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Alberta
Alberta is the most populous of Canada's three prairie provinces. It covers nearly the same land area as the state of Texas, and had a population of 3.7 million in 2009. It became a province on September 1, 1905, on the same day as Saskatchewan.
http://wn.com/Alberta -
Atlantic Canada
http://wn.com/Atlantic_Canada -
Australia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Australia -
Battle of the Thames
The Battle of the Thames, also known as the Battle of Moraviantown, was a decisive American victory in the War of 1812. It took place on October 5, 1813, near present-day Chatham, Ontario in Upper Canada. It resulted in the death of the Shawnee chief Tecumseh, and the destruction of the Native American coalition which he led.
http://wn.com/Battle_of_the_Thames -
Battle of Vimy Ridge
The Battle of Vimy Ridge was a military engagement fought primarily as part of the Battle of Arras, in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France, during the First World War. The main combatants were the Canadian Corps against three divisions of the German Sixth Army. The battle, which took place from 9 April to 12 April 1917, was part of the opening phase of the British-led Battle of Arras, a diversionary attack for the French Nivelle Offensive.
http://wn.com/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge -
British Columbia
British Columbia (B.C.) (, C.-B.) is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ("Splendour without Diminishment"). Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858. In 1871, it became the sixth province of Canada.
http://wn.com/British_Columbia -
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-quarter of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 13 million square miles (34 million km2), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
http://wn.com/British_Empire -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
Central Canada
Central Canada (sometimes the Central provinces) is a region consisting of Canada's two largest and most populous provinces: Ontario and Quebec. Due to their high populations, Ontario and Quebec have traditionally held a significant amount of political power in Canada, leading to some amount of resentment from other regions of the country. Before Confederation, the term 'Canada' specifically referred to Central Canada. Today, the term "Central Canada" is less often used than the names of the individual provinces.
http://wn.com/Central_Canada -
Chechnya
http://wn.com/Chechnya -
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Fraser Valley
The Fraser Valley is the section of the Fraser River basin in southwestern British Columbia downstream of the Fraser Canyon. The term is sometimes used to refer to the Fraser Canyon and stretches upstream from there, but in general British Columbian usage the term refers to the stretch of the river downstream from the town of Hope (about where the "r" in "Vancouver" is on the map below).
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Great Britain
Great Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populated island on Earth. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.
http://wn.com/Great_Britain -
Great Lakes
http://wn.com/Great_Lakes -
Interior Plateau
The Interior Plateau comprises a large region of central British Columbia, and lies between the Cariboo and Monashee Mountains on the east, and the Hazelton Mountains, Coast Mountains and Cascade Range on the west. The continuation of the plateau into the United States is known there as the Columbia Plateau. The Interior Plateau is not part of the Interior Mountains, a huge area that constitutes most of the northern two thirds of the Canadian province of British Columbia between the Coast Mountains, Rocky Mountains and the various small ranges on the inland lea of the Coast Mountains between the Bulkley Ranges and the Bella Coola River. Physiographically, the Interior Plateau is a section of the larger Northern Plateaus province, which in turn is part of the Intermontane Plateaus physiographic division.
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Ireland
Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
http://wn.com/Ireland -
Manitoba
Manitoba is a Canadian prairie province with an area of . The province has over 110,000 lakes and has a largely continental climate because of its flat topography. Agriculture, mostly concentrated in the fertile southern and western parts of the province, is vital to the province's economy; other major industries are transportation, manufacturing, mining, forestry, energy, and tourism.
http://wn.com/Manitoba -
Maritime Provinces
http://wn.com/Maritime_Provinces -
Maritimes
The Maritime provinces, also called the Maritimes or the Canadian Maritimes, is a region of Eastern Canada consisting of three provinces: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.
http://wn.com/Maritimes -
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
http://wn.com/Mexico -
Montreal
http://wn.com/Montreal -
Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands -
New Brunswick
New Brunswick (; ) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally bilingual province (English and French) in the federation. The provincial capital is Fredericton, while Saint John is the most populous city. Statistics Canada estimates the provincial population in 2009 to be 750,457; a majority are English-speaking, but there is also a large Francophone minority (33%), chiefly of Acadian origin.
http://wn.com/New_Brunswick -
New York State
http://wn.com/New_York_State -
Northern Canada
Northern Canada, colloquially the North, is the vast northernmost region of Canada variously defined by geography and politics. Politically, the term refers to the three territories of Canada: Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. Similarly, the Far North (when contrasted to the North) may refer to the Canadian Arctic: the portion of Canada north of the Arctic Circle.
http://wn.com/Northern_Canada -
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia (pronounced ; ) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. The provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of . As of 2009, the population is 940,397, which makes Nova Scotia the second-most-densely populated province.
http://wn.com/Nova_Scotia -
Nunavut
http://wn.com/Nunavut -
Ontario
Ontario is a Province of Canada located in the east-central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest, after Quebec, in total area, (Nunavut and the Northwest Territories are larger in area, but they are not provinces.) The province's largest metropolitan area and Canada's most populous city, Toronto, is the capital city of Ontario. The national capital of Canada, Ottawa, is located in Ontario as well.
http://wn.com/Ontario -
Parliament of Canada
http://wn.com/Parliament_of_Canada -
Port Royal
Port Royal was a city located at the end of the Palisadoes at the mouth of the Kingston Harbour, in southeastern Jamaica. Founded in 1518, it was the centre of shipping commerce in the Caribbean Sea during the latter half of the 17th century. It was destroyed by an earthquake in 1692 and subsequent fires, hurricanes, flooding, epidemics and another earthquake in 1907.
http://wn.com/Port_Royal -
Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island (PEI or P.E.I.; , Scottish Gaelic: ''Eilean a' Phrionnsa'') is a Canadian province consisting of an island of the same name, as well as other islands. The maritime province is the smallest in the nation in both land area and population (excluding the territories). The island has a few other names: "Garden of the Gulf" referring to the pastoral scenery and lush agricultural lands throughout the province; and "Birthplace of Confederation", referring to the Charlottetown Conference in 1864, although PEI did not join the confederation itself until 1873 when it became the seventh Canadian province.
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Quebec
Quebec or ( ) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
http://wn.com/Quebec -
Quebec City
http://wn.com/Quebec_City -
Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of . Saskatchewan is bounded on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, and on the south by the American states of Montana and North Dakota.
http://wn.com/Saskatchewan -
Toronto
http://wn.com/Toronto -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
Vancouver
Vancouver () is a coastal city located in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. It is named for British Captain George Vancouver, who explored the area in the 1790s. The name Vancouver itself originates from the Dutch "van Coevorden", denoting somebody from Coevorden, a city in the Netherlands.
http://wn.com/Vancouver -
Washington D.C.
http://wn.com/Washington_DC -
Yukon
http://wn.com/Yukon
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Abenaki people
The Abenaki (or Abnaki) are a tribe of Native American and First Nations people, a subdivision of the Algonquian nation of northeastern North America. The Abenaki live in New England, Quebec, and the Maritimes, a region called Wabanaki ("Dawn Land") in the Eastern Algonquian languages. The Abenaki are one of the five members of the Wabanaki Confederacy. "Abenaki" is a linguistic and geographic grouping; there historically was not a strong central authority but as listed below a large number of smaller bands and tribes that shared many cultural traits.
http://wn.com/Abenaki_people -
Acadians
http://wn.com/Acadians -
African Canadian
http://wn.com/African_Canadian -
Algonquian languages
http://wn.com/Algonquian_languages -
André Siegfried
http://wn.com/André_Siegfried -
Armenian Canadian
The 2001 Canadian census determined that there were 40,505 Canadians of Armenian ancestry and 27,350 had Armenian as their mother tongue. A large part of the Armenian diaspora in Canada came from Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, Iran, Turkey, and other nations in the Middle East. Recently Canada is also witnessing immigration from the Republic of Armenia.
http://wn.com/Armenian_Canadian -
Australian Canadian
http://wn.com/Australian_Canadian -
Bangladeshi Canadian
Bangladeshi Canadian refers to a Bangladeshi person born in Canada or a Bangladeshi that has migrated to Canada. There is an estimated number of 24,595 Bangladeshi people who live in Canada, primarily in provinces like Ontario, British Columbia, Quebec, & Alberta. They live in cities like Toronto, Vancouver, Montreal, Calgary, Edmonton, & Ottawa. As of 2001, 53.1% of Bangladeshis in Toronto were living in poverty.
http://wn.com/Bangladeshi_Canadian -
Barbadian Canadian
http://wn.com/Barbadian_Canadian -
Bill Reid
William (Bill) Ronald Reid, OBC (born Victoria, BC, 12 January 1920; died Vancouver, BC, 13 March 1998) was a Canadian artist whose works included jewelry, sculpture, screen-printing, and painting. He was born to an American father of Scottish-German descent and a mother from the Haida (one of the First Nations of the Pacific coast) in Victoria, British Columbia. He developed a keen interest in Haida art while working as a radio announcer in Toronto, where he also studied jewelry making, having first learnt about his heritage from his maternal grandfather, who had himself been trained by Charles Edenshaw, a Haida artist of great renown.
http://wn.com/Bill_Reid -
Black Canadians
'''
http://wn.com/Black_Canadians -
Bob Clark
Benjamin "Bob" Clark (August 5, 1939 – April 4, 2007) was an American actor, director, screenwriter and producer best known for directing and writing the script with Jean Shepherd to the 1983 Christmas film A Christmas Story. His earliest success was the 1982 hit film ''Porky's and he also wrote and directed its sequel . He is also known for kick-starting the slasher genre by directing the original Black Christmas''.
http://wn.com/Bob_Clark -
Brazilian Canadian
Brazilian Canadians (Portuguese: Canadenses Brasileiros; French: Canadiens Bresiliens) are Canadians of Brazilian descent or Brazilians who have immigrated to Canada. The 1991 Canadian census reports 2,520 individuals of wholly Brazilian origin and another 2,325 who describe Brazilian as one of their ethnic origins (NB: Brazilians themselves may be of varied European, African, Middle Eastern, Far Eastern and Indigenous Amerindian ethnicity/ethnic origins), giving a total of 4,845. This figure can be taken as an official minimum and corresponds to Brazilian consular estimates.
http://wn.com/Brazilian_Canadian -
Brian Mulroney
Martin Brian Mulroney, PC, CC, GOQ (; born March 20, 1939) was the 18th Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. His tenure as Prime Minister was marked by the introduction of highly contentious economic reforms, such as the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and the Goods and Services Tax, and the failure of equally contentious constitutional reforms through the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords. Prior to his political career, he was a prominent lawyer and businessman in Montreal.
http://wn.com/Brian_Mulroney -
Canadians
Canadians are citizens of Canada. Canada is a multiethnic society, home to people of many different ethnic and national backgrounds. Aside from the indigenous Aboriginal peoples, who according to the 2006 Canadian Census enumerated 1,172,790, 3.8% of the country's total population, nearly all Canadians or their ancestors immigrated to Canada within the past five centuries, and the overwhelming majority arrived in the 20th century.
http://wn.com/Canadians -
Charles Blattberg
http://wn.com/Charles_Blattberg -
Chechnya
http://wn.com/Chechnya -
Chinese Canadian
Chinese Canadians (also known as Canasians) are Canadians of Chinese descent and constitute the second-largest visible minority group in Canada, standing at 1,346,510 which comprises 3.9% of the population in 2006. Out of those 1,346,510 people, 211,145 people were of Chinese and one other ethnic origin.
http://wn.com/Chinese_Canadian -
Cree
The Cree are one of the largest groups of First Nations/Native Americans in North America, with 200,000 members living in Canada. In Canada, the major proportion of Cree live north and west of Lake Superior, in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Northwest Territories, although 15,000 live in eastern Quebec. In the United States, this Algonquian-speaking people lived historically from Lake Superior westward. Today they live mostly in Montana, where they share a reservation with Chippewa (Ojibwa).
http://wn.com/Cree -
Dan Aykroyd
Daniel Edward "Dan" Aykroyd, CM (born July 1, 1952) is a Canadian-American comedian, actor, screenwriter, musician, winemaker and ufologist. He was an original cast member of Saturday Night Live, an originator of The Blues Brothers (with John Belushi) and Ghostbusters and has had a long career as a film actor and screenwriter.
http://wn.com/Dan_Aykroyd -
David Frum
David J. Frum (; born June 30, 1960) is a Canadian American journalist active in both the United States and Canadian political arenas. A former economic speechwriter for President George W. Bush, he is also the author of the first "insider" book about the Bush presidency. His editorial columns have appeared in a variety of Canadian and American magazines and newspapers, including the National Post and The Week. He is also the founder of [http://www.FrumForum.com FrumForum.com] (formerly NewMajority.com), a political group blog.
http://wn.com/David_Frum -
Douglas Adams
http://wn.com/Douglas_Adams -
Douglas Coupland
Douglas Coupland (pronounced COPE-lund) (born December 30, 1961) is a Canadian novelist. His fiction is complemented by recognized works in design and visual art arising from his early formal training. His first novel, the 1991 international bestseller , popularized terms such as McJob and Generation X. He has published thirteen novels, a collection of short stories, seven non-fiction books, and a number of dramatic works and screenplays for film and television. Coupland has been described as "...possibly the most gifted exegete of North American mass culture writing today." and "one of the great satirists of consumerism". A specific feature of Coupland's novels is their synthesis of postmodern religion, Web 2.0 technology, human sexuality, and pop culture.
http://wn.com/Douglas_Coupland -
Egyptian Canadian
Egyptian Canadians are Canadians of Egyptian ancestry, first-generation Egyptian immigrants, or descendants of Egyptians who immigrated to Canada. According to the 2006 Census, there were 54,875 Egyptians in Canada, while more recent estimates by Egyptian Canadian Associations total 60,000 [http://www.ecfriendshipassociation.com/]. The largest religious group among Egyptian Canadians are the Coptic Orthodox Christians, who number around 50,000 members in Canada, although there are other groups that have a smaller presence, such as the Sunni Muslims, Coptic Catholic Christians, Coptic Evangelical Christians and Armenian Egyptians
http://wn.com/Egyptian_Canadian -
Emily Carr
http://wn.com/Emily_Carr -
Environics
http://wn.com/Environics -
Eugene Levy
Eugene Levy (born December 17, 1946) is a Canadian actor, television director, producer, musician, and writer. He is known for his work in Canadian television series, American movies, and television movies. He is the only actor to have starred in all seven of the American Pie films, as Noah Levenstein.
http://wn.com/Eugene_Levy -
Filipino Canadian
Filipino Canadians are Asian Canadians who trace their ancestry to the Philippines or Filipino people. Filipino-Canadians are also a subgroup of the Overseas Filipinos.
http://wn.com/Filipino_Canadian -
First Nations
http://wn.com/First_Nations -
French Canadian
http://wn.com/French_Canadian -
French-Canadian
http://wn.com/French-Canadian -
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas, serving from 1995 to 2000.
http://wn.com/George_W_Bush -
German Canadian
http://wn.com/German_Canadian -
Graham Fraser
Graham Fraser (born 1946 in Ottawa, Ontario) is Canada's sixth Commissioner of Official Languages, and a former Canadian journalist and writer. He is the author of several books, both in English and French, and served as the National Affairs Correspondent for the Toronto Star, for which he also writes a weekly column. He is also adjunct professor of journalism at Carleton University.
http://wn.com/Graham_Fraser -
Head Tax (Canada)
http://wn.com/Head_Tax_(Canada) -
Icelandic Canadian
Canada has the largest ethnic Icelandic population outside Iceland, with about 88,875 people of Icelandic descent as of the Canada 2006 Census. Many Icelandic Canadians are descendants of people who fled an eruption of the Icelandic volcano Askja in 1875.
http://wn.com/Icelandic_Canadian -
Indo-Canadians
Indo-Canadians are Canadians whose origins trace back to India. The terms "East Indian" and"South Asian" are used to distinguish people of ancestral origin from India, from the First Nations peoples of Canada who are often referred to as Indian, and from the people of the Caribbean, who are sometimes referred to as West Indian. Another term commonly used among South Asian Canadians to describe those from the subcontinent is "Desi".
http://wn.com/Indo-Canadians -
Indonesian Canadian
Indonesian Canadians form one of Canada's smaller minority groups.
http://wn.com/Indonesian_Canadian -
Inuit
The Inuit are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada (Northwest Territories, Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland), Russia (Siberia) and the United States (Alaska). The Inuit language is grouped under Eskimo-Aleut languages. An Inuk is an Inuit person.
http://wn.com/Inuit -
Iranian Canadian
Iranian Canadians are Canadians of Iranian national background or descent. Their numbers are estimated as 121,510 from the 2006 Canadian census and the main communities can be found in Southern Ontario, British Columbia, and Quebec; the vast majority, however, live in the northern suburbs of Toronto such as Richmond Hill, Vaughan, Markham, and Thornhill, and in the municipalities of Vancouver such as: North Vancouver, West Vancouver, Burnaby, and Coquitlam. An estimated total of 46,255 Iranians currently reside in the Greater Toronto Area, 29,265 in the Greater Vancouver Area, 9,535 in the Greater Montreal Area, and the remainder are spread out in the other major cities in Canada based on the 2006 Canadian Census. However, these numbers only represent the people who immigrated from Iran and filled out the census survey. There are an estimated 50,000 more Iranians who did not fill out the survey and were born outside Iran including Canada. Estimated numbers for Toronto are around 65,000, in Vancouver they range up to 40,000 and in Montreal there are not more than 15,000.
http://wn.com/Iranian_Canadian -
Iraqi Canadian
Iraqi Canadians come from a country of great ethno-linguistic and religious diversity. An estimated 36,000 Iraqi expatriates reside in Canada. Several thousand Canadians are of Iraqi descent.
http://wn.com/Iraqi_Canadian -
Irish Canadian
Irish Canadians are immigrants and descendants of immigrants who originated in Ireland. 1.2 million Irish immigrants arrived, 1825 to 1970, at least half of those in the period from 1831-1850. By 1867, they were the second largest ethnic group (after the French), and comprised 24% of Canada's population. Not all Irish immigrants were Catholic, and increasingly more Catholic Irish after 1850 usually headed to the U.S., England, Australia and Scotland. By 1931 there were 1,230,000 Canadians of Irish descent, half of whom lived in Ontario.
http://wn.com/Irish_Canadian -
Iroquois
The Iroquois (), also known as the Haudenosaunee or the "People of the Longhouse", are an association of several tribes of indigenous people of North America. After the Iroquoian-speaking peoples coalesced as distinct tribes, based mostly in present-day central and upstate New York, in the 16th century or earlier they came together in an association known today as the Iroquois League, or the "League of Peace and Power". The original Iroquois League was often known as the Five Nations, as it was composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca nations. After the Tuscarora nation joined the League in 1722, the Iroquois became known as the Six Nations. The League is embodied in the Grand Council, an assembly of fifty hereditary sachems.
http://wn.com/Iroquois -
Jack Nicholson
John Joseph "Jack" Nicholson (born April 22, 1937) is an American actor, film director and producer. He is renowned for his often dark-themed portrayals of neurotic characters.
http://wn.com/Jack_Nicholson -
Jamaican Canadian
A Jamaican Canadian is a Canadian-born person of Jamaican descent, or a Jamaican-born person with Canadian citizenship.
http://wn.com/Jamaican_Canadian -
James Cameron
James Francis Cameron (born August 16, 1954) is a Canadian film director, producer, screenwriter, editor, and inventor. His writing and directing work includes (1981), The Terminator (1984), Aliens (1986), The Abyss (1989), (1991), True Lies (1994), Titanic (1997), and Avatar (2009). In the time between making Titanic and his return to feature films with Avatar, Cameron spent several years creating many documentary films (specifically underwater documentaries), and also co-developed the digital 3-D Fusion Camera System. Described by a biographer as part-scientist and part-artist, Cameron has also contributed to underwater filming and remote vehicle technologies.
http://wn.com/James_Cameron -
Japanese Canadians
Japanese Canadians are Canadians of Japanese ancestry, and are mostly concentrated on the west coast, and central Canada, especially in and around Vancouver and Toronto. In 2006, there were 98,900 (about 62,430 of whom are of mixed heritage).
http://wn.com/Japanese_Canadians -
Jason Kenney
Jason T. Kenney, PC, MP (born May 30, 1968) is Canada's current Minister of Citizenship, Immigration and Multiculturalism. He has represented the riding of Calgary Southeast in the Canadian House of Commons since 1997.
http://wn.com/Jason_Kenney -
Jim Carrey
James Eugene "Jim" Carrey (born January 17, 1962) is a Canadian-American actor and comedian. Carrey began stand-up comedy in 1979, performing at Yuk Yuk's in Toronto, Ontario. After gaining prominence in 1981, he began working at The Comedy Store in Los Angeles where he was soon noticed by comedian Rodney Dangerfield, who immediately signed him to open his tour performances. Carrey, long interested in film and television, developed a close friendship with comedian Damon Wayans, which landed him a role in the sketch comedy hit In Living Color, in which he portrayed various characters during the show's 1990 season. Having had little success in television movies and several low-budget films, Carrey was cast as the title character in ' which premiered in February, 1994 making $159,537,178 domestically and over $400 million worldwide. The film spawned a sequel, ' (1995), in which he reprised the role of Ventura. These higher-profile roles eventually led to his being cast as Stanley Ipkiss in The Mask (1994) for which he gained a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy, and as Lloyd Christmas in the comedy film Dumb and Dumber (1994).
http://wn.com/Jim_Carrey -
John Candy
John Franklin Candy (October 31, 1950 – March 4, 1994) was a Canadian actor and comedian. He rose to fame as a member of the Toronto, Ontario branch of The Second City, its related Second City Television series, and in his role as "Ox" in the 1981 comedy film Stripes. One of his most renowned onscreen performances was that of Del Griffith in the John Hughes comedy Planes, Trains and Automobiles.
http://wn.com/John_Candy -
John Diefenbaker
http://wn.com/John_Diefenbaker -
John Ralston Saul
John Ralston Saul, CC (born June 19, 1947) is a Canadian author, essayist, and President of International PEN.
http://wn.com/John_Ralston_Saul -
Joseph Brant
http://wn.com/Joseph_Brant -
King George III
http://wn.com/King_George_III -
Korean Canadian
Korean Canadians are Canadians of Korean descent. According to South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, there were about 216,628 Koreans or people of Korean descent in Canada as of 2007, making them the 5th-largest group of overseas Koreans (behind the Koryo-saram in the former USSR and ahead of Korean Australians). In addition, the South Korean government has estimated that there are at least 100,000 Koreans living illegally in Canada.
http://wn.com/Korean_Canadian -
Lebanese Canadians
There are some 270,000 (2006 Census) Canadians of Lebanese origin, making them by far the largest group of people with Arabic-speaking roots.
http://wn.com/Lebanese_Canadians -
Leslie Nielsen
Leslie William Nielsen, OC (born February 11, 1926) is a Canadian actor and comedian. Although Nielsen's acting career crosses a variety of genres in both television and films, he has achieved his greatest film successes as Commander John J. Adams in the film Forbidden Planet, and also in comic movies, including Airplane! and The Naked Gun series. His portrayal of serious characters seemingly oblivious to (and complicit in) their absurd surroundings gives Nielsen a reputation as a comedian.
http://wn.com/Leslie_Nielsen -
List of Canadians
This is a list of Canadians, people born in Canada, or who became citizens of Canada, grouped by their area of notability.
http://wn.com/List_of_Canadians -
Louis Riel
http://wn.com/Louis_Riel -
Macedonian Canadians
http://wn.com/Macedonian_Canadians -
Margaret Atwood
Margaret Eleanor Atwood, CC, O.Ont, FRSC (born November 18, 1939) is a Canadian poet, novelist, literary critic, essayist, and environmental activist.
http://wn.com/Margaret_Atwood -
Martin Short
Martin Hayter Short, CM (born March 26, 1950) is a Canadian comedian, actor, writer, singer and producer. He is best known for his comedy work, particularly on the TV programs SCTV and Saturday Night Live. He has also starred in many popular comedic films such as Three Amigos, Innerspace, Pure Luck, Jungle 2 Jungle, Mars Attacks!, Father of the Bride, and Father of the Bride Part 2.
http://wn.com/Martin_Short -
Mexican Canadian
Mexican Canadians (French: Mexicain Canadiens; Spanish: Mexicano Canadienses) are Canadians of Mexican ancestry. Canadians of Mexican descent account for 0.25% of the country's population: about 95,000 Canadians listed their ancestry as Mexican as of 2006.
http://wn.com/Mexican_Canadian -
Mi'kmaq people
http://wn.com/Mi'kmaq_people -
Mike Myers (actor)
Michael John "Mike" Myers (born May 25, 1963) is a British Canadian actor, comedian, screenwriter, and film producer. He was a long-time cast member on the NBC sketch show Saturday Night Live in the late 1980s and the early 1990s and starred as the title characters in the films ''Wayne's World, Austin Powers, the Shrek file series, and The Love Guru''.
http://wn.com/Mike_Myers_(actor) -
Monty Python
Monty Python (sometimes known as The Pythons) were a British comedy group that created the influential ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'', a British television comedy sketch show that first aired on the BBC on 5 October 1969. Forty-five episodes were made over four series. The Python phenomenon developed from the television series into something larger in scope and impact, spawning touring stage shows, films, numerous albums, several books and a stage musical as well as launching the members to individual stardom. The group's influence on comedy has been compared to The Beatles' influence on music.
http://wn.com/Monty_Python -
Moroccan Canadian
Moroccan Canadians are Canadian citizens and residents of Moroccan origin or descent. In the 2006 census, 44,630 persons listed Moroccan as their ethnic origin (among whom 16,520 also listed other origins.
http://wn.com/Moroccan_Canadian -
Norm Macdonald
http://wn.com/Norm_Macdonald -
Northrop Frye
http://wn.com/Northrop_Frye -
Northwest Rebellion
http://wn.com/Northwest_Rebellion -
Norwegian Canadian
Norwegian Canadian are Canadians of Norwegian descent.
http://wn.com/Norwegian_Canadian -
Ojibway
http://wn.com/Ojibway -
Pakistani Canadian
Pakistani Canadian refers to citizens of Canada of Pakistani heritage.
http://wn.com/Pakistani_Canadian -
Peter Gzowski
Peter Gzowski, CC (July 13, 1934 – January 24, 2002) was a popular Canadian broadcaster, writer and reporter, most famous for his work on the CBC radio show Morningside. His biographer has argued that Gzowski's contribution to Canadian media must be considered in the context of efforts by a generation of Canadian nationalists to understand and express Canada's cultural identity. Gzowski wrote books, hosted television shows, and worked at a number of newspapers and at ''Maclean's Magazine. It is estimated that he conducted 27,000 interviews as host of Morningside.'' Gzowski was known for a friendly but somewhat gruff at times interviewing style. His guffaws were famous.
http://wn.com/Peter_Gzowski -
Peter Mansbridge
Peter Mansbridge, OC (born July 6, 1948), a British-born Canadian broadcaster and news anchor, is the CBC News Chief Correspondent and anchor of The National, CBC Television's flagship nightly newscast. It has been announced that in May 2010 he will become chancellor of Mount Allison University, and will hold the position until December 2013.
http://wn.com/Peter_Mansbridge -
Pierre Berton
:For other people with the same name, see Pierre Berton (disambiguation).''
http://wn.com/Pierre_Berton -
Pierre Trudeau
http://wn.com/Pierre_Trudeau -
Rick Mercer
Richard Vincent "Rick" Mercer (born October 17, 1969 in St. John's, Newfoundland) is a Canadian comedian, television personality, political satirist, and blogger.
http://wn.com/Rick_Mercer -
Rick Moranis
Frederick Allan "Rick" Moranis (born April 18, 1953) is a retired Canadian comedian, actor and musician. Coming to prominence in the 1980s on Second City Television, before moving on to appearances in several Hollywood films, including Ghostbusters; Spaceballs; Little Shop of Horrors; Honey, I Shrunk the Kids; Little Giants; Parenthood; The Flintstones, and My Blue Heaven.
http://wn.com/Rick_Moranis -
Robertson Davies
William Robertson Davies, CC, O.Ont, FRSC, FRSL (born August 28, 1913, at Thamesville, Ontario, and died December 2, 1995 at Orangeville, Ontario) was a Canadian novelist, playwright, critic, journalist, and professor. He was one of Canada's best-known and most popular authors, and one of its most distinguished "men of letters", a term Davies is variously said to have gladly accepted for himself and to have detested. Davies was the founding Master of Massey College, a graduate residential college associated with the University of Toronto.
http://wn.com/Robertson_Davies -
Romanian Canadian
According to the Canadian Census data of 2006, there are almost 200,000 Romanian-Canadians . Some sources estimates that this number might be as high as cca. 400,000 Canadians of Romanian descent.
http://wn.com/Romanian_Canadian -
Russians in Canada
A Russian-Canadian is a citizen or permanent resident of Canada who is from Russia or of Russian descent.
http://wn.com/Russians_in_Canada -
Samuel de Champlain
Samuel de Champlain (ca. 1567 or 1580 – December 25, 1635) ( ), "The Father of New France", was a French navigator, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat and chronicler, who founded Quebec City on July 3, 1608.
http://wn.com/Samuel_de_Champlain -
Scottish Canadian
Scottish Canadians are people of Scottish descent or heritage living in Canada. As the third-largest ethnic group in Canada and among the first to settle in Canada, Scottish people have made a large impact on Canadian culture since colonial times. According to the 2001 Census of Canada, the number of Canadians claiming full or partial Scottish descent is 4,719,850 [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo;=PR&Code;=01&Table;=2&Data;=Count&StartRec;=1&Sort;=3&Display;=All&CSDFilter;=5000], or 15.10% of the nation's total population, however this is said to be a major underestimation.
http://wn.com/Scottish_Canadian -
Serbian Canadians
Serbian Canadians are Canadian citizens with Serbian descent. Serbs have migrated to Canada in various waves during the 20th century. The 2006 census recorded over 72 690 Canadians of Serbian descent.
http://wn.com/Serbian_Canadians -
Somali Canadians
Somali Canadians are naturalized citizens and residents of Canada who were born in, or with ancestors from Somalia.
http://wn.com/Somali_Canadians -
Sri Lankan Canadians
Sri Lankan Canadians refers to people from Sri Lanka who have arrived and settled in Canada. Among these immigrants include members from the Sinhalese, Tamil, Moor, Malay and Burgher ethnicities. According to the 2001 census, there are 62,000 Canadians who claim Sri Lankan, but only 10,000 claimed sinhalese origin ancestry.
http://wn.com/Sri_Lankan_Canadians -
Stephen Harper
Stephen Joseph Harper, PC, MP (born April 30, 1959) is the 22nd and current Prime Minister of Canada, and leader of the Conservative Party. Harper became Prime Minister after his party won a minority government in the 2006 federal election. He is the first Prime Minister from the newly reconstituted Conservative Party, following a merger of the Progressive Conservative and Canadian Alliance parties.
http://wn.com/Stephen_Harper -
Susanna Moodie
Susanna Moodie, born Strickland (6 December 1803 – 8 April 1885) was a British-born Canadian author who wrote about her experiences as a settler in Canada.
http://wn.com/Susanna_Moodie -
Svend Robinson
Svend Robinson (born March 4, 1952) is a former Canadian politician. He was a Member of Parliament in the Canadian House of Commons from 1979 to 2004, representing the suburban Vancouver-area constituency of Burnaby for the New Democratic Party. When he chose not to run again in the June, 2004 election, he was one of the longest-serving members in the House of Commons, having been elected and re-elected for seven consecutive terms.
http://wn.com/Svend_Robinson -
Taiwanese Canadian
Many Canadians are of Taiwanese ancestry. Whether Taiwanese Canadians also count as Chinese Canadians is a controversial issue although the Republic of China government on Taiwan classifies them as such.
http://wn.com/Taiwanese_Canadian -
Tamil Canadian
Tamil Canadian or Canadian Tamils are Canadians of Tamil ethnic origins mostly from India and Sri Lanka and other countries such as Malaysia, South Africa, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago and Fiji. It is estimated that the Tamil diaspora in Canada is around 200,000. From a population of fewer than 2,000 Tamils in 1983, it has become one of the largest visible minority population groups within the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). In the 1991 census, Tamils were the fastest-growing ethnic group in Metropolitan Toronto. Canada's Tamil population is thought to constitute the largest Sri Lankan diaspora in the world with Toronto being considered as "the city with the largest number of Sri Lankan Tamils in the world".
http://wn.com/Tamil_Canadian -
Tecumseh
http://wn.com/Tecumseh -
Terry Fox
http://wn.com/Terry_Fox -
Tibetan Canadian
Although Canadians of Tibetan ancestry comprise a small portion of Asian Canadians, Canada holds one of the largest concentrations of Tibetans outside of Asia. Tibetans began immigrating to Canada as early as the early 1970s.
http://wn.com/Tibetan_Canadian -
Tom Green
Michael Thomas "Tom" Green (born July 30, 1971) is a Canadian actor, rapper, writer, comedian, talk show host and media personality. He is best-known for his MTV television show The Tom Green Show, his short-lived marriage to actress Drew Barrymore and for his roles in such films as Freddy Got Fingered, Road Trip, Stealing Harvard and ''Charlie's Angels''.
http://wn.com/Tom_Green -
Tommy Douglas
http://wn.com/Tommy_Douglas -
Turkish Canadian
Turkish Canadians () may apply to immigrants or the descendants of immigrants born in the Ottoman Empire before 1923, in the Republic of Turkey since then, or in neighbouring countries once part of the Ottoman Empire that still have a population whose language is Turkish or who claims a Turkish identity or cultural heritage, in contrast to the many other peoples from present-day Turkey and the former Ottoman Empire, who identify with their own communities.
http://wn.com/Turkish_Canadian -
Ukrainian Canadian
A Ukrainian Canadian (, translit. Ukrayintsi Kanady) is a person of Ukrainian descent or origin who was born in or immigrated to Canada. In 2006, there were an estimated 1,209,085 persons residing in Canada (mainly Canadian-born citizens) of Ukrainian origin, making them Canada's ninth largest ethnic group, and giving Canada the world's third-largest Ukrainian population behind Ukraine itself and Russia. Self-identified Ukrainians are the plurality in several rural areas of Western Canada.
http://wn.com/Ukrainian_Canadian -
Ukrainian Canadians
http://wn.com/Ukrainian_Canadians -
Venezuelan Canadian
http://wn.com/Venezuelan_Canadian -
World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
http://wn.com/World_War_I -
Wyandot people
http://wn.com/Wyandot_people
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The Canadian Identity!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:51
- Published: 29 Mar 2010
- Updated: 28 Aug 2012
It's who we are and what we need to be. Canadian!
http://wn.com/The_Canadian_Identity!
Malcolm Gladwell Debates - 'Canada: Nation or Notion?'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:52
- Published: 03 Apr 2008
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
On March 30th, two great journalists—with deep Canadian connections—debated the importance and relevance of a Canadian identity in North America and the world. This latest installment of the Maclean's Magazine 'In Coversation' series brought together Adam Gopnik and Malcolm Gladwell, two New Yorker writers, with a history of lively debate.
http://wn.com/Malcolm_Gladwell_Debates_'Canada_Nation_or_Notion?'
What is Canadian Identity?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Published: 07 May 2009
- Updated: 06 Sep 2012
A movie I did for Social Studies class...
http://wn.com/What_is_Canadian_Identity?
What it means to be Canadian, my Canadian Identity
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Published: 12 Nov 2010
- Updated: 23 Mar 2012
Multiculturalism and the Canadian Identity
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 38:09
- Published: 26 Mar 2010
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
SFU Seniors Outreach Project: A roundtable discussion with Dr. Kogila Adam-Moodley, Professor, Anthropology and Sociology of Education, UBC, Peter McKnight, columnist and editorial writer, The Vancouver Sun, and Dr. Alan David Aberbach, moderator and Director of the SFU Seniors Program. www.sfu.ca
http://wn.com/Multiculturalism_and_the_Canadian_Identity
The Canadian Identity
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:24
- Published: 26 Sep 2011
- Updated: 04 Jul 2012
A social project done for school about nationalism, Canada and what is means to be a Canadian. Music: Yer Spring- Hey Rosetta! Red Heart- Hey Rosetta! Video Credit Youtube videos from: Patriote17 danieljbmitchell LeaheyHoo sprightly83 canadianmatt3 RaGDolxEffecT NorthwestBu JCVdude sjam99 spirographicsnet alhashimyUAE webstm CP9railfan CitlmmCanada neilshah79 MrDaveToby BABAjicallingTV howcast frfjudedkik TheBasketballJonses delicksen NationalGeographic picnicface losvedir FirstScienceTV olympicvancouver2010 napachild LukeEW1993 JLishere
http://wn.com/The_Canadian_Identity
A New Canadian Identity?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 38:59
- Published: 18 May 2012
- Updated: 22 Jul 2012
A new idea of Canada is starting to take hold. A country with strong ties to the monarchy, an emboldened sense of military tradition and shouting its accomplishments from the rooftops. The Agenda examines if this is a rewriting of Canadian values or a return to our roots.
http://wn.com/A_New_Canadian_Identity?
The Canadian Identity - Part One
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:15
- Published: 11 Apr 2010
- Updated: 21 Feb 2011
This is a short film about the Canadian Identity. Made for a grade 12 philosophy class. We hope you learn something. Enjoy! part two: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/The_Canadian_Identity_Part_One
Jack Layton on Conservatism and Canadian Identity
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:27
- Published: 06 Apr 2011
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
As part of our election talk, Federal NDP Leader Jack Layton on whether Canadian values have changed. For more, visit www.strombo.com
http://wn.com/Jack_Layton_on_Conservatism_and_Canadian_Identity
Stephen Harper, Pierre Trudeau and Canadian Identity
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:48
- Published: 24 May 2012
- Updated: 18 Aug 2012
Prime Minister Stephen Harper's former speechwriter explains how the current Conservative government sees Canada differently than Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau did.
http://wn.com/Stephen_Harper,_Pierre_Trudeau_and_Canadian_Identity
A Canadian Identity - Don Bergland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:18
- Published: 02 May 2010
- Updated: 19 Aug 2012
Demonstrated proof that Canadian geography is the key to its cultural identity. For instructional details about how this video was constructed, go to donbergland.com
http://wn.com/A_Canadian_Identity_Don_Bergland
My Canadian Identity
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:28
- Published: 16 Feb 2007
- Updated: 05 Aug 2012
A project for school. Song is Temptation by Delerium.
http://wn.com/My_Canadian_Identity
Jonathan Kay on Canadian Identity
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:15
- Published: 27 Jan 2010
- Updated: 05 Jun 2012
Even though the idea of leftism has lost its meaning, many people feel that somehow its at the core of Canadian identity and conservatism is alien to Canada Jonathan Kay is comment pages editor of the National Post . In 2002, he was awarded Canada's National Newspaper Award for Critical Writing. In 2004, he received a National Newspaper Award for Editorial Writing. Jonathan Kay was born and raised in Montreal. He graduated from McGill University in 1992 with a bachelor's degree in metallurgincal engineering, economics and Japanese language . In 1994 he received a Master's Degree in Metallurgical Engineering . He continued at Yale Law School, where he received his law degree in 1997. Before joining National Post, Jonathan worked as a lawyer with the New York City office of Goodman Phillips Vineberg. His forthcoming book, to be published in 2010 by HarperCollins, is "Among the Truthers: Alternative Theories of 9/11 and the People Who Believe Them."
http://wn.com/Jonathan_Kay_on_Canadian_Identity
Canadian Identity,
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:10
- Published: 26 Nov 2008
- Updated: 21 Aug 2010
Canadian History - 4U - Exhibition What is Canadian Identity?
http://wn.com/Canadian_Identity,
Canadian Identity
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:48
- Published: 22 Apr 2009
- Updated: 13 Oct 2011
Canadian Identity
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:44
- Published: 29 Jan 2010
- Updated: 17 Aug 2012
Let me point out that I am not a racist, nor do I condone racism. I am an Anti-multiculturalist who believes Canada is and should always remain a Native American and European Nation. I don't agree with foreign aid or diversity. I believe we should all stay where we belong and there will be no issues in the world. Pease rate, comment, and subscribe! thanks for watching, Enjoy!
http://wn.com/Canadian_Identity
Jack Jedwab: ``Québec and Canadian Identity``- Panel on Religion, Identity and Sacularism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:09
- Published: 31 May 2012
- Updated: 24 Aug 2012
montreal.interculturaldialog.com Intercultural Dialogue Institute (IDI) Montréal co-organized a Panel discussion with Theological Studies, Concordia University on Religion, Identity and Sacularism, as a case study of Fethullah Gulen;modernity and inherited religious identity on May 17, 2012 at Concordia University. ( montreal.interculturaldialog.com) Dr. Jack Jedwab is currently the Executive Director of the Association for Canadian Studies (ACS) and the International Association for the Study of Canada (IASC). He has occupied that position since 1998 and prior to that served from 1994 as Executive Director of the Quebec Division of the Canadian Jewish Congress. A contributor to the Canadian edition of Reader's Digest, he has written essays in books, scholarly journals and in newspapers across the country and has also authored various publications and government reports on issues of immigration, multiculturalism, human rights and official languages
http://wn.com/Jack_Jedwab_``Québec_and_Canadian_Identity``_Panel_on_Religion,_Identity_and_Sacularism
Canadian Identity
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:04
- Published: 28 Jul 2009
- Updated: 22 Jun 2010
A conversation with my daughter and family about what makes Canadians tick.
http://wn.com/Canadian_Identity
American System in Canada: The Paradox of the Canadian Identity
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 81:56
- Published: 13 Aug 2012
- Updated: 02 Sep 2012
What are the true historical dynamics shaping the current Canadian identity? In this class given to the Vancouver chapter of the Committee for the Republic of Canada in August 2012 , Matthew Ehret-Kump investigates the roots of two key inflection moments which bear immediate relevance to Canada's current potential. The first being Abraham Lincoln's struggle to maintain the union and his Canadian allies who fought to unify the continent behind a universal conception of sovereign development. The second being the post WW2 struggle to unify the continent centering around the North American Water and Power Alliance via the leadership of John F Kennedy alongside leading Canadian allies of NAWAPA and technological progress such as BC Premier WAC Bennett and Daniel Johnson Sr. The tragic paradigm post 1968 paradigm shift under the insane dynamic of Trudeau and Rene Levesque is given a new context.
http://wn.com/American_System_in_Canada_The_Paradox_of_the_Canadian_Identity
Canadian Identity (Philosophy)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:40
- Published: 31 Mar 2010
- Updated: 11 Aug 2012
A video I made for Philosophy class, With the help of Jonnnnn.
http://wn.com/Canadian_Identity_Philosophy
Smith & Smith - The Anonymous Canadian Identity Blues
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:49
- Published: 09 Mar 2008
- Updated: 18 Aug 2012
Taken from Episode 22 of Season 5 (1981-1982) I've been to Alberta, I've been to New Brunswick too Nova Scotia, Vancouver, Manitoba, and the P. of Q. -- yeah! And I've been through the rest, tryin' to find out what is who -- All right! Well I've been to the church and I've been to the neighbourhood bar Tryin' to find out what the heck Canadians are Well we gotta have an image or we'll never get very far Cause I know me, and you know you But nobody else knows who am who And this lack of direction keeps me payin' my dues I got the anonymous Canadian identity blues I'm gonna make up a hero, to kick off Canadian fever He's André McBunyan, with his Labrador retriever He lives in a maple tree house with a sixty-foot beaver Well he never wins nothin', then again he never thought he could He complains in English and French, like Canadians should He drinks strong beer and he can play hockey some good Cause I know me, and you know you But nobody else knows who am who And this lack of direction keeps me payin' my dues I got the anonymous Canadian identity blues I got the anonymous André McBunyan Canadian identity blues Yeah, yeah, all right!
http://wn.com/Smith_Smith_The_Anonymous_Canadian_Identity_Blues
John Ralston Saul; Metis, First Nations and Canadian Identity Part 1 of 7
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:21
- Published: 30 Apr 2010
- Updated: 20 May 2011
www.secwepemc.org JRS comments: that Canada has been formed largely by aboriginal values, such as equity, a preference for negotiation over violence, and an understanding of the place of the individual within community. He was also recently elected President of International PEN, the worlds leading freedom of expression organization. He is the first Canadian and only the second North American to be elected to this position in PENs 88-year history. A great guest speaker I hope you enjoy!
http://wn.com/John_Ralston_Saul;_Metis,_First_Nations_and_Canadian_Identity_Part_1_of_7
The Canadian Identity - Part Two
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:25
- Published: 11 Apr 2010
- Updated: 21 Mar 2011
Part two of a video made for a grade 12 philosophy class.
http://wn.com/The_Canadian_Identity_Part_Two
AP / The Canadian Press, Adrian Wyld
Creative Commons / Daryl Mitchell
Creative Commons / D. Gordon E. Robertson
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / Tim Pfeifer
Creative Commons / Cephas
Creative Commons / Julia W
Creative Commons / Ktr101
Creative Commons / Halifaxwaterfront
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Creative Commons![CCGS Gordon Reid off Ross Bay. The designation Canadian Coast Guard Ship (CCGS) (in French navire de la Garde côtière canadienne [NGCC], is applied as a prefix to vessels in the Canadian Coast Guard.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120909234403im_/http://cdn6.wn.com/pd/de/f2/cce209edd2504afc5ead59860fce_small.jpg "CCGS Gordon Reid off Ross Bay. The designation Canadian Coast Guard Ship (CCGS) (in French navire de la Garde côtière canadienne [NGCC], is applied as a prefix to vessels in the Canadian Coast Guard.")
Creative Commons![CCGS Cape Norman, SAR vessel, Port aux Choix. The designation Canadian Coast Guard Ship (CCGS) (in French navire de la Garde côtière canadienne [NGCC], is applied as a prefix to vessels in the Canadian Coast Guard.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120909234403im_/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/2a/4f/100fef6bd2f2652451f8d7501617_small.jpg "CCGS Cape Norman, SAR vessel, Port aux Choix. The designation Canadian Coast Guard Ship (CCGS) (in French navire de la Garde côtière canadienne [NGCC], is applied as a prefix to vessels in the Canadian Coast Guard.")
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![CCGS Gordon Reid off Ross Bay. The designation Canadian Coast Guard Ship (CCGS) (in French navire de la Garde côtière canadienne [NGCC], is applied as a prefix to vessels in the Canadian Coast Guard.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120909234403/http://cdn0.wn.com/pd/de/f2/cce209edd2504afc5ead59860fce_medium.jpg "CCGS Gordon Reid off Ross Bay. The designation Canadian Coast Guard Ship (CCGS) (in French navire de la Garde côtière canadienne [NGCC], is applied as a prefix to vessels in the Canadian Coast Guard.")
![CCGS Cape Norman, SAR vessel, Port aux Choix. The designation Canadian Coast Guard Ship (CCGS) (in French navire de la Garde côtière canadienne [NGCC], is applied as a prefix to vessels in the Canadian Coast Guard.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120909234403/http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/2a/4f/100fef6bd2f2652451f8d7501617_medium.jpg "CCGS Cape Norman, SAR vessel, Port aux Choix. The designation Canadian Coast Guard Ship (CCGS) (in French navire de la Garde côtière canadienne [NGCC], is applied as a prefix to vessels in the Canadian Coast Guard.")
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Canadian identity refers to the set of characteristics and symbols that many Canadians regard as expressing their unique place and role in the world.
Primary influences on the Canadian identity trace back to the arrival, beginning in the early seventeenth century, of French settlers to Acadia and the St. Lawrence River Valley, English settlers to Newfoundland and the British conquest and settlement of New France from the early eighteenth century. First Nations played a critical part in the development of European colonies in Canada, from their role in assisting exploration of the continent, the fur trade and inter-European power struggles to the creation of the Métis people. Through their art and culture, First Nations and Inuit continue to exert influence on Canadian identity.
The question of Canadian identity was traditionally dominated by three fundamental themes: first, the often conflicted relations between English Canadians and French Canadians stemming from the French Canadian imperative for cultural and linguistic survival; secondly, the generally close ties between English Canadians and the British Empire, resulting in a gradual political process towards complete independence from the imperial power, and, finally, the close proximity of English-speaking Canadians to the military, economic and cultural powerhouse of the United States. With the gradual loosening of political and cultural ties to Britain in the twentieth century, immigrants from Europe, Africa, the Caribbean and Asia have reshaped the Canadian identity, a process that continues today with the continuing arrival of large numbers of immigrants from non British or French backgrounds, adding the theme of multiculturalism to the debate.[1][2][3] Today, Canada has a diverse makeup of nationalities and cultures (see Canadian culture) and constitutional protection for policies that promote multiculturalism rather than a single national myth.[4]
The issue of Canadian identity remains under scrutiny. Journalist Andrew Cohen wrote in 2007: "The Canadian Identity, as it has come to be known, is as elusive as the Sasquatch and Ogopogo. It has animated—and frustrated—generations of statesmen, historians, writers, artists, philosophers, and the National Film Board...Canada resists easy definition."[5] In true Canadian fashion, however, even the search for an identity has become itself an object for self-criticism.[6]
Basic models[link]
In defining a Canadian identity, five key distinctive characteristics have been emphasized:
- First, special emphasis is placed upon the bicultural nature of Canada and the important ways in which English-French relations since the 1760s have shaped the Canadian experience.[7]
- Second, Canada had quite a different historical experience in resisting revolution and republicanism compared to the U.S., leading to less individualism and more support for government activism, such as wheat pools and the health care system.[8]
- Third, British parliamentary system and the British legal system, augmented by the conservatism associated with the Loyalists and the pre-1960 French Canadians, have given Canada its ongoing collective obsession with "peace, order and good government".[8]
- Fourth is the social structure of multiple ethnic groups that kept their identities and produced a cultural mosaic rather than a melting pot.[9]
- Fifth, the influence of geophysical factors (vast area, coldness, northness; St. Lawrence spine) together with the proximity of the United States have produced in the collective Canadian psyche what Northrop Frye has called the garrison mind or siege mentality, and what novelist Margaret Atwood has argued is the Canadian preoccupation with survival.[10] For Herschel Hardin, because of the remarkable hold of the siege mentality and the concern with survival, Canada in its essentials is "a public enterprise country." According to Hardin, the "fundamental mode of Canadian life" has always been, "the un-American mechanism of redistribution as opposed to the mystic American mechanism of market rule." Most Canadians, in other words, whether on the right or left in politics, expect their governments to be actively involved in the economic and social life of the nation.[11]
Historical development[link]
Introduction[link]
Canada's large geographic size, the presence and survival of a significant number of indigenous peoples, the conquest of one European linguistic population by another and relatively open immigration policy have led to an extremely diverse society.
Indigenous Peoples[link]
The indigenous peoples of Canada are divided among a large number of different ethnolinguistic groups, including the Inuit in the northern territory of Nunavut, the Algonquian language groups in eastern Canada (Mi'kmaq in the Maritime Provinces, Abenaki of Quebec and Ojibway of the central region), the Iroquois of central Canada, the Cree of northern Ontario, Quebec and the Great Plains, peoples speaking the Athabaskan languages of Canada's northwest, the Salishan language groups of British Columbia and other peoples of the Pacific coast such as the Tsimshian, Haida, Kwakwaka'wakw and Nuu-chah-nulth.[12] Each of the indigenous peoples developed vibrant societies with complex economies, political structures and cultural traditions that were subsequently affected profoundly by interaction with the European populations. The Metis are an indigenous people whose culture and identity was produced by a fusion of First Nations with the French, Irish and Scottish fur trade society of the north and west.
French Settlement and the Struggle for Francophone Identity in Canada[link]
From the founding by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons of Port Royal in 1605, (the beginnings of French settlement of Acadia) and the founding of Quebec City in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain, Canada was ruled from and settled almost exclusively by French colonists. John Ralston Saul, among others, has noted that the east-west shape of modern Canada had its origins in decisions regarding alliances with the indigenous peoples made by early French colonizers or explorers such as Champlain or De La Vérendrye. By allying with the Algonquins, for example, Champlain gained an alliance with the Wyandot or Huron of today's Ontario, and the enmity of the Iroquois of what is now northern New York State.[13]
Although English settlement began in Newfoundland in 1610, and the Hudson's Bay Company was chartered in 1670, it was only with the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 that France ceded to Great Britain its claims to mainland Nova Scotia and significant British colonization of what would become mainland Canada would begin. Even then, prior to the American Revolution, Nova Scotia was settled largely by planters from New England who took up lands following the deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population, in 1755 in an event known in French to Acadians as Le Grand Dérangement, one of the critical events in the formation of the Canadian identity.[14] During the period of French hegemony over New France the term Canadien referred to the French-speaking inhabitants of Canada.
The Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France resulted in the conquest of New France by the British in 1759 at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, an event that reverberates profoundly even today in the national consciousness of Quebecers. Although there were deliberate attempts made by the British to assimilate the French speaking population to English language and culture, most notably the 1840 Act of Union that followed the seminal report of Lord Durham, British colonial policy for Canada on the whole was one which acknowledged and permitted the continued existence of French language and culture. Nevertheless, the efforts at assimilation of French Canadians, the fate of the French-speaking Acadians and the revolt of the patriotes in 1837 would not be forgotten by their Québécois descendants. Je me souviens, (English: "I remember"), the motto of Quebec, became the watchword of the Québécois. Determined to maintain their cultural and linguistic distinctiveness in the face of British colonial domination and massive immigration of English speaking people to the pre-Confederation Province of Canada, this survivalist determination is a cornerstone of current Québécois identity and much of the political discourse in Quebec. The English Canadian writer and philosopher John Ralston Saul also considers the Ultramontane movement of Catholicism as playing a pivotal and highly negative role in the development of certain aspects of Québécois identity.[15]
British Settlement in Canada: Revolution, Invasion and Confederation[link]
For its part, the identity of English speaking Canada was profoundly influenced by another pivotal historic event, the American Revolution. Americans who remained loyal to the Crown and who actively supported the British during the Revolution saw their lands and goods confiscated by the new republic at the end of the war. Some 60,000 persons, known in Canada as United Empire Loyalists fled the United States or were evacuated after the war, coming to Nova Scotia and Quebec where they received land and some assistance from the British government in compensation and recognition for having taken up arms in defence of King George III and British interests. This population formed the nucleus for two modern Canadian provinces—Ontario and New Brunswick—and had a profound demographic, political and economic influence on Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Quebec. Conservative in politics, distrustful or even hostile towards Americans, republicanism, and especially American republicanism,[16] this group of people marked the British of British North America as a distinctly identifiable cultural entity for many generations, and Canadian commentators continue to assert that the legacy of the Loyalists still plays a vital role in English Canadian identity. According to the author and political commentator Richard Gwyn while "[t]he British connection has long vanished...it takes only a short dig down to the sedimentary layer once occupied by the Loyalists to locate the sources of a great many contemporary Canadian convictions and conventions."[17]
Canada was twice invaded by armed forces from the United States during the American Revolution and the War of 1812. The first invasion occurred in 1775, and succeeded in capturing Montreal and other towns in Quebec before being repelled at Quebec City by a combination of British troops and local militia. During this invasion, the French-speaking Canadiens assisted both the invaders from the United Colonies and the defending British. The War of 1812 also saw the invasion of American forces into what was then Upper and Lower Canada, and important British victories at Queenston Heights, Lundy's Lane and Crysler's Farm. The British were assisted again by local militia, this time not only the Canadiens, but also the descendants of the Loyalists who had arrived barely a generation earlier. The Americans however captured control of Lake Erie, cutting off what is today western Ontario; they killed Tecumseh and dealt the Indian allies a decisive defeat from which they never recovered. The War of 1812 has been called "in many respects a war of independence for Canada".[18]
The years following the War of 1812 were marked by heavy immigration from Great Britain to the Canadas and, to a lesser degree, the Maritime Provinces, adding new British elements (English, Scottish and Protestant Irish) to the pre-existing English-speaking populations. During the same period immigration of Catholic Irish brought large numbers of settlers who had no attachment, and often a great hostility, toward the imperial power. The hostility of other groups to the autocratic colonial administrations that were not based on democratic principles of responsible government, principally the French-speaking population of Lower Canada and newly arrived American settlers with no particular ties to Great Britain, were to manifest themselves in the short-lived but symbolically powerful Rebellions of 1837. The term "Canadian", once describing a francophone population, was adopted by English-speaking residents of the Canadas as well, marking the process of converting 'British' immigrants into 'Canadians.'[19]
The merger of the two Canadas in 1840, with political power divided evenly between the former Lower and Upper Canadas, created a political structure that eventually exacerbated tensions between the French and English-speaking populations and which would prove an enduring feature of Canadian identity. As the population of English-speaking and largely Protestant Canada West grew to surpass that of majority French-speaking Catholic Canada East, the population of Canada West began to feel that its interests were becoming subservient to the francophone population of Canada East. George Brown, founder of the Globe newspaper (forerunner of today's Globe and Mail) and a Father of Confederation wrote that the position of Canada West had become "a base vassalage to French-Canadian Priestcraft." [20] For its part, the French Canadians distrusted the growing anti-Catholic 'British' population of Canada West and sought a structure that could provide at least some control over its own affairs through a Provincial legislature founded on principles of responsible government.
The union of the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick into a federation in 1867 drew on all of the primary aspects of the Canadian identity: loyalty to Britain (there would be self-governance under a federal parliament, but no rupture from British institutions), limited but significant home rule for a French-speaking majority in the new Province of Quebec (and a longed for solution to English-French tensions), and a collaboration of British North Americans in order to resist the pull and the possible military threat from the United States. The republic to the south had just finished its Civil War as a powerful and united nation with little affection for Britain or its colonial baggage strung along its northern border. So great was the perceived threat that even Queen Victoria thought, prior to Confederation, that it would be "impossible" for Britain to retain Canada.[21]
In their search for an early identity, English Canadians relied heavily on loyalty and attachment to the British Empire, a triumphalist attitude towards British role in the building of Canada, as evidenced in the lyrics of the informal anthem The Maple Leaf Forever and distrust or dislike of those who were not British or Protestant. John Ralston Saul sees in the influence of the Orange Order the counterpart of the Ultramontane movement among French Canadians, leading certain groups of English Canadian Protestants to provoke persecution of the Métis and suppress or resist francophone rights.[22]
Early Dominion[link]
After Confederation Canada became caught up in settlement of the west and extending the dominion to the Pacific Ocean. British Columbia joined Confederation in 1871. Residents of a British colony specifically established to forestall American territorial aspirations in the Fraser Valley, British Columbians were no strangers to the implications of the American doctrine of Manifest Destiny nor the economic attractions of the United States. The construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, promised to British Columbia as an inducement to join the new dominion, became a powerful and tangible symbol of the nation's identity, linking the provinces and territories together from east to west in order to counteract the inevitable economic and cultural pull from the south.
The settlement of the west also brought to the fore the tensions between the English and French-speaking populations of Canada. The Red River Rebellion, led by Louis Riel, sought to defend the interests of French-speaking Métis against English-speaking Protestant settlers from Ontario. The controversial execution of Thomas Scott, a Protestant from Ontario, on Riel's orders and the furor that followed divided the new dominion along linguistic and religious lines. While Manitoba was created as a bilingual province in 1870 as a solution to the issue, the tensions remained, and would surface again in the Northwest Rebellion in the 1880s, when Riel led another rebellion against Ottawa.
From the mid to late 19th century Canada had a policy of assisting immigrants from Europe, including city people and an estimated 100,000 unwanted "Home Children" from Britain. The modern descendants of these children have been estimated at five million, contributing to Canada's identity as the "country of the abandoned".[23] Offers of free land attracted farmers from Central and Eastern Europe to the prairies,[24][25] as well as large numbers of Americans who settled to a great extent in Alberta. Several immigrant groups settled in sufficient densities to create communities of a sufficient size to exert an influence on Canadian identity, such as Ukrainian Canadians. Canada began to see itself as a country that needed and welcomed people from countries besides its traditional sources of immigrants, accepting Germans, Poles, Dutch and Scandinavians in large numbers before the First World War.
At the same time, however, concerns regarding immigration from Asian sources revealed overtly xenophobic and racist attitudes among Canadians, particularly English Canadians on the Pacific coast. At the time for many Canadian identity, whatever it was to be, did not include non-Europeans. While inexpensive Chinese labour had been needed to complete the transcontinental railway, the completion of the railway led to questions of what to do with the workers who were now no longer needed. Further Chinese immigration was limited and then banned by a series of restrictive and racially motivated dominion statutes. The Komagata Maru incident in 1914 revealed overt hostility towards would-be immigrants, mainly Sikhs from India, who attempted to land in Vancouver.
20th century[link]
- War bond posters, 1918
-
Canadian victory bond poster in French. Depicts three French women pulling a plow that had been constructed for horses and men. Lithograph, adapted from a photograph.
-
The same poster in English, with subtle differences in text. The French version roughly translates as 'All the world can serve' or 'Everyone can serve' and 'Let's buy victory bonds.'
The main crisis regarding Canadian identity came in World War I. Canadians of British heritage were strongly in favor of the war effort, while those of French heritage, especially in Quebec, showed far less interest. A series of political upheavals ensued, especially the Conscription Crisis of 1917. Simultaneously, the role of immigrants as loyal Canadians was contested, with large numbers of men of German or Ukrainian heritage temporarily stripped of voting rights or incarcerated in camps. The war helped define separate political identities for the two groups, and permanently alienated Quebec and the Conservative Party.[26]
During this period, World War I helped to establish a separate Canadian identity among Anglophoners, especially through the military experiences of the Battle of Vimy Ridge and the Battle of Passchendaele and the intense homefront debates on patriotism.[27] (A similar crisis, though much less intense, erupted in World War II.)
In the 1920s, the Dominion of Canada achieved greater independence from Britain, notably in the Statute of Westminster in 1931. It remained part of the larger Commonwealth but played an independent role in the League of Nations. As Canada became increasingly independent and sovereign, its primary foreign relationship and point of reference gradually moved to the United States, the superpower with whom it shared a long border and major economic, social and cultural relationships.
The Statute of Westminster also gave Canada its own monarchy, which is today shared with 15 other countries of the Commonwealth of Nations. However, overt associations with British nationalism wound down after the end of the Second World War, when Canada established its own citizenship laws in 1947. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, a number of symbols of the Crown were either removed completely (such as the Royal Mail) or changed (such as the Royal Arms of Canada).
In the 1960s, Quebec experienced the Quiet Revolution to modernize society from traditional Christian teachings. Québécois nationalists demanded independence, and tensions rose until violence erupted during the 1970 October Crisis. In 1976 the Parti Québécois was elected to power in Quebec, with a nationalist vision that included securing French linguistic rights in the province and the pursuit of some form of sovereignty for Quebec, leading to a referendum in 1980 in Quebec on the question of sovereignty-association, which was turned down by 59% of the voters. This then lead to the partition of the Canadian constitution, that Quebec Primer did not sign, two unsuccessful attempt to modify the constitution so it would be sign, and another referendum on Quebec independence in 1995 which was turn down by a short majority of 50.6%.
In 1965 Canada adopted the maple leaf flag, after considerable debate and misgivings on the part of a large number of English Canadians. Two years later the country celebrated the centennial of Confederation, with an international exposition in Montreal.
Legislative restrictions on immigration that had favoured British and other European immigrants were removed in the 1960s. By the 1970s immigrants increasingly came from India, Hong Kong, the Caribbean and Vietnam. Post-war immigrants of all backgrounds tended to settle in the major urban centres, particularly Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver.
During his long tenure in the office (1968–79, 1980–84), Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau made social and cultural change his political goal for Canada, including the pursuit of an official policy on bilingualism and plans for significant constitutional change. The west, particularly the oil and gas-producing province of Alberta, opposed many of the policies emanating from central Canada, with the National Energy Program creating considerable antagonism and growing western alienation.
Modern times[link]
As for the role of history in national identity, the books of Pierre Berton and television series like Canada: A People's History have done much to spark the popular interest of Canadians in their history. Some commentators, such as Cohen, criticize the overall lack of attention paid by Canadians to their own history, noting a disturbing trend to ignore the broad history in favour of narrow focus on specific regions or groups.
- "It isn't just the schools, the museums and the government that fail us. It is also the professional historians, their books and periodicals. As J.L. Granatstein and Michael Bliss have argued, academic historians in Canada have stopped writing political and national history. They prefer to write labour history, women's history, ethnic history, and regional history, among others, often freighted with a sense of grievance or victimhood. This kind of history has its place, of course, but our history has become so specialized, so segmented, and so narrow that we are missing the national story in a country that has one and needs to hear it."[28]
Much of the debate over the contemporary Canadian identity is argued in political terms, and defines Canada as a country defined by its government policies, which are thought to reflect deeper cultural values. To the political philosopher Charles Blattberg, Canada should be conceived as a civic or political community, a community of citizens, one that contains many other kinds of communities within it. These include not only communities of ethnic, regional, religious, civic (the provincial and municipal governments) and civil associational sorts, but also national communities. Blattberg argues that Canada is a multi-national country, one that contains at least three nations within it: Francophone Canadians, the Aboriginal nations, and English-speaking Canada.
In keeping with this, it is often asserted that Canadian government policies such as publicly funded health care, higher taxation to distribute wealth, outlawing capital punishment, strong efforts to eliminate poverty in Canada, an emphasis on multiculturalism, imposing strict gun control, leniency in regard to drug use and most recently legalizing same-sex marriage make their country politically and culturally different from the United States.[29]
In a poll that asked what institutions made Canada feel most proud about their country, number one was health care, number two was the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, and number three was peacekeeping. In a CBC contest to name "The Greatest Canadian", the three highest ranking in descending order were the social democratic politician and father of medicare Tommy Douglas, the legendary cancer activist Terry Fox, and the Liberal prime minister Pierre Trudeau, which suggested that their voters valued left-of-centre political leanings and community involvement.
Most of Canada's recent prime ministers have been from Quebec, and thus have tried to improve relations with the province with a number of tactics, notably official bilingualism which required the provision of a number of services in both official languages and, among other things, required that all commercial packaging in Canada is printed in French and English. Again, while this bilingualism is a notable feature to outsiders, the plan has been less than warmly embraced by many English Canadians some of whom resent the extra administrative costs and the requirement of many key federal public servants to be fluently bilingual.[30] Despite the widespread introduction of French-language classes throughout Canada, very few anglophones are truly bilingual outside of Quebec.
The United States and the Canadian Identity[link]
Relationship with the United States[link]
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Within Canadian politics, there is a diverse range of reactions to the United States. In the early 20th century, the Conservatives portrayed themselves as loyal to the Empire and hostile to threatened American takeovers. They decisively won the 1911 election on these grounds. In World War II, however, Liberal William Lyon Mackenzie King built close ties with the US, working smoothly with President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1957-1963 the Conservative John Diefenbaker took defiantly anti-American positions, especially regarding defence issues. In the late 1960s the Vietnam issue opened a difference of opinion between the two neighbours, and Pierre Trudeau moved the Liberals to a more independent position in foreign affairs. Under Conservative Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, Canada and the United States entered into a Free Trade Agreement, since expanded to include Mexico. However, the relationship between Canada and the United States suffered another serious strain when Canada declined to participate in the Iraq War as part of the military coalition.[31]
Generally speaking, however, in recent years parties of the political left, such as the Liberal Party of Canada and the New Democratic Party, have tended to advocate a more distant relationship with the United States, particularly when conservatives hold office in Washington, D.C.[32] In the past, the Canadian left has largely opposed economic deals such as free trade and Canada's participation in US-led military operations such as the Gulf War. Although some small-scale annexationist movements, both historical and modern, have promoted Canada becoming part of the United States, these have not attracted widespread support among Canadians.
The term "Americanisation" is likewise frequently used by members of the Canadian political left to designate unfavourable policies. For example, private, or two-tier healthcare is often described as simply "American-style" healthcare in political debates. Many of these criticisms ostensibly arise from the belief that the United States, and the United States government, is fundamentally more conservative than Canada, and as a result "Americanize" becomes synonymous with "right-wing reform".
In recent years the Canadian right, mostly led by the Conservative Party of Canada and right-wing think-tanks such as the Fraser Institute, by contrast have generally tended to favour a closer relationship with the United States. Some conservative Canadians often argue that closer ties to the United States are both an inescapable reality and favourable economically. Because they may already oppose policies such as socialized healthcare or Canada's gun laws, the term "Americanization" is not as frequently used as a term of condemnation by those on the political right.
Recent economic issues such as lingering trade disputes on softwood lumber and cattle, especially in areas of Canada harmed significantly by the closure of mills and inability of farmers (especially within Alberta) to sell their cattle likewise continue to be a source of political tension between the countries.
In 2000, Molson Brewing Company started using the "I Am Canadian" theme in advertisement for its Canadian brand of beer. The commercial depicts an average Joe giving a rant about the finer points of being Canadian. Some critics suggested that this ad was revealing in that Joe's definition of a Canadian was more about what he is not, which is a stereotypical American, rather than what he is. The advertisement, and its subsequent criticisms, illustrate the common symptom of Canadian expression of identity.[33]
The Impact of American Culture[link]
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Though today much popular culture available in Canada, such as television, movies, music, news, and literature, is both American and Canadian in origin, many Canadians believe a unique distinct Canadian culture exists, even in an era of deep economic and cultural ties between the two nations. In defence against the perceived American influence on television, however, Canadian broadcasters must conform to government-mandated Canadian content rules, which are allowed under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) because of their cultural, rather than economic, protection purpose. Québécois fret that they are seven million French speaking people trying to maintain a culture surrounded by over 330 million Americans.[34]
Canadians and the United States share a somewhat common culture, even if it is best known as American culture. This stems from the perspective that Anglophone Canada and the US developed on a similar timeline, based on similar (although not identical) immigration patterns, with a common language, with extensive media cross-over, and that there are few reasons for fundamental differences between the Anglophone Canadian and American cultures. For example, many American cultural hallmarks and distinctions such as American film and American television could actually be more accurately described as collaborations between the two countries or representative of Western culture, since many of these culturally representative projects often involve significant Canadian contributions. Hundreds of so-called American films, cartoons, musicians, videogames, music videos and commercials are actually created in both parts of Canada and the US, with significant Canadian casts, Canadian production houses and hundreds of Canadian technical workers. An example is the rock song, "American Woman" by The Guess Who, which some Americans and even Canadians assume is an American song by an American rock band, but was written by a band of Canadian musicians. Other examples of so-called American icons with Canadian participation include American Apparel, an American clothing store based in Los Angeles with Canadian roots, the late night TV show Saturday Night Live, and MAC Cosmetics. The list of Canadian comedians who have become popular in the USA include Dan Aykroyd, Tom Green, Mike Myers, Norm Macdonald, Jim Carrey, Eugene Levy, Rick Moranis, John Candy, Howie Mandel, Martin Short and Leslie Nielsen. Typically, however, the resulting cultural products, produced for mass consumption, appear entirely American, with no distinctive Canadian element. The most successful English Canadian motion picture, the 1982 teen sex comedy Porky's, was directed by an American born and raised director, Bob Clark. Likewise, the most-successful American motion pictures, Titanic and Avatar, were directed by a Canadian born and raised director, James Cameron.[34]
While some argue that fundamental differences remain between Canadians and Americans, others, such as Andrew Cohen, suggest that it may be that Canadians need to believe that such differences are real as part of a "comforting mythology" but that the actual evidence belies this contention.[35]
Commenting on the tendency of Canadians to present themselves as anti-American he notes:
If Canadians were really Anti-American, we would have to denounce ourselves, or everything about our country and our place in it. We are contradictory, inconsistent, and, yes, occasionally hypocritical. When it comes to the Americans, we say one thing and do another—happy to enjoy the fruits of prosperity and security gained by the good fortune of living beside the most benevolent neighbour God could have given us...If Canadians felt the way we say we do, and had the integrity of self-aware people, we would not have made the choices we have as a country...we would not have welcomed American trade, we would not have consumed American culture, we would not have contracted out our national defence. [We] would have placed much greater restrictions on foreign ownership and imposed airtight rules on imported films, magazines and books, radio and television. All these were choices Canadians could have made if we wanted to differentiate ourselves from the Americans.[36]
Migration to Canada[link]
Canada was the home for 'American' British Loyalists during and following the American Revolution, making much of Canada distinct in its unwillingness to embrace republicanism and populist democracy during the nineteenth century. Canada was also the destination for slaves from America via the Underground Railroad (The 'North Star' as heralded by Martin Luther King Jr.); Canada was the refuge for American Vietnam draft-dodgers during the turbulent 1960s.
In response to a declining birth rate, Canada has increased the per capita immigration rate to one of the highest in the world. The economic impact of immigration to Canada is discussed as being positive by most of the Canadian media and almost all Canadian politicians.
First Nations are also concerned with the steady inflow of immigrants and refugees into the country.[37]
Outsider perceptions[link]
A very common expression of Canadian identity is to ridicule American ignorance of things Canadian.[38]
During his years with This Hour Has 22 Minutes, comic Rick Mercer produced a recurring segment, Talking to Americans. Petty says, the segment "was extraordinarily popular and was initiated by viewer demand."[39] Mercer would pose as a journalist in an American city and ask passers-by for their opinions on a fabricated Canadian news story. Some of the "stories" for which he solicited comment included the legalization of staplers, the coronation of King Svend, the border dispute between Quebec and Chechnya, the campaign against the Toronto Polar Bear Hunt, and the reconstruction of the historic "Peter Mann's Bridge". During the 2000 election in the United States, Mercer successfully staged a Talking to Americans segment in which presidential candidate George W. Bush gratefully accepted news of his endorsement by Canadian Prime Minister "Jean Poutine".[40][41]
While Canadians may dismiss comments that they do not find appealing or stereotypes that are patently ridiculous, Andrew Cohen believes that there is a value to considering what foreigners have to say: "Looking at Canadians through the eyes of foreigners, we get a sense of how they see us. They say so much about us: that we are nice, hospitable, modest, blind to our achievements. That we are obedient, conservative, deferential, colonial and complex, particularly so. That we are fractious, envious, geographically impossible and politically improbable."[42] Cohen refers in particular to the analyses of the French historian André Siegfried,[43] the Irish born journalist and novelist Brian Moore[44] or the Canadian-born American journalist Andrew H. Malcolm.[45]
French Canadians and Identity in English Canada[link]
The Canadian philosopher and writer John Ralston Saul has expressed the view that the French fact in Canada is central to Canadian, and particularly to English Canadian identity:
It cannot be repeated enough that Quebec and, more precisely, francophone Canada is at the very heart of the Canadian mythology. I don't mean that it alone constitutes the heart, which is after all a complex place. But it is at the heart and no multiple set of bypass operations could rescue that mythology if Quebec were to leave. Separation is therefore a threat of death to anglophone Canada's whole sense of itself, of its self-respect, of its role as a constituent part of a nation, of the nature of the relationship between citizens."[46]
Many Canadians believe that the relationship between the English and French languages is the central or defining aspect of the Canadian experience. Canada's Official Languages Commissioner (the federal government official charged with monitoring the two languages) has stated, "[I]n the same way that race is at the core of what it means to be American and at the core of an American experience and class is at the core of British experience, I think that language is at the core of Canadian experience."[47]
Aboriginal Canadians and Canadian Identity[link]
Saul argues that Canadian identity is founded not merely on the relationship built of French/English pragmatic compromises and cooperation but rests in fact on a triangular foundation which includes, significantly, Canada's aboriginal peoples.[48] From the reliance of French and later English explorers on Native knowledge of the country, to the development of the indigenous Métis society on the Prairies which shaped what would become Canada, and the military response to their resistance to annexation by Canada,[49] indigenous peoples were originally partners and players in laying the foundations of Canada. Individual aboriginal leaders, such as Joseph Brant or Tecumseh have long been viewed as heroes in Canada's early battles with the United States and Saul identifies Gabriel Dumont as the real leader of the Northwest Rebellion, although overshadowed by the better-known Louis Riel.[50] While the dominant culture tended to dismiss or marginalize First Nations to a large degree, individual artists such as the British Columbia painter Emily Carr, who depicted the totem poles and other carvings of the Northwest Coast peoples, helped turn the then largely ignored and undervalued culture of the first peoples into iconic images "central to the way Canadians see themselves".[51] First Nations art and iconography are now routinely integrated into public space intended to represent Canada, such as The Great Canoe", a sculpture by Haida artist Bill Reid in the courtyard of the Canadian embassy in Washington D.C. and its copy, The Spirit of Haida Gwaii, at the apex of the main hall in the Vancouver Airport.
War of 1812[link]
The War of 1812 is often celebrated in Canada as a British victory for what would become Canada in 1867, but Canadian historians in recent decades look at it as a defeat for the First Nations of Canada, and also for the merchants of Montreal (who lost the fur trade of the Michigan-Minnesota area).[52] The British had a long-standing goal of building a "neutral" but pro-British Indian buffer state in the American Midwest.[53][54] They demanded a neutral Indian state at the peace conference in 1814 but failed to gain any of it because they had lost control of the region in the Battle of Lake Erie and the Battle of the Thames in 1813, where Tecumseh was killed. The British then abandoned the Indians south of the lakes. The royal elite of (what is now) Ontario gained much more power in the aftermath and used that power to repel American ideas such as democracy and republicanism, especially in those areas of Ontario settled primarily by Americans. Many of those settlers returned to the states and were replaced by immigrants from Britain who were imperial-minded.[55] W. L. Morton says the war was a "stalemate" but the Americans "did win the peace negotiations."[56] Arthur Ray says the war made "matters worse for the native people" as they lost military and political power.[57] Bumsted says the war was a stalemate but regarding the Indians "was a victory for the American expansionists."[58] Thompson and Randall say "the War of 1812's real losers were the Native peoples who had fought as Britain's ally."[59] On the other hand, the "1812 Great Canadian Victory Party will bring the War of 1812...to life," promise the sponsors of a festival in Toronto in November 2009.[60]
Multiculturalism and identity[link]
Multiculturalism and the state of inter-ethnic relations in Canada is relaxed and tolerant, allowing ethnic or linguistic particularism to exist unquestioned. In metropolitan areas such as Toronto and Vancouver, there is often a strong sense that multiculturalism is a normal and respectable expression of being Canadian. Canada is also considered a mosaic because of the multi-culturalism.
Supporters of Canadian multiculturalism will also argue that cultural appreciation of ethnic and religious diversity promotes a greater willingness to tolerate political differences, and multiculturalism is often cited as one of Canada's significant accomplishments and a key distinguishing element of Canadian identity. Richard Gwyn has suggested that "tolerance" has replaced "loyalty" as the touchstone of Canadian identity.[61]
On the other hand, critics of Canada's multiculturalism argue that the country's "timid" attitude towards the assimilation of immigrants has actually weakened, not strengthened Canada's national identity through factionalism. Columnist and author Richard Gwyn expresses concern that Canada's sense of self may become so weak that it might vanish altogether.[62] The indulgent attitude taken towards cultural differences is perhaps a side effect of the vexed histories of French-English and Aboriginal-settler relations, which have created a need for a civic national identity, as opposed to one based on some homogenous cultural ideal.[citation needed] On the other hand, concerns have been raised of the danger that "ethnic nationalism will trump civic nationalism"[63] and that Canada will leap "from colony to post-national cosmopolitan" without giving Canadians a fair chance of ever finding a centre of gravity or certain sense of Canadian identity.[64][65]
For John Ralston Saul, Canada's approach of not insisting on a single national mythology or identity is not necessarily a sign of the country's weakness, but rather its greatest success,[66] signalling a rejection of or evolution from the European mono-cultural concept of a national identity to something far more "soft" and complex:
The essential characteristic of the Canadian public mythology is its complexity. To the extent that it denies the illusion of simplicity, it is a reasonable facsimile of reality. That makes it a revolutionary reversal of the standard nation-state myth. To accept our reality—the myth of complexity—is to live out of sync with élites in other countries, particularly those in the business and academic communities.
In January 2007, Prime Minister Stephen Harper advised the creation of a new sub-ministerial cabinet portfolio with the title Canadian Identity for the first time in Canadian history, naming Jason Kenney to the position of Secretary of State for Multiculturalism and Canadian Identity. The move prompted speculation[who?] that Harper wants Canada to move in the direction of Australia, France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom in the area of national identity policy.
The Role of Canadian Social Policy and Identity[link]
In Fire and Ice: The United States, Canada and the Myth of Converging Values, the author, Michael Adams, head of the Environics polling company seeks distinctions between Canadians and Americans using polling research performed by his company as evidence. Critics of the idea of a fundamentally "liberal Canada" such as David Frum argue that the Canadian drive towards a more noticeably leftist political stance is largely due to the increasing role that Quebec plays in the Canadian government (three of the last five elected Prime Ministers have been Quebecers, four if one includes Ontarian born Paul Martin). Quebec historically was the most conservative, religious and traditional part of Canada. Since the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, however, it has become the most secular and social democratic region of Canada. However, it is noteworthy that many Western provinces (particularly Saskatchewan and British Columbia) also have reputations as supporting leftist and social democratic policies. For example Saskatchewan is one of the few provinces (all in the West) to reelect social democratic governments and is the cradle of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and its successor the New Democratic Party. Much of the energy of the early Canadian feminist movement occurred in Manitoba.
By contrast, the Conservative provincial government of Alberta has frequently quarrelled with federal administrations perceived to be dominated by "eastern liberal elites." [68] Part of this is due to what Albertans feel were federal intrusions on provincial jurisdictions such as the National Energy Program and other attempts to 'interfere' with Albertan oil resources.
Distinctly Canadian[link]
- The search for the Canadian identity often shows some whimsical results. To outsiders, this soul-searching (or, less charitably, navel-gazing) seems tedious or absurd, inspiring the Monty Python sketch Whither Canada?
- In 1971, Peter Gzowski of CBC Radio's This Country in the Morning held a competition whose goal was to compose the conclusion to the phrase: "As Canadian as..." The winning entry was "... possible, under the circumstances." It was sent in to the program by Heather Scott.[69]
- Robertson Davies, one of Canada's best known novelists, once commented about his homeland: "Some countries you love. Some countries you hate. Canada is a country you worry about."
- Pierre Berton, a Canadian journalist and novelist, said: "A Canadian is someone who knows how to make love in a canoe without tipping it."
- British novelist Douglas Adams said each country was like a particular type of person, and "Canada is like an intelligent 35 year old woman". America, on the other hand, is a "belligerent adolescent boy" and Australia is "Jack Nicholson".
- A half-joking definition of a Canadian, offered by The Economist in 1993: "an American with healthcare and no guns", in reference to the countries' contrasting levels of public medical care and gun ownership.
- The well-known actor Mike Myers once commented about his native country: "Canada is the essence of not being. Not English, not American, it is the mathematic of not being. And a subtle flavour - we're more like celery as a flavour."
- Prime Minister Mackenzie King quipped that Canada was a country with "not enough history, too much geography".
See also[link]
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Compare: Britishness, Pan-European identity
References[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ John Ralston Saul, Reflections of a Siamese Twin: Canada at the End of the 20th Century, Toronto: Viking Canada, 1997, p. 439
- ^ Philip Resnick, The European Roots of Canadian Identity, Peterborough: Broadview Press Ltd, 2005 p. 63
- ^ Roy McGregor, Canadians: A Portrait of a Country and Its People, Toronto: Viking Canada, 2007
- ^ Saul,Reflections of a Siamese Twin p. 8.
- ^ Andrew Cohen, The Unfinished Canadian: The People We Are, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2007, p. 3
- ^ MacGregor, Canadians, at p. 40: "I've often thought myself that Canadians ingeniously use this endless 'search' for identity as a handy excuse to wallow in their own self-righteousness—particularly at those moments when America has put the stuck-up Canadian nose out of joint. It could be construed as a sort of verbal party trick to turn the conversation around to oneself and all the comforting goodness of being Canadian
- ^ "Biculturalism", The Canadian Encyclopedia (2010) online
- ^ a b Lipset (1990)
- ^ Magocsi, (1999)
- ^ Margaret Atwood, Survival: A Thematic Guide to Canadian Lieterature, Toronto: House of Anansi Press Limited, p. 32.
- ^ The typology is based on George A. Rawlyk, "Politics, Religion, and the Canadian Experience: A Preliminary Probe," in Mark A. Noll, ed. Religion and American Politics: From the Colonial Period to the 1980s. 1990. pp 259-60.
- ^ This list is not an exhaustive description of all aboriginal peoples in Canada.
- ^ Saul, Reflections of a Siamese Twin, p. 161
- ^ Saul describes the event as "one of the most disturbing" of Canada's "real tragedies", Saul, Reflections of a Siamese Twin, p. 31
- ^ Saul, Reflections of a Siamese Twin, p 32 quote: "The Ultramontanes took French Canada off a relatively normal track of political and social evolution...The infection of healthy nationalism with a sectarianism that can still be felt in the negative nationalists was one of their accomplishments.
- ^ see MacGregor, Canadians, at p. 62
- ^ Richard Gwyn, John A: The Man Who Made Us, 2007, Random House of Canada Ltd., p. 367
- ^ Northrop Frye, Divisions on a Ground: Essays on Canadian Culture, 1982: House of Anansi Press, p. 65.
- ^ See for example Susanna Moodie, Roughing It in the Bush, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Limited, 1970, p. 31: quote: "British mothers of Canadian sons!—learn to feel for their country the same enthusiasm which fills your hearts when thinking of the glory of your own. Teach them to love Canada...make your children proud of the land of their birth."
- ^ letter from George Brown, cited in Richard Gwyn, John A: The Man Who Made Us, p. 143.
- ^ Prior to Confederation, Queen Victoria remarked on "...the impossibility of our being able to hold Canada, but we must struggle for it; and by far the best solution would be to let it go as an independent kingdom under an English prince." quoted in Stacey, C.P. British Military Policy in the Era of Confederation, CHA Annual Report and Historical Papers 13 (1934), p. 25.
- ^ Saul, Reflections of a Siamese Twin p. 32
- ^ MacGregor, Canadians, p. 231
- ^ "Pioneers Head West". CBC News. http://history.cbc.ca/history/?MIval=Section.html&series_id=1&episode_id=10&chapter_id=3&lang=E.
- ^ Civilization.ca - Advertising for immigrants to western Canada - Introduction
- ^ J. L. Granatstein, Broken promises: A history of conscription in Canada (1977)
- ^ Mackenzie (2005)
- ^ Cohen, The Unfinished Canadian, p. 84
- ^ Bricker, Darrell; Wright, John (2005). What Canadians think-- about almost-- everything. Doubleday Canada,. pp. 8–23. ISBN 0-385-65985-7. http://books.google.ca/books?id=oCWHHfJhUvEC&lpg=PA1&dq=Canadians&pg=PT16#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- ^ Sandford F. Borins. The Language of the Skies: The Bilingual Air Traffic Control Conflict in Canada (1983) p. 244
- ^ Roy MacGregor, Canadians: A Portrait of a Country and Its People, Toronto: Viking Canada, 2007, p. 156-157
- ^ Cohen (2004)
- ^ Robert M. Seiler, "Selling Patriotism/Selling Beer: The case of the 'I AM CANADIAN!' Commercial," American Review of Canadian Studies (spring 2002) v32#1 pp 45-66 online
- ^ a b T. Jones and David Kilgour, Uneasy Neighbors: Canada, The USA and the Dynamics of State, Industry and Culture (2007)
- ^ Cohen, The Unfinished Canadian, p. 111
- ^ Cohen, The Unfinished Canadian at pp. 131-132.
- ^ http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/annual-report2008/section1.asp
- ^ Sheila Petty, et al. Canadian cultural poesis: essays on Canadian culture (2005) p. 58
- ^ Sheila Petty, et al. Canadian cultural poesis: essays on Canadian culture (2005) p. 58
- ^ Jonathan A. Gray, et al. Satire TV: politics and comedy in the post-network era (2009) p 178
- ^ John Herd Thompson and Stephen J. Randall, Canada and the United States: ambivalent allies (2002) p. 311
- ^ Cohen p. 48
- ^ André Siegfried, Canada: An International Power; New and Revised Edition, London: Jonathan Cape, 1949 quoted in Cohen, at pp. 35-37. Siegfried noted, among other things, the stark distinction between the identities of French and English-speaking Canadians.
- ^ Brian Moore, Canada. New York: Time-Life Books, 1963, quoted in Cohen, The Unfinished Canadianat pp. 31-33, commenting on the lack of a hero culture in Canada: "There are no heroes in the wilderness. Only fools take risks."
- ^ Andrew H. Malcolm, The Canadians: A Probing Yet Affectionate Look at the Land and the People Markham: Fitzhenry & Whiteside Ltd., 1985, quoted in Cohen, The Unfinished Canadian at pp. 44 to 47. "Canadians always seemed to be apologizing for something. It was so ingrained."
- ^ Saul, Reflections of a Siamese Twin, p. 293
- ^ Official Languages Commissioner Graham Fraser is quoted in the Hill Times, August 31, 2009, p. 14.
- ^ Saul, Reflections of a Siamese Twin p. 88.
- ^ Saul Reflections of a Siamese Twin at p. 91
- ^ Saul, Reflections of a Siamese Twin p. 93
- ^ Saul, Reflections of a Siamese Twin p. 41.
- ^ "The Indians and the fur merchants of Montreal had lost in the end," says Randall White, Ontario: 1610-1985 p. 75
- ^ Dwight L. Smith, "A North American Neutral Indian Zone: Persistence of a British Idea" Northwest Ohio Quarterly 1989 61(2-4): 46-63
- ^ Francis M. Carroll, A Good and Wise Measure: The Search for the Canadian-American Boundary, 1783-1842, 2001, page 23
- ^ Fred Landon, Western Ontario and the American Frontier (1941) p. 44; see also Gerald M. Craig, Upper Canada: The Formative Years, 1784-1841 (1963)
- ^ Morton, Kingdom of Canada 1969 pp 206-7
- ^ Arthur Ray in Craig Brown ed. Illustrated History of Canada (2000) p 102.
- ^ J. M. Bumsted, Peoples of Canada (2003) 1:244-45
- ^ John Herd Thompson and Stephen J. Randall, Canada and the United States (2008) p. 23
- ^ There is no mention of the historians in the announcement of "Great 1812 Canadian Victory Party"
- ^ Gwyn, The Man Who Made Us, p. 365.
- ^ Richard Gwyn, Nationalism Without Walls: The Unbearable Lightness of Being Canadian, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1996
- ^ Cohen, The Unfinished Canadianp. 162
- ^ Cohen, The Unfinished Canadian pp. 163-164
- ^ See also: Resnick, The European Roots of Canadian Identity, quote: "But let us not make diversity a substitute for broader aspects of national identity or turn multiculturalism into a shibboleth because we are unwilling to reaffirm underlying values that make Canada what it has become. And those values, I repeat again, are largely European in their derivation, on both the English-speaking and French—speaking sides." at p. 64.
- ^ Saul, p. 8.
- ^ Saul, Reflections of a Siamese Twin, p. 9.
- ^ Panizza 2005
- ^ "On the origin of an aphorism", PETER GZOWSKI, 24 May 1996, The Globe and Mail, page A15
Bibliography[link]
- Cohen, Andrew (2008). The Unfinished Canadian: The People We Are. Emblem ed. ISBN 978-0-7710-2286-9. http://books.google.ca/books?id=glcBcaMC6doC&lpg=PP1&dq=who%20is%20a%20Canadian&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Studin, Irvin (2006), What is a Canadian?: forty-three thought-provoking responses, Marks & Spencer, ISBN 978-0-7710-8321-1, http://books.google.ca/books?id=madTgTiR5KUC&lpg=PP1&dq=Canadian&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Resnick, Philip (2005). The European Roots Of Canadian Identity. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press. ISBN 1-55111-705-3. http://books.google.ca/books?id=JJLOERVCUg0C&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20European%20Roots%20Of%20Canadian%20Identity&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Adams, Michael. Fire and Ice (2004)
- Anderson, Alan B. Ethnicity in Canada: Theoretical Perspectives. (1981)
- Association for Canadian Studies, ed. Canadian identity: Region, country, nation : selected proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the Association for Canadian Studies, held at Memorial ... June 6–8, 1997 (1998)
- Bashevkin, Sylvia B. True Patriot Love: The Politics of Canadian Nationalism (1991),
- Carl Berger, The Sense of Power: Studies in the Ideas of Canadian Imperialism, 1867-1914 (1970).
- Berton, Pierre Why we act like Canadians: A personal exploration of our national character
- Charles Blattberg (2003) Shall We Dance? A Patriotic Politics for Canada. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-2596-3.
- John Bartlet Brebner, North Atlantic Triangle: The Interplay of Canada, the United States, and Great Britain, (1945)
- Breton, Raymond. "The production and allocation of symbolic resources: an analysis of the linguistic and ethnocultural fields in Canada." Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 1984 21:123-44.
- Andrew Cohen. While Canada Slept: How We Lost Our Place in the World (2004), on foreign affairs
- Cook, Ramsay. The Maple Leaf Forever (1977), essays by historian
- Copeland, Douglas (2002) Souvenir of Canada. Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 1-55054-917-0.
- Copeland, Douglas [1]
- Kearney, Mark; Randy Ray (2009), The Big Book of Canadian Trivia, Dundurn Press, ISBN 978-1-55488-417-9, http://books.google.ca/books?id=RoBytz0-XuQC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Big%20Book%20of%20Canadian%20Trivia&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Leslie Dawn. National Visions, National Blindness: Canadian Art and Identities in the 1920s (2007)
- Will Ferguson. Why I Hate Canadians (2007), satire
- Fleras, Angie and Jean Leonard Elliot. Multiculturalism in Canada: The Challenge of Diversity 1992 .
- Stephanie R. Golob. "North America beyond NAFTA? Sovereignty, Identity and Security in Canada-U.S. Relations." Canadian-American Public Policy. 2002. pp 1+. online version
- Hurtig, Mel. The Vanishing Country: Is It Too Late to Save Canada? (2003), left-wing perspective
- Mahmood Iqbal, "The Migration of High-Skilled Workers from Canada to the United States:Empirical Evidence and Economic Reasons" (Conference Board of Canada, 2000) online version
- Jackson, Sabine. Robertson Davies And the Quest for a Canadian National Identity (2006)
- Jones, David T., and David Kilgour. Uneasy Neighbors: Canada, The USA and the Dynamics of State, Industry and Culture (2007)
- Keohane, Kieran. Symptoms of Canada: An Essay on the Canadian Identity (1997)
- Kim, Andrew E. "The Absence of Pan-Canadian Civil Religion: Plurality, Duality, and Conflict in Symbols of Canadian Culture." Sociology of Religion. 54#3. 1993. pp 257+ online version
- Lipset, Seymour Martin, Noah Meltz, Rafael Gomez, and Ivan Katchanovski. The Paradox of American Unionism: Why Americans Like Unions More Than Canadians Do, but Join Much Less (2004)
- Lipset, Seymour Martin. Continental Divide: The Values and Institutions of the United States and Canada (1990)
- Little, J.I. . Borderland Religion: The Emergence of an English-Canadian Identity, 1792-1852 (2004)
- Mackenzie, David, ed. Canada and the First World War (2005)
- Magocsi, Paul Robert, ed. Encyclopedia of Canada's people (1999)
- Matheson, John Ross. Canada's Flag: A Search for a Country. 1980 .
- Mathews, Robin. Canadian Identity: Major Forces Shaping the Life of a People (1988)
- Moogk, Peter; La Nouvelle France: The Making of French Canada: a Cultural History (2000)
- Linda Morra. "'Like Rain Drops Rolling Down New Paint': Chinese Immigrants and the Problem of National Identity in the Work of Emily Carr." American Review of Canadian Studies. Volume: 34. Issue: 3. 2004. pp 415+. online version
- W. I. Morton. The Canadian Identity (1968)
- Francisco Panizza. Populism and the Mirror of Democracy(2005)
- Philip Resnick. The European Roots of Canadian Identity (2005)
- Peter Russell (ed.), Nationalism in Canada (1966)
- Joe Sawchuk. The Metis of Manitoba: Reformulation of an ethnic identity (1978)
- Mildred A Schwartz. Public opinion and Canadian identity (1967)
- Allan Smith. Canada - An American Nation?: Essays on Continentalism, Identity, and the Canadian Frame of Mind (1994)
- David M. Thomas, ed. Canada and the United States: Differences that Count (1990) Second Edition
- Wallin, Pamela "Current State, Future Directions: Canada - U.S. Relations" by Pamela Wallin (Canada’s Consul General to New York); April 28, 2003
- William Watson, Globalization and the Meaning of Canadian Life (1998)
- Matthias Zimmer and Angelika E. Sauer. A Chorus of Different Voices: German-Canadian Identities(1998)
- Aleksandra Ziolkowska. Dreams and reality: Polish Canadian identities (1984)
- Нохрин И.М. Общественно-политическая мысль Канады и становление национального самосознания. — Huntsville: Altaspera Publishing & Literary Agency , 2012. — 232 pp. — ISBN 978-1-105-76379-3
External links[link]
- Canadian Identity from David Spencer's Canadian Inukshuk
- pch.gc.ca
- Canadian Society @ Culture.ca
- Canadian Studies: A Guide to the Sources
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http://wn.com/Canadian_identity
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Canadian (disambiguation).
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Official languages are English (Canadian English) and French (Canadian French). Numerous indigenous American languages are also recognized. |
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Canadians (singular Canadian) are the people who are identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be genetic, residential, legal, historical, cultural or ethnic. For most Canadians, several (frequently all) of those types of connections exist and are the source(s) of them being considered Canadians.
Aside from the Aboriginal peoples, who according to the 2006 Canadian Census numbered 1,172,790, 3.8% of the country's total population,[4] the majority of the population is made up of Old World immigrants and their descendants. After the initial period of French and then British colonization, different waves (or peaks) of immigration and settlement of non-aboriginal peoples took place over the course of nearly two centuries and continues today. Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada and thus a Canadian identity. Canada has also been strongly influenced by that of its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States.
Canadian independence grew gradually over the course of many years since the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867. World War I and World War II in particular gave rise to a desire amongst Canadians to have their country recognized as a fully-fledged sovereign state with a distinct citizenship. Legislative independence was established with the passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Canadian Citizenship Act of 1946 took effect on January 1, 1947, and full sovereignty was achieved with the patriation of the constitution in 1982. Canada's nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom. Legislation since the mid 20th century represents Canadians' commitment to multilateralism and socioeconomic development.
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Population[link]
See also: Population of Canada by year
Canadians make up 0.5% of the world's total population,2010[5] having relied upon immigration for population growth and social development.[6] Approximately 41% of current Canadians are first or second generation immigrants,[7] meaning one out of every five Canadians currently living in Canada was not born in the country.[8] Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of Canadians above the age of 15 will be foreign-born or have one foreign-born parent.[9]
Immigration[link]
Main article: immigration to Canada
The French originally settled New France in present-day Quebec and Ontario, during the early part of the 17th century.[10] Approximately 100 Irish-born families would settle the Saint Lawrence Valley by 1700, assimilating into the Canadien population and culture.[11][12] The French also settled the Acadian peninsula alongside a smaller number of other European merchants, who collectively became the Acadians.[13] During the 18th and 19th century; immigration westward (to the area known as Rupert's Land) was carried out by French settlers (Coureur des bois) working for the North West Company, and by British (English and Scottish) settlers representing the Hudson's Bay Company.[14] This led to the creation of the Métis, an ethnic group of mixed European and First Nations parentage.[15]
The British conquest of New France was proceeded by small number of Germans and Swedes who settled alongside the Scottish in Port Royal, Nova Scotia, while some Irish immigrated to the Colony of Newfoundland.[16] In the wake of the 1775 invasion of Canada by the newly-formed Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, approximately 60,000 United Empire Loyalist fled to British North America, a large portion of whom migrated to New Brunswick.[17] After the War of 1812, British (included British army regulars), Scottish and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Rupert's Land, Upper Canada and Lower Canada.[18]
Between 1815 and 1850 some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America, mainly from the British Isles as part of the great migration of Canada.[19] These included some Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia.[20] The Irish Potato Famine of the 1840s significantly increased the pace of Irish immigration to Prince Edward Island and the Province of Canada, with over 35,000 distressed individuals landing in Toronto in 1847 and 1848.[21][22] Beginning in late 1850s, Chinese immigrants into the Colony of Vancouver Island and Colony of British Columbia peaked with the onset of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush.[23] The Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 eventually placed a head tax on all Chinese immigrants, in hopes of discouraging Chinese immigration after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway.[24]
The population of Canada has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, since the establishment of the Canadian Confederation in 1867.[25] From the mid to late 19th century Canada had a policy of assisting immigrants from Europe, including an estimated 100,000 unwanted "Home Children" from Britain.[26] Block settlement communities were established throughout western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Some were planned and other were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves.[27] Canada was now receiving a large amount of European immigrants predominately Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch and Ukrainians.[28]
|
100,000 +
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50,000 - 99,999
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20,000 - 49,999
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10,000 - 19,999
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Legislative restrictions on immigration (such as the Continuous journey regulation and Chinese Immigration Act) that had favoured British and other European immigrants were amended in the 1960s, opening the doors to immigrants from all parts of the world.[29] While the 1950s had still seen high levels of immigration by Europeans, by the 1970s immigrants increasingly were Chinese, Indian, Vietnamese, Jamaican and Haitian.[30] During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Canada received many American Vietnam War draft dissenters.[31] Throughout the late 1980s and 1990s Canada's growing Pacific trade brought with it a large influx of South Asians, that tended to settle in British Columbia.[32]
In 2009, Canada received 252,179 "permanent residents" - the top ten source countries were China (29,049), the Philippines (27,277), India (26,122), the United States (9,723), the United Kingdom (9,566), France (7,300), Pakistan (6,214), Iran (6,065), South Korea (5,864), and Morocco (5,222).[33] These countries were followed closely by Algeria (4,785), United Arab Emirates (4,640), and Iraq (4,567) with Sri Lanka, Colombia, and Germany each contributing over 4,000 individuals.[33] Immigrants of all backgrounds tend to settle in the major urban centres.[34][35]
The majority of illegal immigrants come from the southern provinces of the People's Republic of China, with Asia as a whole, Eastern Europe, Caribbean, Africa and the Middle East all contributing to the illegal population.[36] Estimates of illegal immigrants range between 35,000 and 120,000.[37] A 2008 report by the Auditor General of Canada Sheila Fraser, stated that Canada has lost track of approximately 41,000 illegal immigrants whose visas have expired.[38]
Citizenship[link]
Main article: Canadian nationality law
3 January 1947
Canadian citizenship is typically obtained by birth in Canada, birth abroad when at least one parent is a Canadian citizen and was born in Canada, or by adoption abroad by at least one Canadian citizen.[39] It can also be granted to a permanent resident who lives in Canada for three out of four years and meets specific requirements.[39] Canada established its own nationality law in 1946 with the enactment of the Canadian Citizenship Act, which took effect on January 1, 1947.[40] The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, was passed by the Parliament of Canada in 2001 as Bill C-11, which replaced the Immigration Act of 1976 as the primary federal legislation regulating immigration.[41] Prior to the conferring of legal status on Canadian citizenship, Canada's naturalization laws consisted of a multitude of Acts beginning with the Immigration Act of 1910.[42]
According to Citizenship and Immigration Canada there are three main classifications for immigrants: Family class (closely related persons of Canadian residents), Economic class (admitted on the basis of a point system that account for age, health and labour-market skills required for cost effectively inducting the immigrants into Canada's labour market) and Refugee class (those seeking protection by applying to remain in the country by way of the Canadian immigration and refugee law).[43] In 2008, there were 65,567 immigrants in the family class, 21,860 refugees, and 149,072 economic immigrants amongst the 247,243 total immigrants to the country.[7] Canada resettles over one in 10 of the world’s refugees[44] and has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world.[45]
The majority of Canadian citizens live in Canada; however, there are approximately 2,800,000 Canadians abroad as of November 1, 2009.[46] This represents about 7.5% of the total Canadian population. Of those abroad the United States, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom, Taiwan, China, and Lebanon have the largest Canadian diaspora. Canadians in United States are the greatest single expatriate community at over 1 million in 2009, representing 35.8% of all Canadians abroad.[47] Under current Canadian law, Canada does not restrict dual citizenship but Passport Canada encourages its citizens to travel abroad on their Canadian passport, so they can access Canadian consular services.[48]
Ethnic ancestry[link]
Main article: Ethnic origins of people in Canada
Canada has thirty four ethnic groups with at least one hundred thousand members each, of which eleven have over 1,000,000 people and numerous others are represented in smaller amounts.[Note 2] According to the 2006 census, the largest self-reported ethnic origin is Canadian/Canadien (32%),[Note 3] followed by English (21%), French (15.8%), Scottish (15.1%), Irish (13.9%), German (10.2%), Italian (4.6%), Chinese (4.3%), North American Indian (4.0%),[Note 4] Ukrainian (3.9%), and Dutch (Netherlands) (3.3%).[49] In the 2006 census, over five million Canadians identified themselves as a member of a visible minority. Together, they make up 16.2% of the total population: most numerous among these are South Asian (4.0%), Black (2.5%), and Filipino (1.1%).[49] Aboriginal peoples are not considered a visible minority under the Employment Equity Act,[50] and is the definition that Statistics Canada also uses.
| Ethnic origin[Note 2] | % | Population | Area of largest proportion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Canadian/ Canadien[Note 3] |
32.22% | &1000000001006629000000010,066,290 | Quebec (66.2%) |
| English Canadian | 21.03% | &100000000065700150000006,570,015 | Newfoundland and Labrador (43.2%) |
| French Canadian (excluding Acadians & Québécois) |
15.82% | &100000000049412100000004,941,210 | Quebec (28.9%) |
| Scottish Canadian | 15.11% | &100000000047198500000004,719,850 | Prince Edward Island (40.5%) |
| Irish Canadian | 13.94% | &100000000043541550000004,354,155 | Prince Edward Island (29.2%) |
| German Canadian | 10.18% | &100000000031794250000003,179,425 | Saskatchewan (30.0%) |
| Italian Canadian | 4.63% | &100000000014453350000001,445,335 | Ontario (7.2%) |
| Chinese Canadian | 4.31% | &100000000013465100000001,346,510 | British Columbia (10.6%) |
| North American Indian[Note 4] | 4.01% | &100000000012536150000001,253,615 | Northwest Territories (36.5%) |
| Ukrainian Canadian | 3.87% | &100000000012090850000001,209,085 | Manitoba (14.8%) |
| Dutch Canadian (Netherlands) |
3.32% | &100000000010359650000001,035,965 | Alberta (5.3%) |
| Polish Canadian | 3.15% | &10000000000984565000000984,565 | Manitoba (7.3%) |
| East Indian Canadian | 3.08% | &10000000000962665000000962,665 | British Columbia (5.7%) |
| Russian Canadian | 1.60% | &10000000000500600000000500,600 | Manitoba (4.3%) |
| Welsh Canadian | 1.41% | &10000000000440965000000440,965 | Yukon (3.1%) |
| Filipino Canadian | 1.40% | &10000000000436190000000436,190 | Manitoba (3.5%) |
| Norwegian Canadian | 1.38% | &10000000000432515000000432,515 | Saskatchewan (7.2%) |
| Portuguese Canadian | 1.32% | &10000000000410850000000410,850 | Ontario (2.4%) |
| Métis | 1.31% | &10000000000409065000000409,065 | Northwest Territories (6.9%) |
| British Canadian (British Isles not included elsewhere) |
1.29% | &10000000000403915000000403,915 | Yukon (2.3%) |
| Swedish Canadian | 1.07% | &10000000000334765000000334,765 | Saskatchewan (3.5%) |
| Spanish Canadian | 1.04% | &10000000000325730000000325,730 | British Columbia (1.3%) |
| American Canadian | 1.01% | &10000000000316350000000316,350 | Yukon (2.0%) |
| Hungarian Canadian (Magyar) |
1.01% | &10000000000315510000000315,510 | Saskatchewan (2.9%) |
| Jewish Canadian (From all continents) |
1.01% | &10000000000315120000000315,120 | Ontario (1.5%) |
-
-
-
- For a complete list see: Canadian ethnic groups
-
-
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Canada
Canada's culture, like that of most any country in the world, is a product of its language(s), religion(s), political and legal system(s). Being a settler nation, Canada has been shaped by waves of migration that have combined to form a unique blend of art, cuisine, literature, humour and music.[51] Today, Canada has a diverse makeup of nationalities and constitutional protection for policies that promote multiculturalism rather than cultural assimilation or a single national myth.[52] In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many French-speaking commentators speak of a Quebec culture as distinguished from English Canadian culture.[53] However as a whole Canada is a cultural mosaic a collection of several regional, aboriginal, and ethnic subcultures.[54][55] Canadian society is often depicted as being "very progressive, diverse, and multicultural".[56]
Canadian government policies such as official bilingualism, publicly-funded health care, higher and more progressive taxation, outlawing capital punishment, strong efforts to eliminate poverty, an emphasis on multiculturalism, imposing strict gun control, leniency in regard to drug use, and, most recently, legalizing same-sex marriage are social indicators of how Canada's political and cultural evolution differ from that of the United States.[57] American media and entertainment are popular, if not dominant, in English Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are successful in the United States and worldwide.[58] The Government of Canada has also influenced culture with programs, laws and institutions. It has created Crown corporations to promote Canadian culture through media and has also tried to protect Canadian culture by setting legal minimums on Canadian content.[59]
Canadian culture has historically been influenced by Aboriginal, French and British cultures and traditions. Most of Canada's territory was inhabited and developed later than other European colonies in the Americas, with the result that themes and symbols of pioneers, trappers, and traders were important in the early development of the Canadian identity.[60] First Nations played a critical part in the development of European colonies in Canada, particularly for their role in assisting exploration of the continent during the North American fur trade.[61] The British conquest of New France in the mid 1700s brought a large Francophone population under British Imperial rule, creating a need for compromise and accommodation.[62] The new British rulers left alone much of the religious, political, and social culture of the French-speaking habitants, guaranteeing the right of the Canadiens to practise the Catholic faith and to the use of French civil law (now Quebec law) through the Quebec Act of 1774.[63]
The Constitution Act of 1867 was designed to meet the growing calls of Canadians for autonomy from British rule, while avoiding the overly-strong decentralization that contributed to the Civil War in the United States.[64] The compromises made by the Fathers of Confederation set Canadians on a path to bilingualism, and this in turn contributed to an acceptance of diversity that later led to both multiculturalism and the recognition of Aboriginal contributions to Canadian society.[65][66]
The Canadian Forces and overall civilian participation in the First World War and Second World War helped to foster Canadian nationalism,[67][68][69] however in 1917 and 1944 conscription crisis's caused a considerable rift along ethnic lines between Anglophones and Francophones.[70] As a result of the First and Second World Wars, the Government of Canada became more assertive and less deferential to British authority.[71] With the gradual loosening of political ties to the United Kingdom and the modernization of Canadian immigration policies, in the 20th century immigrants with African, Caribbean and Asian nationalities have added to the Canadian identity and its culture.[72] The multiple origins immigration pattern continues today with the arrival of large numbers of immigrants from non British or French backgrounds.[73]
Multiculturalism in Canada was adopted as the official policy of the government during the premiership of Pierre Elliot Trudeau in the 1970s and 1980s.[74] The Canadian government has often been described as the instigator of multicultural ideology because of its public emphasis on the social importance of immigration.[75] Multiculturalism is administered by the Department of Canadian Heritage and reflected in the law through the Canadian Multiculturalism Act[76] and section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[77] In parts of Canada, especially the major urban areas, multiculturalism itself is the cultural norm and diversity is a force that unites the community.[78][79]
Religion[link]
Main article: Religion in Canada
Canada as a nation is religiously diverse, encompassing a wide range of groups, beliefs and customs.[80] The preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms references "God", and the monarch carries the title of "Defender of the Faith".[81] However Canada has no official religion and support for religious pluralism (Freedom of religion in Canada) is an important part of Canada's political culture.[82][83] With Christianity on the decline, having once been central and integral to Canadian culture and daily life;[84] it has been recently suggested that Canada has come to enter a post-Christian period in a secular state, where the practice of religion has "moved to the margins of public life", with irreligion in Canada on the rise.[85]
File:Religion in Canada.png
Top self-identified religious affiliations as of 2001.[86]
The 2001 Canadian census reported that 77.1% of Canadians identify as being Christians; of this, Catholics make up the largest group (43.6%).[87][88] The largest Protestant denomination is the United Church of Canada (9.5%), followed by the Anglicans (6.8%), Baptists (2.4%), Lutherans (2%), and other Christians (4.4%).[88] About 16.5% of Canadians declare no religious affiliation, including agnostics, atheists, humanists, and other groups. The remaining 6.3% are affiliated with non-Christian religions, the largest of which is Islam (2.0%), followed by Judaism (1.1%).[87][88]
Before the arrival of European colonists and explorers, First Nations followed a wide array of mostly animistic religions.[89] During the colonial period, the French settled along the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, specifically Latin rite Roman Catholics, including a number of Jesuits dedicated to converting Aboriginals; an effort that eventually proved successful.[90] The first large Protestant communities were formed in the Maritimes after the British conquest of New France, followed by American Protestant settlers displaced by the American Revolution.[91] The late nineteenth century saw the beginning of a large shift in Canadian immigration patterns. Large numbers of Irish and Southern Europeans immigrants were creating new Roman Catholic communities in English Canada.[92] The settlement of the west brought significant Eastern Orthodox immigrants from Eastern Europe and Mormon and Pentecostal immigrants from the United States.[93]
The earliest documentation of Jewish presence in Canada are the 1754 British Army records from the French and Indian War.[94] In 1760, General Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst attacked and won Montreal for the British. In his regiment there were several Jews, including four among his officer corps, most notably Lieutenant Aaron Hart who is considered the father of Canadian Jewry.[94] The Islamic, Sikhism and Buddhism communities although small, are as old as the nation itself. The 1871 Canadian Census (first "Canadian" national census) indicated thirteen Muslims among the populace,[95] with approximately 5000 Sikh by 1908.[96] The first Canadian mosque was constructed in Edmonton in 1938, when there were approximately 700 Muslims in Canada.[97] Buddhism first arrived in Canada when Japanese immigrated during the late 19th century.[98] The first Japanese Buddhist temple in Canada was built in Vancouver in 1905.[99] The influx of immigrants in the late 20th century with Sri Lankan, Japanese, Indian and Southeast Asian customs, has contributed to the recent expansion of the Sikhism and Buddhist communities.[100]
Languages[link]
Main article: Languages of Canada
English - 57.8%
English and French (Bilingual) - 17.4%
French - 22.1%
Sparsely populated area ( < 0.4 persons per km2)
A multitude of languages are used by Canadians, with English and Canadian French, a dialect of old French, (the official languages) being the mother tongues of 59.7% and 23.2% of the population respectively.[101] Approximately twenty percent or over six million people in Canada list a non-official language as their mother tongue.[102] Some of the most common first languages include: Chinese (3.1%), Italian (1.4%), German (1.2%), Spanish (1.2%), Punjabi (1.1%), Tagalog (0.9%), Tamil (0.8%), Gujarati (0.6%).[103] Less than one percent of Canadians (just over 250,000 individuals) can speak an aboriginal language. About half this number (129,865) reported using an aboriginal language on a daily basis.[104]
English and French are recognized by the Constitution of Canada as official languages.[105] Thus all federal government laws are enacted in both English and French with government services available in both languages.[105] Two of Canada's territories give official status to indigenous languages. In Nunavut, Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun are official languages alongside the national languages of English and French, and Inuktitut is a common vehicular language in territorial government.[106] In the Northwest Territories, the Official Languages Act declares that there are eleven different languages: Chipewyan, Cree, English, French, Gwich’in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ.[107] Multicultural media offers specialty television channels, newspapers and other publications in many minority languages, that are widely accessible across the county.[108]
In Canada, as elsewhere in the world of European colonies, the frontier of European exploration and settlement tended to be a linguistically diverse and fluid place, as cultures using different languages met and interacted. The need for a common means of communication between the indigenous inhabitants and new arrivals for the purposes of trade and (in some cases) intermarriage led to the development of Mixed languages.[109] Languages like Michif, Chinook Jargon and Bungi creole tended to be highly localized and were often spoken by only a small number of individuals who were frequently capable of speaking another language.[110]
See also[link]
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Book: Canada |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
Notes[link]
- ^ The population count appearing may differ from the official estimates and projections released by Statistics Canada. Data displayed is as a rough estimate of the current Canadian population. Source: "Canada's population clock". Statistics Canada. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/ig-gi/pop-ca-eng.htm.
- ^ a b c Data for ethnic origin was collected by self-declaration, labels may not necessarily describe the true (genetic) ancestry of respondents. Many respondents also acknowledged multiple ancestries, thus data reflects both single and multiple responses and may exceed the total population count. Source: "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada - Data table". Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000. Retrieved 2011-01-16. Additional data: "2006 Census release topics". Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/rt-td/index-eng.cfm. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
- ^ a b c All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. However since 1996 "Canadian" as an ethnic group has been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestry. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire. "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones), however no-longer self identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude and/or generational distance from ancestral lineage. Source 1: Jack Jedwab (April 2008). "Our ‘Cense’ of Self: the 2006 Census saw 1.6 million ‘Canadian’". Association for Canadian Studies. http://www.acs-aec.ca/pdf/polls/12154527016855.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-07. Source 2: Don Kerr (April 2007). The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population. Canadian Scholars' Press. pp. 313–317. ISBN 978-1-55130-322-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=CofPBh5BRhwC&pg=PA313. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
- ^ a b c The category "North American Indian" includes respondents who indicated that their ethnic origins were from a Canadian First Nation, or another, non-Canadian aboriginal group (excluding Inuit and Métis). Source: "How Statistics Canada Identifies Aboriginal Peoples". Statistics Canada. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/12-592-x/12-592-x2007001-eng.htm. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Distribution of Canadians Abroad" (Requires selection of location for data). Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. 2010. http://www.asiapacific.ca/distribution-of-canadians-abroad. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
- ^ "Statistics of Mexico" (PDF). 2010. http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/contenidos/Articulos/sociodemograficas/nacidosenotropais.pdf. Retrieved 2011-09-06.
- ^ "Tables on the population in Sweden 2008" (PDF). Statistics of Sweden. 2008. http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/BE0101_2008A01_BR_00_BE0109TAB.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-01.
- ^ "2006 Census: Aboriginal peoples". Statistics Canada.. Government of Canada. 2009. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/rt-td/ap-pa-eng.cfm. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
- ^ "Environment — Greenhouse Gases (Greenhouse Gas Emissions per Person)". Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. 2010. http://www4.hrsdc.gc.ca/.3ndic.1t.4r@-eng.jsp?iid=64. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
- ^ Cornelius, Wayne A (2004). Controlling immigration: a global perspective. Stanford University Press. pp. 100–105. ISBN 0-8047-4489-0. http://books.google.ca/books?id=i0d10wbGkWEC&lpg=PA100&dq=waves%20of%20immigration%20to%20Canada&pg=PA100#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
- ^ a b "Canada – Permanent residents by gender and category, 1984 to 2008". Facts and figures 2008 – Immigration overview: Permanent and temporary residents. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. August 25, 2009. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2008/permanent/01.asp. Retrieved 2009-12-04.
- ^ Bybee, Rodger W; McCrae, Barry (2009). PISA science 2006: implications for science teachers and teaching. National Science Teachers Association. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-933531-31-1. http://books.google.ca/books?id=iZ3zu2130AUC&lpg=PP1&dq=PISA%20science%202006%3A%20implications%20for%20science%20teachers%20and%20teaching&pg=PA92#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ "Projections of the Diversity of the Canadian Population". Statistics Canada. March 9, 2010. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/cgi-bin/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=5126&lang=en&db=imdb&adm=8&dis=2. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
- ^ Hudson, John C (2002). Across this land: a regional geography of the United States and Canada. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 15. ISBN 0-8018-6567-0. http://books.google.ca/books?id=FQUbfAWhh-oC&lpg=PP1&dq=Across%20this%20land%3A%20a%20regional%20geography%20of%20the%20United%20States%20and%20Canada&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
- ^ Mark G. Mcgowan. "Irish Catholics: Migration, Arrival, and Settlement before the Great Famine". The Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples. Multicultural Canada. http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/i8/2. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
- ^ Paul R. Magocsi; Multicultural History Society of Ontario (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples. University of Toronto Press. pp. 736–. ISBN 978-0-8020-2938-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&pg=PA736.
- ^ Elizabeth, Naomi; Griffiths, Saundaus (2005). From migrant to Acadian: a North American border people, 1604-1755. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-7735-2699-4. http://books.google.ca/books?id=cG4wSmIlziYC&lpg=PP1&dq=Acadians&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
- ^ Stanford, Frances (2000). The development of Western Canada. S&S Learning Materials. p. 42. ISBN 1-55035-681-X. http://books.google.ca/books?id=0wcCxtLgrqwC&lpg=PA42&dq=North%20West%20Company%2C%20and%20%20the%20Hudson's%20Bay%20Company%20and%20%20settlers&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
- ^ "Ethno-Cultural and Aboriginal Groups". Library and Archives Canada (Canadian Genealogy Centre). 2008. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/genealogie/022-905.004-e.html. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
- ^ John Powell (31 March 2005). Encyclopedia of North American immigration. Infobase Publishing. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-8160-4658-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA154. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
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- ^ Bramadat, David; Seljak (2009). Religion and Ethnicity in Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 102. ISBN 9781442610187. http://books.google.ca/books?id=VymssyK1Hs0C&lpg=PP1&dq=Religion%20and%20Ethnicity%20in%20Canada&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
- ^ Yamagishi, N. Rochelle (2010). Japanese Canadian Journey: The Nakagama Story. Trafford On Demand Pub. p. 17. ISBN 1-4269-2937-4. http://books.google.ca/books?id=mE1VabcuBMIC&lpg=PP1&dq=Japanese%20Canadian%20Journey%3A%20The%20Nakagama%20Story&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ Naik, C D (2003). Thoughts and philosophy of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (1st ed.). Sarup. p. 32. ISBN 81-7625-418-5. http://books.google.ca/books?id=0Bo0Rjlp-0QC&lpg=PP1&dq=Thoughts%20and%20philosophy%20of%20Doctor%20B.R.%20Ambedkar&pg=PA32#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
- ^ a b "2006 Census: The Evolving Linguistic Portrait, 2006 Census: Highlights". Statistics Canada. 2006 (2010). http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-555/p1-eng.cfm. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
- ^ Boberg, Charles (2010). The English Language in Canada: Status, History and Comparative Analysis. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-511-78981-6. http://books.google.ca/books?id=uW2rM_6I3gMC&pg=PA22&dq=Approximately+twenty+percent+or+over+six+million+people+in+Canada+list+a+non-official+language+as+their+mother+tongue#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
- ^ "Population by mother tongue, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. Last modified: 2007-12-11. http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo11a-eng.htm. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
- ^ Gordon, Raymond G Jr. (2009), Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15 ed.), Dallas, TX: SIL International, ISBN 1-55671-159-X, http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CA, retrieved 2011-01-20
- ^ a b "Official Languages Act - 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.)". Act current to July 11th, 2010. Department of Justice. http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/O-3.01/page-1.html. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
- ^ "Nunavut's Languages". Office of the Languages Commissioner of Nunavut. http://www.langcom.nu.ca/nunavuts-official-languages. Retrieved 2009-11-16.
- ^ "Highlights of the Official Languages Act". Legislative Assembly of the NWT. 2003. http://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/_live/pages/wpPages/olahighlights.aspx. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
- ^ Ha, Louisa S; Ganahl, Richard J (2006). Webcasting Worldwide, Business Models of an Emerging Global Medium. Routledge. p. 62. ISBN 0-8058-5916-0. http://books.google.ca/books?id=WmJjvuIm8K8C&pg=PA62&dq=Canadian+media+in+many+foreign+languages#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ Winford, Donald (2003). An introduction to contact linguistics. Blackwell. p. 183. ISBN 0-631-21250-7. http://books.google.ca/books?id=Lc1DFju-FlYC&lpg=PP1&dq=An%20introduction%20to%20contact%20linguistics&pg=PA183#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
- ^ Wurm, S A; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, D T (1996). Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas. International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies - Mouton de Gruyter. p. 1491 (sub-index). ISBN 3-11-013417-9. http://books.google.ca/books?id=glU0vte5gSkC&lpg=PA1491&dq=Michif%20Chinook%20Bungee&pg=PA1491#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
Further reading[link]
Main article: Bibliography of Canada
- Beaty, Bart; Derek Briton (2010), How Canadians Communicate III: Contexts of Canadian Popular Culture, Athabasca University Press, ISBN 978-1-897425-59-6, http://books.google.ca/books?id=jjqitK-cRb4C&lpg=PA183&dq=Contemporary%20Canadian%20Art&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Bumsted, J. M (2003). Canada's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook. Library of Congress ( ABC-CLIO). ISBN 1-57607-672-5. http://books.google.ca/books?id=Pb5AvfpCZZkC&lpg=PA42&dq=The%20people%20of%20Canada&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Carment, David; David Jay Bercuson (2008), The world in Canada: diaspora, demography, and domestic politics, McGill-Queen's Univ. Press, ISBN 9780773532960, http://books.google.ca/books?id=OZJFUAPGh_0C&lpg=PA18&dq=Canada%20in%20World%20Affairs&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Cohen, Andrew (2008). The Unfinished Canadian: The People We Are. Emblem ed. ISBN 978-0-7710-2286-9. http://books.google.ca/books?id=glcBcaMC6doC&lpg=PP1&dq=who%20is%20a%20Canadian&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Kearney, Mark; Randy Ray (2009), The Big Book of Canadian Trivia, Dundurn Press, ISBN 978-1-55488-417-9, http://books.google.ca/books?id=RoBytz0-XuQC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Big%20Book%20of%20Canadian%20Trivia&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Kelley, Ninette; Michael J. Trebilcock (2010), The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy (2nd ed.), University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0-8020-9536-7, http://books.google.ca/books?id=3IHyRvsCiKMC&lpg=PP1&dq=Immigration%20to%20Canada%E2%80%8E&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Resnick, Philip (2005). The European Roots Of Canadian Identity. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press. ISBN 1-55111-705-3. http://books.google.ca/books?id=JJLOERVCUg0C&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20European%20Roots%20Of%20Canadian%20Identity&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Richard, Madeline (1992). Ethnic history and marital assimilation in Canada, 1871 and 1971. University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 0-7748-0431-9. http://books.google.ca/books?id=y00ho38YLGMC&lpg=PA164&dq=Ethnic%20origins%20of%20people%20in%20Canada&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Studin, Irvin (2006), What is a Canadian?: forty-three thought-provoking responses, Marks & Spencer, ISBN 978-0-7710-8321-1, http://books.google.ca/books?id=madTgTiR5KUC&lpg=PP1&dq=Canadian&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- "CBC"; Don Gillmor; Pierre Turgeon (1 October 2002), Canada: A People's History Vol-1, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 978-0-7710-3324-7, http://books.google.com/books?id=PPdMoARR46wC&pg=PA1
- "CBC"; Don Gillmor; Pierre Turgeon; Achille Michaud (1 October 2002), Canada: A People's History Vol-2, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 978-0-7710-3336-0, http://books.google.com/books?id=Z_72vh91NlIC&pg=PA1
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Canadians |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Canadians |
- Canada Year Book 2010 - Statistics Canada
- Canada: A People's History - Teacher Resources - Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
- Persons of National Historic Significance in Canada - Parks Canada
- Multicultural Canada - Department of Canadian Heritage
- The Canadian Immigrant Experience - Library and Archives Canada
- The Dictionary of Canadian Biography – Library and Archives Canada
- Canadiana: The National Bibliography of Canada – Library and Archives Canada
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Malcolm Gladwell | |
|---|---|
 Gladwell at PopTech!, October 2008 |
|
| Born | Malcolm T. Gladwell (1963-09-03) September 3, 1963 (age 48) Fareham, Hampshire, United Kingdom |
| Occupation | Non-fiction writer, journalist |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Period | 1987–present |
| Notable work(s) | The Tipping Point (2000) Blink (2005) Outliers (2008) What the Dog Saw: And Other Adventures (2009) |
Malcolm T. Gladwell, CM (born September 3, 1963) is a Canadian journalist, bestselling author, and speaker.[1] He is currently based in New York City and has been a staff writer for The New Yorker since 1996. He has written four books, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Make a Big Difference (2000), Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking (2005), Outliers: The Story of Success (2008), and What the Dog Saw: And Other Adventures (2009), a collection of his journalism. All four books were New York Times Bestsellers.
Gladwell's books and articles often deal with the unexpected implications of research in the social sciences and make frequent and extended use of academic work, particularly in the areas of sociology, psychology, and social psychology. Gladwell was appointed to the Order of Canada on June 30, 2011.[2]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Gladwell was born in Fareham, Hampshire, England to Joyce, Jamaican-born psychotherapist, and Graham Gladwell, a British mathematics professor.[3][4] Gladwell has said that his mother is his role model as a writer.[5] When he was six his family moved to Elmira, Ontario, Canada.[3]
Gladwell’s father noted that Malcolm was an unusually single-minded and ambitious boy.[6] When Malcolm was 11, his father, who was a professor[7] of mathematics and engineering at the University of Waterloo, allowed him to wander around the offices at his university, which stoked the boy's interest in reading and libraries.[8] During his high school years, Gladwell was an outstanding middle-distance runner and won the 1500 meter title at the 1978 Ontario High School 14 year old championships in Kingston, Ontario.[9] In the spring of 1982, Gladwell interned with the National Journalism Center in Washington, D.C.[10] He graduated with a degree in history from the University of Toronto's Trinity College in 1984.[11]
Career[link]
Gladwell’s grades weren’t good enough for graduate school (as Gladwell puts it, “college was not an... intellectually fruitful time for me”), so he decided to go into advertising.[8][12] After being rejected by every advertising agency he applied to, he accepted a journalism position at The American Spectator and moved to Indiana.[13] He subsequently wrote for Insight on the News, a conservative magazine owned by the Rev. Sun Myung Moon's Unification Church.[14] In 1987, Gladwell began covering business and science for The Washington Post, where he worked until 1996.[15] In a personal elucidation of the 10,000 hour rule he popularized in Outliers, Gladwell notes, "I was a basket case at the beginning, and I felt like an expert at the end. It took 10 years — exactly that long."[8]
When he started at The New Yorker in 1996 he wanted to "mine current academic research for insights, theories, direction, or inspiration."[6] His first assignment was to write a piece about fashion. Instead of writing about high-class fashion, Gladwell opted to write a piece about a man who manufactured T-shirts, saying “it was much more interesting to write a piece about someone who made a T-shirt for $8 than it was to write about a dress that costs $100,000. I mean, you or I could make a dress for $100,000, but to make a T-shirt for $8 – that’s much tougher.”[6] Gladwell gained popularity with two New Yorker articles, both written in 1996: "The Tipping Point"[16] and "The Coolhunt"[17][18] These two pieces would become the basis for Gladwell's first book, The Tipping Point, for which he received a $1 million advance.[12][19] He continues to write for The New Yorker. He also serves as a contributing editor for Grantland, a sports journalism website founded by ESPN's Bill Simmons.
Works[link]
Gladwell has written four books. When asked for the process behind his writing, he said "I have two parallel things I'm interested in. One is, I'm interested in collecting interesting stories, and the other is I'm interested in collecting interesting research. What I'm looking for is cases where they overlap."[20] The initial inspiration for his first book, The Tipping Point, came from the sudden drop of crime in New York City.[21] He wanted the book to have a broader appeal than just crime, however, and sought to explain similar phenomena through the lens of epidemiology. While Gladwell was a reporter for The Washington Post, he covered the AIDS epidemic. He began to take note of "how strange epidemics were," saying that epidemiologists have a "strikingly different way of looking at the world."[22] The word "tipping point" comes from the moment in an epidemic when the virus reaches critical mass and begins to spread at a much higher rate.[22]
After the success of The Tipping Point, Gladwell wrote Blink in 2005. The book explains how the human subconscious interprets events or cues and how past experiences can lead people to make informed decisions very rapidly, using examples like the Getty kouros and psychologist John Gottman's research on the likelihood of divorce in married couples. Gladwell’s hair was the inspiration for Blink.[23] He stated that he started to get speeding tickets all the time, an oddity considering that he had never got one before, and that he started getting pulled out of airport security lines for special attention.[24] In a particular incident, he was accosted by three police officers while walking in downtown Manhattan, because his curly hair matched the profile of a rapist, despite the fact that the suspect looked nothing like him otherwise.[25]
Gladwell’s third book, Outliers, published in 2008, examines how a person's environment, in conjunction with personal drive and motivation, affects his or her possibility and opportunity for success. Gladwell’s original question revolved around lawyers: "We take it for granted that there’s this guy in New York who’s the corporate lawyer, right? I just was curious: Why is it all the same guy?"[clarification needed][8] In another example present in the book, Gladwell noticed that people ascribe Bill Gates’s success to being "really smart" or "really ambitious." He noted that he knew a lot of people who are really smart and really ambitious, but not worth 60 billion dollars. "It struck me that our understanding of success was really crude – and there was an opportunity to dig down and come up with a better set of explanations."[26]
Gladwell's fourth book, What the Dog Saw: And Other Adventures, was published on October 20, 2009.[27] What the Dog Saw bundles together his favorite articles from The New Yorker since he joined the magazine as a staff writer in 1996.[28] The stories share a common theme, namely that Gladwell tries to show us the world through the eyes of others, even if that other happens to be a dog.[29][30]
Gladwell's books The Tipping Point (2000) and Blink (2005), were international bestsellers. The Tipping Point sold over two million copies in the United States. Blink sold equally well.[12][31]
Reception[link]
The Tipping Point was named as one of the best books of the decade by Amazon.com customers, The Onion A.V. Club, The Guardian, and The Times.[32][33][34][35] It was also Barnes and Nobles’s 5th bestselling nonfiction book of the decade.[36] Blink was named to Fast Company’s list of the best business books of 2005.[37] It was also #5 on Amazon users’ favorite books of 2005, named to Christian Science Monitor’s best nonfiction books of 2005, and in the top 50 of Amazon users’ favorite books of the decade.[32][38][39] Outliers was a #1 New York Times Bestseller for 11 straight weeks, and was Time’s #10 nonfiction book of 2008, as well as named to The San Francisco Chronicle’s list of the 50 best nonfiction books of 2008.[40][41][42]
Critical appraisal of Gladwell's work has been mixed. Most praise his gift for compelling writing and clarity of expression while many disagree with his conclusions or question the validity of his methods.
Fortune described The Tipping Point as “a fascinating book that makes you see the world in a different way.”[43][44] The Daily Telegraph called it “a wonderfully offbeat study of that little-understood phenomenon, the social epidemic.”[45] Reviewing Blink, the Baltimore Sun dubbed Gladwell “the most original American [sic] journalist since the young Tom Wolfe.”[46] Farhad Manjoo at Salon described the book as “a real pleasure. As in the best of Gladwell's work, Blink brims with surprising insights about our world and ourselves.”[47] The Economist called Outliers “a compelling read with an important message.”[48] David Leonhardt wrote in The New York Times Book Review: “In the vast world of nonfiction writing, Malcolm Gladwell is as close to a singular talent as exists today” and that Outliers “leaves you mulling over its inventive theories for days afterward.”[49] Ian Sample wrote in the Guardian: “Brought together, the pieces form a dazzling record of Gladwell's art. There is depth to his research and clarity in his arguments, but it is the breadth of subjects he applies himself to that is truly impressive.”[50][51]
Criticism of Gladwell tends to focus on the fact that he is a journalist and not a scientist, and as a result his work is prone to oversimplification and logical fallacies. Critics charge that he sometimes stretches his colorful stories to make them apply to business issues.[52] The New Republic called the final chapter of Outliers, "impervious to all forms of critical thinking".[53] Gladwell has also received criticism for his emphasis on anecdotal evidence over research to support his conclusions.[54] Maureen Tkacik and Steven Pinker have challenged the integrity of Gladwell's approach.[55][56] Even while praising Gladwell's attractive writing style and content, Pinker sums up his take on Gladwell as, "a minor genius who unwittingly demonstrates the hazards of statistical reasoning," while accusing Gladwell of "cherry-picked anecdotes, post-hoc sophistry and false dichotomies" in his book Outliers. Referencing a Gladwell reporting mistake, Pinker criticizes his lack of expertise: "I will call this the Igon Value [sic] Problem: when a writer’s education on a topic consists in interviewing an expert, he is apt to offer generalizations that are banal, obtuse or flat wrong."[55] A writer in The Independent accused Gladwell of posing "obvious" insights.[57] The Register has accused Gladwell of making arguments by weak analogy and commented that Gladwell has an "aversion for fact", adding that, "Gladwell has made a career out of handing simple, vacuous truths to people and dressing them up with flowery language and an impressionistic take on the scientific method."[58] Gladwell's approach has been satirized by the online site "The Malcolm Gladwell Book Generator".[59]
In 2012, CBS's 60 Minutes attributed the recent trend of American parents "redshirting" their five-year-olds (postponing entrance) to give them an advantage in kindergarten to a section in Gladwell's Outliers.[60]
On May 31, 2012, Malcolm Gladwell was the subject of an investigative report documenting his professional origins and financial relationships with various industry groups. These profitable, long-term business relationships appear to have connection with journalistic stances presented by Gladwell as original and unbiased. Authored by Yasha Levine of The eXiled, and titled "Malcolm Gladwell Unmasked: A Look Into the Life & Work of America’s Most Successful Propagandist," the exposé alleges a seedier, blatantly corrupt dimension to existing criticisms of Gladwell's work. [61]
Awards and honors[link]
- 2005 Time named Gladwell one of its 100 most influential people.[62]
- 2007 American Sociological Association's first Award for Excellence in the Reporting of Social Issues.[63]
- 2007 honorary degree from University of Waterloo.[64][65]
- 2011 honorary degree from University of Toronto
Bibliography[link]
- The Tipping Point (2000)
- Blink (2005)
- Outliers (2008)
- What the Dog Saw: And Other Adventures (2009)
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Colvile, Robert (December 17, 2008). "Outliers by Malcolm Gladwell – review". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/3703795/Outliers-by-Malcolm-Gladwell---review.html. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
- ^ "Governor General Announces 50 New Appointments to the Order of Canada", June 30, 2011.
- ^ a b Adams, Tim (November 16, 2008). "The man who can't stop thinking". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/nov/16/malcolm-gladwell-interview-outliers.
- ^ Gates, Henry (2010). Faces of America: How 12 Extraordinary People Discovered Their Pasts. NYU Press. p. 178. ISBN 0-8147-3264-X. http://books.google.com/books?id=meYbj1E6Ki8C&pg=PA178.
- ^ "A conversation with Malcolm Gladwell". Charlie Rose. December 19, 2008. http://www.charlierose.com/guest/view/510. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
- ^ a b c Preston, John. Malcolm Gladwell Interview. The Telegraph. October 26, 2009.
- ^ "Dr. Graham M. L. Gladwell". http://www.civil.uwaterloo.ca/our_people/dept_person.asp?id=gladwell.
- ^ a b c d Grossman, Lev. "Outliers: Malcolm Gladwell’s Success Story". TIME. November 18, 2008.
- ^ With a time of 4:05. Radiolab "Race". Radiolab. November 28, 2008. http://www.wnyc.org/shows/radiolab/episodes/2008/11/28/Radiolab. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
- ^ "Books and Articles by NJC Alumni". Young America's Foundation. http://www.yaf.org/njcalumnibooks.aspx. Retrieved October 17, 2009.
- ^ "Books by Malcolm Gladwell". Biblio. http://www.biblio.com/authors/667/Malcolm_Gladwell_Biography.html. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
- ^ a b c Donadio, Rachel (February 5, 2006). "The Gladwell Effect". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/books/review/05donadio.html. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
- ^ Sample, Ian. What The Dog Saw by Malcolm Gladwell Review. Guardian. October 17, 2009.
- ^ Shafer, Jack (March 19, 2008). "The Fibbing Point". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2186982/. Retrieved Dec. 28, 2009.
- ^ Malcolm Gladwell will be The Cooper Union's 152nd Commencement Speaker. The Cooper Union. March 22, 2011.
- ^ "The Tipping Point"
- ^ "The Coolhunt.
- ^ McNett, Gavin. Idea epidemics. Salon. March 17, 2000.
- ^ McNett, Gavin (March 17, 2000). "Idea epidemics". Salon.com. http://archive.salon.com/books/feature/2000/03/17/gladwell/index.html. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
- ^ Jaffe, Eric. Malcolm in the Middle. APS Observer. March 2006.
- ^ What is Outliers About?. Gladwell.com.
- ^ a b What is the Tipping Point? Gladwell.com.
- ^ What is Blink about? Gladwell.com.
- ^ Davis, Johnny. Malcolm Gladwell: A good hair day. The Independent. March 19, 2006.
- ^ Malcolm Gladwell: Blink. One Question with Ken Coleman.
- ^ What is Outliers about?. Gladwell.com.
- ^ Altman, Alex Q&A: Author Malcolm Gladwell Time Magazine. October 20, 2009.
- ^ Sample, Ian (October 17, 2009). "What the Dog Saw by Malcolm Gladwell". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/oct/17/what-the-dog-saw-gladwell-review. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
- ^ Pinker, Steven (2009-11-07). "Book Review - 'What the Dog Saw - And Other Adventures,' by Malcolm Gladwell". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/15/books/review/Pinker-t.html?pagewanted=all.
- ^ The New Yorker writer's sense of curiosity burns bright in this collection of essays Los Angeles Times. November 22, 2009.
- ^ Booth, Jenny (June 2009). "Gladwell: I was an outsider many times over". London: Times Online. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article6436694.ece.
- ^ a b Best of the Decade... So Far: Top 50 Customers’ Favorites. Amazon.com.
- ^ The best books of the ‘00s. The Onion A.V. Club. November 25, 2009.
- ^ What we were reading. The Guardian. December 5, 2009.
- ^ The 100 Best Books of the Decade. Times Online. November 14, 2009.
- ^ Bestsellers of the Decade--Nonfiction. Barnes and Noble.
- ^ Fast Company’s Best Books of 2005. Fast Company. January 5, 2008.
- ^ Best nonfiction of 2005. The Christian Science Monitor. November 29, 2005.
- ^ Best Books of 2005. Amazon.com.
- ^ Hardcover Nonfiction Bestsellers. The New York Times. February 15, 2009.
- ^ Grossman, Lev. The Top 10 of Everything 2008. TIME. November 3, 2008.
- ^ The 50 best books of 2008. The San Francisco Chronicle. December 21, 2008.
- ^ Kelly, Erin (March 6, 2000). "Bookshelf". Fortune. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2000/03/06/275205/index.htm. Retrieved Dec. 28, 2010.
- ^ Hawthorne, Christopher (March 5, 2000). "The Massive Outbreak of an Idea". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2000/03/05/RV99810.DTL. Retrieved Dec. 28, 2010.
- ^ Thompson, Damian (May 9, 2000). "Are You a maven or a connector?". London: Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4720659/Are-you-a-maven-or-a-connector.html. Retrieved Dec. 28, 2010.
- ^ Fuson, Ken (January 16, 2005). "The Bright Stuff". The Baltimore Sun. http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2005-01-16/entertainment/0501150024_1_malcolm-gladwell-subject-medical-matters. Retrieved Dec. 28, 2010.
- ^ Manjoo, Farhad (January 13, 2005). "Before you can say". Salon. http://www.salon.com/books/review/2005/01/13/gladwell. Retrieved Dec. 28, 2010.
- ^ "How did I do that?". The Economist. December 11, 2008. http://www.economist.com/node/12758320. Retrieved Dec. 28, 2010.
- ^ Leonhardt, David (November 30, 2008). "Chance and Circumstance". The New York Times Book Review. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/books/review/Leonhardt-t.html?ref=bookreviews. Retrieved Dec. 28, 2010.
- ^ Sample, Ian (October 17, 2009). "What the Dog Saw by Malcolm Gladwell". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/oct/17/what-the-dog-saw-gladwell-review. Retrieved Dec. 28, 2010.
- ^ Reimer, Susan (October 5, 2009). "Pill Inventor Gave Women Protection But Lost His Religion". The Baltimore Sun. http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2009-10-05/news/0910040057_1_rhythm-method-pill-john-rock. Retrieved Dec. 28, 2010.
- ^ "The Accidental Guru". Fast Company. http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/90/gladwell.html. Retrieved August 4, 2009.
- ^ http://www.powells.com/review/2009_01_29.html
- ^ Kakutani, Michiko (November 18, 2008). "It's True: Success Succeeds, and Advantages Can Help". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/18/books/18kaku.html?_r=1.
- ^ a b Pinker, Steven (November 7, 2009). "Malcolm Gladwell, Eclectic Detective". New York Times Company. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/15/books/review/Pinker-t.html. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
- ^ "Gladwell for Dummies". The Nation. November 4, 2009. http://www.thenation.com/doc/20091123/tkacik. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
- ^ Tonkin, Boyd (November 21, 2008). "Book Of The Week: Outliers, By Malcolm Gladwell". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/book-of-the-week-outliers-by-malcolm-gladwell-1027343.html. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- ^ Freak Tipping Point, The Register, 2007/01/20
- ^ http://malcolmgladwellbookgenerator.com
- ^ "Kindergarten "redshirting." What would you do?". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504803_162-57389721-10391709/kindergarten-redshirting.-what-would-you-do/?tag=cbsnewsMainColumnArea.1.
- ^ Levine, Yasha. "Malcolm Gladwell Unmasked: A Look Into the Life & Work of America’s Most Successful Propagandist", 31 May 2012. Retrieved on 1 June 2012.
- ^ "Biography". Malcolm Gladwell. http://gladwell.com/bio.html. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
- ^ "Malcolm Gladwell Award Statement". American Sociological Association. March 16, 2007. http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20080303_140816_4816. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
- ^ "UW awards 17 honorary degrees at spring convocation". University of Waterloo. May 2, 2007. http://newsrelease.uwaterloo.ca/news.php?id=4861. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
- ^ Davis, Brent; O'Reilly, Nicole (June 15, 2007). "Another feather in their cap". The Record. http://www.therecord.com/links/links_070615132321.html. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
External links[link]
- Gladwell's personal website
- Biography and list of articles at The New Yorker
- Malcolm Gladwell at TED Conferences
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Malcolm Gladwell on Charlie Rose
- Malcolm Gladwell at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Malcolm Gladwell in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Malcolm Gladwell collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Book Review in the New York Times
- Book Review in The Nation
- Malcolm Gladwell Interview New Statesman May 2010
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Gladwell, Malcolm |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Journalist and science writer |
| Date of birth | September 1, 1963 |
| Place of birth | Fareham, Hampshire, United Kingdom |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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For other people named Stephen Harper, see Stephen Harper (disambiguation).
See also: Premiership of Stephen Harper
| The Right Honourable Stephen Harper PC MP |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| 22nd Prime Minister of Canada | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office February 6, 2006 |
|
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Preceded by | Paul Martin |
| Leader of the Opposition | |
| In office March 20, 2004 – February 6, 2006 |
|
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Prime Minister | Paul Martin |
| Preceded by | Grant Hill (Acting) |
| Succeeded by | Bill Graham (Acting) |
| In office May 21, 2002 – January 8, 2004 |
|
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Prime Minister | Jean Chrétien Paul Martin |
| Preceded by | John Reynolds (Acting) |
| Succeeded by | Grant Hill (Acting) |
| Member of the House of Commons of Canada |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office June 28, 2002 |
|
| Preceded by | Preston Manning |
| Constituency | Calgary Southwest |
| In office October 25, 1993 – June 2, 1997 |
|
| Preceded by | James Hawkes |
| Succeeded by | Rob Anders |
| Constituency | Calgary West |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1959-04-30) April 30, 1959 (age 53) Toronto, Ontario |
| Political party | Conservative Party (2003–present) |
| Other political affiliations |
Liberal Party (Before 1985) Progressive Conservative Party (1985–1986) Reform Party (1987–1997) Canadian Alliance (2002–2003) |
| Spouse(s) | Laureen Teskey (m. 1993-present) |
| Children | Benjamin, Rachel |
| Residence | 24 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario (Official) Calgary, Alberta (Private) |
| Alma mater | University of Calgary |
| Profession | Economist[1] |
| Religion | Christian and Missionary Alliance |
| Language | English |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Official website |
Stephen Joseph Harper, PC MP (born April 30, 1959) is the 22nd and current Prime Minister of Canada and leader of the Conservative Party. Harper became prime minister when his party formed a minority government after the 2006 federal election. He is the first prime minister from the newly reconstituted Conservative Party, following a merger of the Progressive Conservative and Canadian Alliance parties.
Harper has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for the riding of Calgary Southwest in Alberta since 2002. Earlier, from 1993 to 1997, he was the MP for Calgary West. He was one of the founding members of the Reform Party, but did not seek re-election, and instead joined, and shortly thereafter led, the National Citizens Coalition.[2] In 2002, he succeeded Stockwell Day as leader of the Canadian Alliance (the successor to the Reform Party) and returned to parliament as Leader of the Opposition. In 2003, he reached an agreement with Progressive Conservative leader Peter MacKay for the merger of their two parties to form the Conservative Party of Canada. He was elected as the party's first non-interim leader in March 2004.
Harper's Conservative Party won a stronger minority in the October 2008 federal election, showing a small increase in the percentage of the popular vote and increased representation in the Canadian House of Commons, with 143 of 308 seats. The 40th Canadian Parliament was dissolved in March 2011, after a no-confidence vote that found the Cabinet in contempt of parliament was passed by the opposition parties.[3]
In the May 2011 federal election, Harper's Conservative Party won a majority government, the first since the 2000 federal election. The Party won 166 seats, an increase of 23 seats from the October 2008 election.
Contents
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Early life[link]
Harper was born in Toronto, the first of three sons of Margaret (née Johnston) and Joseph Harris Harper, an accountant at Imperial Oil.[4] He attended Northlea Public School and, later, John G. Althouse Middle School and Richview Collegiate Institute, both in Central Etobicoke. He graduated in 1978, and was a member of Richview Collegiate's team on Reach for the Top, a television quiz show for Canadian high school students.[5] Harper then enrolled at the University of Toronto but dropped out after two months.[6] He then moved to Edmonton, Alberta, where he found work in the mail room at Imperial Oil.[6] Later, he advanced to work on the company's computer systems. He took up post-secondary studies again at the University of Calgary, where he completed a bachelor's degree in economics. He later returned there to earn a master's degree in economics, completed in 1993. Harper has kept strong links to the University of Calgary, and often lectured there. He is the most recent prime minister since Joe Clark without a law degree.
Political beginnings[link]
Harper became involved in politics as a member of his high school's Young Liberals Club.[7] He later changed his political allegiance because he disagreed with the National Energy Program (NEP) of Pierre Trudeau's Liberal government.[8] He became chief aide to Progressive Conservative MP Jim Hawkes in 1985, but later became disillusioned with both the party and the government of Brian Mulroney, especially the administration's fiscal policy[7] and its inability to fully revoke the NEP until 1986. He left the PC Party that same year.[9]
He was then recommended by the University of Calgary's economist Bob Mansell to Preston Manning, the founder and leader of the Reform Party of Canada. Manning invited him to participate in the party, and Harper gave a speech at Reform's 1987 founding convention in Winnipeg. He became the Reform Party's Chief Policy Officer, and he played a major role in drafting the 1988 election platform. He is credited with creating Reform's campaign slogan, "The West wants in!"[10]
Harper ran for the Canadian House of Commons in the 1988 federal election, appearing on the ballot as Steve Harper in Calgary West. He lost by a wide margin to Hawkes, his former employer. The Reform Party did not win any seats in this election, although party candidate Deborah Grey was elected as the party's first MP in a by-election shortly thereafter. Harper became Grey's executive assistant, and was her chief adviser and speechwriter until 1993.[11] He remained prominent in the Reform Party's national organization in his role as policy chief, encouraging the party to expand beyond its Western base and arguing that strictly regional parties were at risk of being taken over by radical elements.[12] He delivered a speech at the Reform Party's 1991 national convention, in which he condemned extremist views.[13]
Harper's relationship with Manning became strained in 1992, due to conflicting strategies over the Charlottetown Accord. Harper opposed the Accord on principle for ideological reasons, while Manning was initially more open to compromise. Harper also criticized Manning's decision to hire Rick Anderson as an adviser, believing that Anderson was not sufficiently committed to the Reform Party's principles.[14] He resigned as policy chief in October 1992.
Harper stood for office again in the 1993 federal election, and defeated Jim Hawkes amid a significant Reform breakthrough in Western Canada. His campaign likely benefited from a $50,000 print and television campaign organized by the National Citizens Coalition against Hawkes, although the NCC did not endorse Harper directly.[15]
Reform MP[link]
Harper emerged a prominent member of the Reform Party of Canada caucus. He was active on constitutional issues during his first term in Parliament, and played a prominent role in drafting the Reform Party's strategy for the 1995 Quebec referendum. A long-standing opponent of centralized federalism, he stood with Preston Manning in Montreal to introduce a twenty-point plan to "decentralize and modernize" Canada in the event of a "no" victory.[16] Harper later argued that the "no" side's narrow plurality was a worst-case scenario, in that no-one had won a mandate for change.[17]
Harper has expressed socially conservative views on some issues.[18] In 1994, he opposed plans by federal Justice Minister Allan Rock to introduce spousal benefits for same-sex couples. Citing the recent failure of a similar initiative in Ontario, he was quoted as saying, "What I hope they learn is not to get into it. There are more important social and economic issues, not to mention the unity question."[19] Harper also spoke against the possibility of the Canadian Human Rights Commission or the Supreme Court changing federal policy in these and other matters.[20]
At the Reform Party's 1994 policy convention, Harper was part of a small minority of delegates who voted against restricting the definition of marriage to "the union of one man and one woman".[21] He actually opposed both same-sex marriage and mandated benefits for same-sex couples, but argued that political parties should refrain from taking official positions on these and other "issues of conscience".[22]
Harper was the only Reform MP to support the creation of the Canadian Firearms Registry at second reading in 1995, although he later voted against it at third reading stage. He said at the time that he initially voted for the registry because of a poll showing that most of his constituents supported it, and added that he changed his vote when a second poll showed the opposite result. Some accused him of manipulating the second poll to achieve the result he wanted.[23] It was reported in April 1995 that some Progressive Conservatives opposed to Jean Charest's leadership wanted to remove both Charest and Manning, and unite the Reform and Progressive Conservative parties under Harper's leadership.[24]
Despite his prominent position in the party, Harper's relationship with the Reform Party leadership was frequently strained. In early 1994, he criticized a party decision to establish a personal expense account for Preston Manning at a time when other Reform MPs had been asked to forego parliamentary perquisites.[25] He was formally rebuked by the Reform executive council despite winning support from some MPs. His relationship with Manning grew increasingly fractious in the mid-1990s, and he pointedly declined to express any opinion on Manning's leadership during a 1996 interview.[26] This friction was indicative of a fundamental divide between the two men: Harper was strongly committed to conservative principles and opposed Manning's inclinations toward populism, which Harper saw as leading to compromise on core ideological matters.[27][not in citation given]
These tensions culminated in late 1996 when Harper announced that he would not be a candidate in the next federal election. He resigned his parliamentary seat on January 14, 1997, the same day that he was appointed as a vice-president of the National Citizens Coalition (NCC), a conservative think-tank and advocacy group.[28] He was promoted to NCC president later in the year.
In April 1997, Harper suggested that the Reform Party was drifting toward social conservatism and ignoring the principles of economic conservatism.[29] The Liberal Party lost seats but managed to retain a narrow majority government in the 1997 federal election, while Reform made only modest gains.
Out of Parliament[link]
1997–2000[link]
Soon after leaving Parliament, Harper and Tom Flanagan co-authored an opinion piece entitled "Our Benign Dictatorship", which argued that the Liberal Party only retained power through a dysfunctional political system and a divided opposition. Harper and Flanagan argued that national conservative governments between 1917 and 1993 were founded on temporary alliances between Western populists and Quebec nationalists, and were unable to govern because of their fundamental contradictions. The authors called for an alliance of Canada's conservative parties, and suggested that meaningful political change might require electoral reforms such as proportional representation. "Our Benign Dictatorship" also commended Conrad Black's purchase of the Southam newspaper chain, arguing that his stewardship would provide for a "pluralistic" editorial view to counter the "monolithically liberal and feminist" approach of the previous management.[30]
Harper remained active in constitutional issues. He was a prominent opponent of the Calgary Declaration on national unity in late 1997, describing it as an "appeasement strategy" against Quebec nationalism. He called for federalist politicians to reject this strategy, and approach future constitutional talks from the position that "Quebec separatists are the problem and they need to be fixed".[31] In late 1999, Harper called for the federal government to establish clear rules for any future Quebec referendum on sovereignty.[32] Some have identified Harper's views as an influence on the Chrétien government's Clarity Act.[33]
As National Citizens Coalition (NCC) leader, Harper launched an ultimately unsuccessful legal battle against federal election laws restricting third-party advertising.[34] He led the NCC in several campaigns against the Canadian Wheat Board,[35] and supported Finance Minister Paul Martin's 2000 tax cuts as a positive first step toward tax reform.[36]
In 1997, Harper delivered a controversial speech on Canadian identity to the Council for National Policy, a conservative American think tank. He made comments such as "Canada is a Northern European welfare state in the worst sense of the term, and very proud of it", "if you're like all Americans, you know almost nothing except for your own country. Which makes you probably knowledgeable about one more country than most Canadians", and "the NDP [New Democratic Party] is kind of proof that the Devil lives and interferes in the affairs of men."[37] These statements were made public and criticized during the 2006 election. Harper argued that the speech was intended as humour, and not as serious analysis.[38]
Harper considered campaigning for the Progressive Conservative Party leadership in 1998, after Jean Charest left federal politics. Among those encouraging his candidacy were senior aides to Ontario Premier Mike Harris, including Tony Clement and Tom Long.[39] He eventually decided against running, arguing that it would "burn bridges to those Reformers with whom I worked for many years" and prevent an alliance of right-wing parties from taking shape.[40] Harper was skeptical about the Reform Party's United Alternative initiative in 1999, arguing that it would serve to consolidate Manning's hold on the party leadership.[41] He also expressed concern that the UA would dilute Reform's ideological focus.[42]
2000–01[link]
When the United Alternative created the Canadian Alliance in 2000 as a successor party to Reform, Harper predicted that Stockwell Day would defeat Preston Manning for the new party's leadership. He expressed reservations about Day's abilities, however, and accused Day of "[making] adherence to his social views a litmus test to determine whether you're in the party or not".[43] Harper endorsed Tom Long for the leadership, arguing that Long was best suited to take support from the Progressive Conservative Party.[44] When Day placed first on the first ballot, Harper said that the Canadian Alliance was shifting "more towards being a party of the religious right".[45]
After the death of Pierre Trudeau in 2000, Harper wrote an editorial criticizing Trudeau's policies as they affected Western Canada. He wrote that Trudeau "embraced the fashionable causes of his time, with variable enthusiasm and differing results", but "took a pass" on the issues that "truly defined his century".[46] Harper subsequently accused Trudeau of promoting "unabashed socialism", and argued that Canadian governments between 1972 and 2002 had restricted economic growth through "state corporatism".[47]
After the Canadian Alliance's poor showing in the 2000 election, Harper joined with other Western conservatives in co-authoring a document called the "Alberta Agenda". The letter called on Alberta to reform publicly-funded health care, replace the Canada Pension Plan with a provincial plan and replace the Royal Canadian Mounted Police with a provincial police force. It became known as the "firewall letter", because it called on the provincial government to "build firewalls around Alberta" in order to stop the federal government from redistributing its wealth to less affluent regions.[48] Alberta Premier Ralph Klein agreed with some of the letter's recommendations, but distanced himself from the "firewall" comments.[49]
Harper also wrote an editorial in late 2000 arguing that Alberta and the rest of Canada were "embark[ing] on divergent and potentially hostile paths to defining their country". He said that Alberta had chosen the "best of Canada's heritage—a combination of American enterprise and individualism with the British traditions of order and co-operation" while Canada "appears content to become a second-tier socialistic country [...] led by a second-world strongman appropriately suited for the task". He also called for a "stronger and much more autonomous Alberta", while rejecting calls for separatism.[50] In the 2001 Alberta provincial election, Harper led the NCC in a "Vote Anything but Liberal" campaign.[51] Some articles from this period described him as a possible successor to Klein.[52]
Harper and the NCC endorsed a private school tax credit proposed by Ontario's Progressive Conservative government in 2001, arguing that it would "save about $7,000 for each student who does not attend a union-run public school". Education Minister Janet Ecker criticized this, saying that her government's intent was not to save money at the expense of public education.[53]
Day's leadership of the Canadian Alliance became increasingly troubled throughout the summer of 2001, as several party MPs called for his resignation. In June, the National Post newspaper reported that former Reform MP Ian McClelland was organizing a possible leadership challenge on Harper's behalf.[54] Harper announced his resignation from the NCC presidency in August 2001, to prepare a campaign.[55]
Canadian Alliance leadership[link]
Stockwell Day called a new Canadian Alliance leadership race for 2002, and soon declared himself a candidate. Harper emerged as Day's main rival, and declared his own candidacy on December 3, 2001. He eventually won the support of at least 28 Alliance MPs,[56] including Scott Reid, James Rajotte[57] and Keith Martin.[58] During the campaign, Harper reprised his earlier warnings against an alliance with Quebec nationalists, and called for his party to become the federalist option in Quebec.[59] He argued that "the French language is not imperilled in Quebec", and opposed "special status" for the province in the Canadian Constitution accordingly.[60] He also endorsed greater provincial autonomy on Medicare, and said that he would not co-operate with the Progressive Conservatives as long as they were led by Joe Clark.[61] On social issues, Harper argued for "parental rights" to use corporal punishment against their children and supported raising the age of sexual consent.[62] He described his potential support base as "similar to what George Bush tapped".[63]
The tone of the leadership contest turned hostile in February 2002. Harper described Day's governance of the party as "amateurish",[64] while his campaign team argued that Day was attempting to win re-election by building a narrow support base among different groups in the religious right.[65] The Day campaign accused Harper of "attacking ethnic and religious minorities".[66] In early March, the two candidates had an especially fractious debate on CBC Newsworld.[67] The leadership vote was held on March 20, 2002. Harper was elected on the first ballot with 55% support, against 37% for Day. Two other candidates split the remainder.
After winning the party leadership, Harper announced his intention to run for Parliament in a by-election in Calgary Southwest, recently vacated by Preston Manning. Ezra Levant had already been chosen as the riding's Alliance candidate and initially declared that he would not stand aside for Harper; he subsequently reconsidered.[68] The Liberals did not field a candidate, following a parliamentary tradition of allowing opposition leaders to enter the House of Commons unopposed. The Progressive Conservative candidate, Jim Prentice, also chose to withdraw.[69] Harper was elected without difficulty over New Democrat Bill Phipps, a former United Church of Canada moderator. Harper told a reporter during the campaign that he "despise[d]" Phipps, and declined to debate him.[70]
Harper officially became Leader of the Opposition in May 2002. Later in the same month, he said that the Atlantic Provinces were trapped in "a culture of defeat" which had to be overcome, the result of policies designed by Liberal and Progressive Conservative governments. Many Atlantic politicians condemned the remark as patronizing and insensitive. The Legislature of Nova Scotia unanimously approved a motion condemning Harper's comments,[71] which were also criticized by New Brunswick Premier Bernard Lord, federal Progressive Conservative leader Joe Clark and others. Harper refused to apologize, and said that much of Canada was trapped by the same "can't-do" attitude.[72]
His first 18 months as opposition leader were largely devoted towards consolidating the fractured elements of the Canadian Alliance and encouraging a union of the Canadian Alliance and the federal Progressive Conservatives[citation needed]. The aim of this union was to present only one right-of-center national party in the next federal election. In undertaking the merger talks, PC leader Peter MacKay reversed his previous agreement with leadership opponent David Orchard not to merge with the Alliance. After reaching an agreement with MacKay in October 2003, the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada officially merged in December, with the new party being named the "Conservative Party of Canada".[73]
In March 2003 Harper and Stockwell Day co-wrote a letter to The Wall Street Journal in which they condemned the Canadian government's unwillingness to participate in the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[74]
Conservative Party leadership[link]
On January 12, 2004, Harper announced his resignation as Leader of the Opposition, in order to run for the leadership of the Conservative Party of Canada. Harper was elected the first leader of the Conservative Party, with a first ballot majority against Belinda Stronach and Tony Clement on March 20, 2004. Harper's victory included strong showings in Ontario, Quebec, and Atlantic Canada.
2004 federal election[link]
Main article: Canadian federal election, 2004
Harper led the Conservatives into the 2004 federal election. Initially, new Prime Minister Paul Martin held a large lead in polls, but this eroded due to infighting, Adscam and other scandals surrounding his government. The Liberals attempted to counter this with an early election call, as this would give the Conservatives less time to consolidate their merger.[citation needed]
Martin's weak performance in the leader's debate, along with an unpopular provincial budget by Liberal Premier Dalton McGuinty in Ontario, moved the Conservatives into a lead for a time. However, comments by Conservative MPs, leaked press releases slandering the then Prime Minister, as well as controversial TV attack ads suggesting that the Conservatives would make Canada more like the United States, caused Harper's party to lose some momentum.[citation needed]
Harper made an effort to appeal to voters in Quebec, a province where the Reform/Alliance side of the merged party had not done well. He was featured in several of the Tories' French-language campaign ads.[citation needed]
The Liberals were re-elected to power with a minority government, with the Conservatives coming in second place. The Conservatives managed to make inroads into the Liberals' Ontario stronghold, primarily in the province's socially conservative central region. However, they were shut out of Quebec, marking the first time that a centre-right party did not win any seats in that province. Harper, after some personal deliberation, decided to stay on as the party leader. Many credited him with bringing the Progressive Conservative Party and Canadian Alliance together in a short time to fight a close election.[citation needed]
Agreement with the BQ and the NDP[link]
Two months after the federal election, Stephen Harper privately met with Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe and New Democratic Party leader Jack Layton in a Montreal hotel.[75] On September 9, 2004, the three signed a letter addressed to then-Governor General Adrienne Clarkson, stating,
We respectfully point out that the opposition parties, who together constitute a majority in the House, have been in close consultation. We believe that, should a request for dissolution arise this should give you cause, as constitutional practice has determined, to consult the opposition leaders and consider all of your options before exercising your constitutional authority.[76][77]
On the same day the letter was written, the three party leaders held a joint press conference at which they expressed their intent to co-operate on changing parliamentary rules, and to request that the Governor General consult with them before deciding to call an election.[78] At the news conference, Harper said "It is the Parliament that's supposed to run the country, not just the largest party and the single leader of that party. That's a criticism I've had and that we've had and that most Canadians have had for a long, long time now so this is an opportunity to start to change that." However, at the time, Harper and the two other opposition leaders denied trying to form a coalition government.[75] Harper said, "This is not a coalition, but this is a co-operative effort."[78]
One month later, on October 4, Mike Duffy, now a Conservative senator (appointed by Harper), said "It is possible that you could change prime minister without having an election," and that some Conservatives wanted Harper to temporarily become prime minister without holding an election. The next day Layton walked out on talks with Harper and Duceppe, accusing them of trying to replace Paul Martin with Harper as prime minister. Both Bloc and Conservative officials denied Layton's accusations.[75]
On March 26, 2011, Duceppe stated that Harper had tried to form a coalition government with the Bloc and NDP in response to Harper's allegations that the Liberals may form a coalition with the Bloc and the NDP.[79]
Harper as Conservative leader and Leader of the Opposition[link]
The Conservative Party's first policy convention was held from March 17–19, 2005, in Montreal. Harper had been rumoured to be shifting his ideology closer to that of a Blue Tory, and many thought he'd wanted to move the party's policies closer to the centre. Any opposition to abortion or bilingualism was dropped from the Conservative platform. Harper received an 84% endorsement from delegates in the leadership review.
Despite the party's move to the centre, the party began a concerted drive against same-sex marriage. Harper was criticized by a group of law professors for arguing that the government could override the provincial court rulings on same-sex marriage without using the "notwithstanding clause", a provision of Canada's Charter of Rights and Freedoms. It also argued, in general, for lower taxes, an elected Senate, a tougher stance on crime, and closer relations with the United States.[citation needed]
Following the April 2005 release of Jean Brault's damaging testimony at the Gomery Commission, implicating the Liberals in the scandal, opinion polls placed the Conservatives ahead of Liberals. The Conservatives had earlier abstained from the vote on the 2005 budget to avoid forcing an election. With the collapse in Liberal support and a controversial NDP amendment to the budget, the party exerted significant pressure on Harper to bring down the government. In May, Harper announced that the government had lost the "moral authority to govern". Shortly thereafter, the Conservatives and Bloc Québécois united to defeat the government on a vote that some considered to be either a confidence motion or else a motion requiring an immediate test of the confidence of the House. The Martin government did not accept this interpretation and argued that vote had been on a procedural motion, although they also indicated that they would bring forward their revised budget for a confidence vote the following week. Ultimately, the effort to bring down the Government failed following the decision of Conservative MP Belinda Stronach to cross the floor to the Liberal Party. The vote on the NDP amendment to the budget tied, and with the Speaker of the House voting to continue debate, the Liberals stayed in power. At the time, some considered the matter to be a constitutional crisis.[80][81]
Harper was also criticized for supporting his caucus colleague MP Gurmant Grewal.[82] Grewal had produced tapes of conversations with Tim Murphy, Paul Martin's chief of staff, in which Grewal claimed he had been offered a cabinet position in exchange for his defection.
The Liberals' support dropped after the first report from the Gomery Commission was issued. On November 24, 2005, Harper introduced a motion of non-confidence on the Liberal government, telling the House of Commons "that this government has lost the confidence of the House of Commons and needs to be removed." As the Liberals had lost NDP support in the house by refusing to accept an NDP plan to prevent health care privatization, the no-confidence motion was passed by a vote of 171–133. It was the first time that a Canadian government had been toppled by a straight motion of non-confidence proposed by the opposition. As a result, Parliament was dissolved and a general election was scheduled for January 23, 2006.
On February 27, 2008, allegations surfaced that two Conservative Party officials offered terminally ill, Independent MP Chuck Cadman a million-dollar life insurance policy in exchange for his vote to bring down the Liberal government in a May 2005 budget vote.[83] If the story had been proved true, the actions may have been grounds for charges as a criminal offence since, under the Criminal Code of Canada, it is illegal to bribe an MP.[84]
When asked by Vancouver journalist Tom Zytaruk about the alleged life insurance offer then-opposition leader Stephen Harper states on an audio tape "I don't know the details. I know there were discussions"[85] and goes on to say "The offer to Chuck was that it was only to replace financial considerations he might lose due to an election".[85] Harper also stated that he had told the Conservative party representatives that they were unlikely to succeed. "I told them they were wasting their time. I said Chuck had made up his mind."[85][86] In February 2008 the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) investigated the allegations that Section 119's provisions on bribery and corruption in the Criminal Code had been violated.[87][88] The RCMP concluded their investigation stating that there is no evidence for pressing charges.[89]
Harper denied any wrongdoing and subsequently filed a civil libel suit against the Liberal Party of Canada. Since libel laws do not apply for statements made in the House of Commons, the basis of the lawsuit was that statements made by Liberal party members outside the House and in articles which appeared on the Liberal party web site made accusations that Harper had committed a criminal act.[86][90]
The audio expert hired by Harper to prove that the tape containing the evidence was doctored reported that the latter part of the tape was recorded over, but the tape was unaltered where Harper's voice said "I don't know the details, I know that, um, there were discussions, um, but this is not for publication?" and goes on to say he "didn't know the details" when asked if he knew anything about the alleged offer to Cadman.[91]
2006 federal election[link]
Main article: Canadian federal election, 2006
The Conservatives began the campaign period with a policy-per-day strategy, contrary to the Liberal plan of holding off major announcements until after the Christmas holidays, so Harper dominated media coverage for the first weeks of the election. Though his party showed only modest movement in the polls, Harper's personal numbers, which had always significantly trailed those of his party, began to rise. In response, the Liberals launched negative ads targeting Harper, similar to their attacks in the 2004 election. However, their tactics were not sufficient to erode the Conservative's advantage, although they did manage to close what had been a ten point advantage in public opinion. As Harper's personal numbers rose, polls found he was now considered not only more trustworthy, but a better choice for Prime Minister than Martin.[92]
Immediately prior to the Christmas break, in a faxed letter to NDP candidate Judy Wasylycia-Leis, the Commissioner of the RCMP, Giuliano Zaccardelli announced the RCMP had opened a criminal investigation into her complaint that it appeared Liberal Finance Minister Ralph Goodale's office had leaked information leading to insider trading before making an important announcement on the taxation of income trusts. On December 27, 2005, the RCMP confirmed that information in a press release. At the conclusion of the investigation, Serge Nadeau, a top Finance Department bureaucrat, was charged with criminal breach of trust. No charges were laid against then Finance Minister Ralph Goodale.[93]
The election gave Harper's Conservatives the largest number of seats in the House, although not enough for a majority government, and shortly after midnight on January 24, Martin conceded defeat. Later that day, Martin informed Governor General Michaëlle Jean that he would resign as Prime Minister, and at 6:45 p.m. Jean asked Harper to form a government. Harper was sworn in as Canada's 22nd Prime Minister on February 6, 2006. In his first address to Parliament as head of government, Harper opened by paying tribute to the Queen and her "lifelong dedication to duty and self-sacrifice," referring to her specifically as Canada's head of state.[94] He also said before the Canada-UK Chamber of Commerce that Canada and the United Kingdom were joined by "the golden circle of the Crown, which links us all together with the majestic past that takes us back to the Tudors, the Plantagenets, the Magna Carta, habeas corpus, petition of rights, and English common law."[95] Journalist Graham Fraser said in the Toronto Star that Harper's speech was "one of the most monarchist speeches a Canadian prime minister has given since John Diefenbaker."[96] An analysis by Michael D. Behiels suggests a political realignment may be underway based on the continuance of Harper's government.[97]
Prime Minister[link]
Main article: Premiership of Stephen Harper
2008 federal election[link]
Main article: Canadian federal election, 2008
On October 14, 2008, after a 5 week long campaign, the Conservative Party won a federal election and increased its number of seats in Parliament to 143, up from 127 at the dissolution of the previous Parliament; however, the actual popular vote among Canadians dropped slightly by 167,494 votes. As a result of the lowest voter turnout in Canadian electoral history, this represented only 22% of eligible Canadian voters, the lowest level of support of any winning party in Canadian history.[98] Meanwhile, the number of opposition Liberal MPs fell from 95 to 77 seats. It takes 155 MPs to form a majority government in Canada's 308 seat Parliament.
2008 Parliamentary dispute and prorogation[link]
Main article: 2008-2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute
On December 4, 2008, Harper asked Governor General Michaëlle Jean to prorogue Parliament in order to avoid a vote of confidence scheduled for the following Monday, becoming the first Canadian PM ever to do so.[99][100] The request was granted by Jean, and the prorogation lasted until January 26, 2009. The opposition coalition dissolved shortly after, with the Conservatives winning a Liberal supported confidence vote on January 29, 2009.
2010 prorogation[link]
See also: 2010 Canada anti-prorogation protests and Prorogation in Canada
On December 30, 2009, Harper announced that he would request the governor general prorogue Parliament again, effective immediately on December 30, 2009, during the 2010 Winter Olympics and lasting until March 3, 2010. Harper stated that this was necessary for Canada's economic plan. Jean would grant the request. In an interview with CBC News, Prince Edward Island Liberal member of Parliament Wayne Easter accused the Prime Minister of "shutting democracy down".[101][102] Tom Flanagan, Harper's University of Calgary mentor and former Chief of Staff, also questioned Harper's reasoning for prorogation, stating that "I think the government's talking points haven't been entirely credible" and that the government's explanation of proroguing was "skirting the real issue—which is the harm the opposition parties are trying to do to the Canadian Forces" regarding the Canadian Afghan detainee issue.[103] The second prorogation in a year received some international criticism as being undemocratic.[104] Demonstrations took place on January 23 in 64 Canadian cities and towns, and five cities in other countries.[105] A Facebook protest group attracted over 20,000 members.[106]
A poll released by Angus Reid on January 7, found that 53% of Canadians were opposed to the prorogation, while 19% supported it. 38% of Canadians believed that Harper used the prorogation to curtail the Afghan detainee inquiry, while 23% agreed with Harper's explanation that the prorogation was necessary economically.[107]
2010 Senate appointments[link]
Harper filled five vacancies in the Senate of Canada with appointments of new Conservative senators, on January 29, 2010. The Senators filled vacancies in Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, and New Brunswick, as well as two vacancies in Ontario. The new senators were Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu, of Quebec, Bob Runciman, of Ontario, Vim Kochhar, of Ontario, Elizabeth Marshall of Newfoundland and Labrador and Rose-May Poirier, of New Brunswick. This changed the party standings in the Senate, which had been dominated by Liberals, to 51 Conservatives, 49 Liberals, and five others.[108]
2011 vote of non-confidence[link]
Harper's Cabinet was defeated in a no-confidence vote on March 25, 2011, after being found in contempt of Parliament, thus triggering a general election.[109] This was the first occurrence in Commonwealth history of a government in the Westminster parliamentary tradition losing the confidence of the House of Commons on the grounds of contempt of Parliament. The no-confidence motion was carried with a vote of 156 in favor of the motion, and 145 against.[110]
2011 election[link]
Main article: Canadian federal election, 2011
On May 2, 2011, after a 5-week campaign, Harper led the Conservatives to their third consecutive election victory—the first time a centre-right party has accomplished this in half a century. The Conservatives increased their standing in Parliament to 166, up from 143 at the dissolution of the previous Parliament. This resulted in the first centre-right majority government since the Progressive Conservatives won what would be their last majority in 1988. The Conservative Party also received a greater number of total votes than in 2008. Aside from ending five years of minority governments, this election was notable for a number of firsts: bringing the New Democratic Party to official opposition status, the relegation of the Liberals to third place, the election of Canada's first Green Party Member of Parliament, and the decline of the Bloc Québécois (from 47 to 4 seats).
Domestic policy[link]
Main article: Domestic policy of the Harper government
Unlike his recent predecessors, Harper did not name one of his colleagues to the largely honorific post of Deputy Prime Minister. Various observers had expected him to name MacKay, the former leader of the Progressive Conservative Party and his deputy party leader, or Lawrence Cannon, as a Quebec lieutenant, to the post. Harper did, however, name an order of succession to act on his behalf in certain circumstances, starting with Cannon, then Jim Prentice, then the balance of his cabinet in order of precedence.[citation needed]
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After sidestepping the political landmine for most of the first year of his time as prime minister, much as all the post-Charlottetown Accord prime ministers had done, Harper's hand was forced to reopen the Quebec sovereignty debate after the opposition Bloc Québécois were to introduce a motion in the House that called for recognition of Quebec as a "nation". On November 22, 2006, Harper introduced his own motion to recognize that "the Québécois form a nation within a united Canada."[111] Five days later, Harper's motion passed, with a margin of 266-16; all federalist parties, as well as the Bloc Québécois, were formally behind it.[112]
Economic management[link]
As of January 2010, the ruling Conservatives had raised the federal deficit back to $36 billion dollars. It is claimed by certain pundits that the Conservatives raised Canada's deficit to the largest in the country's history.[113][114] At the same time, Canada had the lowest Debt-to-GDP in the G7 economies.[115] The Economist magazine stated that Canada had come out the recession stronger than any other rich country in the G7.[116][117]
Senate[link]
In 2004, Harper said "the Upper House remains a dumping ground for the favoured cronies of the prime minister."[118] During his term as prime minister from 2006 to 2008, Harper let Senate retirements go unfilled, resulting in 16 Senate vacancies by the October 2008 election.[119] The one exception to this policy was Michael Fortier. When Harper first took office, he directed the Governor General to appoint Michael Fortier to both the Senate and the Cabinet, arguing the government needed representation from the city of Montreal.[120] Although there is a precedent for this action in Canadian history, the appointment led to criticism from opponents who claimed Harper was reneging on his push for an elected Senate. In 2008 Fortier gave up his Senate seat and sought election as a Member of Parliament (MP), but was defeated by a large margin by the incumbent Bloc Québécois MP.[121]
After the October 2008 election, Harper again named Senate reform as a priority.[119] By December 2008, he recommended the appointment of 18 senators and in 2009 directed the Governor General to appoint an additional 9 senators. Many of those appointed had close ties with the Conservative Party, including the campaign manager of the Conservative Party, Doug Finley. Critics accused Harper of hypocrisy (the Liberals coined the term "Harpocrisy"). Conservative Senator Bert Brown defended Harper's appointments and said "the only way [the Senate]'s ever been filled is by having people that are loyal to the prime minister who's appointing them."[118]
2011 Census[link]
See also: 2011 Census
Ahead of the Canada 2011 Census, the government announced that the long-form questionnaire (which collects detailed demographic information) will no longer be mandatory. According to Minister of Industry Tony Clement, the change was made because of privacy-related complaints and after consulting with Statistics Canada.[122] However, Canada's privacy commissioner reported only receiving three complaints between 1995 and 2010, according to a report in the Toronto Sun.[123]
Munir Sheikh, Canada's Chief Statistician appointed on Harper's advice,[124] resigned on July 21, 2010, in protest of the government's change in policy.[125] Ivan Fellegi, the former Chief Statistician of Canada, criticized the government's decision, saying that those who are most vulnerable (such as the poor, new immigrants, and aboriginals) are least likely to respond to a voluntary form, which weakens information about their demographic.[126]
The move was opposed by some governmental and non-governmental organizations.[127] Federation of Canadian Municipalities; City of Toronto;[128] Canadian Jewish Congress; Evangelical Fellowship of Canada;[129] Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops;[130] Canadian Medical Association;[131] Statistical Society of Canada; the American Statistical Association;[132] and Registered Nurses Association of Ontario all opposed the change. However, the Fraser Institute supported the change.[133] The provincial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Manitoba, also opposed the change.[134]
Foreign policy[link]
Main article: Foreign policy of the Harper government
During his term, Harper has dealt with many foreign policy issues relating to the United States, War on Terror, Arab-Israeli conflict, free trade, China and Africa.
In 2009, Harper visited China. During the visit Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao publicly scolded Harper for not visiting earlier, pointing out that "this is the first meeting between the Chinese premier and a Canadian prime minister in almost five years";[135] Harper in response said that, "it's almost been five years since we had yourself or President Hu in our country.”[135] In 2008, former prime minister Jean Chrétien had criticized Harper for missing opening ceremonies for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing;[136] in response, Dmitri Soudas, a spokeperson for Harper, called the remarks hypocritical, pointing out that Chrétien "attended one of six Olympic opening ceremonies during his 13 years as Prime Minister.[136]
On September 11, 2007, Harper visited Australia and addressed its Parliament.[137]
Michael Ignatieff criticized Harper for cutting foreign aid to Africa by $700 million, falling short of the UN Millennium Development Goals, and cutting eight African countries from the list of priority aid recipients.[138]
Afghanistan[link]
On March 11 and March 12, 2006, Harper made a surprise trip to Afghanistan, where Canadian Forces personnel have been deployed as part of the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force since late 2001, to visit troops in theatre as a show of support for their efforts, and as a demonstration of the government's commitment to reconstruction and stability in the region. Harper's choice of a first foreign visit was closely guarded from the press until his arrival in Afghanistan (citing security concerns), and is seen as marking a significant change in relationship between the government and the military. Harper returned to Afghanistan on May 22, 2007, in a surprise two-day visit which included visiting Canadian troops at the forward operating base at Ma'Sum Ghar, located 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of Kandahar, making Harper the first Prime Minister to have visited the front lines of a combat operation.[139]
Israeli and Jewish affairs[link]
At the outset of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, Harper defended Israel's "right to defend itself" and described its military campaign in Lebanon as a "measured" response, arguing that Hezbollah's release of kidnapped IDF soldiers would be the key to ending the conflict.[140] Speaking of the situation in both Lebanon and Gaza on July 18, Harper said he wanted "not just a ceasefire, but a resolution" but such a thing would not happen until Hezbollah and Hamas recognize Israel's right to exist. Harper blamed Hezbollah for all the civilian deaths. He asserted that Hezbollah's objective is to destroy Israel through violence.[141]
The media noted that Harper didn't allow reporters opportunities to ask him questions on his position. Some Canadians, including many Arab and Lebanese Canadians, criticized Harper's description of Israel's response.[142]
In December 2008, the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations recognized Harper's support for Israel with its inaugural International Leadership Award, pointing out Harper's decision to boycott the Durban II anti-racism conference, and his government's "support for Israel and [its] efforts at the U.N. against incitement and ... the delegitimization [of Israel]".[143]
In March 2009, Harper spoke at a Parliament Hill ceremony organized by Chabad-Lubavitch to honor the Jewish victims of the 2008 Mumbai attacks, which included an attack on the Nariman House. He expressed condolences over the murder at Chabad's Mumbai center of Rabbi Gavriel Holtzberg and his wife Rivka. Harper described the killings as "affronts to the values that unite all civilized people". Harper added that the quick installment of a new rabbi at the Chabad center in Mumbai as a signal that the Jewish people will "never bow to violence and hatred".[144]
In 2010, Canada lost a bid for a seat on the UN Security Council. While initially blaming the loss on his rival Ignatieff, Harper later said that it was due to his pro-Israeli stance. Harper then said that he would take a pro-Israeli stance, no matter what the political cost to Canada.[145][146][147] Ignatieff criticized Harper's stance as a "mistake", saying Canada would be better able to defend Israel through the Security Council than from the sidelines and pointed out that it is the Security Council that will determine if sanctions are imposed on Iran.[146] Ignatieff also accused Harper of steering the discussion away from implementing the two-state solution, and instead rendering all discussion into a competition "about who is Israel's best friend".[138]
Free Trade with EFTA[link]
On June 7, 2007, the Conservative government announced it had finalized free trade negotiations with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Under this agreement, Canada increased its trade ties with Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein. In 2006, the value of trade between these partners was $10.7 billion. Canada had originally begun negotiations with the EFTA on October 9, 1998, but talks broke down due to a disagreement over subsidies to shipyards in Atlantic Canada.[148]
United States[link]
Main article: Canada-United States relations
Shortly after being congratulated by George W. Bush for his victory, Harper rebuked U.S. Ambassador David Wilkins for criticizing the Conservatives' plans to assert Canada's sovereignty over the Arctic Ocean waters with armed forces.[149] Harper's first meeting as Prime Minister with the U.S. President occurred at the end of March 2006.
The government received American news coverage during the Democratic Party's 2008 presidential primaries after the details of a conversation between Barack Obama's economic advisor Austan Goolsbee, and Canadian diplomat Georges Rioux were revealed. Reportedly Goolsbee was reassuring the Canadians that Obama's comments on potentially renegotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) were more political rhetoric than actual policy. The accuracy of these reports has been debated by both the Obama campaign and the Canadian Government. The news came at a key time nearing the Ohio and Texas primaries where, perceptions among Democratic voters is that the benefits of the NAFTA agreement are dubious. Thus the appearance that Obama was not being completely forthright was attacked by his opponent Hillary Clinton.[150] ABC News reported that Harper's Chief of Staff, Ian Brodie was responsible for the details reaching the hands of the media.[151] Harper has denied that Brodie was responsible for the leak, and launched an investigation to find the source. The Opposition, as well as Democratic strategist Bob Shrum,[152] criticized the Government on the issue, stating they were trying to help the Republicans by helping Hillary Clinton win the Democratic nomination instead of Obama. They also alleged the leak would hurt relations with the United States if Obama ever were to become President.[153] Obama was elected President in November. In February, Obama made his first foreign visit, as president, to Ottawa, in which he affirmed support for free trade with Canada, as well as complimenting Canada on its involvement in Afghanistan.[154]
Media relations and information[link]
Harper has insisted on his right to choose who asks questions at press conferences,[155] which has caused the national media to lodge complaints.[156] In 2007, Harper was awarded the Canadian Association of Journalists (CAJ) "Code of Silence Award" for his "white-knuckled death grip on public information". "If journalists can't get basic information from the federal government, Canadians can't hold the government accountable. The Prime Minister's Office has repeatedly demonstrated contempt for the public's right to know," [CAJ President] Welch said. "Harper pledged to run a government that was open, transparent and accountable, but his track record to-date has been abysmal."[157] Some have alleged that the Prime Minister's Office also "often informs the media about Harper's trips at such short notice that it's impossible for Ottawa journalists to attend the events".[158] Harper's director of communications has denied this, saying that "this prime minister has been more accessible, gives greater media scrums and provides deeper content than any prime minister has in the last 10 to 12 years". Some suggest that the Conservatives' then recent electoral success could be credited to their control of the campaign message, a practice that they continued when they became the government.[159]
The CAJ again criticized Harper's control over the media in an open letter in June 2010. The CAJ wrote "Politicians should not get to decide what information is released. This information belongs to Canadians, the taxpayers who paid for its production. Its release should be based on public interest, not political expediency. This breeds contempt and suspicion of government. How can people know the maternal-health initiative has been well thought out or that the monitoring of aboriginal bands has been done properly if all Canadians hear is: 'Trust us'?"[160]
Supreme Court appointments[link]
Harper chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the Supreme Court of Canada by the governor general:
- Marshall Rothstein (March 1, 2006 – present)
- Thomas Cromwell (Sept. 5, 2008 – present)
- Andromache Karakatsanis (2011 – present)[161]
- Michael Moldaver (2011 – present)[161]
Justice Rothstein[link]
In keeping with Harper's election promise to change the appointment process, Rothstein's appointment involved a review by a parliamentary committee, following his nomination by the Prime Minister. Rothstein had already been short-listed, with two other candidates, by a committee convened by Paul Martin's previous Liberal government, and he was Harper's choice. Harper then had Rothstein appear before an 'ad hoc', non-partisan committee of 12 Members of Parliament. This committee was not empowered to block the appointment, though, as had been called for by some members of Harper's Conservative Party.[162]
Justice Cromwell[link]
On September 5, 2008, Harper nominated Justice Cromwell of Nova Scotia Court of Appeal to fill the Supreme Court seat left vacant by the departure of Justice Michel Bastarache. By and large Cromwell's nomination has been well received, with many lauding the selection,[163][164] however dissent has been noted surrounding the nomination. First, Harper bypassed Parliament's Supreme Court selection panel, which was supposed to produce a list of three candidates for him to choose from.[163] Second, Newfoundland Justice Minister Jerome Kennedy criticized the appointment, citing the Newfoundland government's belief that constitutional convention stipulates that a Newfoundlander should have been named to the Court in the rotation of Atlantic Canadian Supreme Court representation.[165]
Honours[link]
Harper received the Woodrow Wilson Award on October 6, 2006, for his public service in Calgary. It was held at the Telus Convention Centre in Calgary, the same place where he made his victory speech.[166]
Time magazine named him as Canada's Newsmaker of the Year in 2006. Stephen Handelman wrote "that the prime minister who was once dismissed as a doctrinaire backroom tactician with no experience in government has emerged as a warrior in power".[167]
On June 27, 2008, Harper was awarded the Presidential Gold Medallion for Humanitarianism by B'nai B'rith International. He is the first Canadian to be awarded this medal.[168]
On July 11, 2011, Harper was honoured by Alberta's Blood tribe. He was made honorary Chief of the Blood Tribe during a ceremony, in which they recognized him for making an official apology on behalf of the Government of Canada for the residential schools abuse. Harper issued this apology in 2008. The Chief of the tribe explained that he believes the apology officially started the healing and rebuilding of relations between the federal and native councils. Lester B. Pearson, John Diefenbaker and Jean Chrétien are the only other Prime Ministers of Canada to be awarded the same honorary title.[169]
Personal life[link]
Harper married Laureen Teskey in 1993. Laureen was formerly married to New Zealander Neil Fenton from 1985 to 1988.[170] They have two children: Benjamin and Rachel. He is the third Prime Minister, after Pierre Trudeau and John Turner, to send his children to Rockcliffe Park Public School, in Ottawa. He is a member of the evangelical Christian and Missionary Alliance and attends church at the East Gate Alliance Church in Ottawa.[171] According to party literature, he is learning Spanish.[172]
An avid follower of ice hockey, he has been a fan of the Toronto Maple Leafs since his childhood in the Leaside and Etobicoke communities in Toronto. He is working on a book of the history of hockey, which he hopes to publish in 2012,[173] and writes articles occasionally on the subject.[174] Harper appeared on The Sports Network (TSN) during the broadcast of the Canada–Russia final of the 2007 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. He was interviewed and expressed his views on the state of hockey, and his preference for an overtime period in lieu of a shoot-out.[175] In February 2010, Harper interviewed former National Hockey League greats Wayne Gretzky and Gordie Howe for a Saskatoon Kinsmen Club charity event.[176]
Harper taped a cameo appearance in an episode of the television show Corner Gas which aired March 12, 2007.[177] He reportedly owns a large vinyl record collection and is a fan of The Beatles and AC/DC.[178] In October 2009, he joined Yo-Yo Ma on stage in a National Arts Centre gala and performed "With a Little Help from My Friends". He was also accompanied by Herringbone, an Ottawa band with whom he regularly practises.[179] He received a standing ovation after providing the piano accompaniment and lead vocals for the song.[180]
In October 2010, Harper taped a cameo appearance in an episode of the television show Murdoch Mysteries, which aired July 20, 2011, during the show's fourth season.[181][182]
Harper is 6 feet 2 inches (188 cm) tall.[183] He is the first Prime Minister to employ a personal stylist, Michelle Muntean, whose duties range from co-ordinating his clothing to preparing his hair and makeup for speeches and television appearances. While formerly on public payroll, she has been paid for by the Conservative Party since "some time [in] 2007".[184]
Electoral record[link]
| Canadian federal election, 2011: Calgary Southwest [edit] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±pp | Expenditures | |
| Conservative | Stephen Harper | 42,998 | 75.12 | +2.22 | ||
| New Democratic | Holly Heffernan | 6,823 | 11.92 | +4.12 | ||
| Liberal | Marlene Lamontagne | 4,121 | 7.20 | -2.11 | ||
| Green | Kelly Christie | 2,991 | 5.23 | -3.72 | ||
| Independent | Larry R. Heather | 303 | 0.53 | +0.05 | ||
| Total valid votes | 57,236 | 100.00 | ||||
| Total rejected ballots | 177 | 0.31 | – | |||
| Turnout | 57,413 | 60.95 | – | |||
| Eligible voters | 94,192 | – | ||||
| Canadian federal election, 2008: Calgary Southwest [edit] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Expenditures | ||
| Conservative | (x)Stephen Harper | 38,548 | 72.7 | |||
| Liberal | Marlene Lamontagne | 4,919 | 9.29 | |||
| Green | Kelly Christie | 4,732 | 8.95 | |||
| New Democratic Party | Holly Heffernan | 4,102 | 7.74 | |||
| Libertarian | Dennis Young | 265 | 0.50 | |||
| Christian Heritage | Larry R. Heather | 256 | 0.48 | |||
| Total valid votes | 52,832 | 100.00 | ||||
| Total rejected ballots | 164 | |||||
| Turnout | 52,996 | |||||
| Canadian federal election, 2006: Calgary Southwest [edit] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Expenditures | ||
| Conservative | (x)Stephen Harper | 41,549 | 72.36 | |||
| Liberal | Mike Swanson | 6,553 | 11.41 | |||
| New Democratic Party | Holly Heffernan | 4,628 | 8.06 | |||
| Green | Kim Warnke | 4,407 | 7.68 | |||
| Christian Heritage | Larry R. Heather | 279 | 0.49 | |||
| Total valid votes | 57,416 | 100.00 | ||||
| Total rejected ballots | 120 | |||||
| Turnout | 57,536 | |||||
| Sources: Official Results, Elections Canada and Financial Returns, Elections Canada. | ||||||
| Canadian federal election, 2004: Calgary Southwest [edit] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Expenditures | ||
| Conservative | (x)Stephen Harper | 35,297 | 68.36 | $62,952.76 | ||
| Liberal | Avalon Roberts | 9,501 | 18.40 | $43,846.23 | ||
| Green | Darcy Kraus | 3,210 | 6.22 | $534.96 | ||
| New Democratic Party | Daria Fox | 2,884 | 5.59 | $3,648.70 | ||
| Marijuana | Mark de Pelham | 516 | 1.00 | $0.00 | ||
| Christian Heritage | Larry R. Heather | 229 | 0.44 | $985.59 | ||
| Total valid votes | 51,637 | 100.00 | ||||
| Total rejected ballots | 149 | |||||
| Turnout | 51,786 | 64.49 | ||||
| Electors on the lists | 80,296 | |||||
| Percentage change figures are factored for redistribution. Conservative Party percentages are contrasted with the combined Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative percentages from 2000. Sources: Official Results, Elections Canada and Financial Returns, Elections Canada. |
||||||
| Canadian federal by-election, May 13, 2002: Calgary Southwest [edit] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Expenditures | ||
| Alliance | Stephen Harper | 13,200 | 71.66 | $58,959.16 | ||
| New Democratic | Bill Phipps | 3,813 | 20.70 | $34,789.77 | ||
| Green | James S. Kohut | 660 | 3.58 | $2,750.80 | ||
| Independent | Gordon Barrett | 428 | 2.32 | $3,329.34 | ||
| Christian Heritage | Ron Gray | 320 | 1.74 | $27,772.78 | ||
| Total valid votes | 18,421 | 100.00 | ||||
| Total rejected ballots | 98 | |||||
| Turnout | 18,519 | 23.05 | ||||
| Electors on the lists | 80,360 | |||||
| Canadian federal election, 1993: Calgary West [edit] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |||
| Reform | Stephen Harper | 30,209 | 52.25 | |||
| Liberal | Karen Gainer | 15,314 | 26.49 | |||
| Progressive Conservative | (x) James Hawkes | 9,090 | 15.72 | |||
| New Democratic | Rudy Rogers | 1,194 | 2.06 | |||
| National | Kathleen McNeil | 1,068 | 1.85 | |||
| Natural Law | Frank Haika | 483 | 0.84 | |||
| Green | Don Francis | 347 | 0.60 | |||
| Christian Heritage | Larry R. Heather | 116 | 0.20 | |||
| Total valid votes | 57,821 | 100.00 | ||||
| Total rejected ballots | 133 | |||||
| Turnout | 57,954 | 66.29 | ||||
| Electors on the lists | 87,421 | |||||
| Source: Thirty-fifth General Election, 1993: Official Voting Results, Published by the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada. Financial figures taken from official contributions and expenses provided by Elections Canada. | ||||||
| Canadian federal election, 1988: Calgary West [edit] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |||
| Progressive Conservative | (x) James Hawkes | 32,025 | 58.52 | |||
| Reform | Steve Harper | 9,074 | 16.58 | |||
| Liberal | John Phillips | 6,880 | 12.57 | |||
| New Democratic | Richard D. Vanderberg | 6,355 | 11.61 | |||
| Libertarian | David Faren | 225 | 0.41 | |||
| Confederation of Regions | Brent Morin | 170 | 0.31 | |||
| Total valid votes | 54,729 | 100.00 | ||||
| Total rejected ballots | 117 | |||||
| Turnout | 54,846 | 78.75 | ||||
| Electors on the lists | 69,650 | |||||
All electoral information is taken from Elections Canada. Italicized expenditures refer to submitted totals, and are presented when the final reviewed totals are not available.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Prime Minister Stephen Harper. About.com - Canada online. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
- ^ National Citizens Coalition (NCC) – Harper's presidency was a critical period. The Harper Index, May 11, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2011
- ^ Bruce Cheadle (Mar. 25, 2011). "Harper government topples on contempt motion, triggering May election". The Canadian Press; CTV news. http://winnipeg.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20110325/wpg_election_110325/20110325/?hub=WinnipegHome. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ William Johnson, Stephen Harper and the Future of Canada, pg. 7
- ^ O'Connor, Naoibh, "'Nerds' tops in Canada", The Vancouver Courier, August 5, 2004. Retrieved October 9, 2006.
- ^ a b William Johnson, Stephen Harper and the Future of Canada, pg. 12
- ^ a b "Stephen Harper". Stephen Harper. Canadiancontent.net. http://www.canadiancontent.net/people/politics/Stephen-Harper.html. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
- ^ William Johnson, Stephen Harper and the Future of Canada, pg. 19
- ^ "Stephen Harper". canadapest.com. 2006. http://canadapest.com/page3/page8/page8.html. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
- ^ Murphy, Rex (March 22, 2007). "Rex Murphy: Stephen Harper's new priority". cbc.ca. http://www.cbc.ca/national/rex/2007/03/stephen_harpers_new_priority.html. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
- ^ Geoff White, "Ottawa will be hearing from Reform MP", Calgary Herald, April 21, 1989, pg. A5
- ^ Paul Gessell, "The "other' parties are picking up big followings", Kitchener-Waterloo Record, October 26, 1990, A9.
- ^ George Oake, "Reform Party tries to avoid appearance of extremism", Toronto Star, April 6, 1991, pg. A12
- ^ William Johnson, Stephen Harper and the Future of Canada, (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 2005), pgs.179-83
- ^ Kenneth Whyte, "The right-wingers duke it out in the Calgary West corral", Globe and Mail, October 2, 1993, pg. D2
- ^ Neville Nankivell, "Reform's voice will grow louder", Financial Post, October 31, 1995, pg. 23
- ^ "Harris joins other leaders in calling for change", Hamilton Spectator, October 31, 1995, pg. A1
- ^ Dufour, Richard (January 20, 2006). "Who is Stephen Harper, the Conservative poised to be Canada’s next prime minister?". World Socialist Web Site (International Committee of the Fourth International). http://www.wsws.org/articles/2006/jan2006/harp-j20.shtml. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
- ^ Marta Gold, "Same-sex fight going to Ottawa", Hamilton Spectator, June 10, 1994, pg. A3
- ^ Joan Crockett, "Robinson lays equality complaint", Hamilton Spectator, June 22, 1994, pg. A12
- ^ Edward Greenspon, "Stephen Harper: a neo-con in a land of liberals", Globe and Mail, March 23, 2002, A17.
- ^ Johnson, Stephen Harper, pg. 222
- ^ Dan Lett, "Outlaw Grits say no to party's gun bill", Winnipeg Free Press, April 6, 1995, and "Gun bill advances despite three rebels", Hamilton Spectator, April 6, 1995, A6; David Vienneau, "Torn MPs face high noon on gun law", Toronto Star, June 13, 1995, A21; Janice Tibbets, Harper initially supported long-gun registry, Montreal Gazette, September 13, 2010.
- ^ Susan Delacourt, "Charest, Manning dismiss reports of parties' merging", Globe and Mail, April 4, 1995, pg. A5
- ^ Geoffrey York, "Reform MPs snarl at party rebuke", Globe and Mail, April 8, 1994, pg. A4
- ^ Edward Greenspon, "Reform's renewal off to slow start", Globe and Mail, August 1, 1996, A4; Edward Greenspon, "Manning seeks to repeat party's surge", Globe and Mail, August 2, 1996, pg. A4
- ^ Kenneth Whyte, "That Manning and Harper would clash has always been a safe bet", Globe and Mail, April 9, 1994, pg. D2; John Ibbitson, "Who is Stephen Harper?", Globe and Mail, January 14, 2006
- ^ "Stephen Harper named A NCC Vice-President", Canada NewsWire, January 14, 1997
- ^ Thomas Walkom, No title [Second of Five Parts], Toronto Star, April 6, 1997, pg. A1
- ^ Stephen Harper and Tom Flanagan, "Our Benign Dictatorship", Next City, Winter 1997
- ^ Susan Delacourt, "Seeds planted for opposition to unity plan", Globe and Mail, September 18, 1997, pg. A1
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- ^ Daniel Leblanc, "Groups vow to fight new election bill", Globe and Mail, June 8, 1999, pg. A4; "Gagged by statute", National Post, June 8, 2000, pg. A19
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- ^ no title, Toronto Star, February 29, 2000, pg. 1
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- ^ Tim Harper, "Bible belts", Toronto Star, June 17, 2000, pg. 1
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- Canadian Nurses Association
- Caledon Institute of Social Policy
- Canadian Institute of Planners
- Institute for Research on Public Policy
- Ontario Council of Agencies Serving Immigrants
- Co-operative Housing Federation of Canada
- Canadian Labour Congress
- Canada West Foundation
- United Way of Canada
- Glendon School of Public and International Affairs
- National Specialty Society for Community Medicine
- Environics Analytics
- The University of Toronto School of Public Policy and Governance and Rotman School of Management
- Nanos Research
- Canadian Public Health Association
- Canadian Association of University Teachers
- Canadian Council on Social Development
- Canadian Economic Association
- Toronto Board of Trade
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- ^ Kirk Makin (September 9, 2008). "Harper blasted over hasty top-court nomination". Globe and Mail.
- ^ Harris, Kathleen; Czekaj, Laura (October 14, 2008). "Conservatives back in minority power". North Bay Nugget (Sun Media). http://www.nugget.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?archive=true&e=1246819. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
- ^ CTV News (December 17, 2006). "Time Magazine dubs Harper Cdn. newsmaker of 2006". CTV. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20061217/harper_newsmaker_061217/20061217.
- ^ Andrew Mayeda (June 28, 2008). "PM calls UN conference an 'anti-Western hatefest'". National Post. http://www.cjpac.ca/statements/read/24/561. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
- ^ "Harper honoured by Alberta's Blood Tribe", CBC News, The Canadian Press, July 11, 2011
- ^ Kingston, Anne, "Wife of the party", Maclean's, August 13, 2007
- ^ Campbell, Colin (February 20, 2006). "The church of Stephen Harper". Macleans. http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20060220_121848_121848&source=srch. Retrieved August 2, 2006.
- ^ "10 Things you might not know about ... Harper". Conservative Party of Canada. http://www.conservative.ca/leader/stephen_harper/10_things_you_might_not_know_about_prime_minister_stephen_harper?language_id=0. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ Kennedy, Mark (December 20, 2011). "PM Harper set to finish book on Canada's sport". Postmedia News. http://www.canada.com/news/Harper+finish+book+Canada+sport/5889627/story.html. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
- ^ Harper, Stephen (December 23, 2006). "Long before Leafs, T.O. had a team to call its own". Toronto: The Star. http://www.thestar.com/News/article/164678. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
- ^ Tuck, Simon (January 6, 2007). "Harper prefers 'team' approach to shootouts". Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070105.wsptharper5/BNStory/Front.
- ^ Akin, David (February 18, 2010). "Harper, Howe, Gretzky. No leftwingers in sight". The National Post. http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/fullcomment/archive/2010/02/18/david-akin-harper-howe-gretzky-shameless-totally-shameless.aspx. Retrieved March 13, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Brownlee, Karen (August 30, 2006). "Don't quit your day job". The Regina Leader Post. http://www.canada.com/reginaleaderpost/news/story.html?id=410fd944-cf55-4760-b0f9-f5bfa9200dab. Retrieved December 6, 2006.
- ^ Dunfield, A. (June 25, 2004). "Lighter side: C'est what?". Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20040520.wcestwhatele0518/BNStory/specialDecision2004. Retrieved April 4, 2006. '
- ^ Chianello, Joanne (October 2, 2009). "Harper gets on stage with a little help from his wife". Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on October 6, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20091006010946/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/entertainment/Harper+changes+tune+gala/2064118/story.html. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
- ^ "PM gets by with help from Yo-Yo Ma". CBC News. October 4, 2009. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2009/10/03/harper-piano.html. Retrieved October 4, 2009.
- ^ "Prime Minister Harper Shoots Cameo On Murdoch Mysteries". CityNews Toronto (Rogers Media). October 15, 2010. http://www.citytv.com/toronto/citynews/entertainment/news/article/96876--prime-minister-harper-shoots-cameo-on-murdoch-mysteries. Retrieved March 11, 2011.
- ^ Li, Anita (Wednesday, July 13, 2011). "Harper's Murdoch cameo, and other famous political pop culture mashups". The Globe and Mail (Phillip Crawley). http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/arts/television/harpers-murdoch-cameo-and-other-famous-political-pop-culture-mashups/article2095921/. Retrieved Thursday, July 21, 2011.
- ^ "Stephen Harper (I)". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1537235/bio. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
- ^ "Stephen Harper's stylist no longer on public payroll". The Canadian Press. May 18, 2010. http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/QPeriod/20100518/harper-hair-stylist-100518. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
Further reading[link]
- Behiels, Michael D. "Stephen Harper's Rise to Power" (PDF) American Review of Canadian Studies Spring 2010, Vol. 40 Issue 1, pp 118–45
- Chantal, Hébert. (2007) French Kiss: Stephen Harper's Blind Date with Quebec Vintage Canada, ISBN 9780676979084
- Cody, Howard. "Minority Government In Canada: The Stephen Harper Experience" American Review of Canadian Studies 2008 38(1): 27-42
- Flanagan, Tom. (2009) Harper’s Team: Behind the Scenes in the Conservative Rise to Power (2nd ed), ISBN 978-0-7735-3545-9
- Johnson, William. (2006) Stephen Harper & the Future of Canada (2nd ed) Douglas Gibson, ISBN 0-7710-4350-3
- Mackey, Lloyd. (2005) "The pilgrimage of Stephen Harper" ECW Press ISBN 1-55022-713-0
- Martin, Lawrence. "Harperland: The Politics of Control" Viking Canada (2010). ISBN 978-0-670-06517-2
- Plamondon, Bob. Full Circle: Death and Resurrection in Canadian Conservative Politics (2006), 472 pp., ISBN 978-1-55263-855-2
External links[link]
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Quotations related to Stephen Harper at Wikiquote- Prime Minister of Canada – official website
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Harper, Stephen |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | 22nd Prime Minister of Canada; Canadian economist and politician |
| Date of birth | April 30, 1959 |
| Place of birth | Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harper
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Pierre Elliott Trudeau (disambiguation).
| The Right Honourable Pierre Elliott Trudeau CC CH PC QC FSRC |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Trudeau in 1980 | |
| 15th Prime Minister of Canada | |
| In office April 20, 1968 – June 4, 1979 |
|
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Deputy | Allan MacEachen (1977–79) |
| Preceded by | Lester B. Pearson |
| Succeeded by | Joe Clark |
| In office March 3, 1980 – June 30, 1984 |
|
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Deputy | Allan MacEachen |
| Preceded by | Joe Clark |
| Succeeded by | John Turner |
| Leader of the Official Opposition | |
| In office June 4, 1979 – March 3, 1980 |
|
| Prime Minister | Joe Clark |
| Preceded by | Joe Clark |
| Succeeded by | Joe Clark |
| Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada | |
| In office April 6, 1968 – June 16, 1984 |
|
| Preceded by | Lester B. Pearson |
| Succeeded by | John Turner |
| Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada | |
| In office April 4, 1967 – July 5, 1968 |
|
| Prime Minister | Lester B. Pearson Himself |
| Preceded by | Louis Cardin |
| Succeeded by | John Turner |
| Acting President of the Privy Council | |
| In office March 11, 1968 – May 1, 1968 |
|
| Prime Minister | Lester B. Pearson Himself |
| Preceded by | Walter L. Gordon |
| Succeeded by | Allan MacEachen |
| Member of the Canadian Parliament for Mount Royal |
|
| In office 1965–1984 |
|
| Preceded by | Alan Macnaughton |
| Succeeded by | Sheila Finestone |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau (1919-10-18)October 18, 1919 Montreal, Quebec |
| Died | September 28, 2000(2000-09-28) (aged 80) Montreal, Quebec |
| Political party | Liberal Party of Canada |
| Spouse(s) | Margaret Trudeau (1971–1984) |
| Relations | Charles-Émile Trudeau (father) |
| Children | Justin Trudeau Alexandre Trudeau Michel Trudeau Sarah Coyne (daughter with Deborah Coyne) |
| Alma mater | Université de Montréal Harvard University Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris London School of Economics |
| Occupation | Lawyer Jurist Academic Professor Author Journalist Member of Parliament Politician |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Signature |  |
Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau CC, CH, PC, QC, FSRC (
/truːˈdoʊ/; French pronunciation: [tʁydo]; October 18, 1919 – September 28, 2000), usually known as Pierre Trudeau or Pierre Elliott Trudeau, was the 15th Prime Minister of Canada from April 20, 1968 to June 4, 1979, and again from March 3, 1980 to June 30, 1984.
Trudeau began his political career campaigning for socialist ideals, but he eventually joined the Liberal Party of Canada when he entered federal politics in the 1960s. He was appointed as Lester Pearson's Parliamentary Secretary, and later became his Minister of Justice. From his base in Montreal, Trudeau took control of the Liberal Party and became a charismatic leader, inspiring "Trudeaumania". From the late 1960s until the mid-1980s, he dominated the Canadian political scene and aroused passionate reactions. "Reason before passion" was his personal motto.[1] He retired from politics in 1984, and John Turner succeeded him as Prime Minister.
Admirers praise the force of Trudeau's intellect[2] and they salute his political acumen in preserving national unity against Quebec separatists, suppressing a violent revolt, and establishing the Charter of Rights and Freedoms within Canada's constitution.[3] Critics accuse him of arrogance, economic mismanagement, and unduly favouring the federal government relative to the provinces, especially in trying to control the oil wealth of the Prairies.[4]
Contents
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Early life[link]
Pierre Trudeau was born in Montreal to Charles-Émile Trudeau, a French Canadian businessman and lawyer, and Grace Elliott, who was of French and Scottish descent. He had an older sister named Suzette and a younger brother named Charles Jr.; he remained close to both siblings for his entire life. The family had become quite wealthy by the time Trudeau was in his teens, as his father sold his prosperous gas station business to Imperial Oil.[5] Trudeau attended the prestigious Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf (a private French Jesuit school), where he supported Quebec nationalism. Trudeau's father died when Pierre was in his mid-teens. This death hit him and the family very hard. Pierre remained very close to his mother for the rest of her life.[6]
According to long-time friend and colleague Marc Lalonde, the clerically influenced dictatorships of António de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal (the Estado Novo), Francisco Franco in Spain (the Spanish State), and Marshal Philippe Pétain in Vichy France were seen as political role models by many youngsters educated at elite Jesuit schools in Quebec. Lalonde asserts that Trudeau's later intellectual development as an "intellectual rebel, anti-establishment fighter on behalf of unions and promoter of religious freedom" came from his experiences after leaving Quebec to study in the United States, France and England, and to travel to dozens of countries. His international experiences allowed him to break from Jesuit influence and study French philosophers such as Jacques Maritain and Emmanuel Mounier as well as John Locke and David Hume.[7]
Education and the Second World War[link]
Trudeau earned a law degree at the Université de Montréal in 1943; during his studies he was conscripted into the Army, like thousands of other Canadian men, as part of the National Resources Mobilization Act. He joined the Canadian Officers' Training Corps and served with other conscripts in Canada, as they were not liable for overseas military service until after the Conscription Crisis of 1944. Trudeau said he was willing to become involved in the Second World War, but he believed that to do so would be to turn his back on a Quebec population that he believed had been betrayed by the Mackenzie King government. Trudeau reflected on his opposition to conscription and his doubts about the war in his 1993 Memoirs: "So there was a war? Tough... if you were a French Canadian in Montreal in the early 1940s, you did not automatically believe that this was a just war... we tended to think of this war as a settling of scores among the superpowers."[6]
In a 1942 Outremont by-election, he campaigned for the anti-conscription candidate Jean Drapeau (later mayor of Montreal), and was eventually expelled from the Officers' Training Corps for lack of discipline. The National Archives of Canada, in its biographical sketches of Canadian Prime Ministers, records show that on one occasion during the war, Trudeau and his friends drove their motorcycles wearing Prussian military uniforms, complete with pointed steel helmets.[8]
After the war, Trudeau continued his studies, first taking a master's degree in political economy at Harvard University's Graduate School of Public Administration. He then studied in Paris, France in 1947 at the Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris. Finally, he enrolled for a doctorate at the London School of Economics, but failed to finish his thesis.[9]
Trudeau was interested in Marxist ideas in the 1940s and his Harvard dissertation was on the topic of Communism and Christianity.[10] At Harvard Trudeau found himself profoundly challenged as he discovered that his "... legal training was deficient, [and] his knowledge of economics was pathetic."[11] Thanks to the great intellectual migration away from Europe's fascism, Harvard had become a major intellectual centre in which Trudeau profoundly changed.[12] Despite this, Trudeau found himself an outsider – a French Catholic living for the first time outside of Quebec in the predominantly Protestant American Harvard University.[13] This isolation deepened finally into despair[14] and led to his decision to continue his Harvard studies abroad.[15]
In 1947 he travelled to Paris to continue his dissertation work. Over a five week period he attended many lectures and became a follower of personalism after being influenced most notably by Emmanuel Mounier.[16] The Harvard dissertation remained undone when Trudeau entered a doctoral program to study under the renowned socialist economist Harold Laski in the London School of Economics.[17] This cemented Trudeau's belief that Keynesian economics and social science were essential to the creation of the "good life" in democratic society.[18]
Early career[link]
From the late 1940s through the mid-1960s, Trudeau was primarily based in Montreal and was seen by many as an intellectual. In 1949, he was an active supporter of workers in the Asbestos Strike. In 1956, he edited an important book on the subject, La grève de l'amiante, which argued that the strike was a seminal event in Quebec's history, marking the beginning of resistance to the conservative, Francophone clerical establishment and Anglophone business class that had long ruled the province.[19] Throughout the 1950s, Trudeau was a leading figure in the opposition to the repressive rule of Premier of Quebec Maurice Duplessis as the founder and editor of Cité Libre, a dissident journal that helped provide the intellectual basis for the Quiet Revolution.
From 1949 to 1951 Trudeau worked briefly in Ottawa, in the Privy Council Office of the Liberal Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent as an economic policy advisor. He wrote in his memoirs that he found this period very useful later on, when he entered politics, and that senior civil servant Norman Robertson tried unsuccessfully to persuade him to stay on.
His socialist values and his close ties with Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) intellectuals (including F. R. Scott, Eugene Forsey, Michael Kelway Oliver and Charles Taylor) led to his support and membership in that federal social-democratic party throughout the 1950s.[20] Despite these connections, when Trudeau entered federal politics in the 1960s he decided to join the Liberal Party of Canada rather than the CCF's successor, the New Democratic Party (NDP). This is attributed to a few factors: (1) he felt the federal NDP could not achieve power, because of Tommy Douglas's inability to attract voters in Quebec, (2) Trudeau expressed doubts about the centralizing policies of Canada's socialists (he favoured a more decentralized approach), and (3) there were "real differences" between his approach and the NDP's "two nations" approach to the Canadian constitution and the role of Quebec within Canada.[21]
In his memoirs, published in 1993, Trudeau wrote that during the 1950s, he wanted to teach at the Université de Montréal, but was blacklisted three times from doing so by Maurice Duplessis, then Premier of Quebec. He was offered a position at Queen's University teaching political science by James Corry, who later became principal of Queen's, but turned it down because he preferred to teach in Quebec.[22] During the 1950s, he was blacklisted by the United States and prevented from entering that country because of a visit to a conference in Moscow, and because he subscribed to a number of left-wing publications. Trudeau later appealed the ban and it was rescinded.
Law professor enters politics[link]
An associate professor of law at the Université de Montréal from 1961 to 1965, Trudeau's views evolved towards a liberal position in favour of individual rights counter to the state and made him an opponent of Quebec nationalism. In economic theory he was influenced by professors Joseph Schumpeter and John Kenneth Galbraith while he was at Harvard. Trudeau criticized the Liberal Party of Lester Pearson when it supported arming Bomarc missiles in Canada with nuclear warheads. Nevertheless, he was persuaded to join the party in 1965, together with his friends Gérard Pelletier and Jean Marchand. These "three wise men" ran successfully for the Liberals in the 1965 election. Trudeau himself was elected in the safe Liberal riding of Mount Royal, in western Montreal, succeeding House Speaker Alan Macnaughton. He would hold this seat until his retirement from politics in 1984, winning each election with large majorities.
Upon arrival in Ottawa, Trudeau was appointed as Prime Minister Lester Pearson's parliamentary secretary, and spent much of the next year travelling abroad, representing Canada at international meetings and events, including the UN. In 1967, he was appointed to Pearson's cabinet as Minister of Justice.[6]
Justice minister and leadership candidate[link]
 |
Trudeau speaking about his omnibus bill, famously saying "there's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation"
|
File:Trudeau, Turner, Chretien, and Pearson.jpg
Members of Pearson's cabinet, including Trudeau on the far left, with future Prime Ministers John Turner and Jean Chrétien
As Minister of Justice, Pierre Trudeau was responsible for introducing the landmark Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968-69, an omnibus bill whose provisions included, among other things, the decriminalization of homosexual acts between consenting adults, the legalization of contraception, abortion and lotteries, new gun ownership restrictions as well as the authorization of breathalyzer tests on suspected drunk drivers. Trudeau famously defended the decriminalization of homosexual acts segment of the bill by telling reporters that "there's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation", adding that "what's done in private between adults doesn't concern the Criminal Code".[23] Trudeau also liberalized divorce laws, and clashed with Quebec Premier Daniel Johnson, Sr. during constitutional negotiations.
File:Trudeau podium2.JPG
Trudeau at the Liberal convention after winning the leadership
At the end of Canada's centennial year in 1967, Prime Minister Pearson announced his intention to step down, and Trudeau entered the race for the Liberal leadership. His energetic campaign attracted massive media attention and mobilized many young people, who saw Trudeau as a symbol of generational change (even though he was 48 years old). Going into the leadership convention, Trudeau was the front-runner and a clear favourite with the Canadian public. However, many Liberals still had deep doubts about him and his commitment to their political party. Having joined the Liberal Party only in 1965, he was still considered an outsider as well as too radical and outspoken. Some of his views, particularly those on divorce, abortion, and homosexuality, were opposed by a substantial segment of the party. Nevertheless, at the April 1968 Liberal leadership convention, Trudeau was elected as the leader on the fourth ballot, with the support of 51% of the delegates. He defeated several prominent and long-serving Liberals including Paul Martin Sr., Robert Winters and Paul Hellyer. As the new leader of the governing Liberals, Trudeau was sworn in as Prime Minister two weeks later on April 20.
Prime Minister[link]
Trudeau soon called an election, for June 25 (see Canadian federal election, 1968). His election campaign benefited from an unprecedented wave of personal popularity called "Trudeaumania" (a term coined by journalist Lubor J. Zink),[24] which saw Trudeau mobbed by throngs of youths. An iconic moment that influenced the election occurred on its eve, during the annual Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day parade in Montreal, when rioting Quebec separatists threw rocks and bottles at the grandstand where Trudeau was seated. Rejecting the pleas of his aides that he take cover, Trudeau stayed in his seat, facing the rioters, without any sign of fear. The image of the young politician showing such courage impressed the Canadian people, and he handily won the election the next day.[25][26]
Just Society[link]
As Prime Minister, Trudeau espoused participatory democracy as a means of making Canada a "Just Society". He defended vigorously the newly implemented universal health care and regional development programs as means of making society more just. He also implemented many procedural reforms, to make Parliament and the Liberal caucus meetings run more efficiently, significantly expanded the size and role of the Prime Minister's office,[6] and substantially expanded the welfare state,[27][28] with the establishment of new programmes[29] and significant improvements in existing ones, with welfare payments to the aged, the young, and the underprivileged greatly expanded in an attempt to bring about a European-style social democracy in Canada.[30]
October Crisis[link]
During the October Crisis of 1970, the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) kidnapped British Trade Consul James Cross at his residence on the fifth of October. Five days later, Quebec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte was also kidnapped (and was later murdered, on October 17). Trudeau responded by invoking the War Measures Act, which gave the government sweeping powers of arrest and detention without trial. Although this response is still controversial and was opposed as excessive by figures like Tommy Douglas, it was met with only limited objections from the public.[31] Trudeau presented a determined public stance during the crisis, answering the question of how far he would go to stop the terrorists with "Just watch me". Five of the FLQ terrorists were flown to Cuba in 1970 as part of a deal in exchange for James Cross' life, but all members were eventually arrested. The five flown to Cuba were jailed after they returned to Canada years later.[32]
Bilingualism[link]
Trudeau's first years would be most remembered for the passage of his implementation of official bilingualism. Long a goal of Trudeau, this legislation requires all Federal services to be offered in French and English. The measures were very controversial at the time in English Canada, but would be successfully passed and implemented. Leading after his endorsement of Lester Pearson's Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, the Official Languages Act was passed by parliament in 1969.
Multiculturalism[link]
Trudeau is credited with introducing Canada's "Multiculturalism Policy" on October 8, 1971 recognizing that while Canada was a country of two official languages, it did not have a single unitary culture but rather recognized the plurality of cultures - "a multicultural policy within a bilingual framework". This reflected what the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism found in their hearings across Canada, as described in Book IV of the Commission's report.
World affairs[link]
Trudeau was the first world leader to meet John Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono on their 'tour for world peace'. Lennon said, after talking with Trudeau for 50 minutes, that Trudeau was "a beautiful person" and that "if all politicians were like Pierre Trudeau, there would be world peace."[33]
In foreign affairs, Trudeau kept Canada firmly in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), but often pursued an independent path in international relations. He established Canadian diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, before the United States did, and went on an official visit to Beijing. He was known as a friend of Fidel Castro, the leader of Cuba. A mobster said that in 1974 he was hired by New York State mafia members to kill Trudeau, hoping to lure Castro to a funeral, where they would kill him. The plan was apparently later rejected.[34]
1972 election[link]
In the federal election of 1972, the Trudeau-led Liberal Party won with a minority government, with the New Democratic Party holding the balance of power. This government would move to the political left, including the creation of Petro-Canada.
1974 election[link]
In May 1974, the House of Commons passed a motion of no confidence in the Trudeau government, defeating its budget bill. Trudeau wrote in his memoirs that he had in fact engineered his own downfall, since he was confident he would win the resulting election. The election of 1974 saw Trudeau and the Liberals re-elected with a majority government with 141 of the 264 seats. In September 1975, Finance Minister John Turner resigned. Trudeau later (in October 1975) instituted wage and price controls, something which he had mocked Progressive Conservative Party leader Robert Stanfield for proposing during the election campaign a year earlier.
G7[link]
Canada joined the G7 group of major economic powers in 1976, after being left out of the first set of meetings. Trudeau wrote in his memoirs that U.S. President Gerald Ford arranged this, and expressed sincere appreciation.[35]
Declining popularity[link]
A worsening economy, burgeoning national debt, and growing public antipathy towards Trudeau's perceived arrogance caused his poll numbers to fall rapidly.[36] Trudeau delayed the election as long as he could, but was forced to call one in 1979.
Defeat and opposition[link]
In the election of 1979, Trudeau's Liberal government was defeated by the Progressive Conservatives, led by Joe Clark, who formed a minority government. Trudeau announced his intention to resign as Liberal Party leader; however, before a leadership convention could be held, Clark's government was defeated in the Canadian House of Commons by a Motion of Non-Confidence, in mid-December, 1979. The Liberal Party persuaded Trudeau to stay on as leader and fight the election. Trudeau defeated Clark in the February 1980 election, and won a majority government.
Return to power[link]
The Liberal victory in 1980 highlighted a sharp geographical divide in the country: the party had won no seats west of Manitoba. Trudeau had to resort to having Senators appointed to Cabinet to ensure representation from all regions. Amongst the policies introduced by Trudeau's last term in office included an expansion in government support for Canada’s poorest citizens[37] and the introduction of the National Energy Program (NEP), which created a firestorm of protest in the Western provinces and increased what many termed "Western alienation".
A series of difficult budgets by long-time loyalist Allan MacEachen in the early 1980s did not improve Trudeau's economic reputation. However, after tough bargaining on both sides, Trudeau did reach a revenue-sharing agreement on energy with Alberta Premier Peter Lougheed in 1982.[6]
Quebec referendum[link]
Two very significant events for Canada occurred during Pierre Trudeau's final term in office. The first was the defeat of the referendum on Quebec sovereignty, called by the Parti Québécois government of René Lévesque. In the debates between Trudeau and Lévesque, Canadians were treated to a contest between two highly intelligent, articulate and bilingual politicians who, despite being bitterly opposed, were each committed to the democratic process.[38] Trudeau promised a new constitutional agreement with Quebec should it decide to stay in Canada, and the "No" side (that is, No to sovereignty) ended up receiving around 60% of the vote.
Patriation of the Constitution[link]
File:Const-proc.png
The proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982
Trudeau had attempted patriation of the Constitution earlier in his career with the Victoria Charter, but ran into a combined force of provincial Premiers on the issue of an amending formula. After he threatened to go to London alone, a Supreme Court decision led Trudeau to meet with the Premiers one more time. Further, officials in the United Kingdom indicated that the British parliament was under no obligation to fulfill any request for legal changes made by Trudeau, particularly if Canadian convention was not being followed.[39] Trudeau reached an agreement with nine of the Premiers, with the notable exception of Lévesque. Quebec's refusal to agree to the new constitution became a source of continued acrimony between the federal and Quebec governments. Even so, the patriation was achieved; the Constitution Act, 1982 was proclaimed by Queen Elizabeth on April 17, 1982. Following this, Trudeau commented in his memoirs "I always said it was thanks to three women that we were eventually able to reform our Constitution. The Queen, who was favourable, Margaret Thatcher, who undertook to do everything that our Parliament asked of her, and Jean Wadds, who represented the interests of Canada so well in London... The Queen favoured my attempt to reform the Constitution. I was always impressed not only by the grace she displayed in public at all times, but by the wisdom she showed in private conversation."[40]
Retirement[link]
Trudeau's approval ratings slipped after the bounce from the 1982 patriation, and by the beginning of 1984, opinion polls showed the Liberals were headed for certain defeat if Trudeau remained in office. On February 29, after a "long walk in the snow", Trudeau decided to step down, ending his 15-year tenure as Prime Minister. He formally retired on June 30.
Personal[link]
Trudeau retired from politics on June 30, 1984 and was succeeded by John Turner. Shortly after, he joined the Montreal law firm Heenan Blaikie as counsel. Though he rarely gave speeches or spoke to the press, his interventions into public debate had a significant impact when they occurred. Trudeau wrote and spoke out against both the Meech Lake Accord and Charlottetown Accord proposals to amend the Canadian constitution, arguing that they would weaken federalism and the Charter of Rights if implemented. His opposition was a critical factor leading to the defeat of the two proposals.
He also spoke out against Jacques Parizeau and the Parti Québécois with less effect. In his final years, Trudeau commanded broad respect in Canada, but was regarded with suspicion in Quebec for his role in the 1982 constitutional deal which was seen as having excluded that province, while dislike for him remained commonplace in western Canada. Trudeau also remained active in international affairs, visiting foreign leaders and participating in international associations such as the Club of Rome.
He published his memoirs in 1993; the book sold hundreds of thousands of copies in several editions, and became one of the most successful Canadian books ever published.
Trudeau lived in the historic Maison Cormier in Montreal following his retirement from politics. In the last years of his life, he was afflicted with Parkinson's disease and prostate cancer, and became less active, although he continued to work at his law office until a few months before his death at the age of 80. He was devastated by the death of his youngest son, Michel Trudeau, who was killed in an avalanche in November 1998.
Trudeau family[link]
The Trudeaus originate from Ste-Marguerite-de-Cogne, La Rochelle, France and traced back to a Robert Trudeau[41]. The first Trudeau to arrived in Canada was Etienne Trudeau (1641-1712), a carpenter and home builder in 1659.[42]
Marriage and children[link]
Late in life (1971), while Prime Minister, he quietly married Margaret Sinclair, a young woman thirty years his junior. They were incompatible, for her image of Trudeau-as-romantic-playboy was based entirely on false media hype; he was actually a workaholic and an intense intellectual with little time for family or fun.[43] After three children were born they separated in 1977 and were finally divorced in 1980.[44] Their three children are Justin, Alexandre (Sacha), and Michel (1975–1998).
When his divorce was finalized in 1984, Trudeau became the first Prime Minister to become a single parent as the result of divorce. In 1991, Trudeau became a father again, with Deborah Coyne. This was his first and only daughter, named Sarah.
Death[link]
Main article: Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau
File:PayingRespectsToTrudeau.jpg
Mourners at Trudeau's coffin
Pierre Elliott Trudeau died on September 28, 2000, and was buried in the Trudeau family crypt, St-Rémi-de-Napierville Cemetery, Saint-Rémi, Quebec.[45] His body was laid in state to allow Canadians to pay their last respects. His son Justin delivered the eulogy during the state funeral[46] that led to widespread speculation in the media that a career in politics was in his future.[citation needed] (Justin was elected to the House of Commons in late 2008). Several world politicians attended the funeral.
Spirituality[link]
Trudeau was a Roman Catholic and attended church throughout his life. While mostly private about his beliefs, he made it clear that he was a believer, stating, in an interview with the United Church Observer in 1971: "I believe in life after death, I believe in God and I'm a Christian." Trudeau maintained, however, that he preferred to impose constraints on himself rather than have them imposed from the outside. In this sense, he believed he was more like a Protestant than a Catholic of the era in which he was schooled.[47]
Michael W. Higgins, a former President of St. Thomas University, has researched Trudeau's spirituality and finds that it incorporated elements of three Catholic traditions. The first of these was the Jesuits who provided his education up to the college level. Trudeau frequently displayed the logic and love of argument consistent with that tradition. A second great spiritual influence in Trudeau's life was Dominican. According to Michel Gorges, Rector of the Dominican University College, Trudeau "considered himself a lay Dominican." He studied philosophy under Dominican Father Louis-Marie Régis and remained close to him throughout his life, regarding Régis as "spiritual director and friend." Another skein in Trudeau's spirituality was a contemplative aspect acquired from his association with the Benedictine tradition. According to Higgins, Trudeau was convinced of the centrality of meditation in a life fully lived. He took retreats at Saint-Benoît-du-Lac, Quebec and regularly attended Hours and the Eucharist at Montreal's Benedictine community.[48]
Although never publicly theological in the way of Margaret Thatcher or Tony Blair, nor evangelical, in the way of Jimmy Carter or George W. Bush, Trudeau's spirituality, according to Higgins, "suffused, anchored, and directed his inner life. In no small part, it defined him."[48]
Legacy[link]
Trudeau remains well regarded by many Canadians.[49] However, the passage of time has only slightly softened the strong antipathy he inspired among his opponents.[50][51] Trudeau's charisma and confidence as Prime Minister, and his championing of the Canadian identity are often cited as reasons for his popularity. His strong personality, contempt for his opponents and distaste for compromise on many issues have made him, as historian Michael Bliss puts it, "one of the most admired and most disliked of all Canadian prime ministers."[52] "He haunts us still," biographers Christina McCall and Stephen Clarkson wrote in 1990.[53] Trudeau's electoral successes were matched in the 20th century only by those of Mackenzie King. In all, Trudeau is undoubtedly one of the most dominant and transformative figures in Canadian political history.[54][55]
Trudeau's most enduring legacy may lie in his contribution to Canadian nationalism, and of pride in Canada in and for itself rather than as a derivative of the British Commonwealth. His role in this effort, and his related battles with Quebec on behalf of Canadian unity, cemented his political position when in office despite the controversies he faced—and remain the most remembered aspect of his tenure afterwards.
Some consider Trudeau's economic policies to have been a weak point. Inflation and unemployment marred much of his tenure as prime minister. When Trudeau took office in 1968 Canada had a debt of $18 billion (24% of GDP) which was largely left over from World War II,[citation needed] when he left office in 1984, that debt stood at $200 billion (46% of GDP), an increase of 83% in real terms.[56] However, these trends were present in most western countries at the time, including the United States.[citation needed]
Though his popularity had fallen in English Canada at the time of his retirement in 1984, public opinion later became more sympathetic to him, particularly in comparison to his successor, Brian Mulroney.[citation needed]
Pierre Trudeau is today seen in very high regard on the Canadian political scene. Many politicians still use the term "taking a walk in the snow", the line Trudeau used to describe his decision to leave office in 1984. Other popular Trudeauisms frequently used are "just watch me", the "Trudeau Salute", and "Fuddle Duddle".
Constitutional legacy[link]
See also: Constitution Act, 1982
One of Trudeau's most enduring legacies is the 1982 patriation of the Canadian constitution, including a domestic amending formula and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. It is seen as advancing civil rights and liberties and, notwithstanding clause aside, has become a cornerstone of Canadian values for most Canadians. It also represented the final step in Trudeau's liberal vision of a fully independent and nationalist Canada based on fundamental human rights and the protection of individual freedoms as well as those of linguistic and cultural minorities. Court challenges based on the Charter of Rights have been used to advance the cause of women's equality, re-establish French school boards in provinces such as Alberta and Saskatchewan, and to mandate the adoption of same-sex marriage all across Canada. Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982, has clarified issues of aboriginal and equality rights, including establishing the previously denied aboriginal rights of Métis. Section 15, dealing with equality rights, has been used to remedy societal discrimination against minority groups. The coupling of the direct and indirect influences of the Charter has meant that it has grown to influence every aspect of Canadian life, and the override (notwithstanding clause) of the Charter has been infrequently used.
Canadian conservatives claim the Constitution has resulted in too much judicial activism on the part of the courts in Canada. It is also heavily criticized by Quebec Nationalists, who resent that the Constitution was never ratified by any Quebec government and does not recognize a constitutional veto for Quebec.
Bilingualism[link]
See also: Bilingualism in Canada
Bilingualism is one of Trudeau's most lasting accomplishments, having been fully integrated into the Federal government's services, documents, and broadcasting (not, however, in provincial governments, except for Ontario, New Brunswick, and Manitoba). While official bilingualism has settled some of the grievances Francophones had towards the federal government, many Francophones had hoped that Canadians would be able to function in the official language of their choice no matter where in the country they were.
However, Trudeau's ambitions in this arena have been overstated: Trudeau once said that he regretted the use of the term "bilingualism", because it appeared to demand that all Canadians speak two languages. In fact, Trudeau's vision was to see Canada as a bilingual confederation in which all cultures would have a place. In this way, his conception broadened beyond simply the relationship of Quebec to Canada.
Multiculturalism[link]
On October 8, 1971, Pierre Trudeau introduced the Multiculturalism Policy in the House of Commons. It was the first of its kind in the world, and was then emulated in several provinces, such as Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and other countries most notably Australia, which has had a similar history and immigration pattern. Beyond the specifics of the policy itself, this action signalled an openness to the world and coincided with a more open immigration policy that had been brought in by Trudeau's predecessor Lester B. Pearson (with the help of legendary mandarin, Tom Kent).
Cultural legacy[link]
Few outside the museum community recall the tremendous efforts Trudeau made, in the last years of his tenure, to see to it that the National Gallery of Canada and the Canadian Museum of Civilization finally had proper homes in the national capital. The Trudeau government also implemented programs which mandated Canadian content in film, and broadcasting, and gave substantial subsidies to develop the Canadian media and cultural industries. Though the policies remain controversial, Canadian media industries have become stronger since Trudeau's arrival.[citation needed]
Furthermore, his cultural legacy can be found in Canada's strong ties to multiculturalism.
Legacy with respect to western Canada[link]
Trudeau's posthumous reputation in the Western Provinces is notably less favourable than it is in the rest of English-speaking Canada. He is often regarded as the "father of Western alienation." The reasons for this are various. Some of them are ideological. Some Canadians disapproved of official bilingualism and many other of Trudeau's policies, which they saw as moving the country away from its historic traditions and attachments, and markedly toward the political left. Such feelings were perhaps strongest in the West. Other reasons for western alienation are more plainly regional in nature. To many westerners, Trudeau's policies seemed to favour other parts of the country, especially Ontario and Quebec, at their expense. Outstanding among such policies was the National Energy Program, which was seen as unfairly depriving western provinces of the full economic benefit from their oil and gas resources, in order to pay for nationwide social programs, and make regional transfer payments to poorer parts of the country. Sentiments of this kind were especially strong in oil-rich Alberta where unemployment rose from 4% to 10% following passage of the NEP.[57] Estimates have placed Alberta's losses between $50 billion and $100 billion because of the NEP.[58][59]
More particularly, two incidents involving Trudeau are remembered as having fostered Western alienation, and as emblematic of it. During a visit to Saskatoon, Saskatchewan on July 17, 1969, Trudeau met with a group of farmers who were protesting that the federal government was not doing more to market their wheat. The widely remembered perception is that Trudeau dismissed the protesters' concerns with "Why should I sell your wheat?" – in reality, however, the media never adequately reported the fact that he asked the question rhetorically and then proceeded to answer it himself.[60] Years later, on a train trip through Salmon Arm, British Columbia, he "gave the finger" to a group of protesters through the carriage window – less widely remembered is that the protesters were shouting anti-French slogans at the train.[61]
Legacy with respect to Quebec[link]
Trudeau's legacy in Quebec is mixed. Many credit his actions during the October Crisis as crucial in terminating the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) as a force in Quebec, and ensuring that the campaign for Quebec separatism took a democratic and peaceful route. However, his imposition of the War Measures Act—which received majority support at the time—is remembered by some in Quebec and elsewhere as an attack on democracy. Trudeau is also credited by many for the defeat of the 1980 Quebec referendum.
At the federal level, Trudeau faced almost no strong political opposition in Quebec during his time as Prime Minister. For instance, his Liberal party captured 74 out of 75 Quebec seats in the 1980 federal election. Provincially, though, Québécois twice elected the pro-sovereignty Parti Québécois. Moreover, there were not at that time any pro-sovereignty federal parties such as the Bloc Québécois. Since the signing of the Constitutional Act of Canada in 1982, the Liberal Party of Canada has never succeeded in winning a majority of seats in Quebec. Trudeau is disliked by many Québécois, particularly in the news media, the academic and political establishments.[62] While his reputation has grown in English Canada since his retirement in 1984, it has not improved in Quebec.
High Commissioner Lord Moran's assessment of Trudeau[link]
In the British tradition, ambassadors leaving their posts emptied their hearts in a last letter to the Foreign Office. In 1984, before returning to London after three years in Canada, the British High Commissioner, Lord Moran (John Wilson), career diplomat, was no exception to this rule.[63] This is what Lord Moran wrote about Pierre Trudeau:
Although I like him personally and he has been kind to us, it has, I am sure, been a disadvantage that Mr. Trudeau has been Prime Minister throughout my time in Canada because with some reason, he has not been greatly respected or trusted in London. He has never entirely shaken off his past as a well-to-do hippie and draft dodger. His views on East/West relations have been particularly suspect. Many of my colleagues here admire him. I cannot say I do. He is an odd fish and his own worst enemy, and on the whole I think his influence on Canada in the past sixteen years has been detrimental. But what he minded most about was keeping Quebec in Canada and his finest hours were the ruthless and effective stamping-out of terrorism in Quebec in 1970 and the winning there of the referendum on sovereignty/association ten years later. For the present, separatism in Quebec is at a low ebb. Mr. Trudeau has maintained that only by an increase in Ottawa's powers could Canada develop as a strong state. He treated provincial premiers with contempt and provincial governments as if they were town councils. But I think few Canadians share his extreme centralizing stance. Most believe that Canada's diversity and geographical spread need a federal system and a division of powers, with each level treating the other, as seldom happened in Mr. Trudeau's time, with courtesy, respect and understanding. Mr. Turner, for one, takes this view.[64]
Intellectual contributions[link]
Trudeau made a number of contributions throughout his career to the intellectual discourse of Canadian politics. Trudeau was a strong advocate for a federalist model of government in Canada, developing and promoting his ideas in response and contrast to strengthening Quebec nationalist movements, for instance the social and political atmosphere created during Maurice Duplessis' time in power.[65] Federalism in this context can be defined as "a particular way of sharing political power among different peoples within a state...Those who believe in federalism hold that different peoples do not need states of their own in order to enjoy self-determination. Peoples...may agree to share a single state while retaining substantial degrees of self-government over matters essential to their identity as peoples".[66] As a social democrat, Trudeau sought to combine and harmonize his theories on social democracy with those of federalism so that both could find effective expression in Canada. He noted the ostensible conflict between socialism, with its usually strong centralist government model, and federalism, which expounded a division and cooperation of power by both federal and provincial levels of government.[67] In particular, Trudeau stated the following about socialists:
rather than water down...their socialism, must constantly seek ways of adapting it to a bicultural society governed under a federal constitution. And since the future of Canadian federalism lies clearly in the direction of co-operation, the wise socialist will turn his thoughts in that direction, keeping in mind the importance of establishing buffer zones of joint sovereignty and co-operative zones of joint administration between the two levels of government[68]
Trudeau pointed out that in sociological terms, Canada is inherently a federalist society, forming unique regional identities and priorities, and therefore a federalist model of spending and jurisdictional powers is most appropriate. He argues, "in the age of the mass society, it is no small advantage to foster the creation of quasi-sovereign communities at the provincial level, where power is that much less remote from the people."[69]
Unfortunately, Trudeau's idealistic plans for a cooperative Canadian federalist state were resisted and hindered as a result of his narrowness on ideas of identity and socio-cultural pluralism: "While the idea of a 'nation' in the sociological sense is acknowledged by Trudeau, he considers the allegiance which it generates—emotive and particularistic—to be contrary to the idea of cohesion between humans, and as such creating fertile ground for the internal fragmentation of states and a permanent state of conflict".[70] This position garnered significant criticism for Trudeau, in particular from Quebec and First Nations peoples on the basis that his theories denied their rights to nationhood.[70] First Nations communities raised particular concerns with the proposed 1969 White Paper, developed under Trudeau by Jean Chrétien.
Supreme Court appointments[link]
Trudeau chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the Supreme Court of Canada by the Governor General:
- Bora Laskin (March 19, 1970 – March 17, 1984; as Chief Justice, December 27, 1973)
- Joseph Honoré Gérald Fauteux (as Chief Justice, March 23, 1970 – December 23, 1973; appointed a Puisne Justice December 22, 1949)
- Brian Dickson (March 26, 1973 – June 30, 1990; as Chief Justice, April 18, 1984)
- Jean Beetz (January 1, 1974 – November 10, 1988)
- Louis-Philippe de Grandpre (January 1, 1974 – October 1, 1977)
- Willard Zebedee Estey (September 29, 1977 – April 22, 1988)
- Yves Pratte (October 1, 1977 – June 30, 1979)
- William Rogers McIntyre (January 1, 1979 – February 15, 1989)
- Antonio Lamer (March 28, 1980 – January 6, 2000)
- Bertha Wilson (March 4, 1982 – January 4, 1991)
- Gerald Le Dain (May 29, 1984 – November 30, 1988)
Honours[link]
The following honours were bestowed upon him by the Governor General, or by Queen Elizabeth II herself:
- Trudeau was made a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada on April 4, 1967, giving him the style "The Honourable" and post-nominal "PC" for life.[71]
- He was styled "The Right Honourable" for life on his appointment as Prime Minister on April 20, 1968.
- Trudeau was made a Companion of Honour in 1984.
- He was made a Companion of the Order of Canada (post-nominal "CC") on June 24, 1985.[72]
- He was granted arms, crest, and supporters by the Canadian Heraldic Authority on December 7, 1994.[73]
Other honours include:
- The Canadian news agency Canadian Press named Trudeau "Newsmaker of the Year" a record ten times, including every year from 1968 to 1975, and two more times in 1978 and 2000. In 1999, CP also named Trudeau "Newsmaker of the 20th Century." Trudeau declined to give CP an interview on that occasion, but said in a letter that he was "surprised and pleased." In many[citation needed] informal and unscientific polls conducted by Canadian Internet sites, users also widely agreed with the honour.
- In 1983–84, he was awarded the Albert Einstein Peace Prize, for negotiating the reduction of nuclear weapons and Cold War tension in several countries.
- The Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School in Markham, Ontario is named in his honour.[74]
- Collège Pierre-Elliott-Trudeau in Winnipeg, Manitoba is also named in his honour.
- Pierre Elliott Trudeau elementary school in Oshawa, Ontario.
- École élémentaire Pierre-Elliott-Trudeau in Toronto, Ontario.
- The Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (YUL) in Montreal was named in his honour, effective January 1, 2004.
- In 2004, viewers of the CBC series The Greatest Canadian voted Trudeau the third greatest Canadian.
- The government of British Columbia named a peak in the Cariboo Mountains Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau, on June 10, 2006.[75] The peak is located in the Premier Range, which has many peaks named for British Columbian premiers and Canadian prime ministers.
- Trudeau was awarded a 2nd dan black belt in judo by the Takahashi School of Martial Arts in Ottawa.[76]
- Trudeau was ranked No.5 of the first 20 Prime Ministers of Canada (through Jean Chrétien in a survey of Canadian historians. The survey was used in the book Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders by J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer.
- In 2009 Trudeau was posthumously inducted into the Q Hall of Fame Canada, Canada's Prestigious National LGBT Human Rights Hall of Fame, for his pioneering efforts in the advancement of human rights and equality for all Canadians.[77]
Honorary degrees[link]
-
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
- Duke University in Durham, North Carolina in 1974.[78]
- Keio University in Tokyo, Japan in 1976 (LL.D)[79]
- Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario in 1968[80]
- University of Alberta in Edmonton in 1968[81]
- University of Macau in Macau, China in 1987 (LL.D)[82]
- University of Ottawa, Ontario in 1974[83]
- University of Notre Dame du Lac in Notre Dame, Indiana in 1982
Order of Canada Citation[link]
Trudeau was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada on June 24, 1985. His citation reads:[84]
Lawyer, professor, author and defender of human rights this statesman served as Prime Minister of Canada for fifteen years. Lending substance to the phrase "the style is the man," he has imparted, both in his and on the world stage, his quintessentially personal philosophy of modern politics.
Trudeau in film[link]
Through hours of archival footage and interviews with Trudeau himself, the recent documentary Memoirs details the story of a man who used intelligence and charisma to bring together a country that was very nearly torn apart.
Trudeau's life is depicted in two CBC Television mini-series. The first one, Trudeau[85] (with Colm Feore in the title role), depicts his years as Prime Minister. Trudeau II: Maverick in the Making[86] (with Stéphane Demers as the young Pierre, and Tobie Pelletier as him in later years) portrays his earlier life.
The 1999 documentary film Just Watch Me: Trudeau and the 70's Generation explores the impact of Trudeau's vision of Canadian bilingualism through interviews with eight young Canadians.
He was the co-subject along with René Lévesque in the Donald Brittain-directed documentary mini-series The Champions.
Works by Trudeau[link]
- Memoirs. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, c1993. ISBN 0-7710-8588-5
- Towards a just society: the Trudeau years, with Thomas S. Axworthy, (eds.) Markham, Ont.: Viking, 1990.
- The Canadian Way: Shaping Canada's Foreign Policy 1968–1984, with Ivan Head
- Two innocents in Red China. (Deux innocents en Chine rouge), with Jacques Hébert 1960.
- Against the Current: Selected Writings, 1939–1996. (À contre-courant: textes choisis, 1939–1996). Gerard Pelletier (ed)
- The Essential Trudeau. Ron Graham, (ed.) Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, c1998. ISBN 0-7710-8591-5
- The asbestos strike. (Grève de l'amiante), translated by James Boake 1974
- Pierre Trudeau Speaks Out on Meech Lake. Donald J. Johnston, (ed). Toronto: General Paperbacks, 1990. ISBN 0-7736-7244-3
- Approaches to politics. Introd. by Ramsay Cook. Prefatory note by Jacques Hébert. Translated by I. M. Owen. from the French Cheminements de la politique. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1970. ISBN 0-19-540176-X
- Underwater Man, with Joe MacInnis. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1975. ISBN 0-396-07142-2
- Federalism and the French Canadians. Introd. by John T. Saywell. 1968
- Conversation with Canadians. Foreword by Ivan L. Head. Toronto, Buffalo: University of Toronto Press 1972. ISBN 0-8020-1888-2
- The best of Trudeau. Toronto: Modern Canadian Library. 1972 ISBN 0-919364-08-X
- Lifting the shadow of war. C. David Crenna, editor. Edmonton: Hurtig, c1987. ISBN 0-88830-300-9
- Human rights, federalism and minorities. (Les droits de l'homme, le fédéralisme et les minorités), with Allan Gotlieb and the Canadian Institute of International Affairs
See also[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pierre Elliott Trudeau |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Pierre Trudeau |
- Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau
- History of the Quebec independence movement
- List of Canadian federal general elections
- Politics of Canada
- Prime Minister nicknaming in Quebec
- List of years in Canada
- List of Prime Ministers of Canada
References[link]
- ^ Kaufman, Michael T. (September 29, 2000). "Pierre Trudeau Is Dead at 80; Dashing Fighter for Canada". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D03E0DD163DF93AA1575AC0A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
- ^ Mallick, Heather (September 30, 2000). Trudeau made intellect interesting. Pierre Elliott Trudeau: 1919–2000. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved: 2008-10-09.
- ^ Globe and Mail (September 29, 2000). The elements that made Pierre Trudeau great Pierre Elliott Trudeau: 1919–2000. Retrieved: 2008-10-09.
- ^ Fortin, Pierre (October 9, 2000). Grounds for success. Pierre Elliott Trudeau: 1919–2000. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved: 2008-10-09.
- ^ Downey, Donn (September 30, 2000). "Ambulant life made him one-of-a-kind". Pierre Elliott Trudeau: 1919–2000. Archived from the original on 2007-03-29. http://web.archive.org/web/20070329214314/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/series/trudeau/ambulant.html. Retrieved 2006-12-05.
- ^ a b c d e Memoirs, by Pierre Trudeau, Toronto 1993, McClelland & Stewart publishers.
- ^ Winsor, Hugh (April 8, 2006). "Closest friends surprised by Trudeau revelations" (fee required). Globe and Mail: p. A6. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20060408.TRUDEAU08/TPStory/?query=Pierre+Trudeau+Hugh+Winsor. Retrieved 2006-12-05.
- ^ "Anecdote: A prime minister in disguise". National Archives of Canada, Canada's Prime Ministers, 1867–1994: Biographies and Anecdotes. 1994. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/primeministers/h4-3382-e.html.
- ^ Citizen of the World: The Life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau, volume 1, by John English, 2006.
- ^ John English (October 6, 2006). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 145,146. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6).
- ^ John English (October 6, 2006). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6).
- ^ John English (October 6, 2006). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6).
- ^ John English (October 6, 2006). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6).
- ^ John English (October 6, 2006). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6).
- ^ John English (October 6, 2006). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6).
- ^ John English (October 6, 2006). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6).
- ^ John English (October 6, 2006). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6).
- ^ John English (October 6, 2006). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6).
- ^ John English (October 6, 2006). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 289,292. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6).
- ^ John English (October 6, 2006). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 364. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6).
- ^ John English (October 6, 2006). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 364,365. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6).
- ^ Memoirs, by Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Toronto 1993, McClelland & Stewart publishers, pp. 63–64.
- ^ http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/rights_freedoms/topics/538/ Trudeau's Omnibus Bill: Challenging Canadian Taboos] (TV clip). Canada: CBC. December 21, 1967. Although usually attributed solely to Trudeau, the quote is a paraphrase by him from an editorial that appeared in the Globe and Mail on December 12, 1967 (page 61) which read in part: "Obviously, the state's responsibility should be to legislate rules for a well-ordered society. It has no right or duty to creep into the bedrooms of the nation."
- ^ Lubor J. Zink, Trudeaucracy, Toronto: Toronto Sun Publishing Ltd., 1972, back cover: "Lubor Zink is the one who first coined those two terms of our times – Trudeaumania and Trudeaucracy."
- ^ CBC Archives. The PM won't let 'em rain on his parade. cbc.ca Television clip. Recording Date: June 24, 1968. Retrieved: 2007-11-14.
- ^ Maclean's Magazine (April 6, 1998) Trudeau, 30 Years Later. The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica. Retrieved: 2007-11-14.
- ^ Rethinking church, state, and modernity: Canada between Europe and America by David Lyon and Marguerite Van Die
- ^ The Liberal idea of Canada: Pierre Trudeau and the question of Canada's survival by James Laxer, Robert M. Laxer, and Robert Laxer
- ^ Welfare State. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved on July 7, 2011.
- ^ "Canada", Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2001. © 1993-2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
- ^ Mount Allison University (2001). The War Measures Act. The Centre for Canadian Studies – Study Guides. Retrieved: 2008-06-21.
- ^ Munroe, Susan. October Crisis Timeline: Key Events in the October Crisis in Canada. About.com. Retrieved: 2008-06-21.
- ^ Ottawa Citizen (December 23, 1969). PM – 'a beautiful person'. Retrieved: 2008-06-21.
- ^ Edwards, Peter (January 3, 2008). "Confessions of a mobster: 'My job was to kill Pierre Trudeau'". Toronto Star (Toronto, Ontario: Torstar). http://www.thestar.com/News/Canada/article/290634. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
- ^ Memoirs, by Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Toronto 1993, McClelland & Stewart publishers.
- ^ "Between 1970 and 1976, while Canada's population had grown by 8 per cent, the federal bureaucracy had expanded by 30 per cent, while the number of senior civil servants had ballooned by 127 per cent. In July, Gallup found for the first time that as many Canadians blamed big government for their troubles as blamed the perennial scapegoat, big labour." The Northern Magus: Pierre Trudeau and Canadians, by Richard Gwyn, Toronto, 1980, McClelland and Stewart, 325.
- ^ Canada at the polls, 1984: a study of the federal general elections by Howard Rae Penniman Publisher Duke University Press, 1988 ISBN 0-8223-0821-5, ISBN 978-0-8223-0821-8 Length 218 pages, p. 98
- ^ Exchange of correspondence between Pierre E. Trudeau and René Lévesque on the patriation of the Canadian constitution, 1981–1982. .marianopolis.edu. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
- ^ Heard, Andrew (1990). "Canadian Independence". Vancouver: Simon Fraser University. http://www.sfu.ca/~aheard/324/Independence.html. Retrieved 2010-08-25
- ^ Heinricks, Geoff; Canadian Monarchist News: Trudeau and the Monarchy; Winter/Spring, 2000–01; reprinted from the National Post[dead link]
- ^ http://www.nosorigines.qc.ca/GenealogieQuebec.aspx?genealogie=Martial_Trudeau&pid=6563&lng=fr&partID=6564
- ^ http://www.nosorigines.qc.ca/GenealogieQuebec.aspx?genealogie=Etienne_Trudeau&pid=6568&lng=fr&partID=6569
- ^ Margaret suffered from bipolar depression; English, Just Watch Me, pp. 242–43 321, 389.
- ^ Nancy Southam, Pierre: Colleagues and Friends Talk about the Trudeau They Knew (2006) pp. 113, 234; Christina McCall, Grits: an intimate portrait of the Liberal Party (1982) p. 387
- ^ Gravesite of the Right Honourable Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Pc.gc.ca (December 21, 2010). Retrieved 2011-07-07.
- ^ CBC News—Justin Trudeau's eulogy, October 3, 2000
- ^ Trudeau, P. 1996. Against the Current: Selected Writings 1939–1996. G. Pelletier, ed. Toronto: McClellan and Stewart. 302–303.
- ^ a b Higgins, M. 2004. "Defined by Spirituality," in English, J., R. Gwyn and P.W. Lackenbauer, eds. The Hidden Pierre Trudeau: The Faith Behind the Politics. Ottawa: Novalis. 26–30.
- ^ "Trudeau tops 'greatest Canadian' poll." Toronto Star, February 16, 2002. Retrieved: 2007-04-07.
- ^ "The Worst Canadian?", The Beaver 87 (4), Aug/Sep 2007. The article reports the results of a promotional, online survey by write-in vote for "the worst Canadian", which the magazine carried out in the preceding months, and in which Trudeau polled highest.
- ^ Brian Mulroney, who was Prime Minister at the time of the Meech Lake and Charlottetown accords, and one of the chief forces behind them, sharply criticized Trudeau's opposition to them, in his 2007 autobiography, Memoir: 1939-1993. CTV News: Mulroney says Trudeau to blame for Meech failure; September 5, 2007
- ^ Bliss, M. "The Prime Ministers of Canada: Pierre Elliot Trudeau" Seventh Floor Media. Retrieved: 2007-04-07.
- ^ Clarkson, S. and C. McCall (1990). Trudeau and Our Times, Volume 1: The Magnificent Obsession. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-5414-3
- ^ Whitaker, R. "Trudeau, Pierre Elliot" The Canadian Encyclopedia Historica. Retrieved: 2007-04-07.
- ^ Behiels, M. "Competing Constitutional Paradigms:Trudeau versus the Premiers, 1968–1982" Saskatchewan Institute of Public Policy. Regina, Saskatchewan. Retrieved: 2007-04-07.
- ^ Centre for the Study of Living Standard—GDP figures
- ^ Alberta's economy. Thecanadianencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
- ^ Vicente, Mary Elizabeth (2005). "The National Energy Program". Canada's Digital Collections (Heritage Community Foundation). http://www.abheritage.ca/abpolitics/events/issues_nep.html. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
- ^ Mansell, Robert; Schlenker, Ron; Anderson, John (2005) (PDF). Energy, Fiscal Balances and National Sharing. Institute for Sustainable Energy, Environment and Economy/University of Calgary. Archived from the original on 2008-06-26. http://web.archive.org/web/20080626113516/http://www.iseee.ca/files/iseee/ISEEEResearchReportNov1805.pdf. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
- ^ "Chrétien Accused of Lying", Maclean's, December 23, 1996.
- ^ Anthony Westell, Paradox: Trudeau as Prime Minister.
- ^ Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Quebec and the Constitution. .marianopolis.edu. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
- ^ L'actualité, July 3, 2010 http://www.lactualite.com/politique/trudeau-vu-par
- ^ http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/radio4/transcripts/Lord-Moran.pdf
- ^ (Gagnon 2000)
- ^ (Ignatieff qtd. in Balthazar 1995, 6)
- ^ (Trudeau 1968)
- ^ (Trudeau 1968 p.141)
- ^ (Trudeau 1968 p.133)
- ^ a b (Gagnon 2000, 16–17)
- ^ Canada Privy Council Office—Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, Version: February 6, 2006
- ^ Governor General of Canada—Pierre Elliott Trudeau—Companion of the Order of Canada, October 30, 1985
- ^ Royal Heraldry Society of Canada—Arms of Canada's Prime Ministers
- ^ Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School. Trudeau.hs.yrdsb.edu.on.ca. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
- ^ CBC Article—Mt. Trudeau named; CBC Article—Mount Trudeau to be officially named in June
- ^ Takahashi, M. et all (2005). Mastering Judo. USA: Human Kinetics.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Duke University—Center for Canadian Studies
- ^ "Vol. 4. Conferment of Honorary Degree of Doctor". Keio University. http://www.keio.ac.jp/english/keio_in_depth/keio_view/004.html. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
- ^ "Bob Rae, Ben Heppner and William Hutt among Queen's honorary degree recipients". Queen's University. May 2, 2006. http://qnc.queensu.ca/story_loader.php?id=44577a1357ae9. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
- ^ Leitch, Andrew (September 29, 2000). "Trudeau legacy lives on, say profs". University of Alberta ExpressNews. http://www.expressnews.ualberta.ca/article.cfm?id=554. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
- ^ "Honorary Degrees and Titles". University of Macau. http://www.umac.mo/reg/UMCalendar/appendices/(12)A-HDT.pdf. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
- ^ Pallascio, Jacques (October 6, 2000). "Pierre Trudeau and U of O". University of Ottawa Gazette. http://www.uottawa.ca/services/markcom/gazette/001006/001006-art02-e.html. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
- ^ Order of Canada. Archive.gg.ca (April 30, 2009). Retrieved 2011-07-07.
- ^ "Trudeau" (2002) mini-series IMDB Page
- ^ "Trudeau II: Maverick in the Making" (2005) mini-series IMDB Page
Further reading[link]
- Bliss, Michael. Right Honourable Men: the descent of Canadian politics from Macdonald to Mulroney, 1994.
- Bothwell, Robert and Granatstein, J.L. Pirouette: Pierre Trudeau and Canadian foreign policy, 1990. ISBN 0-8020-5780-2
- Bowering, George. Egotists and Autocrats: the Prime Ministers of Canada, 1999; chapter on Trudeau
- Butler, Rick, Jean-Guy Carrier, eds. The Trudeau decade. Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1979; essays by experts
- Clarkson, Stephen; McCall, Christina. Trudeau and our times. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, c1990–c1994. 2 v. standard scholarly biography
- Cohen, Andrew, J. L. Granatstein, eds. Trudeau's Shadow: the life and legacy of Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Toronto: Vintage Canada, 1999; essays by experts
- Couture, Claude. Paddling with the Current: Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Étienne Parent, liberalism and nationalism in Canada. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1998. Issued also in French: La loyauté d'un laïc ISBN 1-4175-9306-7 ISBN 0888643136
- Donaldson, Gordon. The Prime Ministers of Canada, 1997; chapter on Trudeau
- English, John. Citizen of the World: The Life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau Volume One: 1919–1968 (2006); Just Watch Me: The Life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau Volume Two: 1968–2000 (2009); Knopf Canada; standard scholarly biography
- Gwyn, Richard. The Northern Magus: Pierre Trudeau and Canadians. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1980. ISBN 0-7710-3732-5; widely acclaimed biography
- Hillmer, Norman and Granatstein, J.L. Prime Ministers: Rating Canada's Leaders, 1999. ISBN 0-00-200027-X; chapter on Trudeau
- Laforest, Guy. Trudeau and the end of a Canadian dream. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995.
- Lotz, Jim. Prime Ministers of Canada, 1987; chapter on Trudeau
- Nemni, Max and Nemni, Monique. Young Trudeau: Son of Quebec, Father of Canada, 1919-1944. McClelland & Stewart, 2006; Trudeau Transformed: The Shaping of a Statesman 1944-1965 (2011); (Based on private papers and diaries of Pierre Trudeau which he gave the authors in 1995)
- Ricci, Nino. Extraordinary Canadians Pierre Elliott Trudeau (2009)
- Sawatsky, John. The Insiders: Government, Business, and the Lobbyists, 1987.
- Simpson, Jeffrey. Discipline of power: the Conservative interlude and the Liberal restoration. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1984. ISBN 0-920510-24-8
- Stewart, Walter. Shrug: Trudeau in power. Toronto: New Press, 1971. ISBN 0-88770-081-0; an attack from the left
- Southam, Nancy. Pierre, McClelland & Stewart, September 19, 2006, 408 pages ISBN 978-0-7710-8168-2; 140 reminiscences from journalists, world leaders, politicians and friends of Trudeau
- Editorial cartoons & humour
- Ferguson, Will. Bastards and Boneheads: Canada's Glorious Leaders, Past and Present, 1999; humorous stories
- McIlroy, Thad, ed. A Rose is a rose: a tribute to Pierre Elliott Trudeau in cartoons and quotes. Toronto: Doubleday, 1984. ISBN 0-385-19787-X ISBN 0385197888
- Peterson, Roy. Drawn & quartered: the Trudeau years. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 1984.
- Archival videos of Trudeau
- Pierre Elliott Trudeau (1967–1970) (.wmv). Trudeau's Omnibus Bill: Challenging Canadian Taboos (news clips). CBC Archives. http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-73-538/politics_economy/omnibus/. Retrieved 2006-12-05.
- Pierre Elliott Trudeau (1957–2005) (.wmv). Pierre Elliott Trudeau: Philosopher and Prime Minister (news clips). CBC Archives. http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-73-2192/politics_economy/trudeau/. Retrieved 2006-12-05.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pierre Elliott Trudeau |
This audio file was created from a revision of the "Pierre Trudeau" article dated July 20, 2010, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
- canadahistory.com biography
- Pierre Trudeau - Parliament of Canada biography
- CBC Digital Archives—Pierre Elliott Trudeau: Philosopher and Prime Minister
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Trudeau, Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott |
| Alternative names | Trudeau, Pierre Elliott |
| Short description | 15th Prime Minister of Canada |
| Date of birth | October 18, 1919 |
| Place of birth | Montreal |
| Date of death | September 28, 2000 |
| Place of death | Montreal |
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