1905

Ellis Island was the main facility for immigrants, entering the United States in the late 19th century to the mid 20th century. It was opened when the federal government took over the responsibility for processing immigrants, prior to that it was the responsibility of the states. It replaced the prior New York State immigration center located at Castle Clinton, a War of 1812 era fort located in what is today Battery Park, through which at least 8 million immigrants such as Harry Houdini, passed through from 1855–1890.[15]

Ellis Island operated as an immigration center from January 1, 1892, until November 12, 1954. It is owned by the Federal government and is now part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument, under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. It is situated in New York Harbor, between two states and cities, Jersey City, New Jersey and New York City, New York.

More than 12 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island, between 1892 and 1954. After 1924, when the National Origins Act was passed, the only immigrants to pass through there were displaced persons or war refugees.[16] Today, over 100 million Americans can trace their ancestry to the immigrants, who first arrived in America through Castle Clinton and Ellis Island, before dispersing to points all over the country. Ellis Island was the subject of a border dispute between New York State and New Jersey. The issue was settled in 1998 by the U.S. Supreme Court which ruled that the original 3.3 acre island was New York State territory and that the balance of the 27.5 acres (11 ha) added after 1834 by landfill was in New Jersey.

Statue of Liberty[link]

The Statue of Liberty, designed by Frédéric Bartholdi, was a gift from France to the United States to mark the Centennial of the American Declaration of Independence. The idea of giving a colossal representation of republican virtues to a "sister" republic, across the sea, served as a focus for the republican cause against other politicians. The Statue of Liberty was dedicated in New York Harbor on October 28, 1886.

Liberty Island closed on September 11, 2001; the island reopened in December, the monument reopened on August 3, 2004, but the statue remained closed until the summer of 2009. The National Park Service claims that the statue is not shut because of a terrorist threat, but principally because of a long list of fire regulation contraventions, including inadequate evacuation procedures. The museum and ten-story pedestal are open for visitors, but are only accessible if visitors have a "Monument Access Pass", which is a reservation that visitors must make in advance of their visit and pick up before boarding the ferry. There are a maximum of 3000 passes available each day, with a total of 15,000 visitors to the island daily. The interior of the statue remains closed, although a glass ceiling in the pedestal allows for views of Gustave Eiffel's iron framework of Lady Liberty.

Geography[link]

New York terrain.
Map of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers.

New York covers 54,556 square miles (141,300 km2) and ranks as the 27th largest state by size.[2] The Great Appalachian Valley dominates eastern New York, while Lake Champlain is the chief northern feature of the valley, which also includes the Hudson River flowing southward to the Atlantic Ocean. The rugged Adirondack Mountains, with vast tracts of wilderness, lie west of the valley.

Most of the southern part of the state is on the Allegheny Plateau, which rises from the southeast to the Catskill Mountains. The western section of the state is drained by the Allegheny River and rivers of the Susquehanna and Delaware systems. The Delaware River Basin Compact, signed in 1961 by New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and the federal government, regulates the utilization of water of the Delaware system. The highest elevation in New York is Mount Marcy in the Adirondacks.[17]

New York's borders touch (clockwise from the west) two Great Lakes (Erie and Ontario, which are connected by the Niagara River); the provinces of Ontario and Quebec in Canada; Lake Champlain; three New England states (Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut); the Atlantic Ocean, and two Mid-Atlantic States, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. In addition, Rhode Island shares a water border with New York. New York is the only state that touches both the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean, and is the second-largest of the original Thirteen Colonies.

In contrast with New York City's urban atmosphere, the vast majority of the state is dominated by farms, forests, rivers, mountains, and lakes. New York's Adirondack Park is the largest state park in the United States. It is larger than the Yellowstone, Yosemite, Grand Canyon, Glacier and Olympic National Parks combined.[18] New York established the first state park in the United States at Niagara Falls in 1885. Niagara Falls, on the Niagara River as it flows from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, is a popular attraction.

The Hudson River begins at Lake Tear of the Clouds and flows south through the eastern part of the state without draining Lakes George or Champlain. Lake George empties at its north end into Lake Champlain, whose northern end extends into Canada, where it drains into the Richelieu and then the St. Lawrence Rivers. Four of New York City's five boroughs are on three islands at the mouth of the Hudson River: Manhattan Island; Staten Island; and Long Island, which contains Brooklyn and Queens on its western end.

Upstate and downstate are often used informally to distinguish New York City or its greater metropolitan area from the rest of New York State. The placement of a boundary between the two is a matter of great contention.[19] Unofficial and loosely defined regions of Upstate New York include the Southern Tier, which often includes the counties along the border with Pennsylvania,[20] and the North Country, which can mean anything from the strip along the Canadian border to everything north of the Mohawk River.[21]

Climate[link]

Lake-effect snow is a major contributor to snowfall totals in western New York.

In general, New York has a humid continental climate, though under the Köppen climate classification, New York City has a humid subtropical climate.[22] Weather in New York is heavily influenced by two continental air masses: a warm, humid one from the southwest and a cold, dry one from the northwest.

The winters are long and cold in the Plateau Divisions of the state. In the majority of winter seasons, a temperature of −13 °F (−25 °C) or lower can be expected in the northern highlands (Northern Plateau) and 5 °F (−15 °C) or colder in the southwestern and east-central highlands (Southern Plateau). The summer climate is cool in the Adirondacks, Catskills and higher elevations of the Southern Plateau.

The New York City/Long Island area and lower portions of the Hudson Valley have rather warm summers by comparison, with some periods of high, uncomfortable humidity. The remainder of New York State enjoys pleasantly warm summers, marred by only occasional, brief intervals of sultry conditions. Summer daytime temperatures usually range from the upper 70s to mid 80s °F (25 to 30 °C), over much of the state.

New York ranks 46th among the 50 states in the amount of greenhouse gases generated per person. This relative efficiency is primarily due to the state's higher rate of mass transit use.[23]

Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities[24] (Fahrenheit)
City  Jan   Feb   Mar    Apr   May   Jun   Jul   Aug   Sep   Oct   Nov   Dec 
Albany max
min
31
13
34
16
44
25
57
36
70
46
78
55
82
60
80
58
71
50
60
39
48
31
36
20
Binghamton max
min
28
15
31
17
41
25
53
35
66
46
73
54
78
59
76
57
68
50
57
40
44
31
33
21
Buffalo max
min
31
18
33
19
42
26
54
36
66
48
75
57
80
62
78
60
70
53
59
43
47
34
36
24
Lake Placid max
min
27
5
32
8
40
16
54
29
66
39
74
48
78
53
76
51
69
44
56
34
44
25
32
12
Long Beach max
min
39
23
40
24
48
31
58
40
69
49
77
60
83
66
82
64
75
57
64
45
54
36
44
28
New York City max
min
38
26
41
28
50
35
61
44
71
54
79
63
84
69
82
68
75
60
64
50
53
41
43
32
Rochester max
min
31
17
33
17
43
25
55
35
68
46
77
55
81
60
79
59
71
51
60
41
47
33
36
23
Syracuse max
min
31
14
34
16
43
24
56
35
68
46
77
55
82
60
80
59
71
51
60
40
47
32
36
21
Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities (Celsius)
City  Jan   Feb   Mar    Apr   May   Jun   Jul   Aug   Sep   Oct   Nov   Dec 
Albany max
min
−1
−11
1
−9
7
−4
14
2
21
8
26
13
28
16
27
14
22
10
16
4
9
−1
2
−7
Binghamton max
min
−2
−9
−1
−8
5
−4
12
2
19
8
23
12
26
15
24
14
20
10
14
4
7
−1
1
−6
Buffalo max
min
−1
−8
1
−7
6
−3
12
2
19
9
24
14
27
17
26
16
21
12
15
6
8
1
2
−4
Lake Placid max
min
−3
−15
0
−13
4
−9
12
−2
19
4
23
9
26
12
24
11
21
7
13
1
7
−4
0
−11
Long Beach max
min
4
−5
4
−4
9
−1
14
4
21
9
25
16
28
19
28
18
24
14
18
7
12
2
7
−2
New York City max
min
3
−3
5
−2
10
2
16
7
22
12
26
17
29
21
28
20
24
16
18
10
12
5
6
0
Rochester max
min
−1
−8
1
−8
6
−4
13
2
20
8
25
13
27
16
26
15
22
11
16
5
8
1
2
−5
Syracuse max
min
−1
−10
1
−9
6
−4
13
2
20
8
25
13
28
16
27
15
22
11
16
4
8
0
2
−6
Converted from Fahrenheit data (above)

State parks[link]

Two major parks in the state are the Adirondack Park and Catskill Park.

New York has many state parks and two major forest preserves. Adirondack Park, roughly the size of the state of Vermont and the largest state park in the United States, was established in 1892 and given state constitutional protection to remain "forever wild" in 1894. The thinking that led to the creation of the Park first appeared in George Perkins Marsh's Man and Nature, published in 1864. Marsh argued that deforestation could lead to desertification; referring to the clearing of once-lush lands surrounding the Mediterranean, he asserted "the operation of causes set in action by man has brought the face of the earth to a desolation almost as complete as that of the moon."

The Catskill Park was protected in legislation passed in 1885,[25] which declared that its land was to be conserved and never put up for sale or lease. Consisting of 700,000 acres (2,800 km2) of land,[25] the park is a habitat for bobcats, minks and fishers. There are some 400 black bears living in the region. The state operates numerous campgrounds and there are over 300 miles (480 km) of multi-use trails in the Park.

The Montauk Point State Park boasts the 1797 Montauk Lighthouse, commissioned under President George Washington, which is a major tourist attraction on the easternmost tip of Long Island. Hither Hills park offers camping and is a popular destination with surfcasting sport fishermen.

Counties[link]

Map of the counties in New York

New York is divided into 62 counties:

Regions[link]

New York State is divided into eleven regions by the Department of Economic Development:[26]

Regions of New York as defined by the New York State Department of Economic Development
  1. Chautaugua–Allegheny
  2. Niagara Frontier
  3. Finger Lakes
  4. Thousand Islands
  5. Central Region (formerly Central-Leatherstocking)
  6. Adirondack Mountains
  7. Catskill Mountains
  8. Hudson Valley
  9. Capital District
  10. New York City
  11. Long Island

New York State is sometimes divided into eight major regions:[27]

New York State is divided into ten regions by the Department of Economic Development:[28]

  • Western New York (counties: Niagara, Erie, Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, and Allegany)
  • Finger Lakes (counties: Orleans, Genesse, Wyoming, Monroe, Livingston, Wayne, Ontario, Yates, and Seneca)
  • Central New York (counties: Cortland, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oswego, and Madison)
  • Southern Tier (counties: Steuben, Schuyler, Chemung, Tompkins, Tioga, Chenango, and Broome)
  • North Country New York (counties: St. Lawrence, Lewis, Jefferson, Hamilton, Essex, Clinton, and Franklin)
  • Capital District (counties: Albany, Columbia, Greene, Warren, Washington, Saratoga, Schenectady, and Rennselaer)
  • Mohawk Valley (counties: Oneida, Herkimer, Fulton, Montogomery, Otsego, and Schoharie)
  • Hudson Valley (counties: Sullivan, Ulster, Dutchess, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, and Westchester)
  • New York City (counties: New York, Bronx, Queens, Kings, and Richmond)
  • Long Island (counties: Nassau and Suffolk)

Cities[link]

There are 62 cities in New York. The largest city in the state and the most populous city in the United States is New York City, which comprises five counties (boroughs): the Bronx, New York (Manhattan), Queens, Kings (Brooklyn), and Richmond (Staten Island). New York City is home to more than two-fifths of the state's population.

The following are the ten largest cities in New York:[29]

  1. New York City (8,175,133)
  2. Buffalo (261,310)
  3. Rochester (210,565)
  4. Yonkers (195,976)
  5. Syracuse (145,170)
  6. Albany (97,856)
  7. New Rochelle (77,062)
  8. Mount Vernon (67,292)
  9. Schenectady (66,135)
  10. Utica (62,235)

The location of these cities within the state stays remarkably true to the major transportation and trade routes in the early 19th century, primarily the Erie Canal and railroads paralleling it. Today, Interstate 90 acts as a modern counterpart to commercial water routes.

Grouped by metropolitan statistical area,[30] the following are the twelve largest population centers in the state are:

  1. New York City (18,897,109 in NY/NJ/PA, 12,368,525 in NY)
  2. Buffalo-Niagara Falls (1,135,509)
  3. Rochester (1,054,323)
  4. Albany and the Capital District (870,716)
  5. Poughkeepsie and the Hudson Valley (670,301)
  6. Syracuse (662,577)
  7. Utica-Rome (299,397)
  8. Binghamton (251,725)
  9. Kingston (182,493)
  10. Glens Falls (128,923)
  11. Ithaca (101,564)
  12. Elmira (88,830)

The smallest city is Sherrill, New York, located just west of the Town of Vernon in Oneida County. Albany is the state capital, and the Town of Hempstead is the civil township with the largest population. If it were a city, it would be the second largest in the state with over 700,000 residents.

The southern tip of New York State—New York City, its suburbs including Long Island, the southern portion of the Hudson Valley, and most of northern New Jersey—can be considered to form the central core of the Northeast megalopolis", a super-city stretching from the northern suburbs of Boston south to the Virginia suburbs of Washington D.C..

Demographics[link]

Historical populations
Census Pop.
1790 340,120
1800 589,051 73.2%
1810 959,049 62.8%
1820 1,372,812 43.1%
1830 1,918,608 39.8%
1840 2,428,921 26.6%
1850 3,097,394 27.5%
1860 3,880,735 25.3%
1870 4,382,759 12.9%
1880 5,082,871 16.0%
1890 6,003,174 18.1%
1900 7,268,894 21.1%
1910 9,113,614 25.4%
1920 10,385,227 14.0%
1930 12,588,066 21.2%
1940 13,479,142 7.1%
1950 14,830,192 10.0%
1960 16,782,304 13.2%
1970 18,236,967 8.7%
1980 17,558,072 −3.7%
1990 17,990,455 2.5%
2000 18,976,457 5.5%
2010 19,378,102 2.1%
Sources: 1910–2010 1790–1900[31]

Population[link]

New York population distribution map

The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of New York was 19,465,197 on July 1, 2011, a 0.45% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[3] In spite of the open land in the state, New York's population is very urban, with 92% of residents living in an urban area.[32]

New York is a slowly growing state with a large rate of domestic migration to other states. In 2000 and 2005, more people moved from New York to Florida than from any one state to another.[33] However, New York State is one of the leading destinations for international immigration and thus has the second largest immigrant population in the country of the American states, at 4.2 million as of 2008. Although Upstate New York receives considerable immigration, most of the state's immigrants settle in and around New York City, due to its more vibrant economy and cosmopolitan culture.

The center of population of New York is located in Orange County, in the town of Deerpark.[34] New York City and its eight suburban counties (excluding those in New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania) have a combined population of 13,209,006 people, or 68.42% of the state's population.[35]

Racial and ancestral makeup[link]

New York population ethnicity map

According to the US Census Bureau, the 2010 racial makeup of New York State was as follows:[36]

  • White – 65.7%
  • Hispanic or Latino (of any race) – 17.6%
  • Black or African American – 15.9%
  • Asian – 7.3% (3.0% Chinese, 1.6% Indian, 0.7% Korean, 0.5% Filipino, 0.3% Pakistani, 0.3% Bangladeshi, 0.2% Japanese, 0.1% Vietnamese)
  • Two or more races – 3.0%
  • Native American/American Indian – 0.6%

The major ancestry groups in New York State are African American (15.8%), Italian (14.4%), Irish (12.9%), German (11.1%) and English (6%).[37] According to a 2004 estimate, 20.4% of the population is foreign-born.

The state's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, has declined from 94.6% in 1940 to 58.3% in 2010.[36][38]

New York is home to the largest African American population and the second largest Asian American population in the United States. In addition it is home to the largest Puerto Rican, Dominican and Jamaican American populations in the continental United States. The New York City neighborhood of Harlem has historically been a major cultural capital for African-Americans of sub-Saharan descent, and Bedford Stuyvesant is the largest such population in the United States.

Queens, also in New York City, is home to the state's largest Asian-American population, and is also the most diverse county in the United States. The second highest volume of Asian-Americans is in Manhattan's Chinatown. The neighborhood of Flushing in Queens is also a prime center of Chinese and Korean populations, as well as businesses owned by and catering to its' Asian-American community. Queens is home to the largest Andean population (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian and Bolivian) population in the United States.

In the 2000 Census, Italian Americans made up the largest ancestral group in Staten Island and Long Island, followed by Irish Americans. Albany and southeast-central New York also have populations with many of Irish-American and Italian-American descent. In Buffalo and western New York, German Americans are the largest group; in the northern tip of the state, French Canadians are. Americans of English ancestry are present throughout all of upstate New York. New York State has a higher number of Italian Americans than any other U.S. state.

6.5% of New York's population were under 5 years of age, 24.7% under 18, and 12.9% were 65 or older. Females made up 51.8% of the population.

According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 13.61% of the population aged 5 and over speak Spanish at home, while 2.04% speak Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin), 1.65% Italian, and 1.23% Russian.[39]

Largest cities[link]

Religion[link]

Catholics comprise more than 40% of the population in New York.[40] Protestants are 30% of the population, Jews 8.4%, Muslims 3.5%, Buddhists 1%, and 13% claim no religious affiliation. The largest Protestant denominations are the United Methodist Church with 403,362; the American Baptist Churches USA with 203,297; and the Episcopal Church with 201,797 adherents.[41]

Economy[link]

New York quarter, reverse side, 2001.jpg
The New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by total market capitalization of its listed companies.[42]
LineartPresRev.png
Midtown Manhattan in New York City, the largest central business district in the United States

New York's gross state product in 2010 was $1.16 trillion, ranking third in size behind the larger states of California and Texas.[43] If New York were an independent nation, it would rank as the 16th largest economy in the world behind Turkey. Its 2007 per capita personal income was $46,364, placing it sixth in the nation behind Maryland, and eighth in the world behind Ireland. New York's agricultural outputs are dairy products, cattle and other livestock, vegetables, nursery stock, and apples. Its industrial outputs are printing and publishing, scientific instruments, electric equipment, machinery, chemical products, and tourism.

A recent review by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities found 13 states, including several of the nation's largest, face budget shortfalls for FY2009. New York faces a deficit that could be as large as $4.3 billion.[44]

New York exports a wide variety of goods such as foodstuffs, commodities, minerals, computers and electronics, cut diamonds, and automobile parts. In 2007, the state exported a total of $71.1 billion worth of goods, with the five largest foreign export markets being Canada ($15 billion), United Kingdom ($6 billion), Switzerland ($5.9 billion), Israel ($4.9 billion), and Hong Kong ($3.4 billion). New York's largest imports are oil, gold, aluminum, natural gas, electricity, rough diamonds, and lumber.

Canada is a very important economic partner for the state. 21% of the state's total worldwide exports went to Canada in 2007. Tourism from the north is also a large part of the economy. Canadians spent US$487 million in 2004 while visiting the state.

New York City is the leading center of banking, finance and communication in the United States and is the location of the New York Stock Exchange, the largest stock exchange in the world by dollar volume. Many of the world's largest corporations are based in the city.

The state also has a large manufacturing sector that includes printing and the production of garments, furs, railroad equipment and bus line vehicles. Many of these industries are concentrated in upstate regions. Albany and the Hudson Valley are major centers of nanotechnology and microchip manufacturing, while the Rochester area is important in photographic equipment and imaging.

New York is a major agricultural producer, ranking among the top five states for agricultural products such as dairy, apples, cherries, cabbage, potatoes, onions, maple syrup and many others. The state is the largest producer of cabbage in the U.S. The state has about a quarter of its land in farms and produced US$3.4 billion in agricultural products in 2001. The south shore of Lake Ontario provides the right mix of soils and microclimate for many apple, cherry, plum, pear and peach orchards. Apples are also grown in the Hudson Valley and near Lake Champlain.

New York is the nation's third-largest grape-producing state, behind California, and second-largest wine producer by volume. The south shore of Lake Erie and the southern Finger Lakes hillsides have many vineyards. In addition, the North Fork of Long Island developed vineyards, production and visitors' facilities in the last three decades of the 20th century. In 2004, New York's wine and grape industry brought US$6 billion into the state economy.

The state has 30,000 acres (120 km2) of vineyards, 212 wineries, and produced 200 million bottles of wine in 2004. A moderately sized saltwater commercial fishery is located along the Atlantic side of Long Island. The principal catches by value are clams, lobsters, squid, and flounder. These areas of the economy have been increasing as environmental protection has led to an increase in ocean wildlife.

As of January 2010, the state's unemployment rate was 8.8%.[45]

Transportation[link]

New York State Thruway
The New York City Subway serves more than 5 million rides on a given weekday

New York has one of the most extensive and one of the oldest transportation infrastructures in the country. Engineering difficulties because of the terrain of the state and the unique issues of the city brought on by urban crowding have had to be overcome since the state was young. Population expansion of the state generally followed the path of the early waterways, first the Hudson River and then the Erie Canal. Today, railroad lines and the New York State Thruway follow the same general route. The New York State Department of Transportation is often criticized for how they maintain the roads of the state in certain areas and for the fact that the tolls collected along the roadway have long passed their original purpose. Until 2006, tolls were collected on the Thruway within The City of Buffalo. They were dropped late in 2006 during the campaign for Governor (both candidates called for their removal).

In addition to New York City's famous mass transit subway, four suburban commuter railroad systems enter and leave the city: the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, Port Authority Trans-Hudson, and five of New Jersey Transit's rail lines. Many other cities have urban and regional public transportation. In Buffalo, the Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority runs the Buffalo Metro Rail light-rail system; in Rochester, the Rochester Subway operated from 1927 until 1956 but has fallen into disuse.

License plate introduced on April 1, 2010 for vehicles registered in New York State.
Former License plate design introduced in 2001

The New York State Department of Motor Vehicles (NYSDMV or DMV) is the governmental agency responsible for registering and inspecting automobiles and other motor vehicles as well as licensing drivers in the State of New York. As of 2008, the NYSDMV has 11,284,546 drivers licenses on file[46] and 10,697,644 vehicle registrations in force.[47] All gasoline powered vehicles registered in New York State must get an emissions inspection every 12 months. Diesel powered vehicles with a Gross Weight Rating over 8 500 lb that are registered in the NY Metropolitan Area must get an annual emissions inspection. All vehicles registered in NYS must get an annual safety inspection.

Portions of the transportation system are intermodal, allowing travelers to easily switch from one mode of transportation to another. One of the most notable examples is AirTrain JFK which allows rail passengers to travel directly to terminals at John F. Kennedy International Airport.

In May 2009, the New York City Department of Transportation under the control of Transportation Commissioner Janette Sadik-Khan banned cars from Times Square in a move designed to improve traffic flow and reduce pollution and pedestrian accidents.[48] On February 11, 2010, Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced that the pedestrian plazas would remain permanent.[49]

Politics and government[link]

The New York State Capitol building in Albany.

Under its present constitution (adopted in 1938), New York is governed by the same three branches that govern all fifty states of the United States: the executive branch, consisting of the Governor of New York and the other independently elected constitutional officers; the legislative branch, consisting of the bicameral New York State Legislature (senate and assembly); and the judicial branch, consisting of the state's highest court, the New York Court of Appeals, and lower courts. The state has two U.S. senators, 29 members in the United States House of Representatives, and 31 electoral votes in national presidential elections (a drop from its 47 votes during the 1940s).

New York's capital is Albany. The state's subordinate political units are its 62 counties. Other officially incorporated governmental units are towns, cities, and villages. New York has more than 4,200 local governments that take one of these forms. About 52% of all revenue raised by local governments in the state is raised solely by the government of New York City, which is the largest municipal government in the United States, whereas New York City houses only 42% of the state population.[50]

The state has a strong imbalance of payments with the federal government. New York State receives 82 cents in services for every $1 it sends in taxes to the federal government in Washington.[51] The state ranks near the bottom, in 42nd place, in federal spending per tax dollar.[52]

Many of New York's public services are carried out by public benefit corporations, frequently called authorities or development corporations. Well known public benefit corporations in New York include the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which oversees New York City's public transportation system, and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, a bi-state transportation infrastructure agency.

New York's legal system is explicitly based upon English common Law.

Federal representation[link]

As of the 2000 census and the redistricting for the 2002 elections, the state has 29 members in the United States House of Representatives, and two U.S. senators. Two seats in the House will be lost in 2013 due to a decline in the state's rate of population growth.[53] New York has 31 electoral votes in national presidential elections (a drop from its 47 votes during the 1940s).

New York is represented by Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand in the United States Senate and has 29 representatives to the United States House of Representatives, behind California's 53 congressional districts and Texas' 32 congressional districts.

Capital punishment[link]

Capital punishment was reintroduced in 1995 under the Pataki administration but the statute was declared unconstitutional in 2004, when the New York Court of Appeals ruled in People v. LaValle that it violated the state constitution. The remaining death sentence was commuted by the court to life imprisonment in 2007, in People v. John Taylor, and the death row was disestablished in 2008, under executive order from Governor Paterson. No execution has taken place in New York since 1963. Legislative efforts to amend the statute have failed, and death sentences are no longer sought at the state level, though certain crimes that fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government are subject to the federal death penalty.[54][55][56]

Politics[link]

In the last few decades, New York State has generally supported candidates belonging to the Democratic Party in national elections. Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama won New York State by 25 percentage points in 2008, a bigger margin than John Kerry in 2004. New York City is a major Democratic stronghold with liberal politics. Many of the state's other urban areas, such as Albany, Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse are also Democratic. Rural upstate New York, however, is generally more conservative than the cities and tends to favor Republicans. Heavily populated Suburban areas such as Westchester County and Long Island have swung between the major parties over the past 25 years, but more often than not support Democrats.

Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.[57]

New York City is the most important source of political fund-raising in the United States for both major parties. Four of the top five zip codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top zip code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the 2000 presidential campaigns of both George W. Bush and Al Gore.[58]

Education[link]

The University of the State of New York oversees all public primary, middle-level, and secondary education in the state, while the New York City Department of Education manages the public school system in New York City. In 1894, reflecting general racial discrimination, the state passed a law that allowed communities to set up schools for children of African-American descent. In 1900, the state passed another law requiring integrated schools.[59]

At the post-secondary level, the statewide public university system is the State University of New York commonly refereed to as SUNY. New York City also has its own City University of New York which is additionally funded by the city. The SUNY system consists of 64 community colleges, technical colleges, undergraduate colleges, and doctoral-granting institutions including several universities. The four SUNY university centers, offering a wide array of academic programs, are University at Albany, Binghamton University, University at Buffalo and Stony Brook University.

In addition there are many notable private universities, including the oldest Catholic institution in the Northeast, Fordham University. New York is home to both Columbia University in New York City and Cornell University in Ithaca, making it the only state to contain more than one Ivy League school. Syracuse University is located in the City of Syracuse in Central New York. West Point, the service academy of the U.S. Army is located just south of Newburgh, on the banks of the Hudson River.

During the 2007–2008 school year, New York spent more per pupil on public education than any other state.[60]

Sports[link]

New York hosted the 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics at Lake Placid. The 1980 Games are known for the USA–USSR hockey game dubbed the "Miracle on Ice" in which a group of American college students and amateurs defeated the heavily favored Soviet national ice hockey team 4–3 and went on to win the gold medal against Finland. Along with St. Moritz, Switzerland and Innsbruck, Austria, Lake Placid is one of the three cities to have hosted the Winter Olympic Games twice. New York City bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics but lost to London.

New York is the home of one National Football League team, the Buffalo Bills (based in the suburb of Orchard Park). Although the New York Giants and New York Jets represent the New York metropolitan area and were previously located in New York City, they play in MetLife Stadium, located in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The Meadowlands stadium will host Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014. There has been much controversy over several proposals for a new New York Jets football stadium. The owners of the New York Jets were willing to split the $1.5 billion cost of building a new football stadium over Manhattan's West Side rail yards, but the proposal never came to fruition.

New York also has two Major League Baseball teams, the New York Yankees (based in the Bronx) and the New York Mets (based in Queens). New York is home to three National Hockey League franchises: the New York Rangers in Manhattan, the New York Islanders on Long Island and the Buffalo Sabres in Buffalo. New York has two National Basketball Association teams, the New York Knicks, in Manhattan, and the Brooklyn Nets in Brooklyn. There are a variety of minor league teams that can be found all through the State of New York, such as the Long Island Ducks.

See also[link]

References[link]

  1. ^ "New York State Motto". New York State Library. January 29, 2001. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070608031632/http%3A//www.nysl.nysed.gov/emblems/motto.htm. Retrieved November 16, 2007. 
  2. ^ a b "Land and Water Area of States (2000)". Infoplease.com. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108355.html. Retrieved April 11, 2008.  Note: This area is based on U.S. Census Bureau figures. Other sources such as The World Almanac and the Rand McNally World Atlas use an area of 49,576 square miles (128,400 km2), which would rank the state 30th.
  3. ^ a b "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011" (CSV). 2011 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2011. http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2011/tables/NST-EST2011-01.csv. Retrieved December 21, 2011. 
  4. ^ "Marcy". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=PG2096. Retrieved October 20, 2011. 
  5. ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html. Retrieved October 24, 2011. 
  6. ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
  7. ^ Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.),Exploring Historic Dutch New York. Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, New York (2011). ISBN 978-0-486-48637-6
  8. ^ "Declaration of Independence". history.com. Archived from the original on April 9, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080409165028/http%3A//www.history.com/minisites/fourthofjuly/viewPage%3FpageId%3D690. Retrieved April 10, 2008. 
  9. ^ Alan Taylor (2006). The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers, and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-45471-7. 
  10. ^ "Sullivan/Clinton Interactive Map Set". http://www.sullivanclinton.com/mapset/shell.swf. Retrieved August 30, 2010. 
  11. ^ Chen, David W. Battle Over Iroquois Land Claims Escalates [1] The New York Times. May 16, 2000. . Retrieved April 11, 2008.
  12. ^ "Happy Evacuation Day". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/daily_plants/daily_plant_main.php?id=19733. Retrieved April 12, 2008. 
  13. ^ "New York's Ratification". The U.S. Constitution Online. http://www.usconstitution.net/rat_ny.html. Retrieved April 10, 2008. 
  14. ^ "The Erie Canal: A Brief History". New York State Canals. http://www.nyscanals.gov/cculture/history/. Retrieved April 10, 2008. 
  15. ^ National Park Service: Castle Clinton
  16. ^ The Brown Quarterly, Volume 4, No. 1 (Fall 2000)—Ellis Island/Immigration Issue[dead link]
  17. ^ "Elevations and Distances in the United States". U.S Geological Survey. April 29, 2005. http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest. Retrieved November 6, 2006. 
  18. ^ About the Adirondack Park, Adirondack Park Agency. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
  19. ^ Eisenstadt, Peter, ed. (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. p. 1619. ISBN 978-0-8156-0808-0. 
  20. ^ Eisenstadt, Peter, ed. (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. p. 1437. ISBN 978-0-8156-0808-0. 
  21. ^ Eisenstadt, Peter, ed. (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. p. 1119. ISBN 978-0-8156-0808-0. 
  22. ^ "Climate of New York". New York State Climate Office – Cornell University. http://nysc.eas.cornell.edu/climate_of_ny.html. Retrieved April 10, 2008. 
  23. ^ The New York Post (June 3, 2007). "A Breath of Fresh New York Air". http://www.nypost.com/seven/06032007/news/regionalnews/a_breath_of_fresh_n_y__air_regionalnews_.htm. Retrieved June 6, 2007. [dead link]
  24. ^ "Typical High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities". US Travel Weather. http://www.ustravelweather.com/new-york/. Retrieved March 24, 2010. 
  25. ^ a b "Catskill Park History". catskillpark.org. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080705134653/http://www.catskillpark.org/history/history.htm. Retrieved April 11, 2008. 
  26. ^ "Map of eleven regions". Visitnewyorkstate.net. http://www.visitnewyorkstate.net/regions/. Retrieved October 2, 2010. 
  27. ^ "Map of the eight regions of New York". Nyeducationjobs.com. http://www.nyeducationjobs.com/Information%20Resources/members_new_york_map.htm. Retrieved October 2, 2010. 
  28. ^ "Age/sex/race in New York State: Based on Census 2010". 
  29. ^ "New York: History, Geography, Population, and State Facts". Infoplease.com. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108252.html. Retrieved October 2, 2010. 
  30. ^ "2010 Census National Summary File of Redistricting Data - Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 - United States -- Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico". 2010 United States Census. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. April 14, 2011. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_NSRD_GCTPL2.US24PR&prodType=table. Retrieved March 14, 2012. 
  31. ^ "New York: 2000 (Population and Housing Unit Counts)" (PDF). 2000 United States Census. United States Census Bureau. 2000. http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-34.pdf. Retrieved September 18, 2010.  (page 1 of the document, page 31 of the file)
  32. ^ Timothy S. Parker (September 10, 2010). "New York Fact Sheet: NY agriculture income population food education employment farms top commodities exports counties financial indicators poverty organic farming farm income America USDA". Ers.usda.gov. http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/NY.htm. Retrieved October 2, 2010. 
  33. ^ "Domestic Migration Flows for States from the 2005 ACS" (Microsoft Word). Archived from the original on October 25, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071025032612/http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Downloads/State_Migration_Flows_Paper.doc. Retrieved October 19, 2007. 
  34. ^ "Population and Population Centers by State: 2000" (Text). http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt. Retrieved January 5, 2007. 
  35. ^ "DP-3. Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics: 2000, Geographic Area: New York". U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?-geo_id=04000US36&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP3&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U. Retrieved January 5, 2007. 
  36. ^ a b "New York QuickFacts". U.S. Census Bureau. January 17, 2012. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36000.html. Retrieved April 18, 2012. 
  37. ^ Awesome America: New York. Retrieved August 18, 2007.
  38. ^ "New York - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html. Retrieved April 18, 2012. 
  39. ^ "Language Map Data Center". Mla.org. July 17, 2007. http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=36&mode=state_tops. Retrieved July 2, 2010. 
  40. ^ Egon Mayer, PhD; Barry A. Kosmin, PhD, Ariela Keysar, PhD (2001). "American Religious Identification Survey(Key Findings)". The City University of New York. http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm. Retrieved January 5, 2007. [dead link]
  41. ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives | Maps & Reports". Thearda.com. http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/36_2000.asp. Retrieved October 2, 2010. 
  42. ^ "Market highlights for first half-year 2010". World Federation of Exchanges. http://www.world-exchanges.org/files/file/stats%20and%20charts/July%202010%20WFE%20Market%20Highlights.pdf. Retrieved 2012-05-05. 
  43. ^ [greyhill.com/gdp-by-state "GDP by State"]. Greyhill Advisors. greyhill.com/gdp-by-state. Retrieved September 8, 2011. 
  44. ^ 13 States Face Total Budget Shortfall of at Least $23 Billion in 2009; 11 Others Expect Budget Problems, December 18, 2007, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities
  45. ^ Bls.gov; Local Area Unemployment Statistics
  46. ^ "NYS DMV – Statistics – NYS Driver Licenses on File – 2008". Nydmv.state.ny.us. http://www.nydmv.state.ny.us/Statistics/statli08.htm. Retrieved July 2, 2010. 
  47. ^ "NYS DMV – Statistics – Vehicle Registrations in Force – 2008". Nydmv.state.ny.us. http://www.nydmv.state.ny.us/Statistics/regin08.htm. Retrieved July 2, 2010. 
  48. ^ "New York celebrates new era as cars are banished from Times Square". London: MailOnline. May 26, 2009. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1187300/New-York-celebrates-new-era-cars-banished-Times-Square.html. Retrieved December 12, 2011. 
  49. ^   (February 11, 2010). "Pedestrian Plaza To Remain Permanent Fixture Of Times Square". NY1.com. http://www.ny1.com/5-manhattan-news-content/top_stories/113521/pedestrian-plaza-to-remain-permanent-fixture-of-times-square. Retrieved December 12, 2011. 
  50. ^ Office of the New York State Comptroller (2006-11). "2006 Annual Report on Local Governments" (PDF). http://www.osc.state.ny.us/localgov/datanstat/annreport/06annreport.pdf. Retrieved November 14, 2006. 
  51. ^ New York City Finance Division (March 11, 2005). "A Fair Share State Budget: Does Albany Play Fair with NYC?". http://webdocs.nyccouncil.info/attachments/65379.htm?CFID=232457&CFTOKEN=33008944. Retrieved July 19, 2006. 
  52. ^ "Federal Spending in Each State Per Dollar of Federal Taxes FY2005". Tax Foundation. http://www.taxfoundation.org/research/show/266.html. Retrieved April 12, 2008. 
  53. ^ Rey, Jay (December 22, 2010). "N.Y.'s slow growth will mean loss of two seats in House". The Buffalo News. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
  54. ^ Rob Gallagher (October 25, 2005). "New York Executions". Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080528081537/http%3A//users.bestweb.net/%7Erg/execution/NEW%2520YORK.htm. Retrieved April 9, 2009. 
  55. ^ Scott, Brendan (July 24, 2008). "GOV PULLS SWITCH ON DEATH CELL". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/seven/07242008/news/regionalnews/gov_pulls_switch_on_death_cell_121295.htm. Retrieved April 9, 2009. 
  56. ^ Powell, Michael (April 13, 2005). "In N.Y., Lawmakers Vote Not to Reinstate Capital Punishment". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A47871-2005Apr12.html. Retrieved April 11, 2008. 
  57. ^ Nicholas Confessore and Michael Barbaro (June 24, 2011). "New York Allows Same-Sex Marriage, Becoming Largest State to Pass Law". The New York Times Company. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/25/nyregion/gay-marriage-approved-by-new-york-senate.html?_r=1&hp. Retrieved June 25, 2011. 
  58. ^ Opensecrets.org (May 16, 2005). "2006 Election Overview: Top Zip codes". http://www.opensecrets.org/bigpicture/topzips.asp?cycle=2004. Retrieved July 19, 2006. 
  59. ^ Martha A. Sandweiss, Passing Strange: A Gilded Age Tale of Love and Deception Across the Color Line, New York: Penguin Press, 2009, p. 213
  60. ^ Thomas, G. Scott (June 28, 2010). "New York Leads Nation in Education Spending". The Business Review (American City Business Journals, Inc). http://albany.bizjournals.com/albany/stories/2010/06/28/daily2.html. Retrieved June 29, 2010. 

Further reading[link]

Note: Linked titles redirect to a free, full-view version hosted by Google Books or the Internet Archive.

External links[link]

General
Government
Tourism and recreation
Culture and history
Maps and Demographics
Preceded by
Virginia
List of U.S. states by date of statehood
Ratified Constitution on July 26, 1788 (11th)
Succeeded by
North Carolina

Coordinates: 43°N 75°W / 43°N 75°W / 43; -75 (New York)

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York

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Hodgy Beats
Background information
Birth name Gerard Damien Long
Also known as Higashi Miyagi, Hype, Hodgy Long, Bodgy Heats, Hodgy Daddies
Born (1990-11-09) November 9, 1990 (age 21)
Trenton, New Jersey
Origin Pasadena, California, United States
Genres Alternative hip hop
Occupations Rapper, Producer
Instruments Vocals, Keyboards
Years active 2007–present
Labels Odd Future Records, Fat Possum Records
Associated acts Left Brain, OFWGKTA, MellowHype, Pusha T, M.E.D. Juicy J, Dat Nigga DeWayne Ward,
Website http://www.hodgybeats.tumblr.com

Gerard Damien Long (born November 9, 1990), better known by his stage name Hodgy Beats, is an American rapper and producer. He is a member of the hip hop collective OFWGKTA as the duo MellowHype with Left Brain.

Contents

Biography[link]

Gerard Long was born in Trenton ,New Jersey, New Jersey, and was raised in Trenton, New Jersey. He is of African American and Filipino descent. At the age of eight, he moved to Southern California after his mom got married.[1] He attended Pasadena High School in Pasadena, California.

On August 1, 2011, his long-time girlfriend Cortney Brown gave birth to their son, named Trenton.[2]

Music career[link]

Hodgy Beats was an original member of OFWGKTA along with Tyler, the Creator, fellow MellowHype member Left Brain, The Super 3, Jasper Dolphin and Casey Veggies.

Hodgy was the first member of Odd Future to release a solo record, The Dena Tape, in 2009.

On April 5, 2011, MellowHype performed the song "64" on the Fuel TV program The Daily Habit with Bass Drum of Death.

Mellowhype also performed their song "65" for the BBC music showcase.[3]

Hodgy Beats has been featured on various albums including Bastard, Goblin, Earl, Rolling Papers, and The OF Tape Vol. 2.

He recently worked on a song with Nas for his upcoming album 'Life Is Good'. Hodgy also worked on a song with Pusha T for his upcoming Fear of God 2: Let Us Pray, although it is not featured in the newly released track list. He also appeared on "Outta Control", a song from Stones Throw rapper M.E.D.'s album Classic, produced by fellow Los Angeles native Madlib.

Hodgy released "Untitled EP" on February, 24 2012; it contained 9 songs.[4]

Hodgy made his television debut on Loiter Squad as an Aztec Warrior, in the ninth episode.

Discography[link]

Solo[link]

  • The Dena Tape (2009)
  • Untitled EP (2012)
  • Rock/Slab (TBA)
  • Damien (TBA)

With Left Brain (as Mellowhype)[link]

With OFWGKTA[link]

References[link]

  1. ^ Phillips, Rashad. "MellowHype: Chordaroy Life", HipHopDX, July 15, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2012. "DX: Now as far as the L.A. scene, I read that you are actually from out East. Hodgy Beats: Yeah, I was born in East Lawrence, New Jersey and raised in Trenton until I was eight."
  2. ^ "Hodgy Beats became a father". All West Everything. August 1, 2011. http://www.allwesteverything.com/2011/08/baby-news-guess-which-odd-future-member-just-became-a-father/. 
  3. ^ "MellowHype: '65' - Video - Boxden.com". http://slumz.boxden.com/f87/mellowhype-65-bbc-music-showcase-1540496/. Retrieved 2011-05-14. 
  4. ^ http://www.pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16355-untitled-ep/

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgy_Beats

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Frank Sinatra

Frank Sinatra at Girl's Town Ball in Florida, March 12, 1960.
Background information
Birth name Francis Albert Sinatra
Also known as Ol' Blue Eyes[1]
The Chairman of the Board
The Voice
Born (1915-12-12)December 12, 1915
Hoboken, New Jersey[2]
Died May 14, 1998(1998-05-14) (aged 82)
Los Angeles, California
Genres Traditional pop, jazz, swing, big band, vocal[3]
Occupations Singer,[1] actor, producer,[1] director,[1] conductor[4]
Instruments Vocals
Years active 1935-1995[5]
Labels Columbia, Capitol, Reprise, Apple Records
Associated acts Rat Pack, Bing Crosby, Nancy Sinatra, Judy Garland, Quincy Jones, Antonio Carlos Jobim, Frank Sinatra, Jr., Dean Martin, Count Basie, Sammy Davis, Jr., Luis Miguel
Website sinatra.com

Francis Albert "Frank" Sinatra, play /sɨˈnɑːtrə/, (December 12, 1915 – May 14, 1998)[6] was an American singer and film actor.

Beginning his musical career in the swing era with Harry James and Tommy Dorsey, Sinatra became an unprecedentedly successful solo artist in the early to mid-1940s, after being signed to Columbia Records in 1943. Being the idol of the "bobby soxers", he released his first album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra in 1946. His professional career had stalled by the 1950s, but it was reborn in 1953 after he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in From Here to Eternity.

He signed with Capitol Records in 1953 and released several critically lauded albums (such as In the Wee Small Hours, Songs for Swingin' Lovers, Come Fly with Me, Only the Lonely and Nice 'n' Easy). Sinatra left Capitol to found his own record label, Reprise Records in 1961 (finding success with albums such as Ring-a-Ding-Ding!, Sinatra at the Sands and Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim), toured internationally, was a founding member of the Rat Pack and fraternized with celebrities and statesmen, including John F. Kennedy. Sinatra turned 50 in 1965, recorded the retrospective September of My Years, starred in the Emmy-winning television special Frank Sinatra: A Man and His Music, and scored hits with "Strangers in the Night" and "My Way".

With sales of his music dwindling and after appearing in several poorly received films, Sinatra retired for the first time in 1971. Two years later, however, he came out of retirement and in 1973 recorded several albums, scoring a Top 40 hit with "(Theme From) New York, New York" in 1980. Using his Las Vegas shows as a home base, he toured both within the United States and internationally, until a short time before his death in 1998.

Sinatra also forged a successful career as a film actor, winning the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in From Here to Eternity, a nomination for Best Actor for The Man with the Golden Arm, and critical acclaim for his performance in The Manchurian Candidate. He also starred in such musicals as High Society, Pal Joey, Guys and Dolls and On the Town. Sinatra was honored at the Kennedy Center Honors in 1983 and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Ronald Reagan in 1985 and the Congressional Gold Medal in 1997. Sinatra was also the recipient of eleven Grammy Awards, including the Grammy Trustees Award, Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

Contents

Early life[link]

Born December 12, 1915, in Hoboken, New Jersey,[7] Sinatra was the only child of Italian immigrants Natalie Della (Garaventa) and Antonino Martino Sinatra,[8] and was raised Roman Catholic.[9] He left high school without graduating,[10]:38 having attended only 47 days before being expelled because of his rowdy conduct. Sinatra's father, often referred to as Marty, served with the Hoboken Fire Department as a Captain. His mother, known as Dolly, was influential in the neighborhood and in local Democratic Party circles, but also ran an illegal abortion business from her home; she was arrested several times and convicted twice for this offense.[10]:16 During the Great Depression, Dolly nevertheless provided money to her son for outings with friends and expensive clothes.[11][page needed] In 1938, Sinatra was arrested for carrying on with a married woman, a criminal offense at the time.[12] For his livelihood, he worked as a delivery boy at the Jersey Observer newspaper,[10]:44 and later as a riveter at the Tietjan and Lang shipyard,[10]:47 but music was Sinatra's main interest, and he listened carefully to big band jazz.[13] He began singing for tips at the age of eight, standing on top of the bar at a local nightclub in Hoboken. Sinatra began singing professionally as a teenager in the 1930s,[10]:48 although he learned music by ear and never learned how to read music.[13]

Career[link]

1935–40: Start of career, work with James and Dorsey[link]

Sinatra got his first break in 1935 when his mother persuaded a local singing group, The Three Flashes, to let him join. With Sinatra, the group became known as the Hoboken Four,[5] and they sufficiently impressed Edward Bowes. After appearing on his show, Major Bowes Amateur Hour, they attracted 40,000 votes and won the first prize – a six month contract to perform on stage and radio across the United States.

Sinatra left the Hoboken Four and returned home in late 1935. His mother secured him a job as a singing waiter and MC at the Rustic Cabin in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, for which he was paid $15 a week.[14]

On March 18, 1939, Sinatra made a demo recording of a song called "Our Love", with the Frank Mane band. The record has "Frank Sinatra" signed on the front. The bandleader kept the original record in a safe for nearly 60 years.[10][page needed] In June, Harry James hired Sinatra on a one year contract of $75 a week.[15] It was with the James band that Sinatra released his first commercial record "From the Bottom of My Heart" in July 1939[16]— US Brunswick #8443 and UK Columbia #DB2150.[17][page needed]

Fewer than 8,000 copies of "From the Bottom of My Heart" (Brunswick #8443) were sold, making the record a very rare find that is sought after by record collectors worldwide. Sinatra released ten commercial tracks with James through 1939, including "All or Nothing At All" which had weak sales on its initial release but then sold millions of copies when re-released by Columbia at the height of Sinatra's popularity a few years later.[18]

In November 1939, in a meeting at the Palmer House in Chicago, Sinatra was asked by bandleader Tommy Dorsey to join his band as a replacement for Jack Leonard, who had recently left to launch a solo career. This meeting was a turning point in Sinatra's career. By signing with Dorsey's band, one of the hottest at the time, he greatly increased his visibility with the American public. Though Sinatra was still under contract with James, James recognized the opportunity Dorsey offered and graciously released Sinatra from his contract. Sinatra recognized his debt to James throughout his life and upon hearing of James' death in 1983, stated: "he [James] is the one that made it all possible."[19][page needed]

On January 26, 1940, Sinatra made his first public appearance with the Dorsey band at the Coronado Theater in Rockford, Illinois.[20][page needed] In his first year with Dorsey, Sinatra released more than forty songs, with "I'll Never Smile Again" topping the charts for twelve weeks beginning in mid-July.[10]:91

Sinatra's relationship with Tommy Dorsey was troubled, because of their contract, which awarded Dorsey one-third of Sinatra's lifetime earnings in the entertainment industry. In January 1942, Sinatra recorded his first solo sessions without the Dorsey band (but with Dorsey's arranger Axel Stordahl and with Dorsey's approval). These sessions were released commercially on the Bluebird label. Sinatra left the Dorsey band late in 1942 in an incident that started rumors of Sinatra's involvement with the Mafia. A story appeared in the Hearst newspapers that mobster Sam Giancana coerced Dorsey to let Sinatra out of his contract for a few thousand dollars, and was fictionalized in the movie The Godfather.[13] According to Nancy Sinatra's biography, the Hearst rumors were started because of Frank's Democratic politics. In fact, the contract was bought out by MCA founder Jules Stein for $75,000.[19][page needed]

1940–50: Sinatramania and decline of career[link]

In May 1941, Sinatra was at the top of the male singer polls in the Billboard and Down Beat magazines.[10]:94 His appeal to bobby soxers, as teenage girls of that time were called, revealed a whole new audience for popular music, which had been recorded mainly for adults up to that time.

On December 30, 1942, Sinatra made a "legendary opening" at the Paramount Theater in New York. Jack Benny later said, "I thought the goddamned building was going to cave in. I never heard such a commotion... All this for a fellow I never heard of." When Sinatra returned to the Paramount in October 1944, 35,000 fans caused a near riot outside the venue because they were not allowed in.[13]

Sinatra being interviewed for American Forces Network during World War II.

During the musicians' strike of 1942–44, Columbia re-released Harry James and Sinatra's version of "All or Nothing at All" (music by Arthur Altman and lyrics by Jack Lawrence), recorded in August 1939 and released before Sinatra had made a name for himself. The original release did not even mention the vocalist's name. When the recording was re–released in 1943 with Sinatra's name prominently displayed, the record was on the best–selling list for 18 weeks and reached number 2 on June 2, 1943.[21]

Sinatra signed with Columbia on June 1, 1943, as a solo artist, and he initially had great success, particularly during the 1942–44 musicians' strike. Although no new records had been issued during the strike, he had been performing on the radio (on Your Hit Parade), and on stage. Columbia wanted to get new recordings of their growing star as fast as possible, so Sinatra convinced them to hire Alec Wilder as arranger and conductor for several sessions with a vocal group called the Bobby Tucker Singers. These first sessions were on June 7, June 22, August 5, and November 10, 1943. Of the nine songs recorded during these sessions, seven charted on the best–selling list.[22]

Sinatra did not serve in the military during World War II. On December 11, 1943, he was classified 4-F ("Registrant not acceptable for military service") for a perforated eardrum by his draft board. Additionally, an FBI report on Sinatra, released in 1998, showed that the doctors had also written that he was a "neurotic" and "not acceptable material from a psychiatric standpoint". This was omitted from his record to avoid "undue unpleasantness for both the selectee and the induction service".[23][24] Active-duty servicemen, like journalist William Manchester, said of Sinatra, "I think Frank Sinatra was the most hated man of World War II, much more than Hitler", because Sinatra was back home making all of that money and being shown in photographs surrounded by beautiful women.[11]:91[25] His exemption would resurface throughout his life and cause him grief when he had to defend himself.[23][26] There were accusations, including some from noted columnist Walter Winchell,[27] that Sinatra paid $40,000 to avoid the service – but the FBI found no evidence of this.[24][28]

In her book "Over Here, Over There" with Bill Gilbert, Maxene Andrews recalled when Sinatra entertained the troops during an overseas USO tour with comedian Phil Silvers during the war, observing, "I guess they just had a wing-ding, whatever it was. Sinatra demanded his own plane. But Bing [Crosby] said, 'Don't demand anything. Just go over there and sing your hearts out.' So, we did."[29] Sinatra worked frequently with the very popular Andrews Sisters, both on radio in the 1940s, appearing as guests on each other's shows, as well as on many shows broadcast to troops via the Armed Forces Radio Service (AFRS). He appeared as special guest on a rare pilot episode of the sisters' ABC Eight-to-the-Bar Ranch series at the end of 1944, and returned for another much funnier guest stint a few months later, while the trio in turn guested on his Songs By Sinatra series on CBS, to the delight of an audience filled with screaming bobby-soxers. Patty, Maxene, and LaVerne also teamed with Frankie when they appeared three times as guests on Sinatra's CBS television show in the early-1950s. Maxene once told Joe Franklin during a 1979 WWOR-AM Radio interview that Sinatra was "a peculiar man," with the ability to act indifferent towards her at times.[30]

In 1945, Sinatra co-starred with Gene Kelly in Anchors Aweigh. That same year, he was loaned out to RKO to star in a short film titled The House I Live In. Directed by Mervyn LeRoy, this film on tolerance and racial equality earned a special Academy Award shared among Sinatra and those who brought the film to the screen, along with a special Golden Globe for "Promoting Good Will". 1946 saw the release of his first album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra, and the debut of his own weekly radio show. By the end of 1948, Sinatra felt that his career was stalling, something that was confirmed when he slipped to No. 4 on Down Beat's annual poll of most popular singers (behind Billy Eckstine, Frankie Laine, and Bing Crosby).[10]:149

The year 1949 saw an upswing, as Frank co-starred with Gene Kelly in Take Me Out to the Ball Game. It was well received critically and became a major commercial success. That same year, Sinatra teamed up with Kelly for a third time in On the Town.

1950–60: Rebirth of career, Capitol concept albums[link]

After two years' absence, Sinatra returned to the concert stage on January 12, 1950, in Hartford, Connecticut. His voice suffered and he experienced hemorrhaging of his vocal cords on stage at the Copacabana on April 26, 1950.[11][page needed] Sinatra's career and appeal to new teen audiences declined as he moved into his mid-30s.

This was a period of serious self-doubt about the trajectory of his career. In February 1951, he was walking through Times Square, past the Paramount theatre, keystone venue of his earlier phenomenal success. The Paramount marquee glowed in announcement of Eddie Fisher in concert. Swarms of teen-age girls had gathered in frenzy, swooning over the current singing idol. For Sinatra this public display of enthusiasm for Fisher validated a fear he had harbored in his own mind for a long time. The Sinatra star had fallen; the shouts of "Frankieee" were echoes of the past. Agitated and disconsolate he rushed home, closed his kitchen door, turned on the gas and laid his head on the top of the stove. A friend returned to the apartment not long after to find Sinatra lying on the floor sobbing out the melodrama of his life, proclaiming his failure was so complete he could not even commit suicide.[31]:458

In September 1951, Sinatra made his Las Vegas debut at the Desert Inn. A month later, a second series of the Frank Sinatra Show aired on CBS. Ultimately, Sinatra did not find the success on television for which he had hoped. The persona he presented to the TV audience was not that of a performer easily welcomed into homes. He projected an arrogance not compatible with the type of cozy congeniality that played well on the small screen.[31]:439

Columbia and MCA dropped him in 1952.

The rebirth of Sinatra's career began with the eve-of-Pearl Harbor drama From Here to Eternity (1953), for which he won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. This role and performance marked a turnaround in Sinatra's career: after several years of critical and commercial decline, becoming an Oscar-winning actor helped him regain his position as the top recording artist in the world.[32]

Also in 1953, Sinatra starred in the NBC radio program Rocky Fortune. His character, Rocko Fortunato (aka Rocky Fortune) was a temp worker for the Gridley Employment Agency who stumbled into crime-solving by way of the odd jobs to which he was dispatched. The series aired on NBC radio Tuesday nights from October 1953 to March 1954, following the network's crime drama hit Dragnet. During the final months of the show, just before the 1954 Oscars, it became a running gag that Sinatra would manage to work the phrase "from here to eternity" into each episode, a reference to his Oscar-nominated performance.[33]

In 1953, Sinatra signed with Capitol Records, where he worked with many of the finest musical arrangers of the era, most notably Nelson Riddle,[16] Gordon Jenkins, and Billy May. With a series of albums featuring darker emotional material, Sinatra reinvented himself, including In the Wee Small Hours (1955)—Sinatra's first 12" LP and his second collaboration with Nelson Riddle—Where Are You? (1957) and Frank Sinatra Sings For Only The Lonely (1958). He also incorporated a hipper, "swinging" persona into some of his music, as heard on Swing Easy! (1954), Songs For Swingin' Lovers (1956), and Come Fly With Me (1957).

By the end of the year, Billboard had named "Young at Heart" Song of the Year; Swing Easy!, with Nelson Riddle at the helm (his second album for Capitol), was named Album of the Year; and Sinatra was named "Top Male Vocalist" by Billboard, Down Beat and Metronome.

A third collaboration with Nelson Riddle, Songs For Swingin' Lovers, was both a critical and financial success, featuring a recording of "I've Got You Under My Skin".

Frank Sinatra Sings for Only the Lonely, a stark collection of introspective saloon songs and blues-tinged ballads, was a mammoth commercial success, spending 120 weeks on Billboard's album chart and peaking at #1. Cuts from this LP, such as "Angel Eyes" and "One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)", would remain staples of Sinatra's concerts throughout his life.

Through the late fifties, Sinatra frequently criticized rock and roll music, much of it being his reaction to rhythms and attitudes he found alien. In 1958 he lambasted it as "sung, played, and written for the most part by cretinous goons. It manages to be the martial music of every sideburned delinquent on the face of the earth."[34]

Sinatra's 1959 hit "High Hopes" lasted on the Hot 100 for 17 weeks, more than any other Sinatra hit did on that chart, and was a recurring favorite for years on "Captain Kangaroo".

[edit] 1960–70: Ring-A-Ding-Ding, Reprise records, Basie, Jobim, "My Way"

Sinatra started the 1960s as he ended the 1950s. His first album of the decade, Nice 'n' Easy, topped Billboard's chart and won critical plaudits. Sinatra grew discontented at Capitol and decided to form his own label, Reprise Records. His first album on the label, Ring-A-Ding-Ding (1961), was a major success, peaking at No.4 on Billboard and No.8 in the UK.

His fourth and final Timex TV special was broadcast in March 1960, and earned massive viewing figures. Titled It's Nice to Go Travelling, the show is more commonly known as Welcome Home Elvis. Elvis Presley's appearance after his army discharge was somewhat ironic; Sinatra had been scathing about him in the mid fifties, saying: "His kind of music is deplorable, a rancid smelling aphrodisiac. It fosters almost totally negative and destructive reactions in young people."[35] Presley had responded: "... [Sinatra] is a great success and a fine actor, but I think he shouldn't have said it... [rock and roll] is a trend, just the same as he faced when he started years ago."[36] Later, in efforts to maintain his commercial viability, Sinatra recorded Presley's hit "Love Me Tender" as well as works by Paul Simon ("Mrs. Robinson"), The Beatles ("Something", "Yesterday"), and Joni Mitchell ("Both Sides Now").[37]

Following on the heels of the film Can Can was Ocean's 11, the movie that became the definitive on-screen outing for "The Rat Pack," a group of entertainers led by Sinatra who worked together on a loose basis in films and casino shows featuring Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Peter Lawford, and Joey Bishop. Subsequent pictures together included Sergeants 3 and Robin and the 7 Hoods, although the movies' rosters of actors varied slightly according to whom Sinatra happened be angry with when casting any given film; he replaced Sammy Davis, Jr. with Steve McQueen in Never So Few and Peter Lawford with Bing Crosby in Robin and the 7 Hoods.

From his youth, Sinatra displayed sympathy for African Americans and worked both publicly and privately all his life to help them win equal rights. He played a major role in the desegregation of Nevada hotels and casinos in the 1960s. On January 27, 1961, Sinatra played a benefit show at Carnegie Hall for Martin Luther King, Jr. and led his fellow Rat Pack members and Reprise label mates in boycotting hotels and casinos that refused entry to black patrons and performers. He often spoke from the stage on desegregation and repeatedly played benefits on behalf of Dr. King and his movement. According to his son, Frank Sinatra, Jr., King sat weeping in the audience at a concert in 1963 as Sinatra sang Ol' Man River, a song from the musical Show Boat that is sung by an African-American stevedore.

On September 11 and 12, 1961, Sinatra recorded his final songs for Capitol.

In 1962, he starred with Janet Leigh and Laurence Harvey in the political thriller, The Manchurian Candidate, playing Bennett Marco. That same year, Sinatra and Count Basie collaborated for the album Sinatra-Basie. This popular and successful release prompted them to rejoin two years later for the follow-up It Might as Well Be Swing, which was arranged by Quincy Jones. One of Sinatra's more ambitious albums from the mid-1960s, The Concert Sinatra, was recorded with a 73-piece symphony orchestra on 35mm tape.

Sinatra's first live album, Sinatra at the Sands, was recorded during January and February 1966 at the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.

In June 1965, Sinatra, Sammy Davis, Jr., and Dean Martin played live in Saint Louis to benefit Dismas House. The Rat Pack concert was broadcast live via satellite to numerous movie theaters across America. Released in August 1965 was the Grammy Award–winning album of the year, September of My Years, containing the single "It Was A Very Good Year", which won the Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance, Male in 1966. A career anthology, A Man and His Music, followed in November, winning Album of the Year at the Grammys in 1966. The TV special, Frank Sinatra: A Man and His Music, garnered both an Emmy award and a Peabody Award.

In the spring, That's Life appeared, with both the single and album becoming Top Ten hits in the US on Billboard's pop charts. Strangers in the Night went on to top the Billboard and UK pop singles charts, winning the award for Record of the Year at the Grammys. The album of the same name also topped the Billboard chart and reached number 4 in the UK.

Sinatra started 1967 with a series of important recording sessions with Antônio Carlos Jobim. Later in the year, a duet with daughter Nancy, "Somethin' Stupid", topped the Billboard pop and UK singles charts. In December, Sinatra collaborated with Duke Ellington on the album Francis A. & Edward K..

During the late 1960s, press agent Lee Solters would invite columnists and their spouses into Sinatra's dressing room just before he was about to go on stage. The New Yorker recounted that "the first columnist they tried this on was Larry Fields of the Philadelphia Daily News, whose wife fainted when Sinatra kissed her cheek. 'Take care of it, Lee,' Sinatra said, and he was off." The professional relationship Sinatra shared with Solters focused on projects on the west coast while those focused on the east coast were handled by Solters' partner, Sheldon Roskin of Solters/Roskin/Friedman, a well-known firm at the time.[38]

Back on the small-screen, Sinatra once again worked with Jobim and Ella Fitzgerald on the TV special, A Man and His Music + Ella + Jobim.

Watertown (1970) was one of Sinatra's most acclaimed concept albums[39] but was all but ignored by the public. Selling a mere 30,000 copies and reaching a peak chart position of 101, its failure put an end to plans for a television special based on the album.

With Sinatra in mind, singer-songwriter Paul Anka wrote the song "My Way", inspired from the French "Comme d'habitude" ("As Usual"), composed by Claude François and Jacques Revaux. (The song had been previously commissioned to David Bowie, whose lyrics did not please the involved agents.) "My Way" would, ironically, become more closely identified with him than any other song over his seven decades as a singer even though he reputedly did not care for it.

1970–80: Retirement and comeback[link]

Empress Farah Diba of Iran and Frank Sinatra, Tehran, 1975.
Frank Sinatra, with Giulio Andreotti (left) and Richard Nixon at the White House, 1973.

On June 13, 1971 – at a concert in Hollywood to raise money for the Motion Picture and TV Relief Fund – at the age of 55, Sinatra announced that he was retiring, bringing to an end his 36-year career in show business.

In 1973, Sinatra came out of retirement with a television special and album, both entitled Ol' Blue Eyes Is Back. The album, arranged by Gordon Jenkins and Don Costa, was a great success, reaching number 13 on Billboard and number 12 in the UK. The TV special was highlighted by a dramatic reading of "Send in the Clowns" and a song and dance sequence with former co-star Gene Kelly.

In January 1974, Sinatra returned to Las Vegas, performing at Caesars Palace despite vowing in 1970 never to play there again after the manager of the resort, Sanford Waterman, pulled a gun on him during a heated argument.[11]:436 With Waterman recently shot, the door was open for Sinatra to return.

In Australia, he caused an uproar by describing journalists there – who were aggressively pursuing his every move and pushing for a press conference – as "fags", "pimps", and "whores". Australian unions representing transport workers, waiters, and journalists went on strike, demanding that Sinatra apologize for his remarks.[11]:464 Sinatra instead insisted that the journalists apologize for "fifteen years of abuse I have taken from the world press".[11]:464 The future Prime Minister of Australia, Bob Hawke, then the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) leader, also insisted that Sinatra apologize, and a settlement was eventually reached to the apparent satisfaction of both parties,[11]:464 Sinatra's final show of his Australian tour was televised to the nation.

In October 1974, Sinatra appeared at New York City's Madison Square Garden in a televised concert that was later released as an album under the title The Main Event – Live. Backing him was bandleader Woody Herman and the Young Thundering Herd, who accompanied Sinatra on a European tour later that month. The TV special garnered mostly positive reviews while the album – actually culled from various shows during his comeback tour – was only a moderate success, peaking at No.37 on Billboard and No.30 in the UK.

In August 1975, Sinatra held several back-to-back concerts together with the newly-risen singer, John Denver. Soon they became friends with each other. John Denver later appeared as a guest in the Sinatra and friends TV Special, singing "September Song" together with Sinatra. Sinatra covered the John Denver hits "My Sweet Lady" and "Leaving on a Jet Plane". And, according to Denver, his song "A Baby Just Like You" was written at Sinatra's request.

In 1979, in front of the Egyptian pyramids, Sinatra performed for Anwar Sadat. Back in Las Vegas, while celebrating 40 years in show business and his 64th birthday, he was awarded the Grammy Trustees Award during a party at Caesars Palace.

[edit] 1980–90: Trilogy, She Shot Me Down, L.A. Is My Lady

Sinatra sings with then First Lady Nancy Reagan at the White House.

In 1980, Sinatra's first album in six years was released, Trilogy: Past Present Future, a highly ambitious triple album that found Sinatra recording songs from the past (pre-rock era) and present (rock era and contemporary) that he had overlooked during his career, while 'The Future' was a free-form suite of new songs linked à la musical theater by a theme, in this case, Sinatra pondering over the future. The album garnered six Grammy nominations – winning for best liner notes – and peaked at number 17 on Billboard's album chart, while spawning yet another song that would become a signature tune, "Theme from New York, New York", as well as Sinatra's much lauded (second) recording of George Harrison's "Something" (the first was not officially released on an album until 1972's Frank Sinatra's Greatest Hits, Vol. 2).

The following year, Sinatra built on the success of Trilogy with She Shot Me Down, an album that revisited the dark tone of his Capitol years, and was praised by critics as a vintage late-period Sinatra. Sinatra would comment that it was "A complete saloon album... tear-jerkers and cry-in-your-beer kind of things".[40]

Also in 1981, Sinatra was embroiled in controversy when he worked a ten-day engagement for $2 million in Sun City, South Africa, breaking a cultural boycott against apartheid-era South Africa. See Artists United Against Apartheid

He was selected as one of the five recipients of the 1983 Kennedy Center Honors, alongside Katharine Dunham, James Stewart, Elia Kazan, and Virgil Thomson. Quoting Henry James in honoring his old friend, President Ronald Reagan said that "art was the shadow of humanity" and that Sinatra had "spent his life casting a magnificent and powerful shadow".[11]:544

In 1984, Sinatra worked with Quincy Jones for the first time in nearly two decades on the album, L.A. Is My Lady, which was well received critically. The album was a substitute for another Jones project, an album of duets with Lena Horne, which had to be abandoned. (Horne developed vocal problems and Sinatra, committed to other engagements, could not wait to record.)

[edit] 1990s: Duets, final performances

In 1990, Sinatra did a national tour,[41] and was awarded the second "Ella Award" by the Los Angeles–based Society of Singers. At the award ceremony, he performed for the final time with Ella Fitzgerald.[42][page needed]

In December, as part of Sinatra's birthday celebrations, Patrick Pasculli, the Mayor of Hoboken, made a proclamation in his honor, declaring that "no other vocalist in history has sung, swung, crooned, and serenaded into the hearts of the young and old... as this consummate artist from Hoboken."[42]:407 The same month Sinatra gave the first show of his Diamond Jubilee Tour at the Brendan Byrne Arena in East Rutherford, New Jersey.

In 1993 Sinatra made a surprise return to Capitol and the recording studio for Duets, which was released in November.

The other artists who added their vocals to the album worked for free, and a follow-up album (Duets II) was released in 1994 that reached No.9 on the Billboard charts.

Still touring despite various health problems, Sinatra remained a top concert attraction on a global scale during the first half of the 1990s. At times during concerts his memory failed him and a fall onstage in Richmond, Virginia, in March 1994, signaled further problems.

Sinatra's final public concerts were held in Japan's Fukuoka Dome in December, 1994. The following year, on February 25, 1995, at a private party for 1200 select guests on the closing night of the Frank Sinatra Desert Classic golf tournament, Sinatra sang before a live audience for the very last time. Esquire reported of the show that Sinatra was "clear, tough, on the money" and "in absolute control". His closing song was "The Best is Yet to Come".

Sinatra was awarded the Legend Award at the 1994 Grammy Awards, where he was introduced by Bono, who said of him, "Frank's the chairman of the bad attitude... Rock 'n roll plays at being tough, but this guy is the boss—the chairman of boss... I'm not going to mess with him, are you?"[43] Sinatra called it "the best welcome...I ever had", but his acceptance speech ran too long and was abruptly cut off, leaving him looking confused and talking into a dead microphone.[44] Later in the telecast, Billy Joel protested the decision to cut Sinatra off by leaving a long pause in the middle of his song "The River of Dreams" in order to waste "valuable advertising time".[45]

In 1995, to mark Sinatra's 80th birthday, the Empire State Building glowed blue. A star-studded birthday tribute, Sinatra: 80 Years My Way, was held at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. At the end of the program Sinatra graced the stage for the last time to sing the final notes of "New York, New York" with an ensemble. It was Sinatra's last televised appearance.

In recognition of his many years of association with Las Vegas, Frank Sinatra was elected to the Gaming Hall of Fame in 1997.[46]

Film career[link]

Top-billed over Gene Kelly in Take Me Out to the Ballgame (1949); photo from the film's trailer.

Sinatra enjoyed a huge film career and began making movies almost as soon as his singing career took off. His most important pictures include The Manchurian Candidate with Angela Lansbury, From Here to Eternity with Burt Lancaster, The Man With the Golden Arm with Arnold Stang, Kings Go Forth with Natalie Wood, Guys and Dolls with Marlon Brando, High Society with Bing Crosby, Pal Joey with Rita Hayworth, Some Came Running with Dean Martin, Never So Few with Steve McQueen, A Hole in the Head with Edward G. Robinson, Meet Danny Wilson, On the Town with Gene Kelly, Robin and the 7 Hoods with Bing Crosby, Ocean's 11 and Sergeants 3 with the Rat Pack (Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Peter Lawford, and Joey Bishop), Step Lively, None But the Brave (directed by Sinatra), The Detective with Lee Remick, Come Blow Your Horn with Lee J. Cobb and Barbara Rush, and The Pride and the Passion starring Cary Grant, among many others spanning most of his lengthy career.

Personal life[link]

Sinatra had three children, Nancy, Frank Jr., and Tina, all with his first wife, Nancy Barbato (Born March. 25, 1917 -) (married 1939–51). He was married three more times, to actresses Ava Gardner (1951–57), Mia Farrow (1966–68), and finally to Barbara Marx (married 1976), to whom he was still married at his death.

Throughout his life, Sinatra had mood swings and bouts of depression. Solitude and unglamorous surroundings were to be avoided at all cost. He struggled with the conflicting need "to get away from it all, but not too far away."[31]:485 He acknowledged this, telling an interviewer in the 1950s: "Being an 18-karat manic depressive, and having lived a life of violent emotional contradictions, I have an over-acute capacity for sadness as well as elation."[10]:218 In her memoirs My Father's Daughter, his daughter Tina wrote about the "eighteen-karat" remark: "As flippant as Dad could be about his mental state, I believe that a Zoloft a day might have kept his demons away. But that kind of medicine was decades off."[47]

Although beloved as a hero by his hometown of Hoboken, Frank Sinatra rarely visited Hoboken. According to one account, Sinatra returned once in 1948 to celebrate the election of Hoboken's first Italian mayor and was not well received by the crowd. He stated he would never come back, and in fact did not return to Hoboken until 1984, to appear with Ronald Reagan.[48]

Alleged organized crime links[link]

Sinatra garnered considerable attention due to his alleged personal and professional links with organized crime,[49] including figures such as Carlo Gambino,[50] Sam Giancana,[50] Lucky Luciano,[50] and Joseph Fischetti.[50] The Federal Bureau of Investigation kept records amounting to 2,403 pages on Sinatra. With his alleged Mafia ties, his ardent New Deal politics and his friendship with John F. Kennedy, he was a natural target for J. Edgar Hoover's FBI.[51] The FBI kept Sinatra under surveillance for almost five decades beginning in the 1940s. The documents include accounts of Sinatra as the target of death threats and extortion schemes. They also portray rampant paranoia and strange obsessions at the FBI and reveal nearly every celebrated Sinatra foible and peccadillo.[52]

For a year Hoover investigated Sinatra's alleged Communist affiliations, but found no evidence. The files include his rendezvous with prostitutes, and his extramarital affair with Ava Gardner, which preceded their marriage. Celebrities mentioned in the files are Dean Martin, Marilyn Monroe, Peter Lawford, and Giancana's girlfriend, singer Phyllis McGuire.

The FBI's secret dossier on Sinatra was released in 1998 in response to Freedom of Information Act requests.

The released FBI files reveal some tantalizing insights into Sinatra’s lifetime consistency in pursuing and embracing seemingly conflicting affiliations. But Sinatra’s alliances had a practical aspect. They were adaptive mechanisms for behavior motivated by self-interest and inner anxieties. In September 1950 Sinatra felt particularly vulnerable. He was in a panic over his moribund career and haunted by the continual speculations and innuendos in circulation regarding his draft status in World War II. Sinatra “was scared, his career had sprung a leak.” In a letter dated September 17, 1950, to Clyde Tolson, Sinatra offered to be of service to the FBI as an informer. An excerpted passage from a memo in FBI files states that Sinatra “feels he can be of help as a result of going anywhere the Bureau desires and contacting any people from whom he might be able to obtain information. Sinatra feels as a result of his publicity he can operate without suspicion…he is willing to go the whole way.” The FBI declined his assistance.[31]:446–47

Political views[link]

Sinatra held differing political views throughout his life.

Sinatra's parents had immigrated to the United States in 1895 and 1897 respectively. His mother, Dolly Sinatra (1896–1977), was a Democratic Party ward leader.[53]

Eleanor Roosevelt and Sinatra in 1947; Sinatra named his son after her husband.
Sinatra, pictured here with Eleanor Roosevelt in 1960, was an ardent supporter of the Democratic Party until 1970.

Sinatra remained a supporter of the Democratic Party until the early 1970s when he switched his allegiance to the Republican Party.

Political activities 1944–1968[link]

In 1944, after sending a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Sinatra was invited to meet Roosevelt at the White House, where he agreed to become part of the Democratic party's voter registration drives.[54]:40

He donated $5,000 to the Democrats for the 1944 presidential election and by the end of the campaign was appearing at two or three political events every day.[54]:40

After World War II, Sinatra's politics grew steadily more left wing,[54]:41 and he became more publicly associated with the Popular Front. He started reading liberal literature and supported many organizations that were later identified as front organizations of the Communist Party by the House Un-American Activities Committee in the 1950s, though Sinatra was never brought before the committee.

Sinatra spoke at a number of New Jersey high schools in 1945, where students had gone on strike in opposition to racial integration. Later that year Sinatra would appear in The House I Live In, a short film that stood against racism. The film was scripted by Albert Maltz, with the title song written by Earl Robinson and Abel Meeropol (under the pseudonym of Lewis Allen).

In 1948, Sinatra actively campaigned for President Harry S. Truman.[55] In 1952 and 1956, he also campaigned for Adlai Stevenson.[55] In 1956 and 1960, Sinatra sang the National Anthem at the Democratic National Convention.[55]

Of all the U.S. Presidents he associated with during his career, he was closest to John F. Kennedy.[55] In 1960, Sinatra and his friends Peter Lawford, Dean Martin, and Sammy Davis Jr. actively campaigned for Kennedy throughout the United States;[55] On the campaign trail, Sinatra's voice was heard even if he wasn't physically present.[55] The campaign’s theme song, played before every appearance, was a newly recorded version of “High Hopes,” specially recorded by Sinatra with new lyrics saluting JFK.[55]

In January 1961, Sinatra and Peter Lawford organized the Inaugural Gala in Washington, DC, held on the evening before President John F. Kennedy was sworn into office.[55] The event, featuring many big show business stars, was an enormous success, raising a large amount of money for the Democratic Party. Sinatra also organized an Inaugural Gala in California in 1962 to welcome second term Democratic Governor Pat Brown.[11][page needed]

Sinatra's move toward the Republicans seems to have begun when he was snubbed by President Kennedy in favor of Bing Crosby,[56] a rival singer and a Republican, for Kennedy's visit to Palm Springs, in 1962. Kennedy had planned to stay at Sinatra's home over the Easter holiday weekend, but decided against doing so because of Sinatra's alleged connections to organized crime.[56] Kennedy stayed at Bing Crosby's house instead.[56] Sinatra had invested a lot of his own money in upgrading the facilities at his home in anticipation of the President's visit.[57] At the time, President Kennedy's brother, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, was intensifying his own investigations into organized crime figures such as Chicago mob boss Sam Giancana, who had earlier stayed at Sinatra's home.

Despite his break with Kennedy, however, he still mourned over Kennedy after he learned he was assassinated.[55] According to his daughter Nancy, he learned of Kennedy's assassination while filming a scene of Robin and the Seven Hoods in Burbank.[55] After he learned of the assassination, Sinatra quickly finished filming the scene, returned to his Palm Springs home, and sobbed in his bedroom for three days.[55]

The 1968 election illustrated changes in the once solidly pro-JFK Rat Pack: Peter Lawford, Sammy Davis, Jr., and Shirley MacLaine all endorsed Robert Kennedy in the spring primaries; Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Joey Bishop backed Vice-President Hubert Humphrey. In the fall election, Sinatra appeared for Humphrey in Texas at the Houston Astrodome with President Lyndon Johnson and in a television commercial soliciting campaign contributions.[58] He also re-stated his support for Humphrey on a live election-eve national telethon.

Political activities 1970–1984[link]

In 1970, the first sign of Sinatra's break from the Democratic Party came when he endorsed Ronald Reagan for a second term as Governor of California;[42][55] Sinatra, however, remained a registered Democrat and encouraged Reagan to become more moderate.[55] In July 1972, after a lifetime of supporting Democratic presidential candidates, Sinatra announced he would support Republican U.S. President Richard Nixon for re-election in the 1972 presidential election. His switch to the Republican Party was now official;[55] he even told his daughter Tina, who had actively campaigned for Nixon's Democratic opponent George McGovern,[55] "the older you get, the more conservative you get."[55] Sinatra said he agreed with the Republican Party on most positions, except that of abortion.[54]

Sinatra is awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Ronald Reagan.

During Nixon's Presidency, Sinatra visited the White House on several occasions.[55] Sinatra also became good friends with Vice President Spiro Agnew. In 1973, Agnew was charged with corruption and resigned as Vice President; Sinatra helped Agnew pay some of his legal bills.[11]:458

In the 1980 presidential election, Sinatra supported Ronald Reagan, and donated $4 million to Reagan's campaign. Sinatra said he supported Reagan as he was "the proper man to be the President of the United States... it's so screwed up now, we need someone to straighten it out."[42]:395 Reagan's victory gave Sinatra his closest relationship with the White House since the early 1960s.[55] Sinatra arranged Reagan's Presidential gala,[11]:503 as he had done for Kennedy 20 years previously.

In 1984, Sinatra returned to his birthplace in Hoboken, bringing with him President Reagan, who was in the midst of campaigning for the 1984 presidential election. Reagan had made Sinatra a fund-raising ambassador as part of the Republican National Committee's "Victory '84 Get-Out-The-Vote" (GOTV) drive.[11]:560[59] On January 19, 1985, Sinatra hosted the 50th Presidential Inaugural Gala, the day before the second inauguration of Ronald Reagan.

Death[link]

Sinatra's gravestone

Sinatra began to show signs of dementia in his last years. After a heart attack in February 1997, he made no further public appearances. After suffering another heart attack,[7] he died at 10:50 p.m. on May 14, 1998, at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, with his wife, Barbara, by his side.[7] He was 82 years old.[7] Sinatra's final words, spoken after Barbara encouraged him to "fight" as attempts were made to stabilize him, were, "I'm losing."[60] The official cause of death was listed as complications from dementia, heart and kidney disease, and bladder cancer.[61] His death was confirmed by the Sinatra family on their website with a statement accompanied by a recording of the singer's version of "Softly As I Leave You." The next night the lights on the Las Vegas Strip were dimmed for 10 minutes in his honor and the lights on the Empire State Building in New York were turned blue. President Bill Clinton, an amateur saxophonist and musician, led the world's tributes to Sinatra, saying that after meeting and getting to know the singer as president, he had "come to appreciate on a personal level what millions of people had appreciated from afar".[62] Elton John stated that Sinatra, "was simply the best – no one else even comes close".[62]

On May 20, 1998, at the Roman Catholic Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills, Sinatra's funeral was held, with 400[63] mourners in attendance and hundreds of fans outside.[63] Gregory Peck,[63] Tony Bennett,[63] and Frank, Jr., addressed the mourners, among whom were Jill St. John, Tom Selleck,[63] Joey Bishop, Faye Dunaway,[63] Tony Curtis,[63] Liza Minnelli,[63] Kirk Douglas,[63] Robert Wagner,[63] Bob Dylan, Don Rickles,[63] Nancy Reagan,[63] Angie Dickinson, Sophia Loren,[63] Bob Newhart,[63] Mia Farrow,[63] and Jack Nicholson.[60][63] A private ceremony was held later that day at St. Theresa's Catholic Church in Palm Springs. Sinatra was buried following the ceremony next to his parents in section B-8 of Desert Memorial Park[6] in Cathedral City, a quiet cemetery on Ramon Road where Cathedral City meets Rancho Mirage and near his compound, located on Rancho Mirage's tree-lined Frank Sinatra Drive.[60] His close friends, Jilly Rizzo and Jimmy Van Heusen, are buried nearby in the same cemetery. The words "The Best Is Yet to Come" are imprinted on Sinatra's grave marker.[64]

Legacy[link]

"Sinatra was... the first modern pop superstar... Following his idol Bing Crosby, who had pioneered the use of the microphone, Sinatra transformed popular singing by infusing lyrics with a personal, intimate point of view that conveyed a steady current of eroticism... Almost singlehandedly, he helped lead a revival of vocalized swing music that took American pop to a new level of musical sophistication... his 1950s recordings... were instrumental in establishing a canon of American pop song literature."

The U.S. Postal Service issued a 42-cent postage stamp in honor of Sinatra on May 13, 2008.[65] The design of the stamp was unveiled Wednesday, December 12, 2007 – on what would have been his 92nd birthday – in Beverly Hills, California, with Sinatra family members on hand.[66] The design shows a 1950s-vintage image of Sinatra, wearing a hat. The design also includes his signature, with his last name alone.[66] The Hoboken Post Office was renamed in his honor in 2002.[66] The Frank Sinatra School of the Arts in Astoria, Queens and the Frank Sinatra Park in Hoboken were named in his honor.

The U.S. Congress passed a resolution on May 20, 2008, designating May 13 as Frank Sinatra Day to honor his contribution to American culture. The resolution was introduced by Representative Mary Bono Mack.[67]

To commemorate the anniversary of Sinatra's death, Patsy's Restaurant in New York City, which Sinatra frequented, exhibited in May 2009 fifteen previously unseen photographs of Sinatra taken by Bobby Bank.[68] The photos are of his recording "Everybody Ought to Be in Love" at a nearby recording studio.[68]

Stephen Holden wrote for the 1983 Rolling Stone Record Guide:

Frank Sinatra's voice is pop music history. [...] Like Presley and Dylan – the only other white male American singers since 1940 whose popularity, influence, and mythic force have been comparable – Sinatra will last indefinitely. He virtually invented modern pop song phrasing.

Wynn Resorts dedicated a signature restaurant to Sinatra inside Encore Las Vegas on December 22, 2008.[69] Memorabilia in the restaurant includes his Oscar for "From Here to Eternity", his Emmy for "Frank Sinatra: A Man and His Music", his Grammy for "Strangers in the Night", photographs and a gold album he received for "Classic Sinatra".

There is a residence hall at Montclair State University named for him in recognition of his status as an iconic New Jersey native.[70]

The Frank Sinatra International Student Center at Israel's Hebrew University, Mt. Scopus campus, was dedicated in 1978 in recognition of Sinatra's charitable and advocacy activities on behalf of the State of Israel.

Film portrayals[link]

  • In The Godfather, fictional singer Johnny Fontane, whose career was helped by organized crime boss Vito Corleone, was recognized by many, even Sinatra, as being based on his life.[71]
  • In 1992, CBS aired a TV mini-series about the entertainer's life called Sinatra, directed by James Steven Sadwith and starred Philip Casnoff as Sinatra. Opening with his childhood in Hoboken, New Jersey, the film follows Sinatra's rise to the top in the 1940s, through the dark days of the early 1950s and his triumphant re-emergence in the mid-1950s, to his status as pop culture icon in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. In between, the film hits all of the main events, including his three marriages, his connections with the Mafia and his notorious friendship with the Rat Pack. Tina Sinatra was executive producer. Casnoff received a Golden Globe nomination for his performance.
  • In 1998, Ray Liotta portrayed Sinatra in the HBO movie The Rat Pack, alongside Joe Mantegna as Dean Martin and Don Cheadle as Sammy Davis, Jr. It depicted their contribution to John F. Kennedy's election as U.S. president in 1960.
  • In 2003, Sinatra was portrayed by James Russo in "Stealing Sinatra", which revolved around the kidnapping of Frank Sinatra Jr. in 1963
  • Also in 2003, he was portrayed by Dennis Hopper in The Night We Called It a Day, based upon events that occurred during a tour of Australia where Frank had called a member of the news media a "two-bit hooker" and all the unions in the country came crashing down on him.
  • Sinatra was also portrayed by Sebastian Anzaldo in the film Tears of a King, who also impersonated Sinatra in a TV episode of The Next Best Thing.
  • In the Emmy Award Winning 2011 miniseries, The Kennedys, Sinatra was depicted by Canadian actor Chris Diamantopoulos.
  • Brett Ratner is currently developing a film adaptation of George Jacobs' memoir Mr. S: My Life With Frank Sinatra.[72] Jacobs, who was Sinatra's valet, will be portrayed by Chris Tucker.[73]
  • Martin Scorsese is developing a biopic of Sinatra's life to be scripted by Phil Alden Robinson and produced by Scott Rudin.[74] When the film was first announced, three actors were said to be in contention for the part: Leonardo DiCaprio was Scorsese's preference, Johnny Depp was the studio's, and the Sinatra estate preferred George Clooney.[75] Scorsese later mentioned that he wanted Al Pacino for Sinatra and Robert DeNiro as Dean Martin.[76] The film covers his whole life, so three or more actors will be playing him at different ages.[77]

Discography[link]

Awards and recognitions[link]

See also[link]

References[link]

  1. ^ a b c d "Frank Sinatra". Hollywood.com. http://www.hollywood.com/celebrity/Frank_Sinatra/192093#fullBio. Retrieved May 15, 2008. 
  2. ^ "Frank Sinatra obituary". BBC News. May 16, 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/sinatra/67911.stm. Retrieved May 15, 2008. 
  3. ^ Music Genre: Vocal music. Allmusic. Retrieved October 23, 2008.
  4. ^ Gigliotti, Gilbert L. A Storied Singer: Frank Sinatra as Literary Conceit
  5. ^ a b Ruhlmann, William. "Frank Sinatra". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/sinatra_frank/artist.jhtml#bio. Retrieved May 15, 2008. 
  6. ^ a b Palm Springs Cemetery District "Interment Information
  7. ^ a b c d e Holden, Stephen (May 16, 1998). "Frank Sinatra Dies at 82; Matchless Stylist of Pop". On This Day. http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1212.html. Retrieved March 29, 2011. 
  8. ^ "Frank Sinatra Biography (1915–1998)". Film reference. http://www.filmreference.com/film/39/Frank-Sinatra.html. Retrieved July 18, 2009. 
  9. ^ "Frank Sinatra Has a Cold". Esquire (magazine). October 8, 2007. http://www.esquire.com/features/ESQ1003-OCT_SINATRA_rev_?click=main_sr. Retrieved October 12, 2010. 
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Summers, Anthony; Swan, Robbyn (2005). Sinatra: The Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-41400-2. 
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kelley, Kitty (1986). His Way: Frank Sinatra, the Unauthorized Biography. ISBN 978‐0‐553‐05137‐7 .
  12. ^ "Sinatra". Mug Shots of the Week. The Smoking Gun. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/mugshots/sinatramug1.html. 
  13. ^ a b c d O'Brien, Geoffrey (February 10, 2011). "Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man". The New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/feb/10/portrait-artist-young-man/?pagination=false. Retrieved January 24, 2011. 
  14. ^ Nelson, Michael (Autumn 1999). Frank Sinatra: the Loneliness of the Long Distance Singer. VQR online. http://www.vqronline.org/articles/1999/autumn/nelson-frank-sinatra/ .
  15. ^ Ingham, Chris. The Rough Guide to Frank Sinatra. Rough Guides. June 30, 2005. ISBN 1-84353-414-2, p. 9.
  16. ^ a b Gilliland, John (June 8, 1969). "Part 1". Pop Chronicles. UNT Digital Library. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19775/m1/. 
  17. ^ Ridgeway, John (1991) [1978]. The SinatraFile. Part 2 (2nd ed.). John Ridgway Books. ISBN 978-0‐905808‐08‐6 .
  18. ^ "Frank Sinatra". Artists (Rolling Stone). http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/frank-sinatra/biography. Retrieved September 19, 2011. 
  19. ^ a b Sinatra, Nancy (1986). Frank Sinatra, My Father. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-23356-9 .
  20. ^ Ridgeway, John (1977). The SinatraFile. Part 1 (1st ed.). John Ridgway Books. ISBN 0-905808-00-2 .
  21. ^ Peters, Richard (1982). Frank Sinatra Scrapbook. New York: St. Martins Press. pp. 123, 157.
  22. ^ (CD booklet) Frank Sinatra: The Columbia Years: 1943–1952, The Complete Recordings. 1. 1993 .
  23. ^ a b Santopietro, Tom (2008). Sinatra in Hollywood. New York: Macmillan/Thomas Dunne Books. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-312-36226-3.
  24. ^ a b Newton, Michael (2003). The FBI Encyclopedia. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. p. 314. ISBN 978-0-7864-1718-6.
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  27. ^ Holland, Bill (December 19, 1998). Billboard. Volume 110, Number 51. p. 10.
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  29. ^ Andrews, Maxene and Bill Gilbert: "The Andrews Sisters and the USO Stars in World War Two;" New York, Kensington, Zebra Books, 1993, 260 pages.
  30. ^ Sforza, John: "Swing It! The Andrews Sisters Story;" University Press of Kentucky, 2000; 289 pages.
  31. ^ a b c d Kaplan, James (2010). Frank the Voice. Doubleday .
  32. ^ Schmidt, M.A. "Best Pictures: From Here to Eternity". The New York Times. May 9, 1954.
  33. ^ Rocky Fortune Old Time Radio Researchers Group, Archive.org. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
  34. ^ 5 Enemies of Rock 'n' Roll Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 31, 2009.
  35. ^ Khurana, Simran. "Quotes About Elvis Presley". about.com. Retrieved on October 14, 2007.
  36. ^ Hopkins, J. (2007). Elvis. The Biography, Plexus. p. 126
  37. ^ The TIME 100[dead link]. Retrieved March 31, 2009.
  38. ^ Martin, Douglas. "Lee Solters, Razzle-Dazzle Press Agent, Dies at 89", The New York Times, May 21, 2009. Accessed May 22, 2009.
  39. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. Watertown. allmusic.com. Retrieved December 19, 2006.
  40. ^ "She Shot Me Down. Allmusic.com. Retrieved November 28, 2006.
  41. ^ "Frank Sinatra: He held the 'patent' for the popular song". Profiles (CNN). http://www.cnn.com/fyi/school.tools/profiles/Frank.Sinatra/student.storypage.html. Retrieved November 5, 2011. 
  42. ^ a b c d Freedland, Michael. All the Way: A biography of Frank Sinatra. St Martin's Press, 2000. ISBN 0-7528-1662-4.
  43. ^ Bono On Sinatra's Legacy. MTV.com. May 15, 1998.
  44. ^ Bono at Grammy's 1994(Sinatra) – Trilulilu Video TV. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
  45. ^ Pareles, Jon (March 2, 1994). "Top Grammy to Houston; 5 for 'Aladdin'". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/02/movies/top-grammy-to-houston-5-for-aladdin.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved February 15, 2012. 
  46. ^ "The Gaming Hall of Fame". University of Nevada Las Vegas. http://gaming.unlv.edu/hof/index.html. Retrieved August 30, 2009. 
  47. ^ Sinatra, Tina; Coplon, Jeff (2000). My Father's Daughter: A Memoir. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 47. ISBN 0-684-87076-2. 
  48. ^ Stahl, Jason (2010-05-12). "Why Sinatra Hated Hobokenites - Hoboken, NJ Patch". Hoboken.patch.com. http://hoboken.patch.com/articles/remembering-sinatra. Retrieved 2012-04-25. 
  49. ^ "Frank Sinatra". Federal Bureau of Investigation. http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/sinatra.htm. Retrieved May 12, 2008. [dead link]
  50. ^ a b c d "Mafia reports dogged Sinatra". News (BBC). May 15, 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/sinatra/94360.stm. Retrieved May 15, 2008. 
  51. ^ "Sinatra: The FBI Files". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1075739. Retrieved June 14, 2008. 
  52. ^ "AKA Frank Sinatra". The Washington Post Magazine. March 6, 1999. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/march99/sinatra7.htm. Retrieved June 14, 2008. 
  53. ^ Sinatra: The Life, Anthony Summers and Robbyn Swan, p. 16
  54. ^ a b c d Smith, Martin (2005). When Ol' Blue Eyes was a Red. Redwords. ISBN 1-905192-02-9 .
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Steve Pond (1991-07-04). "Frank Sinatra and Politics". Legacy. Sinatra.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-15. http://web.archive.org/web/20110515000915/http://www.sinatra.com/legacy/frank-sinatra-and-politics. Retrieved 2011-07-04. 
  56. ^ a b c "Peter Lawford's grave". UK: Hollywood, USA. http://www.hollywoodusa.co.uk/WestwoodObituaries/peterlawford.htm. Retrieved 2011-07-04. 
  57. ^ "Frank Sinatra Turned Violent After Kennedy Snub". Contact Music. http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/story/sinatra-turned-violent-after-kennedy-snub. Retrieved 2011-07-04. 
  58. ^ Humphrey campaign ad. Livingroom candidate. 1968. http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1968/frank-sinatra 
  59. ^ "Victory (year)" and "Get-Out-The-Vote" is a specific proper name for a particular campaign/election activity.
  60. ^ a b c Hollywood bids Sinatra last farewell. CNN.com. Retrieved November 24, 2006.
  61. ^ "Frank Sinatra Pictures, Biography, Profile, Facts, Discography, Filmography, more". Numberonestars.com. http://www.numberonestars.com/musiclegends/franksinatra.htm. Retrieved 2011-07-04. 
  62. ^ a b "Clinton leads Sinatra tributes". BBC News. May 16, 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/sinatra/94559.stm. Retrieved November 24, 2006. 
  63. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Special Report: Final curtain for Sinatra". BBC News. May 20, 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/sinatra/97196.stm. Retrieved May 15, 2008. 
  64. ^ "Frank Sinatra". singer, actor, entertainer. Find a Grave. January 01, 2001. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=2953. Retrieved June 29, 2011. 
  65. ^ Fusilli, Jim (May 13, 2008). "Sinatra as Idol – Not Artist". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121063311685686579.html?mod=googlenews_wsj. Retrieved May 15, 2008. 
  66. ^ a b c "Postal Service to immortalize ‘Ol’ Blue Eyes’" (Press release). United States Postal Service. December 5, 2007. http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/12/05/idUS202395+05-Dec-2007+PRN20071205. Retrieved January 29, 2012. "Frank Sinatra, one of the most iconic entertainers of the 20th century, will be commemorated on a postage stamp next spring, Postmaster General John Potter announced today." 
  67. ^ Bono Mack, Mary (May 20, 2008). "Frank Sinatra Day". http://bono.house.gov/News/DocumentSingle.aspx?DocumentID=91885. 
  68. ^ a b "Why Sinatra Liked Patsy's Restaurant". The New York Times. May 11, 2009. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/11/why-sinatra-liked-patsys-restaurant/. 
  69. ^ "Opening of Sinatra". Wynn Resorts. n.d.. http://www.wynnpressroom.com/index.php?s=23&cat=27. Retrieved December 1, 2009. 
  70. ^ "'Montclair State University Campus Map'". Montclair State University. August 18, 2010. http://www.montclair.edu/map/index.php?FontSize=10&w=950&h=494&x=2369.33333333&y=335&Zoom=0&Building=CLR. Retrieved August 18, 2010. 
  71. ^ Santopietro, Tom (2012). The Godfather Effect: Changing Hollywood, America, and Me. Macmillan. pp. 148–153. ISBN 1-4299-5262-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=YhdU8thA6eEC&pg=PT148. 
  72. ^ S.T. VanAirsdale (April 16, 2009). "EXCLUSIVE: Brett Ratner Helps Us Clean Up His IMDB Profile". MovieLine.com. http://www.movieline.com/2009/04/exclusive-brett-ratner-helps-us-clean-up-his-imdb-profile.php. Retrieved August 19, 2009. 
  73. ^ "Ratner To Tell Sinatra Valet Story With Tucker". WENN. July 15, 2008. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2383924/news#ni0261933. Retrieved August 19, 2009. 
  74. ^ Merchan, George (2011-03-08). "Super-producer Scott Rudin to inject new life in Martin Scorsese's Sinatra biopic? - Movie News". JoBlo.com. http://www.joblo.com/movie-news/super-producer-scott-rudin-to-inject-new-life-in-martin-scorseses-sinatra-biopic. Retrieved 2011-07-04. 
  75. ^ Gallagher, Paul (October 25, 2009). "George Clooney, Leonardo DiCaprio and Johnny Depp battle to play Frank Sinatra their way". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2009/oct/25/george-johnny-leo-scorsese-sinatra. 
  76. ^ "‘Content has taken a backseat'". The Hindu (Chennai, India). May 21, 2010. http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/05/21/stories/2010052150020100.htm. 
  77. ^ "Scorsese interview / Entertainment / ShortList Magazine". Shortlist.com. http://www.shortlist.com/entertainment/scorsese-speaks. Retrieved 2011-07-04. 

Further reading[link]

Biographies[link]

Memoirs[link]

  • Ash, Vic. (2006) I Blew it My Way: Bebop, Big Bands and Sinatra. Northway Publications. ISBN 0-9550908-2-2
  • Jacobs, George and Stadiem, William. (2003) Mr. S.: The Last Word on Frank Sinatra. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-330-41229-9
  • Falcone, Vincent (2005). Frankly – Just Between Us: My Life Conducting Frank Sinatra's Music. Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0‐634‐09498‐9 .

Criticism[link]

Cultural criticism[link]

  • Gigliotti, Gilbert L. A Storied Singer: Frank Sinatra as Literary Conceit. Greenwood Press, 2002.
  • Hamill, Pete. Why Sinatra Matters. Back Bay Books, 2003.
  • Mustazza, Leonard, ed. Frank Sinatra and Popular Culture. Praeger, 1998.
  • Petkov, Steven and Mustazza, Leonard, ed. The Frank Sinatra Reader. Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • Pugliese, S., ed. Frank Sinatra: "History, Identity, and Italian American Culture ". Palgrave, 2004.
  • Smith, Martin. When Ol' Blue Eyes was a red. Redwords, 2005.
  • Zehme, Bill. The Way You Wear Your Hat: Frank Sinatra and the Lost Art of Livin'. Harper Collins, 1997.

Other[link]

External links[link]

http://wn.com/Frank_Sinatra

Related pages:

http://itwn.com/Frank Sinatra

http://cswn.com/Frank Sinatra

http://idwn.com/Frank Sinatra

http://eswn.com/Frank Sinatra

http://ruwn.com/Синатра, Фрэнк

http://nlwn.com/Frank Sinatra

http://plwn.com/Frank Sinatra

http://frwn.com/Frank Sinatra

http://dewn.com/Frank Sinatra

http://ptwn.com/Frank Sinatra




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Jamie xx

Jamie xx performing at the Classic Car Club in Shoreditch, London on 22 September 2011
Background information
Birth name Jamie Smith
Origin London, England
Genres Indie pop, electronic music, post-dubstep
Occupations Producer, remix artist, DJ
Instruments Sampler, drums, steel drums, turntable, personal computer, percussion
Years active 2005–present
Labels XL Recordings, Young Turks
Associated acts The xx, Gil Scott-Heron, Drake, Noah "40" Shebib, Florence and the Machine, Adele, Rihanna
Website www.jamiexx.com

Jamie Smith (known by the stage name Jamie xx) is an English music producer and remix artist, who gained fame both as solo act and as a member of the London-based band The xx.

Contents

Career[link]

2007 - 2009[link]

Smith's musical career began in 2007 when he joined The xx accompanying old school friends Romy Madley Croft, Oliver Sim, Baria Qureshi of the Elliott School in London, notable for alumni including Hot Chip, Burial and Four Tet.[1] He first used the stage name Jamie xx in July 2009 in a promotional mix for the band's début album xx released on the FACT mix series of the FACT Magazine.[2] The mixtape was compiled by Jamie Smith and featured amongst others four tracks credited to Jamie xx - one own production and three remixes. The xx album went on to become platinum in the UK.[3] Afterward, Jamie Smith went on to do more remix work for artists like Florence + The Machine, Adele, Jack Peñate and Glasser.[4]

2010- Present[link]

In late 2010, a Jamie xx remix of the song "NY Is Killing Me" from Gil Scott-Heron's last album I'm New Here aired on radio stations across the UK and Europe. The remix of "I'll Take Care Of U" followed in January 2011. Both singles drew the attention of the general public and the critics. They set the way for a 13-track remix album entitled We're New Here, produced entirely by Jamie xx and credited to "Gil Scott-Heron and Jamie xx". The album was released on February 21, 2011 on the XL Records label, but a full album preview could be streamed on the website of The Guardian as early as February 14.[5] We're New Here received positive critical acclaim and was named "masterpiece in its own right" by BBC's Ele Beattie.[6]

On June 6, 2011 the two-track self-produced single "Far Nearer"/"Beat For" was released. The song "Far Nearer" was selected Best New Track by Pitchfork Media,[7] and the double A-side single charted at #128 in the UK singles chart.[8] Later the same year, Smith produced the title track off Drake's second album, Take Care, which features pop singer Rihanna. In addition, Smith helped create several reworks for Radiohead's song "Bloom" which were released on a remix album entitled TKOL RMX 1234567.

Discography[link]

[edit] With The xx

Solo Work[link]

Singles[link]

Year Title Peak Chart Positions Album
UK
2010 NY Is Killing Me - We're New Here (with Gil-Scott Heron)
2011 I'll Take Care of U -
Far Nearer/Beat For - Far Nearer/Beat For - Single
"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released.

Albums[link]

Year Title Peak chart positions
UK UK Indie UK DIG US BEL
2011 We're New Here
  • Released: 21 February 2011
  • Label: XL, Young Turks
33 4 18 - 44
"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released.

Remixes[link]

Year Title Artist
2009 You've Got the Love (Jamie xx Re-work feat. The xx) Florence and the Machine
Tremel (Jamie xx Remix) Glasser
Islands (Jamie xx Remix) The xx
Basic Space (Jamie xx's Space Bass Remix) The xx
2010 Fog (Jamie xx Remix) Nosaj Thing
2011 Rolling in the Deep (Jamie xx Shuffle) Adele
2012 Bloom Radiohead

References[link]

http://wn.com/Jamie_xx

Related pages:

http://ruwn.com/Jamie xx

http://frwn.com/Jamie xx




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_xx

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


Ryan Sheckler

Sheckler in 2008
Personal information
Full name Ryan Allan Sheckler
Born (1989-12-30) December 30, 1989 (age 22)
San Clemente, California, U.S.
Height 5 feet 9 inches (1.75 m)
Weight 150 pounds (68 kg)
Sport
Country  United States
Sport Skateboarding

Ryan Allen Sheckler (born December 30, 1989) is an American professional skateboarder and was the star of the MTV reality show, Life of Ryan.[1][2]

His sponsors are Plan B Skateboards, Red Bull, Independent Trucks, Etnies, Volcom, Grizzly Griptape, Oakley, CCS, and FKD Bearings. His past sponsors are Almost Skateboards, Bones, Vans, and Silver Trucks.

Contents

Contest history[link]

Sheckler has been competing in street skating and park contests since 2002.[3]

2003

  • Gravity Games, first place (street discipline)
  • Slam City Jam, first place (street discipline)
  • X Games; first place (park discipline)
  • United States Skateboarding Championships, third place (street discipline)
  • Vans Triple Crown, overall first place (street discipline)
  • World Cup of Skateboarding, overall first place (street discipline)

2004

  • Gravity Games, third place (street discipline)
  • United States Skateboarding Championships, first place (street discipline)
  • Vans Triple Crown, Vancouver event; third place (street discipline)
  • Vans Triple Crown, Cleveland event; third place (street discipline)
  • World Cup of Skateboarding, overall second place (street discipline)

2005

  • AST Dew Tour, Louisville event; first place (park discipline)
  • AST Dew Tour, Denver event; first place (park discipline)
  • AST Dew Tour, Portland event; second place (park discipline)
  • AST Dew Tour, San Jose event; first place (park discipline)
  • AST Dew Tour, Orlando event; third place (park discipline)
  • AST Dew Tour; overall first place (park discipline)
  • Globe World Cup, Melbourne event; second place (street discipline)
  • World Championship of Skateboarding, third place (street discipline)

2006

  • Tampa Pro, Florida event, fifth place (street), biggest slam
  • AST Dew Tour, Louisville event; first place (park discipline)
  • AST Dew Tour, Denver event; fourth place (park discipline)
  • AST Dew Tour, Portland event; first place (park discipline)
  • AST Dew Tour, San Jose, California event; first place (park discipline)
  • AST Dew Tour, Orlando event; second place; second place (park discipline)
  • AST Dew Tour; overall first place (park discipline)
  • X Games, Los Angeles event; second place (park discipline)
  • Globe World Cup, Melbourne event; first place (street discipline)

2008

  • Thrasher Magazine's Bust or Bail Competition
  • X Games; 1st place (street discipline)

2010

  • Tampa Pro sixth place street
  • X Games; 1st place (street discipline)

2011

  • X Games; 3rd Place (Street Discipline)

Recent activities[link]

Ryan Sheckler is sponsored by Red Bull, Etnies Shoes, Plan B Skateboards, Oakley, Nixon, Go Pro, Independent Trucks, Kicker Car Audio, Power Balance, Grizzy Griptape, CCS, Ethika, and Panasonic. Sheckler is currently on tour making a few appearances nationwide for Journey's Backyard Barbecue (2009). In May 2009, Sheckler launched his new clothing line, RS, that is sold at J.C. Penney stores nationwide. In 2008, the Sheckler Foundation[4] was created to help the less fortunate, and also to donate to injured and recovering athletes.

Film and television career[link]

Sheckler has appeared in the movies Grind, Dishdogz, Street Dreams, and MVP 2: Most Vertical Primate. He also starred in his own MTV reality show "Life of Ryan", from 2007-2009.[5]

Filmography[link]

Year Title Role Notes
2001 MVP 2: Most Vertical Primate Neil Nellis
2003 Grind Rod St. James
2003 What's New, Scooby-Doo? Himself "The San Franpsycho" (season 2: episode 8)
2004 Almost: Round Three Himself Documentary
2005 Dishdogz Himself
2007–2009 Life of Ryan Himself Reality TV series
2008 Spy School Himself Cameo
2008 True Jackson, VP Himself "Ryan on Wheels" (season 1: episode 4)
2009 Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory Himself "Dusty Monkey" (season 1: episode 12)
2009 Street Dreams Eric Jones
2010 Tooth Fairy Mick Donnelly

Video games[link]

Sheckler is a playable character in Tony Hawk's Underground 2, Tony Hawk's American Wasteland, Tony Hawk's Project 8, Tony Hawk's Proving Ground, and Tony Hawk: Ride.[citation needed]

References[link]

External links[link]

http://wn.com/Ryan_Sheckler

Related pages:

http://frwn.com/Ryan Sheckler

http://nlwn.com/Ryan Sheckler

http://ptwn.com/Ryan Sheckler

http://dewn.com/Ryan Sheckler

http://itwn.com/Ryan Sheckler

http://plwn.com/Ryan Sheckler

http://eswn.com/Ryan Sheckler




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Sheckler

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.