Bottles of ink from Germany.

Ink is a liquid or paste that contains pigments or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text, or design. Ink is used for drawing or writing with a pen, brush, or quill. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used extensively in letterpress and lithographic printing.

Ink can be a complex medium, composed of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter, fluorescers, and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink’s carrier, colorants, and other additives control flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry.

Types[link]

Magnified line drawn by a fountain pen.

Ink formulas vary, but commonly involve four components:

• Colorants
• Vehicles (binders)
• Additives
• Carrier substances

Inks generally fall into four classes^[1]:

• Aqueous
• Liquid
• Paste
• Powder

Colorants[link]

Pigment inks are used more frequently than dyes because they are more color-fast, but they are also more expensive, less consistent in color, and have less of a color range than dyes.^[1]

Pigments[link]

Pigments are solid, opaque particles suspended in ink to provide color.^[1] Pigment molecules typically link together in crystalline structures that are 0.1–2 µm in size and comprise 5–30 percent of the ink volume.^[1] Qualities such as hue, saturation, and lightness vary depending on the source and type of pigment.

Dyes[link]

Dye-based inks are generally much stronger than pigment-based inks and can produce much more color of a given density per unit of mass. However, because dyes are dissolved in the liquid phase, they have a tendency to soak into paper, making the ink less efficient and potentially allowing the ink to bleed at the edges of an image.

To circumvent this problem, dye-based inks are made with solvents that dry rapidly or are used with quick-drying methods of printing, such as blowing hot air on the fresh print. Other methods include harder paper sizing and more specialized paper coatings. The latter is particularly suited to inks used in non-industrial settings (which must conform to tighter toxicity and emission controls), such as inkjet printer inks. Another technique involves coating the paper with a charged coating. If the dye has the opposite charge, it is attracted to and retained by this coating, while the solvent soaks into the paper. Cellulose, the wood-derived material most paper is made of, is naturally charged, and so a compound that complexes with both the dye and the paper's surface aids retention at the surface. Such a compound is commonly used in ink-jet printing inks.

An additional advantage of dye-based ink systems is that the dye molecules interact chemically with other ink ingredients. This means that they can benefit more than pigmented ink from optical brighteners and color-enhancing agents designed to increase the intensity and appearance of dyes. Because dyes get their color from the interaction of electrons in their molecules, the way the electrons can move is determined by the charge and extent of electron delocalization in other ink ingredients. The color emerges as a function of the light energy that falls on the dye. Thus, if an optical brightener or color enhancer absorbs light energy and emits it through or with the dye, the appearance changes, as the spectrum of light re-emitted to the observer changes.

A more recent development in dye-based inks are dyes that react with cellulose to permanently color the paper. Such inks are not affected by water, alcohol, and other solvents.^{[citation needed]} As such, their use is recommended to prevent frauds that involve removing signatures, such as check washing. This kind of ink is most commonly found in gel inks and in certain fountain pen inks.^{[citation needed]}

History[link]

Ink drawing of Ganesha under an umbrella (early 19th century). Ink, called masi, an admixture of several chemical components, has been used in India since at least the 4th century BC.^[2] The practice of writing with ink and a sharp pointed needle was common in early South India.^[3] Several Jain sutras in India were compiled in ink.^[4]

Many ancient cultures around the world have independently discovered and formulated inks for the purposes of writing and drawing. The knowledge of the inks, their recipes and the techniques for their production comes from archaeological analysis or from written text itself.

The history of Chinese inks can be traced back to the 18th century BC, with the utilization of natural plant (plant dyes), animal, and mineral inks based on such materials as graphite that were ground with water and applied with ink brushes. Evidence for the earliest Chinese inks, similar to modern inksticks, is around 256 BC in the end of the Warring States Period and produced from soot and animal glue.^[5]

The India ink used in ancient India since at least the 4th century BC was called masi, and was made of burnt bones, tar, pitch, and other substances.^[2][6] Indian documents written in Kharosthi with ink have been unearthed in Chinese Turkestan.^[7] The practice of writing with ink and a sharp pointed needle was common in early South India.^[3] Several Buddhist and Jain sutras in India were compiled in ink.^[4]

In ancient Rome, atramentum was used. In an article for the Christian Science Monitor, Sharon J. Huntington describes these other historical inks:

About 1,600 years ago, a popular ink recipe was created. The recipe was used for centuries. Iron salts, such as ferrous sulfate (made by treating iron with sulfuric acid), were mixed with tannin from gallnuts (they grow on trees) and a thickener. When first put to paper, this ink is bluish-black. Over time it fades to a dull brown.

Scribes in medieval Europe (about AD 800 to 1500) wrote principally on parchment or vellum. One 12th century ink recipe called for hawthorn branches to be cut in the spring and left to dry. Then the bark was pounded from the branches and soaked in water for eight days. The water was boiled until it thickened and turned black. Wine was added during boiling. The ink was poured into special bags and hung in the sun. Once dried, the mixture was mixed with wine and iron salt over a fire to make the final ink.^[8]

The reservoir pen, which may have been the first fountain pen, dates back to 953, when Ma'ād al-Mu'izz, the caliph of Egypt, demanded a pen that would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen that held ink in a reservoir.^[9]

In the 15th century, a new type of ink had to be developed in Europe for the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg. Two types of ink were prevalent at the time: the Greek and Roman writing ink (soot, glue, and water) and the 12th century variety composed of ferrous sulfate, gall, gum, and water.^[10] Neither of these handwriting inks could adhere to printing surfaces without creating blurs. Eventually an oily, varnish-like ink made of soot, turpentine, and walnut oil was created specifically for the printing press.

Health and environmental aspects[link]

There is a misconception that ink is non-toxic even if swallowed. Once ingested, ink can be hazardous to one's health. Certain inks, such as those used in printers, and even those found in a common pen can be harmful. Though ink does not easily cause death, inappropriate contact can cause effects such as severe headaches, skin irritation, or nervous system damage. These effects can be caused by solvents, or by pigment ingredients such as p-Anisidine, which helps create some inks' color and shine.

Three main environmental issues with ink are:

• Volatile organic compounds
• Heavy metals
• Non-renewable oils

Some regulatory bodies have set standards for the amount of heavy metals in ink.^[11] There is a trend toward vegetable oils rather than petroleum oils in recent years in response to a demand for better environmental sustainability.

Writing and preservation[link]

The two most used black writing inks in history are carbon inks and iron gall inks. Both types create problems for preservationists.

Carbon[link]

Chinese inkstick; carbon-based and made from soot and animal glue.

Carbon inks were commonly made from lampblack or soot and a binding agent such as gum arabic or animal glue. The binding agent keeps the carbon particles in suspension and adhered to paper. The carbon particles do not fade over time even when in sunlight or when bleached. One benefit of carbon ink is that it is not harmful to the paper. Over time, the ink is chemically stable and therefore does not threaten the strength of the paper. Despite these benefits, carbon ink is not ideal for permanence and ease of preservation. Carbon ink has a tendency to smudge in humid environments and can be washed off a surface. The best method of preserving a document written in carbon ink is to ensure it is stored in a dry environment (Barrow 1972).

Recently, carbon inks made from carbon nanotubes have been successfully created. They are similar in composition to the traditional inks in that they use a polymer to suspend the carbon nanotubes. These inks can be used in inkjet printers and produce electrically conductive patterns.^[12]

Iron gall[link]

Iron gall inks became prominent in the early 12th century; they were used for centuries and were widely thought to be the best type of ink. However, iron gall ink is corrosive and damages the paper it is on (Waters 1940). Items containing this ink can become brittle and the writing fades to brown. The original scores of Johann Sebastian Bach are threatened by the destructive properties of iron gall ink. The majority of his works are held by the German State Library, and about 25% of those are in advanced stages of decay (American Libraries 2000). The rate at which the writing fades is based on several factors, such as proportions of ink ingredients, amount deposited on the paper, and paper composition (Barrow 1972:16). Corrosion is caused by acid catalysed hydrolysis and iron(II)-catalysed oxidation of cellulose (Rouchon-Quillet 2004:389).

Treatment is a controversial subject. No treatment undoes damage already caused by acidic ink. Deterioration can only be stopped or slowed. Some^[who?] think it best not to treat the item at all for fear of the consequences. Others believe that non-aqueous procedures are the best solution. Yet others think an aqueous procedure may preserve items written with iron gall ink. Aqueous treatments include distilled water at different temperatures, calcium hydroxide, calcium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, and calcium phytate. There are many possible side effects from these treatments. There can be mechanical damage, which further weakens the paper. Paper color or ink color may change, and ink may bleed. Other consequences of aqueous treatment are a change of ink texture or formation of on the surface of the ink (Reibland & de Groot 1999).

Iron gall inks require storage in a stable environment, because fluctuating relative humidity increases the rate that formic acid, acetic acid, and furan derivatives form in the material the ink was used on. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst to cellulose hydrolysis, and iron (II) sulfate acts as a catalyst to cellulose oxidation. These chemical reactions physically weaken the paper, causing brittleness.^[13]

Indelible ink[link]

Indelible means "un-removable". Some types of indelible ink have a very short shelf life because of the quickly evaporating solvents used. India, Mexico, Indonesia and other developing countries have used indelible ink in the form of electoral stain to prevent electoral fraud. The Election Commission in India has used indelible ink for many elections. Indonesia used it in their last election in Aceh. In Mali, the ink is applied to the fingernail. Indelible ink itself is not infallible as it can be used to commit electoral fraud by marking opponent party members before they have chances to cast their votes. There are also reports of 'indelible' ink washing off voters' fingers.^[14]

See also[link]

References[link]

• "Think Ink!" by Sharon J. Huntington, Christian Science Monitor, September 21, 2004, retrieved January 17, 2006.
• "A History of Technology and Invention" by Maurice Audin, page 630.
• Ainsworth, Mitchell, C., "Inks and Their Composition and Manufacture," Charles Griffin and Company Ltd, 1904.
• Martín-Gil J, Ramos-Sánchez MC, Martín-Gil FJ and José-Yacamán M. "Chemical composition of a fountain pen ink". Journal of Chemical Education, 2006, 83, 1476–78
• Banerji, Sures Chandra (1989). A Companion to Sanskrit Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0063-X.
• Sircar, D.C. (1996).Indian epigraphy. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-1166-6.

==Sources== Spencer Johnson

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2009)

• N.a. (March 2000), "Bach Scores Turning to Dust in German Library", American Libraries: 24–25 
• Barrow, W.J. (1972), Manuscripts and Documents: Their Deterioration and Restoration, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, ISBN 081390408 
• Reißland, Birgit; de Groot, Suzan (August 15–21, 1999), "Ink Corrosion: Comparison of the Currently Used Aqueous Treatments for Paper Objects", Preprint from the 9th International Congress of IADA, pp. 121–129 
• Rouchon-Quillet, V.; et al., C.; Bernard, J.; Wattiaux, A.; Fournes, L. (2004), "The Impact of Gallic Acid on Iron Gall Ink Corrosion", Applied Physics A 79 (2): 389–392, DOI:10.1007/s00339-004-2541-1 
• Waters, C.E. (1940), Inks, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, United States Government Printing Office 

Further reading[link]

• Cueppers, Christoph (1989). "On the Manufacture of Ink." Ancient Nepal - Journal of the Department of Archaeology, Number 113, August–September 1989, pp. 1–7. [The Tibetan text and translation of a section of the work called, Bzo gnas nyer mkho'i za ma tog by 'Jam-mgon 'Ju Mi-pham-rgya-mtsho (1846–1912) describing various traditional Tibetan techniques of making inks from different sources of soot, and from earth, puffballs, dung, ser-sha - a yellow fungus, and the fruit of tsi dra ka (Ricinus communis).]

External links[link]

• Forty Centuries of Ink (David N. Carvalho); A detailed online textbook
• Roman ink article by Alexander Allen In Smith's Dictionary Greek and Roman Antiquities (1875), in LacusCurtius
• Ancient and Modern Ink Recipes (David N. Carvalho)
• Gorgeous Portrayal Of How Ink Is Made - video at The Huffington Post
• The Iron Gall Ink Website

ind:स्याही

Dave Navarro
Dave Navarro attending the AVN Awards Show at the Palms Casino Resort, Las Vegas, Nevada on January 9, 2010
Background information
Birth name	David Michael Navarro
Born	(1967-06-07) June 7, 1967 (age 45) Santa Monica, California, U.S.
Genres	Alternative rock, alternative metal, funk rock
Instruments	Guitar, vocals, piano, keyboards, bass guitar
Years active	1986-present
Labels	Warner, Capitol
Associated acts	Jane's Addiction, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Deconstruction, The Panic Channel, Camp Freddy, Spirits in the Sky, Marilyn Manson, Guns N' Roses, Nine Inch Nails
Website	www.6767.com
Notable instruments
PRS Guitars Fender Stratocaster Ibanez RG

David Michael Navarro (born June 7, 1967) is an American guitarist who plays in the alternative rock band Jane's Addiction and cover band Camp Freddy. He has also played with Red Hot Chili Peppers, The Panic Channel, and many others.

Early life[link]

Navarro was born in Santa Monica, California, to James Raul Navarro and Constance Colleen Hopkins. Dave spent a lot of time with his brother Joe Navarro, who currently resides in Fort Wayne, Indiana.^{[citation needed]} Navarro's paternal grandparents were Mexican immigrants.^[1] His mother Constance worked as a model, appearing on the television show Let's Make a Deal. Navarro was the only person in his paternal family who did not speak Spanish. This was a result of James and Constance's divorce when Navarro was 7, and he spent the majority of his time with his mother. He attended Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, CA. He later transferred to University High School in Los Angeles, CA.

Constance Navarro was murdered by her boyfriend, John Riccardi, eight years after the divorce. Her killer was arrested in 1991,^[2] thanks to a viewer tip after Navarro appeared on the television series, America's Most Wanted. After his mother's death, he moved in with his father.^{[citation needed]}

Professional career[link]

Early influence[link]

On his Instructional Guitar DVD Navarro tells how he started playing guitar at the age of 7 after hearing a Jimi Hendrix song at a skate park.

1986-1993[link]

Navarro joined the band Jane's Addiction in 1986 as the lead guitarist after he was recommended to vocalist Perry Farrell by drummer Stephen Perkins, who was a childhood friend of Navarro's. The band became successful and was popular in the alternative-rock music scene. Personal tensions, however, led to their breakup in 1991. The Lollapalooza festival was created by Farrell as a farewell tour for Jane's Addiction.

After the departure of Guns N' Roses' original rhythm guitarist Izzy Stradlin in August 1991, Navarro was the first choice of lead singer Axl Rose to replace Stradlin. However, despite four attempts to have him come in and play with Slash, he never showed up. However, he later went on to play on the 1999 Guns N' Roses song "Oh My God", which was featured on the End of Days soundtrack. In 1993, Navarro formed Deconstruction with Jane's Addiction's Eric Avery on vocals and bass and Michael Murphy on drums, and the band put out one self-titled album in 1994. Rick Rubin was involved in the production and Butthole Surfers singer Gibby Haynes makes a guest appearance. They did not tour due to Avery's exhaustion after Jane's Addiction.

1993-1998[link]

Navarro joined Red Hot Chili Peppers in September 1993. His first large-scale performance with the band was at Woodstock '94. The only album in which Navarro played with Red Hot Chili Peppers - One Hot Minute - was released in 1995. The album was seen as a commercial disappointment (even though it sold over 8 million copies worldwide). They also recorded a cover of the Ohio Players' song "Love Rollercoaster" for the Beavis and Butthead Do America soundtrack, the John Lennon song "I Found Out" for Working Class Hero a Tribute to John Lennon, and an original song called "Melancholy Mechanics" for the Twister soundtrack. Many fans preferred former guitarist John Frusciante's guitar style over Navarro's. The album received mixed reviews despite producing three hit singles. Navarro toured with Jane's Addiction for their 1997 Relapse tour with Flea on bass. After two years of touring on and off with Red Hot Chili Peppers, and his subsequent heroin relapse, Navarro was fired in 1998. John Frusciante rejoined Red Hot Chili Peppers in 1998.

2001-2005[link]

The album, Trust No One, marked his solo debut in the summer of 2001. In 2002, Jane’s Addiction reformed with bass player Chris Chaney, and started work on a new album. The band entered the studio with veteran rock producer, Bob Ezrin resulting in the album Strays and the Lollapalooza 2003 tour in support of the album. In 2002, Michael Jackson performed at the Apollo Theater, and Dave played guitar for his hit song "Black or White".

Navarro began working with Camp Freddy during this time. In 2003, Dave and his fiancée, Carmen Electra, agreed to have their wedding preparations filmed for an MTV show titled, Til Death Do Us Part. Camp Freddy played at the reception. The show was a great success and was released on DVD in the fall of 2005. Dave’s book, Don't Try This At Home, was released on October 5, 2004 with Regan books, and quickly became a Los Angeles Times bestseller.

On a lighter note, Navarro appeared in two tournaments on Celebrity Poker Showdown in 2004. In the third tournament of the series, he won his qualifying game and appeared in the championship round. In the fourth series, he appeared only in a qualifying round.^[3]

2006-2012[link]

Dave co-hosted with Brooke Burke, two seasons of the Mark Burnett television series: Rock Star: INXS and Rock Star: Supernova. Dave and his band, The Panic Channel, released their album One, in August 2006. They toured with Rock Star Supernova (the band formed from the series) in January/February 2007. During this time, Dave began his own internet radio station: SPREAD RADIO LIVE. He soon broadened his creativity with an internet talk show called: Dave Navarro’s SPREAD TV, which was broadcast on Maniatv.com and is currently available for download on iTunes. The show highlighted a myriad of avant-garde subjects, artistry, and the human condition. Videos from the series are also available on Navarro's YouTube channel.

Navarro in 2007

In 2007, Navarro also teamed with Teravision to direct his first adult movie, Broken starring Sasha Grey, in the first of a planned series of celebrity-directed adult movies.^[4] This effort won "Best High End All-Sex Release" at the 2008 AVN Awards.^[5] Navarro has also made appearances in Season 1 and Season 2 of Z Rock^[6] with Brooklyn-based band ZO2 on IFC.^[7]

Jane's Addiction reunited once more in 2008 with all of the original members. The notoriously tumultuous band's reunion was widely credited by NME magazine for choosing Jane's Addiction as the recipient of their "Godlike Genius Award for Services to Music". Soon after performing together for the first time in 17 years at the NME Award ceremony in Los Angeles, the band was contacted by Trent Reznor. Trent began working with Jane's Addiction in his studio; they recorded and released two songs ("Chip Away" and "Whores") online on the NINJA 2009 Tour Sampler. Both songs were previously released on their self-titled 1987 Live album. This time together in the studio led directly to the pairing of Nine Inch Nails and Jane's Addiction for a worldwide tour in 2009. The tour was branded the NIN/JA tour by fans.

During August 2009, Navarro toured southern California as part of the Billy Corgan-led band Spirits in the Sky.

In 2011, Navarro appeared as the 'Director' of a Rock and Roll Fantasy Camp, playing a complicated passage for a 'camper' to emulate, in a commercial for Citibank.^[8][9]

Navarro featured on the track "Girls/Fast Cars" on the album The Wombats Proudly Present: This Modern Glitch. by indie rock band The Wombats.

The Red Hot Chili Peppers were named 2012 inductees to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame although despite being in the band for five years and playing on one album, Navarro will not be inducted. When the announcement was made of the induction, Navarro said he was happy for the band but later said he had no plans to attend the ceremony which will be held in April 2012.^[10]Anthony Kiedis was asked why Navarro was not included in the induction and he responded by saying "He's in this other band, which may in fact be inducted itself one day, called Jane's Addiction. I think that's the band closest to his heart, and that most represents his contribution to the world in terms of music. So maybe it makes more sense for him to be inducted one day as a member of Jane's Addiction." According to the hall of fame and the Chili Peppers' lawyer, it is the hall of fame's decision on which members are inducted. They eventually selected original members, current members and those who have appeared on multiple albums. Ex-Peppers guitarist, Jack Sherman disagreed and felt that both himself and Navarro were being treated unfairly by the band and they, in fact, did have a say in who was inducted. Chad Smith was the only band member to acknowledge both Navarro and Sherman (along with other former members) during his induction speech.^[11]

He hosted the reality tattoo show called "Ink Master" on Spike January 17, 2012 – March 6, 2012.

Personal life[link]

Navarro has been married and divorced three times. He married his first wife, make-up artist Tania Goddard, in a pagan ceremony^[12] in 1990 and his second wife, Rhian Gittins, in a civil ceremony on October 15, 1994. Navarro married model and actress Carmen Electra, on November 22, 2003. On July 17, 2006, Navarro and Electra announced their split to Star Magazine. Navarro posted a message on his blog the following morning saying "I just want to say thanks for all of your love and support. I'm sure that you can understand that I wish to keep all personal matters private." Electra filed for divorce on August 8, 2006.

Equipment of choice[link]

Dave Navarro on stage in Santa Barbara, USA in 2009.

During the first few years of Jane's Addiction, Dave played a black Gibson Les Paul. Around the time of the band's major label debut Nothing's Shocking in 1988, he played Ibanez RG series guitars, including one custom painted with the album cover art. He is seen in the film "Gift" and the "Stop" video playing a blue Ibanez RG, which suggests it was used in the recording of the album Ritual de lo Habitual. During the 1990 Ritual tour, he primarily played a custom-shaped single cutaway gold Ibanez.

Dave began using PRS Guitars on the Lollapalooza tour in 1991. His signature model PRS (White with Gold Hardware)^[13] is now his number one stage guitar. He has several models in his regular stage and studio rig, and was only the third PRS artist to have both a Maryland-made and SE (Student Edition - a "Budget Model" built in Korea with cheaper wood, electronics, and hardware, but one of the best bargain instruments in their price range^[14] version of their Signature Model.^[15]

He used a Parker Fly Deluxe for the Chili Peppers days during the live versions of "My Friends". He used it for its clean tones and its piezoelectric pickup that sounds similar to an acoustic guitar. Dave also openly admits that "It's one of the ugliest guitars I've ever seen", as quoted from the Dave Navarro instructional DVD.

During this era, Dave went with a more treble based guitar in the Fender Stratocaster for the funk-based tones required for the Red Hot Chili Peppers catalog compared to his more traditional "Hard Rock" tone in "Jane's Addiction". He had several in his possession. All of them were a 3 single coil pattern but he also had a Modulus Stratocaster-like guitar made.

Dave has also been seen playing Kramer (Van Halen Signature) Guitars, Fender Telecasters, Takamine Acoustic 12 strings, and even a Squier Hello Kitty Stratocaster given to him by Carmen.

Since late 2008, Dave's been seen using live and in studio a custom white Ibanez RG, with a humbucker/single/single pickup layout, gold hardware, and a vintage style tremolo... essentially an Ibanez version of his PRS Guitars Signature Model.^[13] Dave previously used a vintage Marshall JCM800, but now plays through 2 Marshall JCM900 amplifiers which are dubbed Tanjerine and Peach. For large gigs he will also use a Marshall Mode 4 for clean tones. In the studio he is also commonly known to use a Vox AC30 for cleans and a Bogner Uberschall for dirty tones.

With effects, Dave prefers BOSS. He uses a BOSS Octave Pedal, 2 BOSS DD3 Digital Delays, a BOSS Turbo distortion for extra volume during soloing, a Dunlop Cry Baby Wah Pedal and several others.

Epiphone Guitars (a subsidiary of Gibson) released its Dave Navarro Artist Acoustic in July 2010. According to an interview with Navarro on Gibson.com, the new guitar is based upon the classic Gibson (and Epiphone) "Hummingbird" design, and has already been played by the guitarist in the studio while recording with Jane's Addiction.^[16] Named "Jane", the new guitar is black in color (as opposed to Navarro's usual white guitars), and sports a dead tree and crows on the pickguard, rather than the traditional Hummingbird and foliage images.

Discography[link]

Solo

• 1995 Rhimorse
• 2001 Trust No One
  • "Rexall": U.S. Modern Rock Tracks #12, U.S. Mainstream Rock Tracks #9
  • "Hungry": U.S. Modern Rock Tracks #24, U.S. Mainstream Rock Tracks #38

With Jane's Addiction

• 1987 Jane's Addiction
• 1988 Nothing's Shocking
• 1990 Ritual de lo Habitual
• 1997 Kettle Whistle
• 2003 Strays
• 2006 Up from the Catacombs - The Best of (Greatest hits album)
• 2009 A Cabinet of Curiosities (Box set)
• 2011 The Great Escape Artist

With Deconstruction

• 1994 Deconstruction

With Red Hot Chili Peppers

• 1995 One Hot Minute and "Working Class Hero: A Tribute to John Lennon" ("I Found Out" only)
• 1996 "Love Rollercoaster"
• 2012 Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Covers EP

With Nine Inch Nails

• 1995 Further Down The Spiral - guitar on "Piggy (Nothing Can Stop Me Now)"

With Alanis Morissette

• 1995 Jagged Little Pill - guitar on "You Oughta Know"

With Marilyn Manson

• 1998 Mechanical Animals - guitar solo on "I Don't Like The Drugs (But The Drugs Like Me)"

With Guns N' Roses

• 1999 End of Days OST - guitar on "Oh My God"

With P.Diddy

• 2001 The Saga Continues... - guitar on "Bad Boy for Life"

With Christina Aguilera

• 2002 Stripped - guitar on "Fighter"

With Gene Simmons

• 2004 "Asshole" - guitar on "Firestarter" (The Prodigy cover)

With Glenn Hughes

• 2005 Soul Mover

With Tommy Lee

• 2005 Tommyland: The Ride - guitar solo on "Tired"

With The Panic Channel

• 2006 (ONe)

With Dead Celebrity Status

• 2006 Blood Music - guitar solo on "We Fall, We Fall"

Footnotes[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dave Navarro

• Official website
• Dave Navarro at the Internet Movie Database
• Dave Navarro interview January 2008
• Dave Navarro's Spread on maniaTV.com
• Dave Navarro's Guitars photo gallery
• PRS Guitars Dave Navarro Signature model

Hannah Aitchison
Born	(1966-12-20) December 20, 1966 (age 45) Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
Residence	Chicago, Illinois
Occupation	tattoo artist, television personality
Relatives	Guy Aitchison (brother)
Website
HannahAitchison.com

Hannah Aitchison (born December 20, 1966) is an American tattoo artist from Chicago, Illinois.^[1] Hannah is based in Chicago at Deluxe Tattoo, and is well known for her appearance on Seasons 1-2 of the TLC reality television show LA Ink.^[2] Her pin-up work, portraits and vibrant color are world-famous, and her tattoos are so sought-after that she has a 6-month to 2-year waiting list. She is also a classically trained singer and expert knitter. She was also a news reporter for a brief time at NWAOnline in Arkansas.^[1]

Aitchison contributed quotes to Girls Against Girls by author Bonnie Burton.^[3]

Aitchison is the sister of renowned tattoo artist, Guy Aitchison.^[4]

References[link]

External links[link]

• HannahAitchison.com
• Deluxe Tattoo in Chicago, Illinois
• Hannah Aitchison at MySpace
• The Official Hannah Aitchison Fan Club at Facebook

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Bam Margera
Bam Margera, September 2006
Born	Brandon Cole Margera (1979-09-28) September 28, 1979 (age 32) West Chester, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Residence	Castle Bam in Pocopson Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania[1]
Occupation	Stuntman Director Actor Skateboarder
Years active	1998–present
Spouse	Melissa "Missy" Rothstein (2007–present)
Website
www.bamargera.com

Brandon Cole "Bam" Margera^[2] (pronounced /mɑrˈdʒɛərə/ mar-JAIR-ə; born September 28, 1979) is an American professional skateboarder, television and radio personality, actor and daredevil. He released a series of videos under the CKY banner and came to prominence after being drafted into MTV's Jackass crew. He has since appeared in MTV's Viva La Bam and Bam's Unholy Union, all three Jackass movies, and Haggard and Minghags, both of which he co-wrote and directed.

Early life[link]

Margera was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania, to Phil and April Margera. He is the younger brother of Jess Margera and nephew of Vincent Margera. His grandfather nicknamed him "Bam" at the age of three after his habit of running into walls.^[3] He attended East High School and cites friend Chris Raab as his only reason for attending high school.

Career[link]

Television and film[link]

Margera began shooting videos of himself and his friends skateboarding and doing stunts, which eventually turned into the CKY video series.^[4] He independently released CKY. CKY2K, CKY3 and CKY4 have also been released. CKY stands for "Camp Kill Yourself", a reference to the film Sleepaway Camp. These early videos feature many of Margera's friends, including Ryan Dunn, Brandon DiCamillo, Rake Yohn, Chris Raab, Brandon Novak and others who form a loose collective known as the CKY Crew. CKY is also the name of a rock band featuring his brother Jess, and the history and relationship between the video and band projects is heavily interlinked.

Following the CKY success, former Big Brother editor Jeff Tremaine noticed Margera's videos and drafted him into the team which would eventually become MTV's Jackass. Margera and Ryan Dunn became mainstays of the cast while other CKY crew members played supporting roles to various degrees. Margera went on to appear in Jackass: The Movie, Jackass Number Two, and Jackass 3D. Several skits in the first Jackass movie were CKY style pieces filmed in and around West Chester, but similar scenes in the second movie were removed after the arrest of Margera's uncle Vincent Margera.

After Jackass, Margera was given his own MTV series entitled Viva La Bam, which ran for five seasons between 2003–2005. The show followed Margera and his crew as they performed various stunts and missions. The show was primarily filmed in West Chester, Pennsylvania but also visited New Orleans, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Brazil, Finland, Mexico, Amsterdam and Transylvania. In addition to the regular series, special episodes have included "Viva La Spring Break" and a "lost" episode included on the Viva La Bands CD.

Following the show, in 2007, Margera was engaged and the wedding was filmed for Bam's Unholy Union as a follow-up to Viva la Bam. The show follows Margera, his then fiancée Melissa Rothstein and their friends in the lead-up to their wedding.^[5] Also in 2008, Margera had a "prominent, non-sex role in" a pornographic film by Gina Lynn called The Fantasstic Whores 4 with Brandon Novak.^[6]

In 2009, Margera appeared on Nitro Circus.^[7]

In October 2010, Margera appeared in Jackass 3D and the movie broke box office records.^[8] He visited Europe doing press for the movie in late October.^[9]

Margera appears with Dunn and pro-skateboarder Tim O'Connor on Bam's World Domination, a half-hour Spike TV program that debuted on October 13, 2010. The first episode showcased Margera and his friends' attempt to conquer an obstacle course race, in the Tough Guy Competition, held outside London, England.^[10][11]

Skateboarding career[link]

Since 2003, Margera has been a member of Team Element, the demonstration team for Element Skateboards.^[12] He is also sponsored by Speed Metal Bearings, Adio Footwear, and Fairman's Skateshop.

Independent films[link]

Margera has written, produced and starred in three independent films. Margera co-wrote, directed and starred in Haggard (2003), an independent film based on real events in the life of his friend Ryan Dunn. Dunn played himself as the main character while Margera played "Valo", a character based on himself and elements of HIM singer and friend Ville Valo.^[13]

Margera also directed Minghags, formerly titled Kiss a Good Man's Ass.^[14] The film is a loose sequel to Haggard and will feature the "garbage juicer" invention from that film.^[15] This film was confirmed on Radio Bam and the front page of FilthyNote Records by Tim Glomb. Filming started April 5, 2007.^[16] On an episode of Radio Bam, Margera said that they are trying to make the movie PG-13 rated,^[17] but with the amount of swearing and a shot of nudity, an 'R' Rating could not be avoided.^[18] They had its first viewing of the rough version of the film on August 7, 2007, at Sikes Hall.^[19] The movie was released in December 2008. The film was a straight-to-DVD release.

Subsequently, Margera released a Christmas-themed movie entitled Bam Margera Presents: Where the#$&% Is Santa? in December 2008.^[20] The movie is about Bam and his friends going to the Arctic Circle in Finland on a quest to find Santa Claus. The film features Ville Valo from HIM, The Dudesons, Hanoi Rocks, Mark the Bagger, and more.^[20]

Radio Bam and music[link]

Margera began a weekly Sirius Satellite Radio show on Sirius channel 28 Faction on November 24, 2004 called Radio Bam. The show features Margera along with friends from the CKY and Jackass crews.

In 2005, Margera started a music label, Filthy Note Records, and has directed music videos for Clutch, Turbonegro, Viking Skull, Vains of Jenna and several for CKY. He also directed seven music videos, "Buried Alive By Love", "The Sacrament", "And Love Said No", and "Solitary Man",for the Finnish band HIM, and three for The 69 Eyes, "Lost Boys", "Dead Girls are Easy" and "Dead N Gone". He also plays the keyboard in a novelty band called Gnarkill along with Brandon DiCamillo, Jess Margera, Rich Vose and Matt Cole.

Other projects[link]

Margera has been animated as a character in pro-skateboarder Tony Hawk's video games Pro Skaters 3 and 4, Underground and Underground 2, American Wasteland, Project 8 and Proving Ground. He also voiced a character in the video game Scarface: The World Is Yours. He made cameo appearances in the movies Grind and Destroying America.

In late September 2008, Margera opened a bar/theater called "The Note", in his hometown of West Chester, Pennsylvania.^[21]

In late 2009, Margera released a book containing private writings and pictures titled Serious as Dog Dirt.^[22]

Personal life[link]

Relationships[link]

Margera was previously engaged to Jenn Rivell, a divorced single mother. Rivell played a prominent part in several of his projects and the couple appeared to be co-habiting in various episodes of Viva La Bam. However, the relationship ended in 2005.^[23] In November 2006, Margera filed for "Protection From Abuse" from Rivell after she allegedly broke into his house.^[23] He further alleged that Rivell had exhibited irrational and aggressive behavior towards him on several previous occasions including stealing several computers and vandalizing his house immediately after their initial breakup. The judge dismissed the allegations as "speculative" and "hearsay".^{[24][dead link]}

In 2006, Margera became engaged to childhood friend Melissa "Missy" Rothstein.^[25] The events leading up to their wedding (with about 350 friends and family in attendance) on February 3, 2007, in downtown Philadelphia, were chronicled on the MTV series Bam's Unholy Union. The couple's honeymoon was in Dubai. In 2008, during an appearance LA Ink, Bam told Kat Von D about $13,000 in damages done to the hotel for his marriage, saying " I was kind of ready for it though. I was like: 'I’m inviting the Jackass crew. If something doesn’t get broken then that’s not right'."^[26][27]

In July 2009, Margera was taken to the hospital by paramedics and state troopers from his West Chester home after his wife Missy called 911 after a four day alcohol binge.^[28][29] On the drinking binge, Margera said "I may get a divorce . . . booze helps."^[28] In October 2010, Margera told Howard Stern he and Missy were living in separate cities, they meet once a week and Missy knows about his girlfriend in San Francisco and another in West Chester.^[30][31]

Name, residence and assault[link]

In an October 24, 2007 interview with the Cleveland Free Times, Margera stated that although he had completed paperwork that would legally change his first name to Bam, he was "still debating" filing it after a conversation with his father.^[2]

Margera currently resides in "Castle Bam", a large house in Wawaset, Pennsylvania. The house has a gothic theme, a skatepark in the driveway and is situated on 14 acres (57,000 m²) of land. In January 2007, Margera built a ramp in his backyard, near the old casino seen in Viva La Bam. The ramp itself caused trouble with the township.^[32] Margera's parents and select members of the CKY Crew lived in the house while shooting Viva La Bam, with Margera's uncle residing in a house on the property.

On Saturday, June 12, 2010, Margera was allegedly attacked with a baseball bat outside of his bar, The Note, in West Chester, Pennsylvania.^[33] Margera spent the night at Crozer-Chester Medical Center where he was treated for head injuries. According to Elizabeth Ray, the alleged assailant, Margera used "the n-word, with black in front of it".^[33] Ray denies attacking Margera.^[33] Margera, on the other hand, denies having said the words, claiming "I called her a crazy bitch and an idiot, but I definitely didn't use the n-word".^[34]

TV, film, and releases[link]

TV[link]

Movies[link]

Video games[link]

DVDs/Videos[link]

• CKY video series: CKY, CKY2K, CKY3 and CKY4. (1999–2003)
• Hook-Ups Presents: Destroying America (2001)

Book[link]

• Bam Margera, Serious as Dog Dirt (MTV; November 17, 2009) ISBN 1-4391-4773-6

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bam Margera

• Official website
• Bam Margera at the Internet Movie Database
• Bam Margera's skate video filmography.
• Filthy Note Records Official website
• Bam Margera on Myspace

Eric Balfour
Eric Balfour in 2010
Born	Eric Salter Balfour (1977-04-24) April 24, 1977 (age 35) Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation	Actor, singer
Years active	1991–present

Eric Salter Balfour (born April 24, 1977) is an American singer and actor of film and television. He is the lead singer of Born As Ghosts, formerly known as Fredalba. His best known roles include Milo Pressman on the action-thriller TV series 24 and Duke Crocker in the supernatural series Haven.

Personal life[link]

Balfour was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Sharon (née Salter), who works as a marriage and family counselor, and David Balfour, a chiropractor.^[1] He has a younger sister, Tori.^[2] Both his father and maternal grandmother were Jewish, and his maternal grandfather had Lakota (Native American) ancestry.^[3][4][5]

Career[link]

Balfour appeared on the kids TV show Kids Incorporated for one season in 1991. In 1997, he appeared in the pilot for Buffy the Vampire Slayer, as one of the show's very first victims, Jesse McNally. He appeared as a regular cast member in three short-lived TV shows. NBC's Hawaii was canceled after seven episodes in 2004, UPN's Sex, Love & Secrets was canceled after four episodes. Also in 2005, Balfour starred in the sexually explicit Canadian drama Lie with Me opposite Lauren Lee Smith. In March 2006, Balfour debuted as Brian Peluso on producer Dick Wolf's short-lived NBC crime drama, Conviction, which lasted one season. Balfour was also a guest star on the hit show Dawson's Creek, in the ninth episode of the first season.

He starred in the 2003 remake of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre opposite Jessica Biel. He played a minor character in several episodes of The O.C., as Eddie, Theresa's fiancé, and in the hit HBO show Six Feet Under, as Claire's troubled boyfriend, Gabriel Dimas, during most of the show's first two seasons.

Balfour appeared in seven episodes of the first season of 24 as computer technician Milo Pressman in 2001. Five years later, Balfour reprised the role for nineteen episodes of 24's sixth season before leaving the show by his own request. Balfour appeared in ABC's Life on Mars as Eddie Carling, the brother of detective Ray Carling, as played by Michael Imperioli.

He was the face for the new Valentino male fragrance, Valentino V.

In September 2009, Balfour appeared in an episode of Monk alongside Louis Lombardi. The two had previously starred in 24, although in different seasons. In that same month, Balfour booked a recurring role on the new CW drama show The Beautiful Life, but the show was canceled after its second episode and production was shut down immediately. In 2010, he starred in the Strause Brothers thriller film Skyline.^[6] He currently stars as Duke Crocker on the Syfy drama Haven.

Filmography[link]

Balfour in 2008

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Eric Balfour

• Eric Balfour at the Internet Movie Database
• Eric Balfour at AllRovi
• Born as Ghosts on Myspace