The Parti Québécois (PQ) is a centre-left provincial political party that advocates national sovereignty for the province of Quebec and secession from Canada. The Party traditionally has support from the labour movement. Unlike many other social-democratic parties, its ties with the labour movement are informal. Members and supporters of the PQ are called "péquistes" ([peˈkist] ( listen)), a French word derived from the pronunciation of the party's initials.

Since June 2007, the party is headed by Pauline Marois.

History[link]

The PQ is the result of the 1968 merger between René Lévesque's Mouvement Souveraineté-Association and the Ralliement national. Following the creation of the PQ, the Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale held a general assembly that voted to dissolve the RIN. Its former members were invited to join the new Parti Québécois.

The PQ's primary goals were to obtain political, economic and social autonomy for the province of Quebec. Lévesque introduced the strategy of referenda early in the 1970s.[1]

In the 1976 provincial election, the Parti Québécois was elected for the first time to form the government of Quebec. The party's leader, René Lévesque, became the Premier of Quebec. This provided cause for celebration among many French-speaking Quebecers, while it resulted in an acceleration of the migration of the province's Anglophone population and related economic activity toward Toronto.

The first PQ government was known as the "republic of teachers" because of the large number of scholars who served as cabinet members. The PQ was the first government to recognize the rights of Aboriginal peoples to self-determination, insofar as this self-determination did not affect the territorial integrity of Quebec. The PQ passed laws on public consultations and the financing of political parties, which insured equal financing of political parties and limited contributions by individuals to $3000. However, the most prominent legacy of the PQ is the Charter of the French Language (the Bill 101), a framework law which defines the linguistic primacy of French and seeks to make French the common public language of Quebec. It allowed the advancement of francophones towards management roles, until then largely out of their reach – despite the fact that 85% of the population spoke French and most of them did not understand English, the language of management was English in most medium and large businesses. Critics, both Francophone and Anglophone, have however criticized the charter for restraining citizens' linguistic school choice, as it forbids immigrants and Quebecers of French descent from attending English-language schools funded by the state (private schools have always been an option open to everybody). The party was re-elected in the 1981 election, but in November 1984 it experienced the most severe internal crisis of its existence. The incident resulted in the resignation of Premier René Lévesque. In September 1985, the party leadership election chose Pierre-Marc Johnson as his successor.

Despite its social democratic past, in the 1980s the PQ lost its affiliation with the Socialist International.

The PQ was defeated by the Quebec Liberal Party in the 1985 election.

The Parti Québécois initiated the 1980 Quebec referendum seeking a mandate to begin negotiation for independence. It was rejected by 60 per cent of voters. With the failure of the Charlottetown Accord and the Meech Lake Accord, two packages of proposed amendments to the Canadian constitution, the question of Quebec's status remained unresolved, and the PQ called the 1995 Quebec referendum proposing negotiations on sovereignty. After leading all night, the final count showed 49.6% of voters supported negotiations that could eventually lead to sovereignty. On the night of the defeat, an emotionally drained Premier Jacques Parizeau stated that the loss was caused by "money and some ethnic votes" as well as by the divided votes amongst francophones. Parizeau resigned the next day (as he is alleged to have planned beforehand in case of a defeat).

Lucien Bouchard, a former member of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's Cabinet and later founder of the Bloc Québécois, a federal-level sovereigntist party, succeeded Parizeau as PQ leader, but chose not to call another referendum due to the absence of "winning conditions". Bouchard's government then balanced the provincial budget – a feat achieved in Canada only by the federal government and a few of the ten Canadian provinces at that point – by reducing government spending, including social programs. The PQ won another term in the 1998 election, despite receiving fewer votes than the Quebec Liberal Party led by Jean Charest. Bouchard resigned in 2001, and was succeeded as PQ leader and Quebec Premier by Bernard Landry, a former PQ Finance minister. Under Landry's leadership, the party lost the 2003 election to Jean Charest's Liberals.

Mid-late 2004 was difficult for Landry's leadership, which was being contested. A vote was held during the party's June 2005 convention to determine whether Landry continued to have the confidence of the party membership. Landry said he wanted at least 80% of approval and after gaining 76.2% approval on the confidence vote from party membership on 4 June 2005, Landry announced his intention to resign.^[2]

Louise Harel had been chosen to replace him until a new leader, André Boisclair, was elected 15 November 2005, through the party's 2005 leadership election. At the time of Boisclair's election, the PQ was as much as 20 percent ahead of the Liberals in opinion polls, suggesting that Boisclair would lead them to a landslide majority government in the next election.^[3]

The PQ was unable to maintain this momentum, and in the 2007 provincial election, the party fell to 36 seats and behind the conservative Action démocratique du Québec (ADQ) in number of seats and the popular vote: this is the first time since 1973 that the party did not form the government or Official Opposition. Boisclair said that the voters clearly did not support a strategy of a rapid referendum in the first mandate of a PQ government (This is shown by recent polls which demonstrate most Quebecers are not ready for another separation referendum). Instead of a policy convention following the election, the party held a presidents' council. The party caucus in the provincial legislative assembly was said to have supported Boisclair continuing as leader.

On 8 May 2007, Boisclair announced his resignation as leader of the PQ.^[4] This was effective immediately, although Boisclair confirmed he would remain within the PQ caucus for the time being. He was replaced by veteran MNA François Gendron, pending a leadership race and convention.

Former Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe was the first to announce his intention to run for party leadership, on 11 May 2007. He was followed the same day by Pauline Marois. In a surprise move, Duceppe withdrew on the 12th – leaving Marois the only declared candidate. No other candidates came forward, and on 26 June 2007, Marois won the leadership by acclamation.

In June 2011, the party was shaken when three of its most prominent MNAs—popular actor Pierre Curzi, former cabinet minister Louise Beaudoin, and Lisette Lapointe, the wife of former premier Jacques Parizeau, followed the next day by a fourth, Jean-Martin Aussant, quit the party to sit as independents over Marois's support for a bill changing the law to permit an agreement between the City of Québec and Quebecor Inc. concerning the management of the new sports and entertainment complex in Quebec City.^[5] Unrest continued later in the month when a fifth MNA, Benoit Charette, also quit, citing his dissatisfaction with the party's sole focus being sovereignty. Beaudoin rejoined the PQ caucus in 2012.^[6]

As of 2012, Marois pursues a policy of "sovereigntist governance", which prescribes a franco-nationalist agenda, with a binding popular-initiative referendum on sovereignty as one option.[2]

Relationship with the Bloc Québécois[link]

The Bloc Québécois (BQ) is a federal political party founded in 1990 by future PQ leader Lucien Bouchard. It holds close ties to the Parti Québécois, and shares its principal objective: sovereignty. The two parties frequently share political candidates, and support each other during election campaigns.

The two parties have a similar membership and voter base. Prominent members of either party often attend and speak at both organizations' public events. Gilles Duceppe, a former Bloc leader, is also the son of Jean Duceppe, a Quebec actor who helped found the PQ. Jean Duceppe also helped found the New Democratic Party branch in Quebec, which later separated from the federal NDP and merged into the Union des forces progressistes (UFP), which gathered 1.0% of the vote during the 2004 election). The UFP then merged with Option citoyenne to form the left-wing party Québec solidaire.

Logo[link]

The party's symbol was designed in 1968 by painter and poet Roland Giguère. It consists of a stylised letter Q, represented by a blue circle broken by a red arrow. The creator meant it as an allegory of the Parti Québécois breaking the circle of colonialism which he claimed Canada was imposing on Quebec and opening Quebec upon the world and the future.^[7]

The creator represented the second letter of the two-letter acronym only (see the Hydro-Québec logo, also an example of a second letter design).

Compared to the Quebec Liberal Party, which has completely changed its logo often, the PQ has made very few significant modifications to its logo during its history. In 1985 it made the circle and arrow slightly thicker, and placed the tip of the latter at the centre of the circle. The original saw it span the whole diameter]. When placed upon a blue background instead of a white one, the circle was commonly turned to white, the single main design variation currently observed.

The party revealed a new logo on 21 February 2007, at the beginning of the 2007 provincial election campaign. While maintaining the basic style of past logos, the Q was redesigned and modernized. In addition, the tail of the Q was recoloured green, in order to present a more environmentally-friendly image of the party.^{[citation needed]}

Party policy[link]

This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Please see the talk page for more information. (May 2008)

This article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (May 2008)

The party hopes to concentrate on the protection of the French language in Quebec, leading up to the ultimate result of sovereignty-association.

The PQ will deliver a brief to the reasonable accommodation commission on minorities, now conducting holding hearings across the province. The commission headed will look to reformulate the relations between Quebec's francophone and minority populations. Its task will be a platform for the PQ's protectionism of French.^[8]

Marois stated there is nothing dogmatic in Francophones wishing to declare their existence even if it includes developing legislation requiring newcomers to have a basic understanding of French before becoming citizens of Quebec.^{[citation needed]} (Note that there are no official citizens of Quebec; residents of Quebec are citizens of Canada.)

Marois stated the PQ understands the appearance of newcomers is attractive and they donate largely to Quebec's growth, but she noted that does not say that to better acculturate them that "we must erase our own history."^[9]

Slogans[link]

These are the slogans used by the Parti Québécois in general election campaigns throughout its history. They are displayed with an unofficial translation. The elections in which the PQ won or remained in power are in bold.

• 1970: OUI – Yes
• 1973: J'ai le goût du Québec – I have a taste for Quebec
• 1976: On a besoin d'un vrai gouvernement – We need a real government
• 1981: Faut rester forts au Québec – We must remain strong in Quebec
• 1985: Le Québec avec Johnson – Québec with Johnson
• 1989: Je prends le parti du Québec – I'm choosing Quebec's party / I'm taking Quebec's side (double meaning)
• 1994: L'autre façon de gouverner – The other way of governing
• 1998: J'ai confiance – I am confident / I trust
• 2003: Restons forts – Let us stay strong
• 2007: Reconstruisons notre Québec – Let us rebuild our Quebec
• 2008: Québec gagnant avec Pauline – Quebec wins with Pauline

Party leaders[link]

Interim leader in italics

Party presidents[link]

• Monique Richard (2005–2009)
• Jonathan Valois (2009–2011)
• Raymond Archambault (2011–present)

Leadership elections[link]

• Parti Québécois leadership elections
• Parti Québécois leadership election, 1985
• Parti Québécois leadership election, 2005
• Parti Québécois leadership election, 2007

Election results[link]

Notes[link]

See also[link]

• SPQ Libre
• Parti Québécois Crisis, 1984
• Politics of Quebec
• History of Quebec
• List of political parties in Quebec
• Sovereigntist events and strategies
• Secessionist movements of Canada
• Parti Québécois leadership elections

References[link]

• Lévesque, Michel and Pelletier, Martin (Sept. 2007). Le Parti québécois : bibliographie 1968–2007, Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée nationale du Québec, 244 pages
• Dubuc, Pierre (2003). L'autre histoire de l'indépendance : de Pierre Vallières à Charles Gagnon, de Claude Morin à Paul Desmarais, Trois-Pistoles: Éditions Trois-Pistoles, 288 pages ISBN 2-89583-076-2
• Fraser, Graham (2001). René Lévesque & the Parti Québécois in Power, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 434 pages ISBN 0-7735-2310-3 [First Ed. Toronto: Macmillan, 1984]
• Godin, Pierre (1997). René Lévesque, Héros malgré lui, Éditions Boréal ISBN 2-89052-833-2
• Lévesque, René (1986). Memoirs, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 368 pages ISBN 0-7710-5285-5 [translated by Philip Stratford]

External links[link]

• Parti québécois website
• Parti québécois' parliamentary group website

v t e Political parties in Quebec National Assembly Liberal (63) Parti Québécois (46) Coalition Avenir Québec (9) Québec Solidaire (1) Option nationale (1) Other recognized parties AffiliationQuebec Bloc pot Christian Democracy Communist Conservative Equality Green Independentist Marxist-Leninist Historical parties Action Démocratique Action libérale nationale Bloc Populaire CCF/Social Democratic Conservative Democrats National Union Parti national populaire Ralliement créditiste Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale Pre-Confederation parties Château Clique/Tory Parti bleu Parti canadien/Parti patriote Parti rouge

Jean-François Lisée, 2012

Jean-François Lisée (born 1958 in Thetford Mines, Quebec) is a Québécois political analyst, journalist, author, intellectual and well-known sovereigntist thinker. He has been special advisor to Parti Québécois Premiers of Quebec Jacques Parizeau and Lucien Bouchard. He is presently Executive Director of the Centre d'études et de recherches internationales de l'Université de Montréal. His work centers on Quebec sovereignty, the sociological phenomena affecting the latter's support, as well as the Quebec Model and social democracy in an era of globalization.

Biography[link]

Jean-François Lisée holds degrees in Law, Journalism and Communication studies. He was, in the 1980s, a reporter in Paris and Washington for Quebec and French media. During that decade, he began an expansive investigation into 30 years of American political, diplomatic, financial and media attention toward Quebec and its independence movement, resulting in the book In the Eye of the Eagle, published in 1990. It won the Governor General's Award for non-fiction. Two books followed: Le Tricheur and Le Naufrageur; both highly-critical of former Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa. Accordingly, his refusal to achieve sovereignty, in the context of the Meech Lake Accord failure, left many Quebec nationalists feeling betrayed.

In 1994, he became a "special advisor" to Parti Québécois Premier Jacques Parizeau and an important strategist for the 1995 Quebec referendum campaign. After the sovereignty-referendum-failure and the resulting resignation of Parizeau, Lisée became adviser to successor Lucien Bouchard. He resigned from this post in late 1999 because of disagreements over the sovereignty-strategy of the provincial PQ government. He explained his own strategy in 2000's Emergency Exit: How to Avert Quebec Decline.

Lisée was Guest scholar from 2001 to 2003 at the Centre d'études et de recherches internationales (CERI) in Paris and at the Political Science Department of the Université de Montréal. He is currently the Executive Director of the International Studies Center at the Université de Montréal (CERIUM) as well as member of the Centre de recherche en politiques et développement social (CPDS) and founder of international politics website PolitiquesSociales.net. He periodically writes articles published in the current affairs magazine L'actualité.

Bibliography[link]

• Dans l'oeil de l'aigle: Washington face au Québec, ISBN 2-89052-328-4 (In the Eye of the Eagle, ISBN 1-55028-467-3)
• Carrefours Amérique, ISBN 2-89052-364-0
• Les Prétendants, ISBN 2-89052-583-X
• Le Tricheur: Robert Bourassa et les Québécois, 1990-1991, ISBN 2-89052-621-6 (Trickster, ISBN 0-00-637636-3)
• Le Naufrageur: Robert Bourassa et les Québécois, 1991-1992, ISBN 2-89052-628-3
• Sortie de secours: Comment échapper au déclin du Québec, ISBN 2-7646-0016-X (Emergency Exit: How to Avert Québec's Decline)
• Nous, ISBN 978-2-7646-0567-7
• Pour une gauche efficace,ISBN 978-2-7646-0640-7
• Imaginer l'après-crise (Avec Éric Montpetit), ISBN 978-2-7646-0701-5

Awards[link]

• Governor General's Award (1990)
• Jules-Fournier Award (1990)

See also[link]

• List of Université de Montréal people
• Quebec sovereignty movement
• Social democracy
• Parti Québécois

External links[link]

• His daily Blog on L'actualité's web site
• Personal article archive on Vigile.net
• English counterpart on Vigile
• Biography and article archive on the CÉRIUM website
• Biography and article archive on the CPDS website
• PolitiqueSociales.net

Jacques Parizeau GOQ PhD
Jacques Parizeau, 2007
26th Premier of Quebec
In office September 26, 1994 – January 26, 1996
Lieutenant Governor	Martial Asselin
Preceded by	Daniel Johnson, Jr.
Succeeded by	Lucien Bouchard
Personal details
Born	(1930-08-09) August 9, 1930 (age 81) Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Political party	Parti Québécois
Spouse(s)	Alice Poznanska (deceased) Lisette Lapointe
Profession	Economist
Religion	Roman Catholic

Jacques Parizeau, GOQ (French pronunciation: [ʒɑk parizo]; born August 9, 1930) is an economist and noted Quebec sovereignist who was the 26th Premier of the Canadian province of Quebec from September 26, 1994 to January 29, 1996.

Early life and career[link]

Parizeau was born in Montreal, Quebec, the son of Germaine (née Biron) and Gérard Parizeau. He attended Collège Stanislas, a Roman Catholic private school. He went on to graduate with a PhD from the London School of Economics in London, England. A believer in economic interventionism, he was one of the most important advisors to the provincial government during the 1960s, playing an important behind-the-scenes role in the Quiet Revolution. He was especially instrumental in the nationalization of Hydro-Québec (a hydro-electric utility), the nationalization of the Asbestos Corporation Limited mines, and worked with Eric Kierans to create the Quebec Pension Plan.^[1]

Parizeau gradually became a committed sovereigntist, and officially joined the Parti Québécois (PQ) on September 19, 1969.

After the PQ was elected to office in the 1976 provincial election, the new premier, René Lévesque, appointed Parizeau as Minister of Finance. Parizeau played an important role in the 1980 Quebec referendum campaign in favour of the government's proposals for sovereignty-association.

As Minister of Finance in Quebec, he was responsible for a number of innovative economic proposals, including the Quebec Stock Savings Plan ("QSSP").

Married to Polish immigrant Alice Poznanska (1930–1990), Jacques Parizeau was criticized for supporting the Charter of the French Language. This law limits access to English-language public schools to children whose parents didn't receive their education in English in Canada, and was generally opposed by the English-speaking minority.

In 1984, he had a falling out with Lévesque. Lévesque had moved away from pursuing sovereignty to accept a negotiation with the Federal Government, called Beau Risque. Parizeau opposed this shift, resigned from Cabinet among with many other members, and temporarily retired from politics. Lévesque was taken by surprise with all these retirements and retired soon after. He was replaced by Pierre-Marc Johnson.

In 1987, Johnson also left the PQ leadership after losing the 1985 election. Parizeau, still a widely liked figure, was elected to replace him as party leader on March 19, 1988.

Elections, 1995 referendum and aftermath[link]

In the 1989 election, Parizeau's first as PQ leader, his party did not fare well. But five years later, in the 1994 election, they won a majority government. Parizeau promised to hold a referendum on Quebec sovereignty within a year of his election, and despite many objections, he followed through on this promise. In the beginning, support for sovereignty was only about 40% in the public opinion polls. As the campaign wore on, however, support for the "Yes" side grew larger. This growth halted, however, and Parizeau came under pressure to hand more of the campaign over to the more moderate and conservative Lucien Bouchard, the popular leader of the federal Bloc Québécois party. Parizeau agreed and as the campaign progressed he lost his leadership role to Bouchard.

During the 1995 referendum he caused an uproar when it was reported by columnist Chantal Hébert in the La Presse newspaper that despite the guarantee of an offer of partnership with the rest of Canada before declaring sovereignty following a "Yes" vote, Parizeau had told a group of foreign diplomats that what mattered most was to get a majority vote from Quebec citizens for the proposal to secede from Canada because with that, Quebecers would be trapped "lobsters thrown into boiling water".^[2] On the night of the referendum, Quebec came within only a few thousands of votes of separation, but the Yes side still lost. In his concession speech, Parizeau said sovereignty had been defeated by "money and the ethnic vote", and referred to the Francophones who voted Yes in the referendum as "nous" (us) when he said that this majority group was, for the first time, no longer afraid of political independence. 60% of Quebec Francophones voted Yes. However, the sovereigntist side accepted the results of the vote which they had initiated.

Parizeau was widely criticized for the remarks, which he later characterized as unfortunate and as meriting the disapproval they received. Many suspected he may have been drinking. He resigned as PQ leader and Quebec premier the next day. The English-language media, as well as non-sovereignist newspapers such as La Presse and Le Soleil, associated Parizeau's resignation only with these remarks. As against which, the sovereignist-friendly media (notably Le Devoir newspaper) argued that he had made the decision beforehand, drawing attention to a television interview conducted on the eve of the vote with the Groupe TVA channel in which Parizeau spoke of his intentions to step down in the event of defeat. (This interview had previously been held under "embargo", which is to say that the station agreed not to broadcast it until the referendum was over.)

Parizeau was replaced by Lucien Bouchard as PQ leader and Quebec premier on January 29, 1996.

Parizeau retired to private life, but continued to make comments critical of Bouchard's new government and its failure to press the cause of Quebec independence. He owns an estate at his vineyard in France, a farm in the Eastern Townships of Quebec and a home in Montreal. His biographer is Pierre Duchesne.

His wife and former secretary during his premiership, Lisette Lapointe won a seat in the National Assembly as a candidate for the PQ in the provincial riding of Crémazie in the 2007 Quebec general election.

In June 2008, along with the other four living former Premiers of Quebec, Parizeau was named a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec by Premier Jean Charest.^[3]

Writings[link]

Collaboration[link]

• "Les post-keynésiens et la politique économique contemporaine", in Angers, François-Albert (ed.) Essai sur la centralisation. Analyse des principes et perspectives canadiennes, 1960 (online)
• La solution. Le programme du Parti québécois présenté par René Lévesque, 1970 (online)
• Cours initiation à l'économie du Québec, 2 volumes, 1975

Essays[link]

• Pour un Québec souverain, 1997 (online)
• Le Québec et la mondialisation. Une bouteille à la mer?, 1998
• La souveraineté du Québec. Hier, aujourd'hui et demain, 2009

Letters, articles[link]

• "Qui sommes-nous? Où allons-nous?", in Le Devoir, October 30, 1996
• "Lettre ouverte aux souverainistes", in Le Devoir, December 19, 1996
• "La déclaration unilatérale est indispensable", in Le Devoir, September 16, 1997
• "Lettre ouverte aux juges de la Cour suprême", in Le Devoir, September 4 and 5, 1998
• "L'AMI menace-t-il à la souveraineté des États?", in L'Action nationale, November 4, 1998
• "Le libre-échange, les droits des multinationales et le dilemme de l'État", in L'Action nationale, May 5, 2001 (en)

Other[link]

• Report of the Study Committee on Financial Institutions, 1969
• Brief submitted to the Committee on Institutions, responsible for conducting a broad consultation on Bill 99, 2000(online)
• Entre l'innovation et le déclin : l'économie québécoise à la croisée des chemins, 2007 (conference at HEC)

Quotes[link]

• Well, in a case like this, what do we do? We spit in our hands and we start over!
  • "Bon, ben, dans un cas comme ça, qu'est-ce qu'on fait? On se crache dans les mains et on recommence!"
  • 1995 referendum concession speech.
• "It is true, it is true that we were beaten, but in the end, by what? By money and ethnic votes, essentially."
  • "C'est vrai, c'est vrai qu'on a été battus, au fond, par quoi? Par l'argent pis des votes ethniques, essentiellement."
  • 1995 referendum concession speech.
• Question of the 1995 referendum on independence. (read) ([[Media:)
• May 15, 2005 -interview on CTV news with reporter/anchorwoman Lisa LaFlamme, Parizeau said the Clarity Act "meant nothing" and would be ignored. "Can you imagine feds saying we don't like your answers," Parizeau told the interviewer, calling such suggestions a "political stunt."

Definition of a Québécois: "Il vit ici, et il veut participer!"

Elections as party leader[link]

He lost the 1989 election, and won the 1994 election. He announced his resignation the day after the "Yes" side in the 1995 Quebec referendum was defeated.

See also[link]

• Parti Québécois Crisis, 1984
• Politics of Quebec
• List of Quebec premiers
• List of Quebec general elections
• Timeline of Quebec history
• Sovereignty Association
• History of the Quebec sovereignist movement
• Politician and personality nicknaming in Quebec
• Pur et dur

Further reading[link]

In English[link]

• Gordon, Stanley. "Parizeau, Jacques", in The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation, 2008
• "Genealogy of Jacques Parizeau", in NosOrigines.qc.ca, 2008
• Pelletier, Francine. "Public Enemy Number One: The Life and Times of Jacques Parizeau", in Life and Times. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, February 24, 2004
• "Interview with Jacques Parizeau", in the site Perrizo - A Journey Throughout History. Perrizo Family History Committee, August 6, 1998

In French[link]

• Duchesne, Pierre (2004). Jacques Parizeau. Tome III: Le Régent - 1985-1995 Montréal: Éditions Québec Amérique, 578 p.
• Duchesne, Pierre (2002). Jacques Parizeau. Tome II: Le Baron - 1970-1985 Montréal: Éditions Québec Amérique, 544 p.
• Duchesne, Pierre (2001). Jacques Parizeau. Tome I: Le Croisé - 1930-1970 Montréal: Éditions Québec Amérique, 624 p.
• Richard, Laurence (1992). Jacques Parizeau, un bâtisseur, Montreal: Éditions de l'Homme, 249 p.
• "Jacques Parizeau", dossier at Vigile.net, 2008
• "Jacques Parizeau", dossier at L'Encyclopédie de l'Agora, updated May 25, 2006
• "Jacques Parizeau. « Je vous parle de l'homme »", interview by Michaëlle Jean, research by Florence Meny at Radio-Canada.ca, January 2003 (requires Flash)
• Pelletier, Francine (2003). Monsieur, Montreal : Macumba International, 52 min.
• McKenzie, Robert (1972). Comment se fera l'indépendance. Entrevues de: René Lévesque, Jacques Parizeau, Jacques-Yvan Morin et Camille Laurin, Montreal, : Editions du Parti québécois, 56 p.
• Lacombe, Pierre and Lacoursière, Jacques (2005). Jacques Parizeau, Montreal : CinéFête, 47 min.
• Lepage, Marquise (2005). Jacques Parizeau, l'homme derrière le complet trois pièces, Productions Pixcom, 120 min. (broadcasted on Société Radio-Canada and RDI)

References[link]

External links[link]

• "Biography" (in French). Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours. National Assembly of Quebec. http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/deputes/parizeau-jacques-4781/index.html. 
• Political blog (in French)

v t e Premiers of Quebec Chauveau Ouimet de Boucherville de Lotbinière Chapleau Mousseau Ross Taillon Mercier de Boucherville Taillon Flynn Marchand Parent Gouin Taschereau Godbout Duplessis Godbout Duplessis Sauvé Barrette Lesage D. Johnson Bertrand Bourassa Lévesque P. Johnson Bourassa D. Johnson, Jr. Parizeau Bouchard Landry Charest Book:Premiers of Quebec Category:Premiers of Quebec Portal: Quebec