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Look up sixteen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

16 (sixteen) is the natural number following 15 and preceding 17. 16 is a composite number, and a square number, being 4² = 4 × 4. It is the smallest number with exactly five divisors, its proper divisors being 1, 2, 4 and 8.

In speech, the numbers 16 and 60 are often confused. When carefully enunciated, they differ in which syllable is stressed: 16 /sɪksˈtiːn/ vs 60 /ˈsɪksti/. However, in dates such as 1666 or when contrasting numbers in the teens, such as 15, 16, 17, the stress shifts to the first syllable: 16 /ˈsɪkstiːn/.

Sixteen is the fourth power of two. For this reason, 16 was used in weighing light objects in several cultures. The British have 16 ounces in one pound; the Chinese used to have 16 liangs in one jin. In old days, weighing was done with a beam balance to make equal splits. It would be easier to split a heap of grains into sixteen equal parts through successive divisions than to split into ten parts. Chinese Taoists did finger computation on the trigrams and hexagrams by counting the finger tips and joints of the fingers with the tip of the thumb. Each hand can count up to 16 in such manner. The Chinese abacus uses two upper beads to represent the 5s and 5 lower beads to represent the 1s, the 7 beads can represent from a hexadecimal digit from 0 to 15 in each column.

In mathematics[link]

As a power of 2 it has an aliquot sum one less than itself; 15, and is the fifth composite member of the 3-aliquot tree having the 7 member aliquot sequence (16, 15, 9, 4, 3, 1, 0).

Sixteen is the first number to be the aliquot sum of a lesser number; 12, it is also the aliquot sum of the greater number; the discrete semiprime, 26. It is the fourth power of two.

Sixteen is the only integer that equals mⁿ and n^m, for some unequal integers m and n (m = 4, n = 2, or vice versa). It has this property because 2² = 2 × 2. It is also equal to ³2 (see tetration).

15 and 16 form a Ruth–Aaron pair under the second definition in which repeated prime factors are counted as often as they occur.

Since it is possible to find sequences of 16 consecutive integers such that each inner member shares a factor with either the first or the last member, 16 is an Erdős–Woods number. The smallest such range of 16 consecutive integers is from 2184 to 2200.^[1]

In bases 20, 24 and 30, sixteen is a 1-automorphic number (displayed as the numeral 'G').

16 is a centered pentagonal number.

16 is the base of the hexadecimal number system, which is used extensively in computer science.

16 appears in the Padovan sequence, preceded by the terms 7, 9, 12 (it is the sum of the first two of these).

In science[link]

• The atomic number of sulfur.
• Group 16 of the periodic table are the chalcogens.

Age 16[link]

• Sixteen is the minimum age for being allowed an official beginners driver's license with parental consent in many U.S. states and in Canada. In Australia, Iceland, Norway and the Isle of Man, it is the age one can begin to get a learner's licence.
• In some states in the U.S, and some provinces in Canada, it is the age one can obtain a learner's permit.
• Sixteen is the minimum age for getting an adult job in most states and provinces across the globe.
• Sixteen is the minimum age that one can drop out of school in most states of the US (however, restrictions apply and vary depending on state).
• In the United States, female sixteen year olds earn the right to privacy laws surrounding OBGYN practices.
• In the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy, it is the legal minimum age for a person to purchase any tobacco product.
• In the United States and worldwide, sixteen is the most common age of consent|age of sexual consent.
• For its "coming of age" significance, this age has inspired the titles of many songs, such as "Happy Birthday Sweet Sixteen", "You're Sixteen", "Sweet Sixteen", "U16 Girls" "Sweet Little Sixteen" and "Sixteen Candles".
• Sixteen is the minimum age to get married with parental consent in many countries and without parental consent in Scotland.
• Sixteen is the legal drinking age in Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, the Netherlands and Portugal.
• In the Netherlands, sixteen is the age when all adult rights are granted, but the age of majority is 18.
• Minimum age at which one can buy, rent, purchase, buy tickets to, or view a 16+ rated movie in the province of Quebec. It is also the minimum age at which one can accompany a minor under 13 while buying, renting, or purchasing tickets to a 13+ rated movie in the province of Quebec.
• Minimum age at which one can donate blood with parental consent in many states.
• Minimum age at which one can obtain a 10 year passport in the United States and Australia.
• Minimum age at which one can join the Armed Forces in the United Kingdom.
• Minimum age when you can move out with your parent's consent.^{[citation needed]}
• Voting age in the Isle of Man, Austria and Nicaragua, and during the nineteenth century, in the Transvaal Republic.

In sports[link]

Association football[link]

• The number of teams that qualified for the finals of the FIFA World Cup from 1934 through 1978 (although for various reasons, only 15 competed in the 1938 and 1950 finals).
• The number of teams that qualified for the finals of the FIFA Women's World Cup from 1999 through 2011.

Auto racing[link]

• The number of a car in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series.run by Roush Fenway Racing and its predecessor, Roush Racing, from 1992–2000 and 2002–present. Since the car's return to the Cup Series, it has been driven by Greg Biffle.

College athletics[link]

• The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa has 16 different teams on probation at the same time.

Multiple sports[link]

The jersey number 16 has been retired by several North American sports teams in honor of past playing greats:

• In Major League Baseball:
  • The Chicago White Sox, for Hall of Famer Ted Lyons.
  • The Detroit Tigers, for Hall of Famer Hal Newhouser.
  • The New York Yankees, for Hall of Famer Whitey Ford.
• In the NFL:
  • The Kansas City Chiefs, for Hall of Famer Len Dawson.
  • The New York Giants, for Hall of Famer Frank Gifford.
  • The San Francisco 49ers, for Hall of Famer Joe Montana.
• In the NBA:
  • The Boston Celtics, for Satch Sanders, a member of the Hall of Fame as a contributor to the sport.
  • The Detroit Pistons and Milwaukee Bucks, both for Hall of Fame player Bob Lanier.
  • The Golden State Warriors, for Al Attles.
• In the NHL:
  • The Buffalo Sabres, for Hall of Famer Pat LaFontaine.
  • The Los Angeles Kings, for Hall of Famer Marcel Dionne.
  • The Montreal Canadiens, first for Hall of Famer Henri Richard and later for a second Hall of Famer, Elmer Lach.
  • The Philadelphia Flyers, for Hall of Famer Bobby Clarke.
  • The St. Louis Blues, for Hall of Famer Brett Hull.
  • The Vancouver Canucks, for Trevor Linden.
• In U.S. college athletics, the number has also been retired by the football program of the University of Tennessee for Peyton Manning.

In addition, both the NBA and NHL both operate four best-four-out-of-seven rounds during the playoffs; thus, 16 is the minimum number of games that a team could possibly play in the playoff series (neither league has ever had a team play that few games, though).

In other fields[link]

• The current Roman Catholic Pope is Pope Benedict XVI.
• King of France (August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis XVI of France
• There are sixteen ounces in an avoirdupois pound.
• There are sixteen pawns in a chess set and each player in a chess game starts with sixteen pieces

Sixteen frames of images

• "The Sixteen" is an English choir performing early religious music.
• Sixteen is a Polish band that represented Poland in the 1998 Eurovision Song Contest.
• The Cadillac Sixteen.
• There are sixteen different personality types in the Myers-Briggs classification system.
• A note played for one-sixteenth the duration of a whole note is called a sixteenth note or a semiquaver.
• In the 16-bit era, 16-bit microprocessor ran 16-bit applications.
• Sixteen Kingdoms, part of Chinese history.
• Canada's Yellowhead Highway is designated as Highway 16.
• Interstate 16 is the designation for a US interstate highway in Georgia.
• The fighter jet, the F-16 Fighting Falcon.
• 16 mm film was originally an amateur movie format, but is now used by professionals.
• "16" is a song by American band Green Day.
• The M16 rifle.
• The number 16 is the symbol of the Day of solidarity with political prisoners and victims of the Lukashenka regime in Belarus, which is commemorated on 16th of every months by demonstrations and flash mobs worldwide.
• A sixteen is a slang term for a verse in a hip hop song, which are often written in sixteen-bar stanzas.^[2]
• Android 16 of the Dragonball Z television series.
• The amount of waking hours in a day in an "8 hours of sleep" schedule.
• In the story of the Sleeping Beauty, a spell is placed on the princess that when she reaches her 16th birthday, she will "prick her finger on the spindle of a spinning wheel and die".
• 16 is the number of the French department Charente
• Many bank card numbers are 16 digits long.
• There is a No Doubt song titled "Sixteen" on the album Tragic Kingdom.

• The metalcore band Demon Hunter has a song titled "Sixteen" on their Storm the Gates of Hell album.
• 16 is one of "the Numbers" on the television series Lost.

References[link]

vep:16 (lugu)

Bernard Lee "Pretty" Purdie (born June 11, 1939) is an American session drummer, and is considered an influential and innovative exponent of funk.^[1] He is known for his strict musical time keeping^[2] and "The Purdie Shuffle".^[3]

Purdie recorded Soul Drums (1968) as a band leader and although he went on to record Alexander's Ragtime Band, the album remained unreleased until Soul Drums was reissued on CD in 2009 with the Alexander's Ragtime Band sessions. Other solo albums include Purdie Good (1971),Soul Is...Pretty Purdie (1972) and the soundtrack for the Blaxploitation film Lialeh (1973).

Purdie was credited on the sound track album for Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1978) and more recently he was the drummer for the 2009 Broadway revival of Hair and appeared on the associated Broadway cast recording.^[4] In 2010, he had his portrait painted by Jane Moorhouse, an artist based in London.^[5]

Biography[link]

At an early age Purdie began hitting cans with sticks and learned the elements of drumming techniques from overhearing lessons being given by Leonard Heywood. He later took lessons from Heywood and played in Heywood's big band. Purdie's other influences at that time were Papa Jo Jones, Buddy Rich, Gene Krupa, Joe Marshall and Art Blakey.^[6]

In 1961 he moved from his home town of Elkton, Maryland, to New York. There he played sessions with Mickey and Sylvia and regularly visited the Turf Club on 50th and Broadway, where musicians, agents, and promoters met and touted for business. It was during this period that he played for the saxophonist Buddy Lucas, who nicknamed him 'Mississippi Bigfoot'. Eventually Barney Richmond contracted him to play session work.^[6] Later Bernard Purdie added drum overdubs to tracks from these sessions,^[7] including "Ain't She Sweet", "Take Out Some Insurance on Me Baby" and "Sweet Georgia Brown".^[8] The main reason for this was to give them a punchier sound for the US market. These tracks were eventually released on January 31, 1964 by Polydor.^[9] Ringo Starr's physical approach to drumming was probably influenced by Purdie's Motown style.^[10]

Purdie was contracted by arranger Sammy Lowe to play a session with James Brown in 1965 and recording session records also show that Purdie played on "Ain't That A Groove"^[11] at the same session.^[6] This was one of several sessions he played with Brown and the track "Kansas City" from Brown's album Cold Sweat (1967), displays one of the most sophisticated and driving shuffles recorded for Brown's catalogue. Purdie is also credited on the albums Say It Loud-I'm Black and I'm Proud (1969)^[12] and Get on the Good Foot (1972) on which "Ain't That A Groove" appeared.^[13]

Purdie started working with Aretha Franklin as musical director in 1970 and held that position for five years,^[1] as well as drumming for Franklin's opening act, King Curtis and The King Pins. In 1970 he performed with both bands at the Fillmore West; the resulting live recordings were released as Aretha Live at the Fillmore West (1971) and King Curtis's Live at Fillmore West (1971).^[14] His best known track with Franklin was "Rock Steady",^[15] on which he played what he described as "a funky and low down beat". Of his time with Franklin he once commented that "backing her was like floating in seventh heaven".^[6]

Encounter Records[link]

In 1973 Purdie founded Encounter Records and released five albums

• EN 3000: Seldon Powell - Messin' With
• EN 3001: Sands of Time - Profile (with Jimmy Owens, Garnett Brown)
• EN 3002: East Coast - East Coast (with Larry Blackmon, Gwen Guthrie)
• EN 3003: Frank Owens - Brown N Serve (with Hugh McCracken) ^[16]
• EN 3004: Harold Vick as "Sir Edward" - The Power of Feeling

Drumming style[link]

File:Purdie shuffle.png

Purdie shuffle variants^[17]  Play (help·info).

File:Purdie shuffle B.png

Purdie shuffle variant^[18]  Play (help·info).

Purdie is known as a groove drummer with immaculate timing and makes use of precision half note, backbeats, and grooves.^[2] Purdie's signature sixteenth note hi-hat lick pish-ship, pish-ship, pish-ship is distinct and hard to copy^[6] and he is known for his versatility. He often employs a straight eight groove sometimes fusing several influences such as swing, blues and funk. He created now well-known drum pattern such as the Purdie shuffle, Half-Time Purdie Shuffle,^[18] also the Bernard Purdie half-time feel shuffle^[17][19][20] that is a blues shuffle variation with the addition of syncopated ghost notes on the snare drum.^[18] Variations on this shuffle can be heard on songs such as Led Zeppelin's "Fool in the Rain", Death Cab For Cutie's "Grapevine Fires", and Toto's "Rosanna" (Rosanna shuffle).^[18][21] Purdie's shuffle can be heard on Steely Dan's "Babylon Sisters"^[22] and "Home At Last".^[18]

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• Soul Drums Direction (1968)
• Stand By Me Mega (1971)
• Purdie Good Prestige (1971)
• Soul Is ... Pretty Purdie Flying Dutchman (1972)
• Lialeh - Bryan (1973)
• Shaft - Prestige (1974)
• Delights of the Garden Celluloid (1975)
• Purdie As a Picture - Kilarnock (1993)
• Tokyo Jazz Groove Sessions - Lexington (1993)
• Coolin' 'n' Groovin' - Lexington/West 47th 1993 (1993)
• After Hours with The 3B's - 3B's (1993)
• The Hudson River Rats - 3B's (1994)
• Kick N Jazz Drum Beat Blocks (1996)
• Soul to Jazz I Act(1997)
• In the Pocket P Vine (1997)
• Soul to Jazz II Act (1998)
• Get It While You Can 3B's (1999)
• Purdie Good Cookin' Own Label (2003)

Contributions[link]

• Gabor Szabo - Jazz Raga (1966)
• James Brown - Cold Sweat (1967)
• King Curtis and his Kingpins - Instant Soul (1967)
• The Soul Finders - Sweet Soul Music (1968)
• Albert Ayler - New Grass (1968)
• James Brown - Say It Loud-I'm Black & I'm Proud (1969)
• Al Kooper - You Never Know Who Your Friends Are (1969)
• Gary Burton - Good Vibes (Atlantic, 1969)
• Dizzy Gillespie - Cornucopia (Solid State, 1969)
• Aretha Franklin - Young, Gifted and Black (1972)
• James Brown - Get On the Good Foot (1972)
• Larry Coryell - Coryell (1969)
• BB King - Completely Well (1970)
• Robert Palmer's Insect Trust - Hoboken Saturday Night (1970)
• Eddie Palmieri - Harlem River Drive (1970)
• Eddie Harris and Les McCann - Second Movement (Atlantic, 1971)
• Aretha Franklin - Aretha Live at Fillmore West (1971)
• King Curtis - Live at Fillmore West (1971)
• Larry Coryell - Fairyland (1971)
• Herbie Mann - Push, Push (1971)
• Dizzy Gillespie - The Real Thing (1971)
• Hubert Laws - Wild Flower (Atlantic, 1972)
• Aretha Franklin - Amazing Grace (1972)
• Esther Phillips - Alone Again Naturally (1972)
• Miles Davis - Get Up with It (1972)
• Ronnie Foster - Sweet Revival (1972)
• BB King - Guess Who (1973)
• Cat Stevens - Foreigner (1973)
• Hall & Oates - Abandoned Luncheonette (1973)
• Jimmy McGriff - Come Together (1974)
• Joe Cocker - I Can Stand a Little Rain (1974)
• Bama The Village Poet - Ghettos Of The Mind (1974)
• Cornell Dupree - Teasin' (1975)
• Todd Rundgren - Initiation (1975)
• Jorge Dalto - Chevere (1976)
• Hummingbird - We Can't Go On Meeting Like This (1976)
• Steely Dan - The Royal Scam (1976)
• Steely Dan - Aja (1977)^[6]
• Hummingbird - Diamond Nights (1977)
• Pee Wee Ellis - Home in the Country (1977)
• Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson - You Can't Make Love Alone (1977)
• Joe Cocker - Luxury You Can Afford (1978)
• Dizzy Gillespie - Digital at Montreux, 1980 (Pablo, 1980)
• Steely Dan - Gaucho (1980)
• Jimmy McGriff - Blue to the Bone (1988)
• Elliott Randall - Still Reelin (2006)
• Hair - Broadway Cast Recording (2009)

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Everett, Walter. The Beatles as musicians: the Quarry Men through Rubber Soul. Oxford University Press US (2001). ISBN 978-0-19-514105-4
• Gottfridsson, Hans Olof; Sheridan, Tony and Beatles. The Beatles from Cavern to Star-Club: The Illustrated Chronicle, Discography & Price Guide 1957-1962. Premium Publishing (1997). ISBN 978-91-971894-7-7
• Kernfeld, Barry Dean. The new Grove dictionary of jazz second edition. Grove's Dictionaries Inc. (2002). Digitized 21 Dec (2006). ISBN 978-1-56159-284-5
• Miles, Barry and Badman, Keith. The Beatles Diary: The Beatles years. Omnibus Press (2001) ISBN 978-0-7119-8308-3
• Payne, Jim and Weinger, Harry. The Great Drummers of R&B Funk & Soul. Mel Bay Publications (2007). ISBN 978-0-7866-7303-2
• Rabb, Johnny; Brych, Ray and Lohman, Gregg. Jungle/Drum 'n' Bass for the Acoustic Drum Set: A Guide to Applying Today's Electronic Music to the Drum Set. Alfred Publishing (2001). ISBN 0-7579-9025-8
• Weinberg, Max. The Big Beat: Conversations with Rock's Greatest Drummers. Hal Leonard Corporation (2004). ISBN 978-0-634-08275-7
• York, William. Who's Who in Rock Music. Atomic Press (1978). Digitized 30 Aug 2007.

External links[link]

• Bernard Pretty Purdie at the Internet Movie Database
• "Official website". bernardpurdie.com. http://www.bernardpurdie.com. 
• Bernard Purdie RBMA lecture

Devendra Banhart
Banhart in 2007
Background information
Born	(1981-05-30) May 30, 1981 (age 31) Houston, Texas United States
Genres	Freak folk, Psych folk, Folk rock, New Weird America, Latin, lo-fi
Occupations	Musician, singer-songwriter
Instruments	Guitar, vocals
Years active	2002–present
Labels	XL Young God hinah Reprise
Associated acts	Vetiver, Michael Gira, Megapuss, Beck, CocoRosie, Antony Hegarty, Little Joy, Joanna Newsom, Noah Georgeson , MGMT
Website	devendrabanhart.com

Devendra Obi Banhart (born May 30, 1981) is a singer-songwriter and visual artist. Banhart was born in Houston, Texas and was raised by his mother in Venezuela, until he moved to California as a teenager. He began to study at the San Francisco Art Institute in 1998, but dropped out to perform music in Europe, San Francisco and Los Angeles. Banhart released his debut album in 2002, continuing to record his material on the Young God and XL labels, as well as other work on compilations and collaborations.

Early life and career[link]

Banhart was born May 30, 1981 in Houston, Texas to a Venezuelan mother and an American father.^[1] His given name is a synonym for Indra, the Hindu god of rain and thunder, which was suggested by Prem Rawat, an Indian religious leader whom Banhart's parents followed.^[2] Banhart's middle name Obi was modeled after the Star Wars character.^[3] Banhart's parents divorced two years after his birth and he moved with his mother to Caracas, Venezuela.^[4] His mother later remarried and Banhart's stepfather moved the family to Los Angeles, California,^[4] when Banhart was 14 years old.^[5]

In 1998, Banhart began studying at the San Francisco Art Institute on a scholarship^[4] while living in The Castro, San Francisco's gay neighborhood.^[6] He began to busk instead of attending classes and played his first show in a church at a gay wedding, performing Elvis Presley's "Love Me Tender" and the classic hymn "How Great Thou Art."^[5] Banhart dropped out of art school in 2000^[4] and left San Francisco after the dot-com bust worsened the city's economy.^[5] He moved to Paris, France, over the summer and opened shows for indie rock bands such as Sonic Youth.^[4] Banhart returned to the United States in the fall of 2000 and played music in San Francisco and Los Angeles, until he was discovered by Michael Gira, owner of Young God Records,^[4] after Siobhan Duffy, Gira's wife, bought a copy of Banhart's demo CD The Charles C. Leary and gave it to Gira.^[2]

Banhart and Gira compiled an album from Banhart's recordings,^[2] and in 2002, Oh Me Oh My, which was made up of short fragments,^[7] was published by Young God Records and received favorable reviews.^[8] He recorded two other albums and an EP for the label: Rejoicing in the Hands, Niño Rojo, and The Black Babies;^[8] the releases had a simple acoustic sound.^[6] Banhart changed to XL Recordings in 2005^[8] and released Cripple Crow, which was recorded in Bearsville Studios, New York and had a more elaborate sound.^[6] He recorded his second album for XL Records, Smokey Rolls Down Thunder Canyon, at his home studio in Topanga, California.^[8] The album charted on the Billboard 200 at number 115.^[9] The album's song "Lover" was featured in the soundtrack of the movie Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist, which included a cameo appearance by Banhart.^[10]

Banhart performs at the 2009 Coachella Festival.

Banhart performs with the band Vetiver^[1] and has performed in Carnegie Hall^[11] and Hollywood Bowl opening for Gilberto Gil,^[12] as well as at Bonnaroo and Coachella music festivals.^[5] He founded a record label, Gnomonsong, with Andy Cabic of Vetiver, in 2005.^[1][13] In 2007, he signed with Neil Young's manager Elliot Roberts, who also contributed vocals to Smokey Rolls Down Thunder Canyon.^[2][14] In 2008, Banhart released the album Surfing in a collaborative project with multi-instrumentalist Greg Rogove named Megapuss.^[15] In 2009, he signed to Warner/Reprise and plans to release a new album, What Will We Be.^[16] He has, at the band's request, produced a remix of Oasis' "(Get Off Your) High Horse Lady".^[17] Along with "Neighbors", Devendra remixed the Phoenix song "Rome" from their 2009 album Wolfgang Amadeus Phoenix.^[18]

On September 4, 2009, Beck announced his second Record Club covers album, Songs of Leonard Cohen. Banhart will contribute, alongside MGMT, Andrew Stockdale of Wolfmother and Binki Shapiro of Little Joy.^[19]

He is a collector of music artifacts.^[5] Banhart wrote the foreword for and appears in his friend Lauren Dukoff's book Family: Photographs by Lauren Dukoff.^[20][21] He has also written the introduction to a selection of poems by Kenneth Patchen.

On October 27, 2009, Banhart released What Will We Be, his first record on Warner/Reprise. Banhart and Jon Beasley, who were credited as art directors for the album's artwork and packaging, were nominated for a Grammy in 2011 for Best Recording Package.^[22]

The film Life During Wartime, directed by Todd Solondz, features a musical collaboration between Banhart and Beck. The song plays over the film's end credits. Banhart sings lead vocals while Beck adds backing vocals and also recorded the track. The lyrics were written by Solondz and the music by composer Marc Shaiman.^[23]

Banhart is an avid skateboarder, and in March 2010 broke a bone in his right leg while skating, only hours before a concert in Phoenix, resulting in the cancelation of future shows in Utah and Colorado.

In 2011, he collaborated with Marisa Monte and Rodrigo Amarante on a version of the song "Nú Com a Minha Música" for the Red Hot Organization's most recent charitable album "Red Hot+Rio 2." The album is a follow-up to the 1996 "Red Hot + Rio." Proceeds from the sales will be donated to raise awareness and money to fight AIDS/HIV and related health and social issues.

In April 2012 Banhart took place in artist Doug Aitken's audiovisual project "Song 1" at the Hirshorn Museum in Washington D.C. Banhart joined Beck and James Murphy of LCD Soundsystem in performing "I Only Have Eyes For You" for the project that uses eleven high-definition video projectors working in tandem to blanket the museum’s entire surface with a video of the performance.^[24]

Visual Art[link]

Drawings by Banhart were featured in the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and in the Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels.^[25][26]

Banhart's drawings have also been featured in the Art Basel Contemporary Art Fair in Miami, FL, the Mazzoli Gallery in Modena, Italy, Spain's ARCOmadrid. and the Andrew Roth Gallery gallery in New York.^[27]

Banhart's drawings were previously featured in MOCA's exhibit: "The Artist's Museum" which showcases the works of influential Los Angeles based artists from the last 30 years. As part of the exhibit Banhart collaborated with artist Doug Aitken and musicians Beck and Caetano Veloso for a musical and visual performance piece.

Style[link]

Banhart's music is often associated with the New Weird America genre, along with Vetiver and Joanna Newsom.^[28] The New York Times has called his songs "free associative work"^[7] and SPIN magazine has written that "Banhart's albums offer ashram-appropriate guitar strums, trippy-hippie tone poetry."^[29] Various publications have described his style as psych folk,^[30] avant-folk, freak folk,^[7] Lo-Fi, hipster folk revival,^[31] and alternative folk.^[8]

Many notable reviewers, including AllMusic, The Times, and Mojo, have pointed out similarities between Banhart's songs and production with that of the early 1970s band Tyrannosaurus Rex (an early version of Mark Bolan's T. Rex).^{[32][33][34][35][36]} In a May 2004 interview with Arthur magazine, Banhart claimed that he was unaware of the music of Tyrannosaurus Rex until after he began writing and recording songs.^[37] Devendra Banhart has played down Bolan's influence on his music, and instead prefers to credit Vashti Bunyan, Karen Dalton, Caetano Veloso, Simon Diaz, Fred Neil, Nico, Donovan, Six Organs of Admittance and certain albums such as David Crosby's If I Could Only Remember My Name among his main influences.^{[34][35][37][38]}

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

Singles and EPs[link]

• The Black Babies (2003)
• Sight To Behold/Be Kind (2004)
• Little Yellow Spider (2004)
• At The Hop (2004)
• I Feel Just Like A Child (2005)
• Heard Somebody Say (2005)
• Xiu Xiu/Devendra Banhart split 7-inch (2005)
• Carmensita (2007)
• Lover (2007)
• Baby (2009)
• Foolin' (2010)

Collaborations and compilations[link]

• The Golden Apples of the Sun (2004)
• Jana Hunter / Devendra Banhart (with Jana Hunter, 2005)
• Love Above All (2007)
• Xiu Xiu's Remixed & Covered (2007)
• Surfing (as Megapuss with Gregory Rogove, 2008)
• Lover
• Songs of Leonard Cohen – Beck's Record Club (2009)^[19]

Equipment[link]

• Aria classical (used on The Charles C. Leary and Oh Me Oh My)
• Gibson LG-3 (natural, with Martin Marquis light-gauged strings)
• Gibson Country & Western
• Gibson ES-355 Lucille (actually Michael Gira's, used during joint tour with the Angels of Light)
• Gibson ES-125 (sunburst)
• Gibson Les Paul Custom (cherryburst)
• Fender Stratocaster (sunburst, used with Megapuss)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Devendra Banhart

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Devendra Banhart

• "Devendra Banhart". Official website. http://devendrabanhart.com/. 
• "Devendra Banhart". XL Recordings. http://xlrecordings.com/devendrabanhart. 
• "Devendra Banhart". Young God Records. http://younggodrecords.com/Artists/?C=16. 
• "Devendra Banhart". hinah. http://www.hinah.com/catalog/?l=en&ref=hinah010. 
• Devendra Banhart at Allmusic
• Devendra Banhart on Myspace
• Devendra Banhart at the Internet Movie Database

Tiger Woods
Woods at a Chevron World Challenge charity event (2011)
Personal information
Full name	Eldrick Tont Woods
Nickname	Tiger
Born	(1975-12-30) December 30, 1975 (age 36) Cypress, California
Height	6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
Weight	185 lb (84 kg; 13.2 st)
Nationality	United States
Residence	Jupiter Island, Florida
Spouse	Elin Nordegren (2004–2010)
Children	Sam Alexis (b. 2007) Charlie Axel (b. 2009)
Career
College	Stanford University (two years)
Turned professional	1996
Current tour(s)	PGA Tour (joined 1996)
Professional wins	99[1]
Number of wins by tour
PGA Tour	72 (3rd all time)
European Tour	38 (3rd all time)[2][3]
Japan Golf Tour	2
Asian Tour	1
PGA Tour of Australasia	1
Other	16
Best results in Major Championships (Wins: 14)
Masters Tournament	Won: 1997, 2001, 2002, 2005
U.S. Open	Won: 2000, 2002, 2008
The Open Championship	Won: 2000, 2005, 2006
PGA Championship	Won: 1999, 2000, 2006, 2007
Achievements and awards
PGA Tour Rookie of the Year	1996
PGA Player of the Year	1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009
PGA Tour Player of the Year	1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009
PGA Tour leading money winner	1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009
Vardon Trophy	1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009
Byron Nelson Award	1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009
FedEx Cup Champion	2007, 2009
(For a full list of awards, see here)

Eldrick Tont "Tiger" Woods (born December 30, 1975)^[4][5] is an American professional golfer whose achievements to date rank him among the most successful golfers of all time. Formerly the World No. 1, he is the highest-paid professional athlete in the world, having earned an estimated US$90.5 million from winnings and endorsements in 2010.^[6][7]

Woods turned professional in 1996, and by April 1997 he had already won his first major, the 1997 Masters. He first reached the number one position in the world rankings in June 1997. Through the 2000s, Woods was the dominant force in golf, spending 264 weeks from August 1999 to September 2004 and 281 weeks from June 2005 to October 2010 as world number one. From December 2009 to early April 2010, Woods took leave from professional golf to focus on his marriage after he admitted infidelity. His multiple infidelities were revealed by several different women, through many worldwide media sources.^[8] This was followed by a loss of form, and his ranking gradually fell to a low of #58 in November 2011.^[7][9] He snapped a career-long winless streak of 107 weeks when he captured the Chevron World Challenge in December 2011.^[9] As of April 8, 2012, he is ranked #8.^[10]

Woods has broken numerous golf records. He has been world number one for the most consecutive weeks and for the greatest total number of weeks of any other golfer. He has been awarded PGA Player of the Year a record ten times,^[11] the Byron Nelson Award for lowest adjusted scoring average a record eight times, and has the record of leading the money list in nine different seasons. He has won 14 professional major golf championships, the second highest of any player (Jack Nicklaus leads with 18), and 72 PGA Tour events, third all time behind Sam Snead and Nicklaus.^[12] He has more career major wins and career PGA Tour wins than any other active golfer does. He is the youngest player to achieve the career Grand Slam, and the youngest and fastest to win 50 tournaments on tour. Additionally, Woods is only the second golfer, after Jack Nicklaus, to have achieved a career Grand Slam three times. Woods has won 16 World Golf Championships, and won at least one of those events in each of the first 11 years after they began in 1999.

Background and family[link]

Woods was born Eldrick Tont Woods in Cypress, California, to Earl (1932–2006) and Kultida (Tida) Woods (born 1944). He is the only child of their marriage, but does have two half-brothers, Earl Jr. (born 1955) and Kevin (born 1957), and a half-sister, Royce (born 1958) from the 18-year marriage of Earl Woods and his first wife, Barbara Woods Gray.^[13] Earl, a retired lieutenant colonel and Vietnam War veteran, was of mixed African American, Chinese, and Native American ancestry. Kultida (née Punsawad), originally from Thailand (where Earl had met her on a tour of duty in 1968), is of mixed Thai, Chinese, and Dutch ancestry. This makes Woods himself half Asian (one-quarter Chinese and one-quarter Thai), one-quarter African American, one-eighth Native American, and one-eighth Dutch.^[14] He refers to his ethnic make-up as "Cablinasian" (a syllabic abbreviation he coined from Caucasian, Black, American Indian, and Asian).^[15]

Woods' first name, Eldrick, was coined by his mother because it began with "E" (for Earl) and ended with "K" (for Kultida). His middle name Tont is a traditional Thai name. He was nicknamed Tiger in honor of his father's friend Col. Vuong Dang Phong, who had also been known as Tiger.^[16]

Woods has a niece, Cheyenne Woods, who is an amateur golfer on Wake Forest University's golf team.^[17]

Early life and amateur golf career[link]

Woods grew up in Orange County, California. He was a child prodigy, introduced to golf before the age of two, by his athletic father Earl, a single-figure handicap amateur golfer who had been one of the earliest African-American college baseball players at Kansas State University.^[18] In 1978, Tiger putted against comedian Bob Hope in a television appearance on The Mike Douglas Show. At age three, he shot a 48 over nine holes over the Cypress Navy course, and at age five, he appeared in Golf Digest and on ABC's That's Incredible.^[19] Before turning seven, Tiger won the Under Age 10 section of the Drive, Pitch, and Putt competition, held at the Navy Golf Course in Cypress, California.^[20] In 1984 at the age of eight, he won the 9–10 boys' event, the youngest age group available, at the Junior World Golf Championships.^[21] He first broke 80 at age eight.^[22] He went on to win the Junior World Championships six times, including four consecutive wins from 1988 to 1991.^{[23][24][25][26][27]}

Woods' father Earl wrote that Tiger first beat him when he was 11 years old, with Earl trying his best. Earl lost to Tiger every time from then on.^[28][29] Woods first broke 70 on a regulation golf course at age 12.^[30]

Woods' first major national junior tournament was the 1989 Big I, when he was 13 years old. Woods was paired with pro John Daly, then relatively unknown, in the final round; the event's format placed a professional with each group of juniors who had qualified. Daly birdied three of the last four holes to beat Woods by only one stroke.^[31] As a young teenager, Woods first met Jack Nicklaus in Los Angeles at the Bel-Air Country Club, when Nicklaus was performing a clinic for the club's members. Woods was part of the show, and impressed Nicklaus and the crowd with his skills and potential.^[32] Earl Woods had researched in detail the career accomplishments of Nicklaus, and had set his young son the goals of breaking those records.^[30]

While attending Western High School in Anaheim at the age of 15, Woods became the youngest ever U.S. Junior Amateur champion (a record which stood until it was broken by Jin Liu in 2010).^[33] He was named 1991's Southern California Amateur Player of the Year (for the second consecutive year) and Golf Digest Junior Amateur Player of the Year. In 1992, he defended his title at the U.S. Junior Amateur Championship, becoming the first multiple winner; competed in his first PGA Tour event, the Nissan Los Angeles Open (he missed the 36-hole cut); and was named Golf Digest Amateur Player of the Year, Golf World Player of the Year, and Golfweek National Amateur of the Year.^[34][35]

The following year, Woods won his third consecutive U.S. Junior Amateur Championship; he remains the event's only three-time winner.^[36] In 1994, at the TPC at Sawgrass in Florida, he became the youngest-ever winner of the U.S. Amateur Championship, a record that stood until 2008 when it was broken by Danny Lee.^[37] He was a member of the American team at the 1994 Eisenhower Trophy World Amateur Golf Team Championships (winning), and the 1995 Walker Cup (losing).^[38][39]

Woods graduated from Western High School in 1994 at age 18, and was voted "Most Likely to Succeed" among the graduating class. He had starred for the high school's golf team under coach Don Crosby.^[40]

College golf career[link]

Woods was recruited very heavily by college golf powers, and chose Stanford University, the 1994 NCAA Division I champion. He enrolled at Stanford in the fall of 1994 under a golf scholarship, winning his first collegiate event, the 40th Annual William H. Tucker Invitational, that September.^[41] He declared a major in economics, and was nicknamed "Urkel" by college teammate Notah Begay III.^[42] In 1995, he successfully defended his U.S. Amateur title at the Newport Country Club in Rhode Island^[37] and was voted Pac-10 Player of the Year, NCAA First Team All-American, and Stanford's Male Freshman of the Year (an award that encompasses all sports).^[43][44] He participated in his first PGA Tour major, the 1995 Masters Tournament, and tied for 41st as the only amateur to make the cut. At age 20 in 1996, he became the first golfer to win three consecutive U.S. Amateur titles^[45] and won the NCAA individual golf championship.^[46] In winning the Silver Medal as leading amateur at The Open Championship, he tied the record for an amateur aggregate score of 281.^[47] He left college after two years and turned professional.

Professional career[link]

Woods in 2001

Woods became a professional golfer in August 1996, and immediately signed deals with Nike, Inc. and Titleist that ranked as the most lucrative endorsement contracts in golf history at that time.^[48][49] Woods was named Sports Illustrated's 1996 Sportsman of the Year and PGA Tour Rookie of the Year.^[50] In April 1997, he won his first major, the Masters, becoming the tournament's youngest-ever winner.^[51] Two months later, he set the record for the fastest-ever ascent to #1 in the Official World Golf Rankings.^[52] After a lackluster 1998, Woods finished the 1999 season with eight wins, including the PGA Championship, a feat not achieved since 1974.^[53][54]

In 2000, Woods achieved six consecutive wins, the longest winning streak since 1948. One of these was the 2000 U.S. Open, where he broke or tied nine tournament records in what Sports Illustrated called "the greatest performance in golf history."^[55] At age 24, he became the youngest golfer to achieve the Career Grand Slam.^[56] At the end of 2000, Woods had won nine of the twenty PGA Tour events he entered and had broken the record for lowest scoring average in tour history. He was named the Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year, the first and only athlete to be honored twice, and was ranked by Golf Digest magazine as the twelfth-best golfer of all time.^[57][58]

Woods at the 2004 Ryder Cup

Woods' victory in the 2001 Masters Tournament made him the first player to hold all four major professional golf titles at the same time.^[59] Following a stellar 2001 and 2002 in which Woods continued to dominate the tour, Woods' career hit a "slump".^[53][60] He did not win a major in 2003 or 2004. In September 2004, Vijay Singh overtook Woods in the Official World Golf Rankings, breaking Woods' record streak of 264 weeks at #1.^[61] Woods rebounded in 2005, winning six official PGA Tour money events and reclaiming the top spot in July after swapping it back and forth with Singh over the first half of the year.^[62]

In 2006, Woods began dominantly, winning his first two PGA tournaments but failing to capture his fifth Masters championship in April.^[63][64] Following the death of his father in May, Woods took a nine-week hiatus from the tour and appeared rusty upon his return at the U.S. Open, missing the cut at Winged Foot.^[65] However, he quickly returned to form and ended the year by winning six consecutive tour events. At the season's close, with 54 wins and 12 majors wins, Woods had broken the tour records for both total wins and total majors wins over eleven seasons.^[66]

Woods at the 2006 Masters Tournament

He continued to excel in 2007 and the first part of 2008. In April 2008, he underwent knee surgery and missed the next two months on the tour.^[67] Woods returned for the 2008 U.S. Open, where he struggled the first day but ultimately claimed a dramatic victory over Rocco Mediate, after which Mediate said, "This guy does things that are just not normal by any stretch of the imagination," and Kenny Perry added, "He beat everybody on one leg."^[68][69][70] Two days later, Woods announced that he would miss the remainder of the season due to further knee surgery, and that his knee was more severely damaged than previously revealed, prompting even greater praise for his U.S. Open performance. Woods called it "my greatest ever championship."^[71][72][73] In Woods' absence, TV ratings for the remainder of the season suffered a huge decline from 2007.^[74]

Upon Woods' much-anticipated return in 2009, he performed well, including a spectacular performance at the 2009 Presidents Cup, but failed to win a major, the first year since 2004 that he failed to do so.^[75][76][77] After his marital infidelities came to light at the end of 2009 and received massive media coverage, Woods announced in December that he would be taking an indefinite break from competitive golf. In February 2010, he delivered a televised apology for his behavior. During this period, several companies ended their endorsement deals with Woods.

He returned to competition in April at the 2010 Masters Tournament, where he finished in a tie for fourth place.^[78] He followed the Masters with poor showings at the Quail Hollow Championship and the Players Championship, where he withdrew in the fourth round citing injury.^[79] Shortly afterward, Woods' coach since 2003, Hank Haney, resigned the position; he was replaced in August by Sean Foley. The rest of the season went badly for Woods, who failed to win a single event for the first time since turning professional, while nevertheless finishing the season ranked #2 in the world.

Woods' performance continued to suffer in 2011, taking its toll on his ranking. After falling to #7 in March, he rebounded to #5 with a strong showing at the 2011 Masters Tournament, where he tied for fourth place.^[80][81][82] Due to leg injuries incurred at the Masters, he missed several summer events; in July he fired his longtime caddy Steve Williams, replacing him temporarily with friend Bryon Bell.^[83][84] After returning to tournament play in August, Woods continued to falter, and his ranking gradually fell to a low of #58.^[9] He rose to #50 in mid-November after a third-place win at the Emirates Australian Open, and broke his winless streak with a victory at December's Chevron World Challenge.^[9][85]

His 2012 season started at the Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship on the European Tour in late January. For the first two days of play Tiger was grouped with Rory McIlroy and world No.1 Luke Donald. He shot under par rounds of 70 and 69 on Thursday and Friday respectively, which left him in joint 4th place at 5-under par. His low round of the week came on Saturday, shooting a 6-under par 66, giving him the joint lead with England's Robert Rock. Woods struggled on Sunday and couldn't mount a big enough charge, shooting a level par 72 and settling for joint 3rd place. Woods' second tournament of the year came at the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in early February which he had not played since 2002. His amateur partner for the week was Dallas Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo. Woods shot solid rounds of 68-68-67 on the first three days, and began Sunday in third place, four shots behind leader Charlie Wi. However, he struggled with his putting and shot a final round 75 while his playing partner Phil Mickelson shot a 64 and won the tournament.

His next tournament was the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship in Arizona. Woods battled to win his first round match against Gonzalo Fernández-Castaño, 1-up, and then played Nick Watney in the second round. On the 18th hole, Woods had to make birdie to extend the match, however his 5 foot putt missed and he was knocked out of the tournament. Woods commented that his putting was hindered technically and required some work after battling with it throughout the round.^[86] The following week Woods teed off at the Honda Classic in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. Woods commented that he had referred back to putting basics instead of new technique he had been applying. Woods' putting over the first three days of tournament play was noticeably better, but the ball was struggling to fall into the hole. Tiger began the fourth round on 2-under par, 9 shots behind leader Rory McIlroy. After parring the first hole and being delayed by adverse weather, Woods returned and played the remaining 17 holes in 8-under par including two eagles and no bogeys. A birdie-eagle finish set up Woods to possibly claim the title, however McIlroy kept his cool and won the tournament. Tiger finished joint second, and the round also marked his lowest final round score in his PGA Tour career.

Woods played the following week at the WGC-Cadillac Championship in Miami, Florida. Tiger spent the first three days near the top of the leaderboard and shot 72-67-68 to start the fourth round in tied 8th place at 9-under par, 8 shots behind leader Bubba Watson. Woods struggled on the front 9 and shot 2-over par going out. He then began to noticeably limp on the next three holes and went on to withdraw from the tournament with an apparent left leg injury, which was later confirmed as a strain on his left Achilles tendon that had been injured previously at the 2011 Masters Tournament. After a short time off, Woods played in the Tavistock Cup at the Lake Nona Golf and Country Club, representing Team Albany, finishing 4th. The same week, Woods began the Arnold Palmer Invitational. After three rounds of 69, 65 and a 71, he began Sunday in the lead at 11-under par, one shot ahead of Graeme McDowell. Woods remained in the lead throughout the round and shot a 2-under par 70 to claim his seventh win at Bay Hill and also marked his first win on the PGA Tour since the BMW Championship in September 2009. After a week off, he returned to Augusta for the Masters Tournament. Over the four days, Woods was never close to contending the title, and shot rounds of 72-75-72-74 to finish tied 40th. After a 3 week break from competition, Woods traveled to Charlotte, North Carolina, for the Wells Fargo Championship. Although starting positively with a 1-under par 71, Woods' second round of 73 (1-over) derailed his tournament hopes and resulted in him missing his eighth cut as a professional by 1 shot and second in as many years for the tournament. The following week, Woods played The Players Championship. After an opening round of 74 (2-over), he was in threat of missing a second consecutive cut, a first for his professional career, however after a 4-under 68, he was firmly staying in the tournament as well as being in the hunt for the weekend. However, a weekend charge never mounted despite good ball striking and he settled for T40th at 1-under par.

Endorsements[link]

Woods has been called the world's most marketable athlete.^[87] Shortly after his 21st birthday in 1996, he began signing endorsement deals with numerous companies, including General Motors, Titleist, General Mills, American Express, Accenture, and Nike, Inc. In 2000, he signed a 5-year, $105 million contract extension with Nike. It was the largest endorsing deal ever signed by an athlete at that time.^[88] Woods' endorsement has been credited with playing a significant role in taking the Nike Golf brand from a "start-up" golf company earlier in the past decade, to becoming the leading golf apparel company in the world, and a major player in the equipment and golf ball market.^[87][89] Nike Golf is one of the fastest growing brands in the sport, with an estimated $600 million in sales.^[90] Woods has been described as the "ultimate endorser" for Nike Golf,^[90] frequently seen wearing Nike gear during tournaments, and even in advertisements for other products.^[88] Woods receives a cut from the sales of Nike Golf apparel, footwear, golf equipment, golf balls,^[87] and has a building named after him at Nike’s headquarters campus in Beaverton, Oregon.^[91]

In 2002, Woods was involved in every aspect of the launch of Buick's Rendezvous SUV. A company spokesman stated that Buick is happy with the value of Woods' endorsement, pointing out that more than 130,000 Rendezvous vehicles were sold in 2002 and 2003. "That exceeded our forecasts," he was quoted as saying, "It has to be in recognition of Tiger." In February 2004, Buick renewed Woods' endorsement contract for another five years, in a deal reportedly worth $40 million.^[88]

Woods collaborated closely with TAG Heuer to develop the world's first professional golf watch, released in April 2005.^[92] The lightweight, titanium-construction watch, designed to be worn while playing the game, incorporates numerous innovative design features to accommodate golf play. It is capable of absorbing up to 5,000 Gs of shock, far in excess of the forces generated by a normal golf swing.^[92] In 2006, the TAG Heuer Professional Golf Watch won the prestigious iF product design award in the Leisure/Lifestyle category.^[93]

Woods preparing for a photo shoot in 2006

Woods also endorses the Tiger Woods PGA Tour series of video games; he has done so since 1999.^[94] In 2006, he signed a six-year contract with Electronic Arts, the series' publisher.^[95]

In February 2007, along with Roger Federer and Thierry Henry, Woods became an ambassador for the "Gillette Champions" marketing campaign. Gillette did not disclose financial terms, though an expert estimated the deal could total between $10 million and $20 million.^[96]

In October 2007, Gatorade announced that Woods would have his own brand of sports drink starting in March 2008. "Gatorade Tiger" was his first U.S. deal with a beverage company and his first licensing agreement. Although no figures were officially disclosed, Golfweek magazine reported that it was for five years and could pay him as much as $100 million.^[97] The company decided in early fall 2009 to discontinue the drink due to weak sales.^[98]

According to Golf Digest, Woods made $769,440,709 from 1996 to 2007,^[99] and the magazine predicted that by 2010, Woods would pass one billion dollars in earnings.^[100] In 2009, Forbes confirmed that Woods was indeed the world's first athlete to earn over a billion dollars in his career (before taxes), after accounting for the $10 million bonus Woods received for the FedEx Cup title.^[101][102] The same year, Forbes estimated his net worth to be $600 million, making him the second richest "African American" behind only Oprah Winfrey.^[103]

Honors[link]

Woods driving in 2007

On August 20, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver announced that Woods would be inducted into the California Hall of Fame. He was inducted December 5, 2007 at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts in Sacramento.^[104][105]

He has been named "Athlete of the Decade" by the Associated Press in December 2009.^[106] He has been named Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year a record-tying four times, and is the only person to be named Sports Illustrated's Sportsman of the Year more than once.

Since his record-breaking win at the 1997 Masters Tournament, golf's increased popularity is commonly attributed to Woods' presence. He is credited by some sources for dramatically increasing prize money in golf, generating interest in new audiences, and for drawing the largest TV audiences in golf history.^{[50][107][108][109][110][111]}

Tiger-proofing[link]

Early in Woods' career, a small number of golf experts expressed concern about his impact on the competitiveness of the game and the public appeal of professional golf. Sportswriter Bill Lyon of Knight-Ridder asked in a column, "Isn't Tiger Woods actually bad for golf?" (though Lyon ultimately concluded that he was not).^[112] At first, some pundits feared that Woods would drive the spirit of competition out of the game of golf by making existing courses obsolete and relegating opponents to simply competing for second place each week.

A related effect was measured by economist Jennifer Brown of the University of California, Berkeley who found that other golfers played worse when competing against Woods than when he was not in the tournament. The scores of highly skilled (exempt) golfers are nearly one stroke higher when playing against Woods. This effect was larger when he was on winning streaks and disappeared during his well-publicized slump in 2003–04. Brown explains the results by noting that competitors of similar skill can hope to win by increasing their level of effort, but that, when facing a "superstar" competitor, extra exertion does not significantly raise one's level of winning while increasing risk of injury or exhaustion, leading to reduced effort.^[113]

Many courses in the PGA Tour rotation (including Major Championship sites like Augusta National) began to add yardage to their tees in an effort to slow down long hitters like Woods, a strategy that became known as "Tiger-Proofing". Woods himself welcomed the change as he believes adding yardage to the course does not affect his ability to win.^[114]

Playing style[link]

Woods practicing before 2004 Ryder Cup at Oakland Hills Country Club in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan

When Woods first joined the professional tour in 1996, his long drives had a large impact on the world of golf.^[115][116] However, when he did not upgrade his equipment in the following years (insisting upon the use of True Temper Dynamic Gold steel-shafted clubs and smaller steel clubheads that promoted accuracy over distance),^[117] many opponents caught up to him. Phil Mickelson even made a joke in 2003 about Woods using "inferior equipment", which did not sit well with Nike, Titleist or Woods.^[118][119] During 2004, Woods finally upgraded his driver technology to a larger clubhead and graphite shaft, which, coupled with his clubhead speed, made him one of the Tour's lengthier players off the tee once again.

Despite his power advantage, Woods has always focused on developing an excellent all-around game. Although in recent years he has typically been near the bottom of the Tour rankings in driving accuracy, his iron play is generally accurate, his recovery and bunker play is very strong, and his putting (especially under pressure) is possibly his greatest asset. He is largely responsible for a shift to higher standards of athleticism amongst professional golfers, and is known for putting in more hours of practice than most.^{[120][121][122]}

From mid-1993, while he was still an amateur, until 2004, Woods worked almost exclusively with leading swing coach Butch Harmon. From mid-1997, Harmon and Woods fashioned a major redevelopment of Woods' full swing, achieving greater consistency, better distance control, and better kinesiology. The changes began to pay off in 1999.^[123] From March 2004 to 2010, Woods was coached by Hank Haney, who worked on flattening his swing plane. Woods continued to win tournaments with Haney, but his driving accuracy dropped significantly. Haney resigned in May 2010 and was replaced by Sean Foley. ^[124]

Mike "Fluff" Cowan served as Woods' caddy from the start of his professional career until March 1999.^[125] He was replaced by Steve Williams, who became a close friend of Woods and is often credited with helping him with key shots and putts.^[126] In June 2011, Woods fired Williams and replaced him with Woods' friend Bryon Bell, on an interim basis. Joe LaCava, a former caddy of both Fred Couples and Dustin Johnson, was hired by Woods shortly after.^{[citation needed]}

Equipment[link]

As of 2011:^{[127][128][129]}

• Driver: Nike VR Tour (8.5 degree; Graphite Design Tour AD DI 6x shaft)
• Fairway Woods: Nike VR Pro 15° 3-wood and Nike SQ II 19° 5-Wood with Mitsubishi Diamana Blueboard 103 shaft
• Irons: Nike VR Pro Blades (2-PW) (Tiger will put his 5 Wood or 2 Iron in the bag depending upon the course setup and conditions). All irons are 1 degree upright, have D4 swingweight, standard size Tour Velvet grips and True Temper Dynamic Gold X-100 shafts.^[130]
• Wedges: Nike VR Pro (56 and 60 degree; True Temper Dynamic Gold S400 shafts)
• Putter: Nike Method 001
• Ball: Nike ONE Tour D (with "Tiger" imprint)
• Golf Glove: Nike Dri-FIT Tour glove
• Golf Shoes: Nike TW '13
• Driver club cover: Frank, a plush tiger head club cover created by his mother. Frank has appeared in several commercials.^[131]

Career achievements[link]

Woods has won 72 official PGA Tour events including 14 majors. He is 14–1 when going into the final round of a major with at least a share of the lead. He has been heralded as "the greatest closer in history" by multiple golf experts.^{[132][133][134]} He owns the lowest career scoring average and the most career earnings of any player in PGA Tour history.

He has spent the most consecutive and cumulative weeks atop the world rankings. He is one of five players (along with Gene Sarazen, Ben Hogan, Gary Player, and Jack Nicklaus) to have won all four professional major championships in his career, known as the Career Grand Slam, and was the youngest to do so.^[135] Woods is the only player to have won all four professional major championships in a row, accomplishing the feat in the 2000–2001 seasons.

• PGA Tour wins (72)
• European Tour wins (38)
• Japan Golf Tour wins (2)
• Asian Tour wins (1)
• PGA Tour of Australasia wins (1)
• Other professional wins (15)
• Amateur wins (21)

Major championships[link]

Wins (14)[link]

Year	Championship	54 Holes	Winning Score	Margin	Runner(s)-up
1997	Masters Tournament	099 shot lead	-18−18 (70–66–65–69=270)	1212 strokes	Tom Kite
1999	PGA Championship	00Tied for lead	-11−11 (70–67–68–72=277)	011 stroke	Sergio García
2000	U.S. Open	1010 shot lead	-12−12 (65–69–71–67=272)	1515 strokes	Ernie Els, Miguel Ángel Jiménez
2000	The Open Championship	066 shot lead	-19−19 (67–66–67–69=269)	088 strokes	Thomas Bjørn, Ernie Els
2000	PGA Championship (2)	011 shot lead	-18−18 (66–67–70–67=270)	00Playoff 1	Bob May
2001	Masters Tournament (2)	011 shot lead	-16−16 (70–66–68–68=272)	022 strokes	David Duval
2002	Masters Tournament (3)	00Tied for lead	-12−12 (70–69–66–71=276)	033 strokes	Retief Goosen
2002	U.S. Open (2)	044 shot lead	-03−3 (67–68–70–72=277)	033 strokes	Phil Mickelson
2005	Masters Tournament (4)	033 shot lead	-12−12 (74–66–65–71=276)	00Playoff 2	Chris DiMarco
2005	The Open Championship (2)	022 shot lead	-14−14 (66–67–71–70=274)	055 strokes	Colin Montgomerie
2006	The Open Championship (3)	011 shot lead	-18−18 (67–65–71–67=270)	022 strokes	Chris DiMarco
2006	PGA Championship (3)	00Tied for lead	-18−18 (69–68–65–68=270)	055 strokes	Shaun Micheel
2007	PGA Championship (4)	033 shot lead	-08−8 (71–63–69–69=272)	022 strokes	Woody Austin
2008	U.S. Open (3)	011 shot lead	-01−1 (72–68–70–73=283)	00Playoff 3	Rocco Mediate

¹ Defeated May in three-hole playoff by 1 stroke: Woods (3–4–5=12), May (4–4–5=13)
² Defeated DiMarco with birdie on first extra hole
³ Defeated Mediate with a par on 1st sudden death hole after 18-hole playoff was tied at even par

Results timeline[link]

LA = Low Amateur
DNP = Did not play
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place
Green background for wins. Yellow background for top-10.

World Golf Championships[link]

Wins (16)[link]

Year	Championship	54 Holes	Winning Score	Margin of Victory	Runner(s)-up
1999	WGC-NEC Invitational	055 shot lead	-10-10 (66–71–62–71=270)	011 stroke	Phil Mickelson
1999	WGC-American Express Championship	-031 shot deficit	-06-6 (71–69–70–68=278)	00Playoff 1	Miguel Ángel Jiménez
2000	WGC-NEC Invitational (2)	099 shot lead	-21-21 (64–61–67–67=259)	1111 strokes	Justin Leonard, Phillip Price
2001	WGC-NEC Invitational (3)	-022 shot deficit	-12-12 (66–67–66–69=268)	00Playoff 2	Jim Furyk
2002	WGC-American Express Championship (2)	055 shot lead	-25-25 (65–65–67–66=263)	011 stroke	Retief Goosen
2003	WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship	n/an/a	n/a2 & 1	n/an/a	David Toms
2003	WGC-American Express Championship (3)	022 shot lead	-06-6 (67–66–69–72=274)	022 strokes	Stuart Appleby, Tim Herron, Vijay Singh
2004	WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship (2)	n/an/a	n/a3 & 2	n/an/a	Davis Love III
2005	WGC-NEC Invitational (4)	00Tied for lead	-06-6 (66–70–67–71=274)	011 stroke	Chris DiMarco
2005	WGC-American Express Championship (4)	-022 shot deficit	-10-10 (67–68–68–67=270)	00Playoff 3	John Daly
2006	WGC-NEC InvitationalWGC-Bridgestone Invitational (5)	-031 shot deficit	-10-10 (67–64–71–68=270)	00Playoff 4	Stewart Cink
2006	WGC-American Express Championship (5)	066 shot lead	-23-23 (63–64–67–67=261)	088 strokes	Ian Poulter, Adam Scott
2007	WGC-American Express ChampionshipWGC-CA Championship (6)	044 shot lead	-10-10 (71–66–68–73=278)	022 strokes	Brett Wetterich
2007	WGC-NEC InvitationalWGC-Bridgestone Invitational (6)	-031 shot deficit	-08-8 (68–70–69–65=272)	088 strokes	Justin Rose, Rory Sabbatini
2008	WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship (3)	n/an/a	n/a8 & 7	n/an/a	Stewart Cink
2009	WGC-NEC InvitationalzWGC-Bridgestone Invitational (7)	-013 shot deficit	-12-12 (68–70–65–65=268)	044 strokes	Robert Allenby, Pádraig Harrington

¹ Won on the first extra hole of a sudden-death playoff.
² Won on the seventh extra hole of a sudden-death playoff.
³ Won on the second extra hole of a sudden-death playoff.
⁴ Won on the fourth extra hole of a sudden-death playoff.

Results timeline[link]

¹Cancelled due to 9/11
DNP = Did not play
QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
"T" = tied
NT = No Tournament
Green background for wins. Yellow background for top-10.
Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.

PGA Tour career summary[link]

* As of May 13, 2012.

Other ventures[link]

Tiger Woods Foundation[link]

The Tiger Woods Foundation was established in 1996 by Woods and his father Earl, with the primary goal of promoting golf among inner-city children.^[136][137] The foundation has conducted junior golf clinics across the country, and sponsors the Tiger Woods Foundation National Junior Golf Team in the Junior World Golf Championships.^[138][139] As of December 2010, TWF employed approximately 55 people.^[140][141]

The foundation operates the Tiger Woods Learning Center, a $50 million, 35,000-square-foot facility in Anaheim, California, providing college-access programs for underserved youth.^{[138][140][142]} The TWLC opened in 2006 and features seven classrooms, extensive multi-media facilities and an outdoor golf teaching area.^[138] The center has since expanded to four additional campuses: two in Washington, DC; one in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and one in Stuart, Florida.^[142]

The foundation benefits from the annual Chevron World Challenge and AT&T National golf tournaments hosted by Woods.^[140] In October 2011, the foundation hosted the first Tiger Woods Invitational at Pebble Beach.^[143] Other annual fundraisers have included the concert events Block Party, last held in 2009 in Anaheim, and Tiger Jam, last held in 2011 in Las Vegas after a one-year hiatus.^{[140][144][145][146]}

Tiger Woods Design[link]

In November 2006, Woods announced his intention to begin designing golf courses around the world through a new company, Tiger Woods Design.^[147] A month later, he announced that the company's first course would be in Dubai as part of a 25.3 million-square-foot development, The Tiger Woods Dubai.^[148] The Al Ruwaya Golf Course was initially expected to finish construction in 2009.^[148] As of February 2010, only seven holes had been completed; in April 2011, the New York Times reported that the project had been shelved permanently.^[149][150]

Tiger Woods Design has taken on two other courses, neither of which has materialized. In August 2007, Woods announced The Cliffs at High Carolina, a private course in the Blue Ridge Mountains near Asheville, North Carolina.^[151] After a groundbreaking in November 2008, the project suffered cash flow problems and suspended construction.^[150] A third course, in Punta Brava, Mexico, was announced in October 2008, but incurred delays due to issues with permits and an environmental impact study.^[152][150] Construction on the Punta Brava course has not yet begun.^[150]

The problems encountered by these projects have been credited to factors including overly optimistic estimates of their value; declines throughout the global economy, particularly the U.S. crash in home prices; and decreased appeal of Woods following his 2009 infidelity scandal.^[150]

Writings[link]

Woods wrote a golf instruction column for Golf Digest magazine from 1997 to February 2011.^[153] In 2001 he wrote a best-selling golf instruction book, How I Play Golf, which had the largest print run of any golf book for its first edition, 1.5 million copies.^[154]

Personal life[link]

Marriage and children[link]

In November 2003, Woods became engaged to Elin Nordegren, a Swedish former model and daughter of former minister of migration Barbro Holmberg and radio journalist Thomas Nordegren.^[155] They were introduced during The Open Championship in 2001 by Swedish golfer Jesper Parnevik, who had employed her as an au pair. They married on October 5, 2004, at the Sandy Lane resort in Barbados, and lived at Isleworth, a community in Windermere, a suburb of Orlando, Florida.^[156][157] In 2006, they purchased a $39 million estate in Jupiter Island, Florida, and began constructing a 10,000-square-foot home; Woods moved there in 2010 following the couple's divorce.^[157][158]