A demonym ( /ˈdɛmənɪm/), also referred to as a gentilic, is a name for a resident of a locality. A demonym is usually—though not always—derived from the name of the locality;^[1] thus, the demonym for the people of Britain is British, and the demonym for the people of Italy is Italian, yet the one used in the English language for the people of the Netherlands is Dutch (in Dutch Nederland/Nederlander).

[edit] About the term demonym

The word demonym comes from the Greek word for "populace" (δῆμος demos) with the suffix for "name" (-onym).

National Geographic Magazine attributes this term to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson.^[2] It was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals.^[3] Dickson himself attributed the term to George H. Scheetz in What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names (the first edition of Labels for Locals).^[4] The term first appeared in Names' Names: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon by George H. Scheetz.^[1] The term is foreshadowed in demonymic, which the Oxford English Dictionary defines as the name of an Athenian citizen according to the deme to which he belonged, with first usage traced to 1893.^[5][6]

The term demonym is not widely employed or known outside geographical circles and does not yet appear in mainstream dictionaries. It is used by some geographers, both online and within their studies and teaching.^[7]

Some places, particularly smaller cities and towns, may not have an established word for their residents; toponymists have a particular challenge in researching these. In some countries, like Belgium and Luxembourg, there is strong tradition of "demonym-like nicknames", called blason populaire in French. In some cases, this blason populaire is frequently used as the name of the inhabitants.

Demonyms as roots[link]

While many demonyms are derived from placenames, many countries are named for their inhabitants (Finland for the Finns, Germany for the Germans, Thailand for the Thais, Denmark for the Danes, France for the Franks, Slovakia for the Slovaks, and Slovenia for the Slovenes). Tribes and peoples generally have a longer continuous history than their countries; tribal names often imply a descent from a single ancestor, such as Rus as the legendary ancestor of the Russians. In Bantu languages the name of the land and the name of the inhabitants will have a common root distinguished by different prefixes (e.g. Buganda, land, and Baganda, inhabitants).

Adjectives as placenames[link]

Some placenames originated as adjectives. In such cases the placename and the demonym are often the same word. This dual function is very common in French, where for example Lyonnais means either the region or an inhabitant of Lyon. Examples include:

• Argentina: properly República Argentina (Argentine Republic) or Tierra Argentina (Land of Silver), from Latin argentum (silver). In English, the Spanish form Argentina is used for the country, the parallel English form Argentine as demonym and general adjective. The adjectival forms of Argentinean or Argentinian are used in the United Kingdom; however, the Oxford English Dictionary lists Argentine as the correct demonym.^[5] (Argentinian is a demonym for the Argentine, an archaic name for Argentina, and hence a less direct derivation.)
• Brazil: from pau brasil (pau: wood; brasil: ember-red color), the name of a native Brazilian tree highly regarded by the Portuguese explorers. The adjective brasil (Brazil in the old Portuguese spelling) came to be the official name for the whole country and lost its adjectival nature.
• Philippines: from Philippine Islands (Spanish: Islas Filipinas), named after King Philip II of Spain. Here, Philippine is the general adjective, while the Spanish masculine noun Filipino is the demonym. The English plural is Filipinos, as in Spanish.

Suffixation[link]

The English language uses several models to create demonyms. The most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location's name, slightly modified in some instances. These may be modeled after Late Latin, Semitic, Celtic or Germanic suffixes, such as:

• -(a)n (countries / continents: Africa → African, Albania → Albanian, Algeria → Algerian, America → American, Andorra → Andorran, Angola → Angolan, Antigua → Antiguan, Armenia → Armenian, Asia → Asian, Australia → Australian, Austria → Austrian, Barbados → Bajan, Bolivia → Bolivian, Bosnia → Bosnian, Brunei → Bruneian, Bulgaria → Bulgarian, Cambodia → Cambodian, Chile → Chilean, Colombia → Colombian, Costa Rica → Costa Rican, Croatia → Croatian, Cuba → Cuban, El Salvador → Salvadoran, Eritrea → Eritrean, Estonia → Estonian, Ethiopia → Ethiopian, Europe → European, Fiji → Fijian, Gambia → Gambian, Georgia → Georgian, Germany → German, Guatemala → Guatemalan, Guinea → Guinean, Haiti → Haitian, Honduras → Honduran, Hungary → Hungarian, India → Indian, Indonesia → Indonesian, Italy → Italian, Jamaica → Jamaican, Kenya → Kenyan, [North / South] Korea → [North / South] Korean, Latvia → Latvian, Liberia → Liberian, Libya → Libyan, Lithuania → Lithuanian, Macedonia → Macedonian, Malawi → Malawian, Malaysia → Malaysian, Mali → Malian, Mauritania → Mauritanian, Mauritius → Mauritian, Mexico → Mexican, Micronesia → Micronesian, Moldova → Moldovan, Mongolia → Mongolian, Morocco → Moroccan, Mozambique → Mozambican, Namibia → Namibian, Nauru → Nauruan, Nicaragua → Nicaraguan, Nigeria → Nigerian, Palau → Palauan, Paraguay → Paraguayan, Puerto Rico → Puerto Rican, Romania → Romanian, Russia → Russian, Saint Lucia → Saint Lucian, Samoa → Samoan, Saudi Arabia → Saudi Arabian, Singapore → Singaporean, Slovakia → Slovakian, Slovenia → Slovenian (also "Slovene"), South Africa → South African, Sri Lanka → Sri Lankan, Syria → Syrian, Tanzania → Tanzanian, Tonga → Tongan, Tunisia → Tunisian, Tuvalu → Tuvaluan, Uganda → Ugandan, United States of America → American, Uruguay → Uruguayan, Venezuela → Venezuelan, Zambia → Zambian, Zimbabwe → Zimbabwean; cities / states: Alaska → Alaskan, Alexandria → Alexandrian, Arizona → Arizonan, Atlanta → Atlantan, Baltimore → Baltimorean, Bavaria → Bavarian, California → Californian, Catalonia → Catalan, Chicago → Chicagoan, Cincinnati → Cincinnatian, El Paso → El Pasoan, Galicia → Galician, Hanoi (Vietnam) → Hanoian, Hawaii → Hawaiian, Karelia → Karelian, Louisiana → Louisianian, Miami → Miamian, Minneapolis → Minneapolitan, Minnesota → Minnesotan, Nebraska → Nebraskan, Ottawa → Ottawan, Philadelphia → Philadelphian, Regina → Reginan, Riga → Rigan, Rome → Roman, San Antonio → San Antonian, San Diego → San Diegan, San Francisco → San Franciscan, San Jose → San Josean, Sofia → Sofian, Tahiti → Tahitian, Tasmania → Tasmanian, Tucson → Tucsonan, Tulsa → Tulsan, Victoria → Victorian, Utah → Utahn)
• -ian (countries: Bahamas → Bahamian, Belarus → Belarusian, Belgium → Belgian, Bermuda → Bermudian, Brazil → Brazilian, Cameroon → Cameroonian, Canada → Canadian, Chad → Chadian, Egypt → Egyptian, Ecuador → Ecuadorian, Ghana → Ghanaian, Grenada → Grenadian, Iran → Iranian (also "Irani" or "Persian"), Jordan → Jordanian, Laos → Laotian, Maldives → Maldivian, Palestine → Palestinian, Saint Vincent → Vincentian, Trinidad → Trinidadian, Ukraine → Ukrainian; cities / states: Adelaide → Adelaidian, Athens → Athenian, Ballarat → Ballaratian, Boston → Bostonian, Brisbane → Brisbanian (also "Brisbanite"), Calgary → Calgarian, Cardiff → Cardiffian, Coventry → Coventrian, Edmonton → Edmontonian, Florida → Floridian, Fort Worth → Fort Worthian, Gibraltar → Gibraltarian, Houston → Houstonian, Isles of Scilly → Scillonian, Lethbridge → Lethbridgian, Liverpool → Liverpudlian, Louisville → Louisvillian, Madrid → Madrilenian, Manchester → Mancunian, McKinney → McKinnian, Melbourne → Melburnian, New Guinea → New Guinian, New Orleans → New Orleanian, Oregon → Oregonian, Paris → Parisian, Peterborough → Peterborian, Phoenix → Phoenician, Saskatoon → Saskatonian (Saskabusher), Washington → Washingtonian, Wellington → Wellingtonian)
• -nian (Bendigo → Bendigonian, Panama → Panamanian, Tobago → Tobagonian, Toronto → Torontonian)
• -in(e) ( Argentina → Argentine cf. above) Florence → Florentine (also Latin "Florentia"), Montenegro → Montenegrin, Philistia → Philistine)
• -ite (Ann Arbor → Ann Arborite, Austin → Austinite, Brisbane → Brisbanite (also "Brisbanian"), Chennai → Chennaite, Dallas → Dallasite, Delhi → Delhite, Denver → Denverite, Dunedin → Dunedinite, Irmo → Irmite, Israel → Israelite (also "Israeli", depending on the usage; see below), Karachi → Karachiite, Moscow → Muscovite (also Latin "Muscovia"), New Hampshire → New Hampshirite, Perth → Perthite, Ruskin → Ruskinite, Seattle → Seattleite, Seoul → Seoulite, Springfield → Springfieldianite, Spokane → Spokanite, Tokyo → Tokyoite, Vancouver → Vancouverite, Wisconsin → Wisconsinite, Wyoming → Wyomingite), mostly for cities.
• -(e)r (Amsterdam → Amsterdammer, Arkansas → Arkansawyer, Auckland → Aucklander, Beijing → Beijinger, Berlin → Berliner, Budapest → Budapester, Cleveland → Clevelander, Copenhagen → Copenhagener, Detroit → Detroiter, Dublin → Dubliner, Frankfurt → Frankfurter, Hamburg → Hamburger, Hong Kong → Hongkonger, Iceland → Icelander, Leeds → Loiner, Liechtenstein → Liechtensteiner, London → Londoner, Luxembourg → Luxembourger, Michigan → Michigander, Montreal → Montrealer, Netherlands → Netherlander (though see below; Irregular forms), New England → New Englander, New York → New Yorker, New Zealand → New Zealander (Kiwi), Pittsburgh → Pittsburgher, Prague → Praguer, Quebec → Quebecker or Quebecer (though see below; Irregular forms), Queensland → Queenslander, Saigon (Vietnam) → Saigoner, Solomon Islands → Solomon Islander, Somaliland → Somalilander, Stockholm → Stockholmer, Tallinn → Tallinner, Winnipeg → Winnipegger, Zurich → Zuricher)
• -(en)o (Los Angeles → Angeleno or Los Angeleno, Philippines → Filipino cf. above), adapted from a standard Spanish suffix -(eñ/n)o, as in salvadoreño, madrileño, malagüeño, Zamboanga City → Zamboangueño, andorrano, or chino
• -ish (Åland → Ålandish, Britain → British, Cornwall → Cornish, Denmark → Danish, England → English, Finland → Finnish, Ireland → Irish, Kurdistan → Kurdish, Poland → Polish, Scotland → Scottish, Spain → Spanish, Sweden → Swedish, Turkey → Turkish), mostly for countries
  • "-ish" is usually only proper as an adjective. Thus many common "-ish" forms have irregular demonyms, e.g. Britain/British/Briton; Denmark/Danish/Dane; England/English/Englishman; Finland/Finnish/Finn; Flanders/Flemish/Fleming; Ireland/Irish/Irishman; Kurdistan/Kurdish/Kurd; Poland/Polish/Pole; Scotland/Scottish/Scot; Spain/Spanish/Spaniard; Sweden/Swedish/Swede; Turkey/Turkish/Turk.
• -ene (Cairo → Cairene, Damascus → Damascene, Nazareth → Nazarene, Slovenia → Slovene (also "Slovenian") )
• -ensian (Kingston-upon-Hull (UK) → Hullensian)
• -ard (Spain → Spaniard, Savoy → Savoyard)
• -(l)ese (Assam → Assamese, Benin → Beninese, Bhutan → Bhutanese, Burma → Burmese (though see below; Irregular forms), Calabria → Calabrese, China → Chinese, Congo → Congolese, Da Lat (Vietnam) → Dalatese, East Timor → East Timorese, The Faroe Islands → Faroese, Gabon → Gabonese, Genoa → Genovese, Guyana → Guyanese, Hong Kong → Hongkongese, Japan → Japanese, Lebanon → Lebanese, Macau → Macanese, Malta → Maltese, Marshall Islands → Marshallese, Milan → Milanese, Nepal → Nepalese, Portugal → Portuguese, Senegal → Senegalese, Shanghai → Shanghainese, Sudan → Sudanese, Suriname → Surinamese, Taiwan → Taiwanese, Togo → Togolese, Turin → Torinese, the Tyrol → Tyrolese, Vienna → Viennese, Vietnam → Vietnamese)
  • "-ese" is usually considered proper only as an adjective, or to refer to the entirety. Thus, "a Chinese person" is used rather than "a Chinese".
  • Often used for East Asian and Francophone locations, from the similar-sounding French suffix -ais(e), which is originally from the Latin adjectival ending -ensis, designating origin from a place: thus Hispaniensis (Spanish), Danensis (Danish), etc.
• -i (Afghanistan → Afghanistani, Azawad → Azawadi, Azerbaijan → Azerbaijani, Bahrain → Bahraini, Bangladesh → Bangladeshi, Bengal → Bengali, Bihar → Bihari, Dagestan → Dagestani, Desh → Desi, Gujarat → Gujarati, Hyderabad → Hyderabadi, Iraq → Iraqi, Israel → Israeli (in the Modern State of Israel), Kashmir → Kashmiri, Kazakhstan → Kazakhstani (also "Kazakh"), Kuwait → Kuwaiti, Nepal → Nepali, Oman → Omani, Pakistan → Pakistani, Punjab → Punjabi, Qatar → Qatari, Rajasthan → Rajasthani, Sindh → Sindhi, Somalia → Somali (not Somalian), Tajikistan → Tajikistani (also "Tajik"), United Arab Emirates → United Arab Emirati, Uzbekistan → Uzbekistani (also "Uzbek"), Yemen → Yemeni), mostly for Middle Eastern and South Asian locales and in Latinate names for the various people that ancient Romans encountered (e.g. Allemanni, Helvetii)
• -ic (Hispania → Hispanic, Turk → Turkic) derives from a Latinate suffix widely used outside ethnonyms (e.g., chemical compounds), which with regard to people is mostly used adjectivally (Semite vs. Semitic, Arab/Arabian vs. Arabic) to refer to a wider ethnic or linguistic group (Turkic vs. Turkish, Finnic vs. Finnish).
• -iot(e) (Corfu → Corfiot, Cyprus → Cypriot, Phanar → Phanariote), especially for Greek locations.
• -asque (Menton → Mentonasque, Monaco → Monégasque)
• -gian (Galloway → Galwegian, Galway → Galwegian, Glasgow → Glaswegian, Norway → Norwegian)
• -onian (Aberdeen → Aberdonian, Bath → Bathonian, Dundee → Dundonian, Newport → Newportonian)
• -vian (Kraków → Krakovian, Oamaru → Oamaruvian, Oslo → Oslovian, Peru → Peruvian, Warsaw → Varsovian, Waterloo → Waterluvian)

Irregular forms[link]

There are many irregular demonyms for recently formed entities, such as those in the New World. There are other demonyms that are borrowed from the native or another language.

In some cases, both the location's name and the demonym are produced by suffixation, for example England and English and English(wo)man (derived from the Angle tribe). In some cases the derivation is concealed enough that it is no longer morphemic: France → French (or Frenchman/Frenchwoman) or Flanders → Flemish or Wales → Welsh.

In some of the latter cases the noun is formed by adding -man or -woman, for example English/Englishman/Englishwoman; Irish/Irishman/Irishwoman; Chinese/Chinese man/Chinese woman (versus the archaic or derogatory terms Chinaman/Chinawoman, which are not the preferred nomenclature).

From Latin or Latinization

• Ashbourne → Ashburnian (Essiburn)
• Colchester → Colcestrian
• Exeter → Exonian
• Halifax → Haligonian
• Leeds → Leodensian (Ledesia)
• Lviv → Leopolitan (Leopolis)
• Manchester → Mancunian (Mancunia)
• Melbourne → Melburnian (Melburnia)
• Naples → Neapolitan (Neapolis)
• Newcastle → Novocastrian (Novum Castrum)
• Orkney Islands → Orcadian (Orcadia)
• St Albans → Verulamian (Verulamium)
• Tripoli → Tripolitan (Tripolis)
• University of Cambridge → Cantabrigian
• University of Oxford → Oxonian
• Venice → Venetian

From native or other languages

• Andhra → Andhraite
• Aguascalientes (lit. "hot waters") → Hidrocálido, from Mexico's state and city.
• Barbados → Bajan A colloquial term a shortened form of Barbadian → Bar-bajan → Bajan
• Birmingham → Brummie
• Botswana → Batswana (plural), Motswana (singular)
• Brittany → Breton (from French)
• Brussels → Bruxellois (from French)
• Burkina Faso → Burkinabè
• Burma/Myanmar → Myanma
• Cambodia → Khmer (also Cambodian)
• Colchester → Colcestrian
• County Cork → Corkonian
• Dundee → Dundonian
• Fontainebleau → Bellifontain (from French)
• Glasgow → Glaswegian
• Hartlepool → Hartlepudlian
• Karnataka → Kannadiga (from the local demonym)
• Kerala → Keralite
• Kiribati → i-Kiribati
• Kosovo → Kosovar (Albanian language)
• Lesotho → Basotho (from Sesotho), Mosotho (singular)
• Liverpool → Liverpudlian or Scouser
• Lyon → Lyonnais (from French)
• Meru → Merian (Residents of Meru, Kenya)
• Mumbai → Mumbaikar (either gender), Mumbaikars
• Netherlands → Dutch (from Middle Dutch: Duuts, High German: Deutsch, or Proto-Germanic: *þeudiskaz (all three meaning "national/popular"))
• Nice → Niçois (from French)
• Niger → Nigerien (from French)
• Nunavut → Nunavummiuq (from Inuktitut)
• Paisley → Buddie
• Philippines → Pinoy (m.)/ Pinay (f.)
• Puerto Rico → Boricua
• Pegswood → Pegswardian
• Quebec → Québécois (from French)
• Rivière-du-Loup → Louperivois
• Stockport → Stopfordian
• Tamil Nadu → Tamilian
• The Hague → Hagenees (people born in the inner city), Hagenaar (people born elsewhere)
• Twente → Tukker
• Vanuatu → ni-Vanuatu

Irregular singular forms

• Bali → Balinese
• Balochistan → Balochi
• Chechnya → Chechen
• Czech Republic → Czech
• Denmark → Dane
• Finland → Finn
• Greece → Greek
• Ingushetia → Ingush
• Isle of Man → Manx
• Java → Javanese
• Kazakhstan → Kazakh
• Kurdistan → Kurd
• Kyrgyzstan → Kyrgyz
• Madagascar → Malagasy
• Poland → Pole
• Serbia → Serb
• Seychelles → Seychellois
• Slovakia → Slovak
• Soviet Union → Soviet
• Spain → Spaniard
• St Etienne→ Stephanois
• Sweden → Swede
• Switzerland → Swiss
• Tajikistan → Tajik
• Thailand → Thai
• Turkey → Turk
• Turkmenistan → Turkmen
• Uzbekistan → Uzbek

New World forms

In the case of most Canadian provinces and territories and U.S. states, it is unusual to use demonyms as attributive adjectives (for example "Manitoba maple", not "Manitoban maple"); thus they are generally used only predicatively ("Ben Franklin was Pennsylvanian") or substantively ("Eight Virginians have become Presidents of the United States"). There are some exceptions – the attributive adjective for Alaska for many is Alaskan; the same is true for Alberta (Albertan), Texas (Texan), and Hawaii (Hawaiian).

• Antioquia, Caldas, Risaralda and Quindío → Paisa
• Buenos Aires → Porteño (city), Bonaerense (province)
• Canada → Canadien (male), Canadienne (female), when referring to someone of French-Canadian heritage
• Quebec → Quebecker or Quebecer, English alternatives to Québécois (which may carry language and political implications)
• Halifax → Haligonian
• Toronto → Torontonian
• Waterloo → Waterluvian
• Connecticut → Connecticuter (uncommon), Nutmegger (common)
• Indianapolis → Indianapolitan
• Indiana → Hoosier
• Los Angeles → Angeleno
• Maine → Mainer
• Maryland → Marylander ( /ˈmærɨləndər/ MARR-i-lənd-ər, sometimes /ˈmɛərləndər/ MAIR-lənd-ər)
• Mexico City → Chilango
• Michigan → Michigander or Michiganian (coming from the Upper Peninsula → Yooper)
• Minneapolis → Minneapolitan
• Newfoundland and Labrador → Newfoundlander, Labradorian, Newfie (also Newf or sometimes Newfy)
• Ohio → Buckeye (nickname)
• Oklahoma → Okie (derogatory), Oklahoman (formally)
• Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania → Yinzer
• Phoenix, Arizona → Phoenician
• Portland → Portlander
• Rio de Janeiro → Fluminense (State), Carioca (City)
• São Paulo → Paulista (State), Paulistano (City)
• Sydney → Sydneysider
• Texas → Texan (see also Texian and Tejano)
• Wisconsin → Sconnie (see also Cheesehead)