Mother's Day is a celebration that honors mothers and motherhood, maternal bonds, and the influence of mothers in society. It is celebrated on various days in many parts of the world, most commonly in March, April, or May. It complements Father's Day, a celebration honoring fathers.
Celebrations of mothers and motherhood occur throughout the world. Many of these trace back to ancient festivals, like the Greek cult to Cybele, the Roman festival of Hilaria, or the Christian Mothering Sunday celebration. However, the modern holiday is an American invention and not directly descended from these celebrations.[1][2][3] Despite this, in some countries Mother's Day has become synonymous with these older traditions.[4]
The modern holiday of Mother's Day was first celebrated in 1908, when Anna Jarvis held a memorial for her mother in America. She then began a campaign to make "Mother's Day" a recognized holiday in the United States. Although she was successful in 1914, she was already disappointed with its commercialization by the 1920s. Jarvis' holiday was adopted by other countries and it is now celebrated all over the world.
Jarvis never mentioned Mothering Sunday or Julia Ward Howe's attempts in the 1870s, and she never mentioned any connection to the Protestant school celebrations, and she always said that the creation was hers alone.[5] The observations in the 1870s and the 1880s never had resonance beyond the local level.[6]
For more information on previous attempts, see the "United States" section in this article.
In 1912, Anna Jarvis trademarked the phrases "second Sunday in May" and "Mother's Day", and created the Mother's Day International Association.[7]
She was specific about the location of the apostrophe; it was to be a singular possessive, for each family to honour their mother, not a plural possessive commemorating all mothers in the world.
[8]
This is also the spelling used by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in the law making official the holiday in the United States, by the U.S. Congress on bills,[9][10] and by other U.S. presidents on their declarations.[11]
Common usage in English language also dictates that the ostensibly singular possessive "Mother's Day" is the preferred spelling, although "Mothers' Day" (plural possessive) or "Mothers Day" (plural non-possessive) are sometimes used.
As the American holiday was adopted by other countries and cultures, the date was changed to fit already existing celebrations honoring motherhood.
Mothering Sunday in the United Kingdom or, in Greece, the Orthodox celebration of the presentation of Jesus Christ to the temple (2 February). Mothering Sunday is often referred to as "Mother's Day" even though it is an unrelated celebration.[4]
In some countries the date was changed to one that was significant to the majority religion, such as Virgin Mary day in Catholic countries. Other countries selected a date with historical significance, such as Bolivia using the date of a battle where women participated.[12] See the "International history and traditions" section for the complete list.
Note: Countries that celebrate the International Women's Day instead of Mother's Day are marked with a dagger "†".
| Gregorian calendar |
| Occurrence |
Dates |
Country |
|
Second Sunday of February
|
Feb 13, 2011.
Feb 12, 2012.
Feb 10, 2013.
|
 Norway
|
|
3 Mar
|
|
 Georgia
|
|
8 Mar
|
|
 Afghanistan
 Albania
 Kosovo
 Armenia†
|
 Azerbaijan†
 Belarus†
 Bosnia and Herzegovina†
|
 Bulgaria†
 Kazakhstan†
 Laos
|
 Macedonia†
 Republic of Moldova
 Montenegro†
|
 Russia†
 Slovenia†
 Serbia†
 Tajikistan†
 Vietnam†*
|
|
Fourth Sunday in Lent
|
Apr 3, 2011.
Mar 18, 2012.
Mar 10, 2013.
|
 Ireland
 Nigeria
|
 United Kingdom
|
|
21 Mar
(vernal equinox)
|
|
 Bahrain
 Egypt
 Jordan
 Kuwait
 Libya
|
 Lebanon[13]
 Oman
 Palestinian territories
 Qatar
 Israel
|
 Saudi Arabia
 Sudan
 Syria
|
 United Arab Emirates
 Yemen (all Arab countries in general)
 Iraq[14]
|
|
25 Mar
|
|
Slovenia
|
|
7 Apr
|
|
Armenia
|
|
First Sunday in May
|
May 1, 2011.
May 6, 2012.
May 5, 2013.
|
 Hungary
 Lithuania
|
 Mozambique
 Portugal
|
 Romania
 Spain
|
|
8 May
|
|
 South Korea (Parents' Day)
|
|
10 May
|
|
 El Salvador
 Guatemala
|
 Mexico
 Belize
|
|
Second Sunday of May
|
May 8, 2011.
May 13, 2012.
May 12, 2013.
|
 Anguilla
 Aruba
 Australia
 Austria
 Bahamas
 Bangladesh
 Barbados
 Belgium
 Bermuda
 Bonaire
 Botswana
 Brazil
 Brunei
|
 Canada
 Cambodia
 Chile
 People's Republic of China†[15]
 Colombia
 Croatia
 Cuba[16]
 Curaçao
 Cyprus
 Czech Republic[17]
 Denmark
|
 Dominica
 Ecuador
 Estonia
 Ethiopia
 Fiji
 Finland
 Germany
 Gold Coast
 Greece
 Grenada
 Guyana
 Honduras
 Hong Kong
 Iceland
 India
|
 Italy
 Jamaica
 Japan
 Kurdistan
 Latvia*
 Liechtenstein*
 Macao
 Malaysia
 Malta
 Burma
 Netherlands
 New Zealand
 Pakistan
 Papua New Guinea
 Peru[18]
|
 Philippines
 Puerto Rico
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 Saint Lucia
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 Samoa
 Singapore
 Sint Maarten
 Slovakia[17]
 South Africa
 Sri Lanka
 Suriname
|
 Switzerland
 Taiwan
 Tanganyika
 Tonga
 Trinidad and Tobago
 Turkey
 Uganda
 Ukraine
 United States
 Uruguay
Vietnam
 Venezuela
 Zambia
 Zimbabwe
|
|
15 May
|
|
 Paraguay (same day as Día de la Patria)[19]
|
|
26 May
|
|
 Poland "Dzień Matki"
|
|
27 May
|
|
 Bolivia[12]
|
|
Last Sunday of May (sometimes first Sunday of June if it's Pentecost)
|
May 29, 2011.
May 27, 2012.
May 26, 2013.
|
 Algeria
 Dominican Republic
|
 France (First Sunday of June if Pentecost occurs on this day)
French Antilles (First Sunday of June if Pentecost occurs on this day)
 Morocco
|
 Haiti[20]
 Mauritius
|
 Sweden
 Tunisia
|
|
30 May
|
|
 Nicaragua[21]
|
|
1 Jun
|
|
 Mongolia† (The Mothers and Children's Day.)
|
|
Second Sunday of June
|
Jun 12, 2011.
Jun 10, 2012.
Jun 9, 2013.
|
 Luxembourg
|
|
Last Sunday of June
|
Jun 26, 2011.
Jun 24, 2012.
Jun 30, 2013.
|
 Kenya
|
|
12 Aug
|
|
 Thailand (The birthday of Queen Sirikit)
|
|
15 Aug (Assumption of Mary)
|
|
 Costa Rica
Antwerp (Belgium)
|
|
Second Monday of October
|
Oct 10, 2011.
Oct 8, 2012.
Oct 14, 2013.
|
 Malawi
|
|
14 Oct
|
|
Belarus
|
|
Third Sunday of October
|
Oct 16, 2011.
Oct 21, 2012.
Oct 20, 2013.
|
 Argentina (Día de la Madre)[22]
|
|
Last Sunday of November
|
Nov 27, 2011.
Nov 25, 2012.
Nov 24, 2013.
|
Russia
|
|
3 Nov
|
|
 Timor Leste
|
|
8 Dec (Feast of the Immaculate Conception)
|
|
 Panama[23]
|
|
22 Dec
|
|
 Indonesia[24]
|
| Other calendars |
| Occurrence |
Equivalent Gregorian dates |
Country |
|
Shevat 30
|
Between 30 January and 1 March |
Israel[25]
|
|
Baisakh Amavasya (Mata Tirtha Aunsi)
|
Between 19 and 29 April |
 Nepal
|
|
20 Jumada al-thani[n 1]
|
24 May 2011
12 May 2012
|
 Iran[26]
|
Mother's Day
gift in 2007
In most countries, Mother's Day is a recent observance derived from the holiday as it has evolved in the United States. When it was adopted by other countries and cultures, it was given different meanings, associated to different events (religious, historical or legendary), and celebrated on a different date or dates.
Some countries already had existing celebrations honoring motherhood, and their celebrations have adopted several external characteristics from the American holiday, like giving carnations and other presents to your own mother.
The extent of the celebrations varies greatly. In some countries, it is potentially offensive to one's mother not to mark Mother's Day. In others, it is a little-known festival celebrated mainly by immigrants, or covered by the media as a taste of foreign culture.[citation needed]
In the Roman Catholic Church, the holiday is strongly associated with reverencing the Virgin Mary.[27] In many Catholic homes, families have a special shrine devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary. In many Eastern Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches, a special prayer service is held in honor of the Theotokos Virgin Mary.
In Hindu tradition it is called "Mata Tirtha Aunshi" or "Mother Pilgrimage fortnight", and it is celebrated in countries with Hindu population, especially in Nepal. It is celebrated on the new moon day in the month of Baisakh, i.e., April/May. This holiday is based in Hindu religion and it pre-dates the creation of the Western-inspired holiday by at least a few centuries.[citation needed]
Mother's Day in most Arab countries is celebrated on 21 March. It was introduced in Egypt by journalist Mustafa Amin[28] in his book Smiling America (1943). The idea was overlooked at the time, but when Amin heard the story of a widowed mother who devoted her whole life to raise her son until he became a doctor, got married and left without showing her any gratitude, Amin became motivated to promote for "Mother's Day". The idea was first ridiculed by president Gamal Abdel Nasser but he eventually accepted it and Mother's Day was first celebrated on 21 March 1956. The practice has since been copied by the other Arab countries.
When Mustafa Amin was arrested and imprisoned, there were attempts to change the name of the holiday from "Mother's Day" to "Family Day" as the government wished to prevent the occasion from reminding people of its founder. These attempts were unsuccessful and celebrations continued to be held on that day; classic songs celebrating mothers remain famous to this day.
Palestinians celebrate Mother's Day on 21 March, similar to other Arab countries.
In Jordan Mother's Day is observed and celebrated on 21 March, the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere.
Mother's Day in Lebanon is celebrated on 21 March, the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere.
In Afghanistan, Mother's Day was celebrated on 12 June 2010, on the second Saturday in June.[citation needed]
In Argentina it is celebrated on the third Sunday of October. It was first celebrated in 11 October, the old liturgical date for the celebration of Virgin Mary (after the Second Vatican Council the Virgin Mary festivity was moved to 1 January).[22] Around 1982, the national merchants asked that it was moved to the third Sunday of October to reactivate sales in the second half of that month.[29]
In Australia, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May.
The tradition of gift giving to mothers on Mother's Day in Australia was started by Mrs Janet Heyden,[30] a resident of Leichhardt Sydney, in 1924. She began the tradition during a visit to a patient at the Newington State Home for Women, where she met many lonely and forgotten mothers. To cheer them up, she rounded up support from local school children and businesses to donate and bring gifts to the women. Every year thereafter, more support was raised by Mrs Heyden with local businesses and even the local Mayor. The day has since become commercialised. Traditionally, the Chrysanthemum is given to mothers for mother's day as the flower is naturally in season during Autumn and ends in "mum", a common affectionate shortening of "mother" in Australia. Men will often wear a Chrysanthemum in their lapels in honour of mothers.
In Bangladesh, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of the month of May. In observance of the day discussion programs are organized by government and non-governmental organizations. Reception programs, cultural programs are organized to mark the day in the Capital city. Television channels aired special programs and newspapers published special features and column to mark the day. Greeting cards, flowers and gifts featuring mother’s specialty to the children were on high demand at the shops,markets and cinema halls.and shopping
In Belgium, Mother's Day Moederdag or Moederkesdag in Dutch or Fête des Mères in French) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. In the week before this holiday children make little presents at primary school, which they will hand over in the early morning. Typical is that the father buys croissants and other sweet breads and pastries, and brings it to the mother while she's still in bed. This is the beginning of a nice day of pampering the mother. There are also many people who celebrate motherday on the 15th of august instead, mostly the people around Antwerp, which call that day the real classical motherday and the one in may an invention for commercial reasons so the shops can sell presents twice a year.
In Bolivia, Mother's Day is celebrated on 27 May. El Dia de la Madre Boliviana was passed into law on 8 November 1927, during the presidency of Hernando Siles Reyes. It commemorates the Battle of La Coronilla, which took place on 27 May 1812, during the Bolivian War of Independence, in what is now the city of Cochabamba. In this battle, women fighting for the country's independence were slaughtered by the Spanish army. It is not a festive day, but all schools make activities and festivities during this day.[12] "Ma Dibos"
In Brazil, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May.
The first Mother's Day in the country was promoted by Associação Cristã de Moços de Porto Alegre (Young Men's Christian Association of Porto Alegre), on 12 May 1918. In 1932, the then-President Getulio Vargas made official the date on the second Sunday of May. In 1947, Archbishop Jaime de Barros Câmara, Cardinal-Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro, determined that this date was also included in the official calendar of the Catholic Church.
It is not an offical holiday (see Public holidays in Brazil), but it is widely observed and typically involves spending time with and giving gifts to one's mother. Because of that, it is considered one of the celebrations most related to mass consumption in the country, second only to Christmas Day as the most commercially lucrative holiday.[31]
The 8th of March in Bulgaria is associated with the International Women's Day. Usually the holiday is honouring the Woman as a human being and also as an equal partner.
Another Bulgarian holiday related to the Family and the Maternity is called Babinden (in Bulgarian Бабинден) and is celebrated on 8 January.
- See also Other observances in Canada
Mother's Day in Canada is celebrated on the second Sunday in May (it is not however, a public holiday or bank holiday), and typically involves small celebrations and gift-giving to one's mother, grandmother, or other important female figures in one's family. Celebratory practices are very similar to those of other western nations, such as Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States. Many people in Canada express their gratitude towards mothers and mother figures on Mother’s Day. A Québécois tradition: many Québécois men offer roses or other flowers to the women.
The day is becoming more popular in China, and carnations are a very popular gift and the most sold type of flower.[32] In 1997 it was set as the day to help poor mothers, specially to remind people of the poor mothers in rural areas such as China's western region.[32] In the People's Daily, the Chinese government's official newspaper, an article explained that "despite originating in the United States, people in China accept the holiday without hesitation because it is in line with the country's traditional ethics – respect for the elderly and filial piety towards parents."[32]
In recent years the Communist Party member Li Hanqiu began to advocate for the official adoption of Mother's Day in memory of Meng Mu, the mother of Mèng Zǐ, and formed a non-governmental organization called Chinese Mothers' Festival Promotion Society, with the support of 100 Confucian scholars and lecturers of ethics.[33][34] They also ask to replace the Western gift of carnations with lilies, which, in ancient times, were planted by Chinese mothers when children left home.[34] It remains an unofficial festival, except in a small number of cities.
The Czech Republic celebrated Women's Day until the Velvet Revolution in 1989. After the split of the country in 1993, the Czech Republic started celebrating Mother's Day and Saint Valentine's Day. However, the Czechs saw those two celebrations as commercialized and artificial, and they had mild popularity. Nowadays, the sales of flowers for Women's Day are approaching those for Mother's Day or Valentine's Day.[17]
In Estonia Mother's Day (emadepäev in Estonian) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. It is recognized nationally, but not a public holiday.[35]
In France, alarmed by the low birth rate, there had been attempts in 1896 and 1904 to make a national celebration honoring the mothers of large families.[36] In 1906 ten mothers that had 9 children each were give an award to the "High Maternal Merit ("Haut mérite maternel").[37] American World War I soldiers fighting in France popularized the US holiday created by Ann Jarvis; they sent so much mail back to their country for Mother's Day that the Union Franco-Américaine created a postal card for that purpose.[36] In 1918, also inspired by Jarvis, the town of Lyon wanted to celebrate a "journée des Mères", but it finally decided to celebrate a "Journée Nationale des Mères de familles nombreuses," which was more inspired by the anti-depopulation efforts than the US holiday, with medals being awarded to the mothers of large families.[36] The French government officialised the day in 1920 as a day for mothers of large families.[38] Since 1920 it awards the Médaille de la Famille française to mothers of big families.
In 1941, by initiative of Philippe Pétain, the wartime Vichy government used the celebration as part of their policy to encourage larger families; but all mothers were now being honored, even the ones who had small families.[38]
In 1950, after the war, the celebration was reinstated. The law of 24 May 1950 required that the Republic pay official homage to French Mothers on the last Sunday in May as the "Fête des Mères" (except when Pentecost fell on that day, in which case it was moved to the first Sunday in June).[37]
During the 1950s the celebration lost all its patriotic and natalist ideologies, and became heavily commercialized.[36]
In 1956 the celebration was given a budget and integrated into the new Code de l'action sociale et des familles.[37] In 2004 responsibility was transferred to the Minister responsible for Families.[37]
Mother's day cake in Germany
In the 1920s, Germany had the lowest birthrate in Europe, and it was still declining. It was attributed to women's participation in the labor market. At the same time, all influential groups in society (left and right politicians, churchwomen, and feminists) thought that mothers should be honored but could not agree on how to do it. All those groups agreed strongly in the promotion of the values of motherhood. In 1923, this resulted in the unanimous adoption of Muttertag, the Mother's Day holiday as imported from America[37] and Norway. The head of the Association of German Florists cited "the inner conflict of our Volk and the loosening of the family" as his reason for introducing the holiday, and he expected that it would unite the divided country. In 1925, the Mother's Day Committee joined the task force for the recovery of the volk, and the holiday stopped depending on commercial interests and it started being about rising the level of population in Germany by promoting motherhood.[39]
The holiday was now seen as a means to get the women to bear more children, and nationalists saw it as a way of rejuvenating the nation. The holiday did not celebrate the individual women, but an idealized standard of motherhood. The progressive forces resisted the implementation of the holiday because it was backed by so many conservatives, and because they saw it as a way to cut the rights of the worker women. Die Frau, the newspaper of the Federation of German Women's Associations, refused to even recognize the holiday. Many local authorities made their own interpretation of the holiday: it would be a day to support economically larger families or single-mother families. The guidelines for the subsidies had eugenics criteria, but there is no indication that social workers ever implemented them in practice, and subsidies were given preferentially to families in economic needs rather than families with more children or with "healthier" children.[39]
With the Nazi party in power during 1933–1945, this all changed radically. The propaganda for Mother's Day had increased in many European countries, including the UK and France, and Nazis increased it from the moment they entered into power. The role of mothers was unambiguously promoted as that of giving healthy children to the German nation. The Nazi party's intention was to create a pure "Aryan race" according to nazi eugenics. Among other Mother's Day ideas, the government promoted the death of a mother's sons in battle as the highest embodiment of patriotic motherhood.[39][40]
The Nazis quickly declared Mother's Day an official holiday and put it under the control of the NSV (National Socialist People's Welfare Association) and the NSF (National Socialist Women Organization). This brought conflicts with other organizations that resented Nazi control of the holiday, like the Catholic and the Protestant churches and local women organizations. Local authorities continuously resisted the guidelines from the Nazi government and kept assigning resources to families that were in economical need, much to the dismay of the Nazi officials.[39]
Motherday in
UNRRA camp Germany in 1946
The government started issuing an award called Mother's Cross (Mutterkreuz) in 1938, with categories that depended on the number of children. The cross intended to encourage having more children, and recipients had to have at least four children. For example, a gold cross recipient (a level one) had to have eight children or more. Since having fewer children was a recent development, the gold cross was awarded mostly to elderly mothers with grown-up children. It promoted loyalty among German women and it was a popular award even though it had little material awards and it was mostly empty praise. The recipients of honors had to be examined by doctors and social workers according to genetic and racial values that were considered beneficial. The friends and family were also examined for possible flaws that could disqualify them, and they had to be "racially and morally fit." They had to be "German-blooded," "genetically healthy," "worthy," "politically reliable," and could not have vices like drinking. Criteria against honors were, for example, "family history contains inferior blood", "unfeminine" behavior like smoking or doing poor housekeeping, not being "politically reliable", or having family members that had been "indicted and imprisoned". There were instances where a family was disqualified because a doctor saw signs of "feeblemindedness". Even contact with a Jew could disqualify a potential recipient. Some social workers had become disillusioned from the Weimar Republic and supported Nazi ideas personally as a means to "cure" the problems of the country. Application of policies was uneven, as doctors promoted medical criteria over racial criteria, and local authorities promoted economical need over any other criteria.[39][40]
The holiday is now celebrated on the second Sunday of May, in a manner similar to other nearby European countries.
Mother's Day in Greece is celebrated on the second Sunday of May.
In Hungary, Mother's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of May. First time was celebrated in 1925 by Hungarian Red Cross Youth.
The modern Mother's Day has been assimilated into Indian culture ,[41] and it is celebrated on every year on second Sunday of May.[42] In India mothers are considered as god to their children. The Indians do not celebrate the occasion as a religious one, but do their best to thank their mothers for care and love.
That is a tradition in India to give a highest position to mothers. As the spiritual background is so effective in India so Indians celebrates this day with lots of respect to their mothers.
It's called Matru Din (Sanskrit).
Mother's day (Indonesian: Hari Ibu) is celebrated nationally on 22 December. It is the day of the first Indonesian Women Congress (Indonesian: Kongres Perempuan Indonesia) from 22 to 25 December 1928. The meeting took place in a building called Dalem Jayadipuran[43] that now serves as the office of the Center of History and Traditional Values Preservation (Indonesian: Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional) in Brigjen Katamso Street, Yogyakarta. It was attended by 30 feminist organizations from 12 cities in Java and Sumatra. In Indonesia, feminist organizations have existed since 1912, inspired by Indonesian heroines of the 19th century, e.g., Kartini, Martha Christina Tiahahu, Cut Nyak Meutia, Maria Walanda Maramis, Dewi Sartika, Nyai Ahmad Dahlan, Rasuna Said, etc.[24]
The idea of making an official day was started during the third Indonesian Women Congress in 1938. It was signed by President Soekarno under the Presidential Decree (Indonesian: Dekrit Presiden) no. 316 year 1959. The day originally aimed to celebrate the spirit of Indonesian women and to improve the condition of the nation. Today, Mother's Day is celebrated by expressing love and gratitude to mothers. People present gifts to mothers, such as flowers, hold surprise parties and competitions such as cooking competition or kebaya wearing competition. People also allow mothers to have a day off from doing domestic chores.[citation needed]
Celebrated on 20 Jumada al-thani, the birthday anniversary of Fatimah, Muhammad's daughter.[26] It was changed after the Iranian Revolution, the reason having been theorized as trying to undercut feminist movements and promoting role models for the traditional model of family.[44][45] It was previously 25 Azar on the Iranian calendar during the Shah era.[citation needed]
Mother's Day on March 21st.
It is celebrated on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls anywhere between the 30th of January and the 1st of March. It was set to the same day as the day Henrietta Szold died. Henrietta had no biological children, yet her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them, she also championed several children's rights. She is considered the "mother" of all those children, and that is why her Yahrtzeit ( annual remembrance day ) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). It has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family and it is called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). It is only celebrated by children at kindergartens, there are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. It is not an official holiday either.[25]
Mother's Day in Italy was celebrated for the first time on 12 May 1957, in the city of Assisi, thanks to the initiative of Rev, Otello Migliosi, parish priest of the Tordibetto church. This celebration was so successful that the following year it was adopted throughout Italy, where since then it is usually celebrated on the second Sunday in May.
Mother's Day in Japan was initially commemorated during the Shōwa period as the birthday of Empress Kōjun (mother of Emperor Akihito) on March 6. This was established in 1931 when the Imperial Women's Union was organized. In 1937, the first meeting of "Praise Mothers" was held on May 8, and in 1949 Japanese society adopted the second Sunday of May as the official date. Nowadays it is a rather commercial holiday, and people typically give flowers such as red carnations and roses as gifts.
Mother's Day in Latvia was celebrated for the first time in 1922. From 1938, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. It is recognized nationally, and is a public holiday.[46]
Mother's Day in Lithuania is known since pagan times. It was first officially celebrated in 1928. In Lithuania it is celebrated on the first Sunday of May.[47]
The first mention of Mother’s Day in Malta occurred during the Radio Children’s Programmes run by Frans H. Said in May 1961. Within a few years, Mother’s Day has become one of the most popular dates in the Maltese calendar. In Malta, this day is commemorated on the second Sunday in May. Mothers are invariably given gifts and invited for lunch, usually at a good restaurant.
The government of Álvaro Obregón imported the holiday from the US in 1922, with the newspaper Excélsior making a massive promotion campaign that year.[48] The conservative government tried to use the holiday to promote a more conservative role for mothers in families, which was criticized by the socialists as promoting an unrealistic image of a woman who was not good for much more than breeding.[48]
In the mid-1930s the leftist government of Lázaro Cárdenas promoted the holiday as a "patriotic festival". The Cárdenas government tried to use the holiday as a vehicle for various efforts: stressing the importance of families for national development, benefiting from the loyalty that Mexicans had towards their mothers, introducing new morals to Mexican women and reducing the influence that the church and the Catholic right had on them.[49] The government sponsored the holiday in the schools.[49] However, the theatre plays ignored the strict guidelines from the government and they were filled with religious icons and themes, and the "national celebrations" became "religious fiestas" despite the efforts of the government.[49]
Soledad Orozco García, the wife of President Manuel Ávila Camacho, promoted the holiday during the 1940s, making it into an important state-sponsored celebration.[50] The 1942 celebration lasted a whole week, including an announcement that all women could reclaim their pawned sewing machines from the Monte de Piedad at no cost.[50]
The catholic National Synarchist Union (UNS) started paying attention to the holiday around 1941, due to Orozco's promotion.[51] The members of the Party of the Mexican Revolution (now the Institutional Revolutionary Party) that owned shops had a custom where women from humble classes could go to their shop in mother's day, pick a gift for free, and bring it home to their families. The Synarchists worried that this promoted both materialism and the idleness of lower classes, and in turn reinforced the systemic social problematics of the country.[52] While nowadays we see those holiday practices as very conservative, the 1940s' UNS was viewing the holiday as a part of the larger debate on modernization that was happening at the time.[53] This economic modernization was inspired by US models and was sponsored by the state, and the fact that the holiday was originally imported from the US was only seen as one more piece of evidence that it was an attempt at imposing capitalism and materialism in Mexican society.[53]
Also, the UNS and the clergy of the city of León saw in the government actions an effort to secularize the holiday and to promote a more active role of women in society, with the long term goal of weakening men spiritually when women abandoned their traditional roles at home.[53] They also saw the holiday as an attempt to secularize the cult to the Virgin Mary, inside a larger effort to dechristianize several holidays, and they tried to counter this by organizing massive masses and asking religious women to assist with the state-sponsored events and try to "depaganize" them.[54] In 1942, at the same time as Soledad's greatest celebration of the holiday, the clergy organized in León the 210th celebration of the Virgin Mary with a big parade.[54]
There is a consensus among scholars that the Mexican government abandoned its revolutionary initiatives during the 1940s, including efforts to influence Mother's Day.[51]
Nowadays the "Día de las Madres" is an unofficial holiday in Mexico held each year on May 10.[55]
"Mata Tirtha Aunshi", translated as "Mother Pilgrimage fortnight", falls in the month of Baishak dark fortnight (April/May). This festival falls in the dark moon’s time, which is why this called "Mata Tirtha Aunshi" derived from words: "Mata" meaning mother; "Tirtha" meaning pilgrimage. This festival is observed in the commemoration and respect of the mother, which is celebrated by worshipping and gifting living mother or remembering mothers who have passed away. Going to Mata Tirtha Pilgrimage, located towards the eastern side Kathmandu valley at Mata Tirtha Village development committee’s periphery, is another tradition common in Nepal. Previously, people especially from Newar communities and people living in the valley used to celebrate it. Now, this festival is being celebrated by widespread communities.
There is a legend regarding this pilgrimage site. In ancient times Lord Krishna’s mother Devaki wandered out of her house to sight-see. She visited many places and delayed her return to her house. Lord Krishna was very concerned because of her disappearance. So, he set out to find her. After a long and arduous search he found her. When he reached "Mata Tirtha Kunda", he happened to see his mother taking bath there, in the spouts of that pond. Lord Krishna was ecstatic when he found her and narrated all of the tragedies that had befallen him in her absence. Mother Devaki said to lord Krishna, "Oh! Son Krishna let then, this place be the pious rendezvous for children to meet their departed mothers". So, according to legends, since then this place has become a holy pilgrimage site, where people come to pay respect to their deceased mothers. Legend also holds that once a girl saw the image of her deceased mother inside the pond and she jumped into the pond to join her mother in death. Till this day, there is a small pond fenced by the iron bars, where it is believed that the aforementioned tragedy occurred.
In New Zealand, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May. It is not a public holiday. It is traditional to give cards, gifts and breakfast in bed.
In Nicaragua the Día de la Madre is celebrated on 30 May since the first years of the 1940s. The date was chosen by President Anastasio Somoza García because it was the birthday of Casimira Sacasa, the mother of his wife.[21]
In Maldives , Mother's Day is celebrated on 13th of May. The day is celebrated in different ways, as there children giving gifts and spending time with them.
In Pakistan, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. In Pakistan, Mother's Day is celebrated with various media channels having special shows to celebrate this day. Individuals honor their mothers by giving gifts and commemorative articles. Individuals who have lost their mother pray and pay their respects to their loved ones lost.
In Panama it is celebrated on 8 December, the same day as the Feast of the Immaculate Conception. This date was suggested in 1930 by the wife of Panama's President Florencio Harmodio Arosemena, and it was passed as Law 69 in the same year.[23]
According to other account, the Rotary Club of Panama asked in 1924 that Mother's Day be celebrated on 11 May to honor mothers, but a politician called Aníbal D. Ríos changed the proposal, so that it would be held on 8 December, and he made it into a national holiday.[56]
In Paraguay it is celebrated in 15 May, the same day as the Dia de la Patria, which celebrates the independence of Paraguay.[19] This is apparently to honor the role played by Juana María de Lara in the events of 14 May 1811 that led to Paraguay's independence.[57]
In 2008 the Paraguayan Minister of Culture, Bruno Barrios, lamented this coincidence because Mother's Day is so much more popular in comparison that the independence celebration goes unnoticed; he asked that the celebration was moved to the end of the month.[58] A group of young people was trying to gather 20,000 signatures to ask the Parliament to move Mother's Day.[58] The Comisión de festejos (Celebration Committee) of the city of Asunción asked in 2008 that Mother's Day was moved to the second Sunday of May.[59]
Mother's day in the Philippines is celebrated every second Sunday of May. A Filipino mother is called the "light of the household" around which all activities revolve. Families treat mothers to lunch or dinner out, spend time with them in a park, shopping at the mall, watching movies, or giving her time to pamper herself. Most families typically celebrate at home. Children perform most chores that the mother routinely does, prepare food or give their mums small handcrafted tokens such as cards.
Although in its current form it is not a traditional Filipino holiday, this and Father's Day owe their popularity to American influence.
In Poland, "Dzień Matki" ("Mother's Day") is celebrated on May 26.
In Portugal, the "Dia da Mãe" ("Mother's Day", literally) is an unofficial holiday held each year on the first Sunday of May (sometimes coinciding with Labour Day).
In Romania, since 2010, Mother's Day is celebrated in the first Sunday of May.[60] Law 319/2009 also made Father's Day official in Romania, and it was passed thanks to the campaigning from the Alliance Fighting Discrimination Against Fathers (TATA).[60] Previously, Mother's Day was celebrated on 8 March, as part of the International Women's Day (a leftover tradition from the days when Romania was part of the communist block), whereas now Mother's Day and Women's Day are two separate holidays, with Women's Day keeping its original date of 8 March.
Czechoslovakia celebrated only Women's Day until the Velvet Revolution in 1989. After the split of the country in 1993, Slovakia started celebrating both Women's Day and Mother's Day. The politicization of Women's Day has affected the official status of Mother's Day. Center-right parties want Mother's Day to replace Women's Day, while social-democrats want to make Women's Day official. Nowadays, both days are festive, but they are not "state holidays".[17]
In Sri Lanka, Mother's Day is celebrated every year on the second Sunday of May. Although relatively new to Sri Lanka, this occasion is now catching up, and more people observe this day.The day is celebrated by individuals and not yet recognized as a holiday in the government calendar.However, the day has a commercial importance with may companies offer special products and services for the day.
In Sweden, Mother's Day was first celebrated in 1919, by initiative of the author Cecilia Bååth-Holmberg. It took several decades for the day to be widely recognized though. Those born in the early nineteen hundreds typically did not celebrate the day, as the common opinion was that it had been invented strictly for commercial purposes. Not the same thing when it came to Father's day though, since the late 1970s has the practice found common acceptance. Mother´s Day in Sweden is celebrated the last Sunday in May, The reason for the late date is said to be because then everybody could go outside and pick flowers.
In Switzerland, there is a law called "règle de Pentecôte", that allows to celebrate Mother's Day a week later if it happens in the same day as Pentecost. However, in 2008, merchants declined moving the date.[61]
In Taiwan, Mother’s Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of the month of May, coinciding with Buddha Day and Tzu Chi Day as part of a unified celebration and religious observance. In Taiwanese Budhist culture, recognizing Mother's Day is conflated as part of three "fields" necessary for cultivating wisdom. Mother’s Day in Taiwan represents the “field of gratitude, thankfulness and honor,” while Buddha Day is for the “field of reverence” and Tzu Chi day contributes to the “field of compassion.”
Mother's day in Thailand is celebrated on the birthday of the Queen of Thailand, Queen Sirikit (12 Aug).[62] It started being celebrated around the 1980s as part of the campaign by the Prime Minister of Thailand Prem Tinsulanonda to promote Thailand's Royal family.[63] Father's Day is celebrated on the King's birthday.[63]
Turkey celebrates the Mother's Day ("Anneler günü", literally "Mothers' Day") on the second Sunday in May.
In the United Kingdom and Ireland, there is a celebration called Mothering Sunday, which falls on the fourth Sunday of Lent (18 March in 2012). Most historians believe that it originated from the 16th century Christian practice of visiting one's mother church annually on Laetare Sunday,[64] which meant that most mothers would be reunited with their children on this day when young apprentices and young women in service were released by their masters that weekend. As a result of the influence of the American Mother's Day, it transformed into only showing appreciation to one's mother. Commercialization and secularization further eroded the concept, and most people now see it only as a day to make a gift to their mother. It is still recognized in the original historical sense by some churches, with attention paid to Mary the mother of Jesus Christ and the concept of the Mother Church.
By 1935 Mothering Sunday was less celebrated in Europe.[65] There were efforts to revive the festival in the 1910s–1920s by Constance Penswick-Smith, but it was not revived until US World War II soldiers brought the Mother's Day celebrations to the UK,[66] and it was merged with the Mothering Sunday traditions still celebrated in the Church of England.[67] By the 1950s it had become popular in the whole of the UK, thanks to the efforts of UK merchants, who saw in the festival a great commercial opportunity.[67] People from Ireland and UK started celebrating Mother's Day on the fourth Sunday of Lent, the same day on which Mothering Sunday had been celebrated for centuries.[65] Some Mothering Sunday traditions were revived, such as the tradition of eating cake on that day, although they now eat simnel cake instead of the cakes that were traditionally prepared at that time.[citation needed] The traditions of the two celebrations have now been mixed up, and many people think that they are the same thing.[68]
Mothering Sunday can fall at the earliest on 1 March (in years when Easter Day falls on 22 March) and at the latest on 4 April (when Easter Day falls on 25 April).
For many people in the United Kingdom, Mother's Day is the time of year to celebrate and buy gifts of chocolate or flowers for their mothers as a way to thank them for what they do throughout the year.
Handmade Mother's day gifts
The United States celebrates Mother's Day on the second Sunday in May. Julia Ward Howe first issued her Mother's Day Proclamation in 1870 as a call for women to join in support of disarmament, and asked for June 2, 1872, to be established as a "Mother's Day for Peace". Howe's day was not for honoring mothers but for organizing pacifists mothers against war. In the 1880s and 1890s there were several further attempts to establish an American Mother's Day, but these did not succeed beyond the local level.[6] The current holiday was created by Anna Jarvis in Grafton, West Virginia, in 1908 as a day to honor one's mother.[8] Jarvis wanted to accomplish her mother's dream of making a celebration for all mothers, although the idea did not take off until she enlisted the services of wealthy Philadelphia merchant John Wanamaker.[69] She kept promoting the holiday until President Woodrow Wilson made it an official national holiday in 1914.[6] The holiday eventually became so highly commercialized that many, including its founder, Anna Jarvis, considered it a "Hallmark holiday," i.e. one with an overwhelming commercial purpose. Jarvis eventually ended up opposing the holiday she had helped to create.[8][70] She died in 1948, regretting what had become of her holiday.[69] In the United States, Mother's Day remains one of the biggest days for sales of flowers, greeting cards, and the like; it is also the biggest holiday for long-distance telephone calls.[71] Moreover, churchgoing is also popular, yielding the highest church attendance after Christmas Eve and Easter.[72] Many worshipers celebrate the day with carnations, colored if the mother is living and white if she is dead.[72]
Nine years after the first official United States Mother's Day, commercialization of the holiday became so rampant that Anna Jarvis herself became a major opponent of what the holiday had become and spent all her inheritance and the rest of her life fighting what she saw as an abuse of the celebration.[8]
Later commercial and other exploitations of the use of Mother's Day infuriated Jarvis and she made her criticisms explicitly known the rest of her life.[8][70] She criticized the practice of purchasing greeting cards, which she saw as a sign of being too lazy to write a personal letter. She was arrested in 1948 for disturbing the peace while protesting against the commercialization of Mother's Day, and she finally said that she regretted having started it.[70]
Mother's Day continues to be one of the most commercially successful U.S. occasions.
It is possible that the holiday would have withered over time without the support and continuous promotion of the florist industries and other commercial industries. Other Protestant holidays from the same time, like Children's Day and Temperance Sunday, do not have the same level of popularity.[73] Mother's Day is also prominent in the Sunday comic strips in the newspapers of the United States, ranging from sentimental to wry to caustic.
- ^ Since the Islamic Calendar uses the lunar year, which is shorter than the solar year, the day migrates through the seasons. Each year it falls a different day in the Gregorian Calendar, so it is listed separately.
- ^ L. James Grold (April 1968), "Mother's Day", American Journal of Psychiatry 124: 1456–1458, DOI:10.1176/appi.ajp.124.10.1456, "Mother's Day, conceived by Anna Jarvis to honor unselfish mothers (...) Although there is no direct lineal descent to our modern Mother's Day custom, secular and religious motherhood have existed for thousands of years 10 May 1908: the first church – St. Andrew's in Grafton, West Virginia – responded to her request for a Sunday service honoring mothers . Cybele (...)"
- ^ Tad Tuleja (1999), Curious Customs: The Stories Behind 296 Popular American Rituals, Galahad Books, p. 167, ISBN 1-57866-070-X, 9781578660704, http://books.google.com/books?id=CJJracI4-JUC, "Although attempts have been made to link Mother's Day to ancient cults of the mother goddess, especially the worship of Cybele, the association is more conceptual than historic. Mother's Day is a modern, American invention."
- ^ Robert J. Myers, Hallmark Cards (1972), Celebrations; the complete book of American holidays, Doubleday, p. 143, http://books.google.com/books?id=8jbgAAAAMAAJ, "Our observance of Mother's Day is little more than half a century old, yet the nature of the holiday makes it seem as if it had its roots in prehistoric times. Many antiquarians, holiday enthusiasts, and students of folklore have claimed to find the source Mother's Day in the ancient spring festivals dedicated to the mother goddess, particularly the worship of Cybele."
- ^ a b "Mothering Sunday", BBC, http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/motheringsunday_1.shtml, retrieved 2010-03-04
- ^ Leigh, p.253
- ^ a b c Virgina Bernhard (2002). "Mother's Day". In Joseph M. Hawes, Elizabeth F. Shores. The family in America: an encyclopedia (3, illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 714. ISBN 1-57607-232-0, 9781576072325. http://books.google.com/books?id=z55xx8_P08UC&pg=PT714&dq=%22mother%27s+day%22+origin&lr=&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
- ^ Larossa, 1997, page 72(footnote 51)
- ^ a b c d e Louisa Taylor, Canwest News Service (11 May 2008). "Mother's Day creator likely 'spinning in her grave'". Vancouver Sun (Canada). http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=c942370c-cdbb-43b2-af59-71ad4b546854. Retrieved 7 July 2008.
- ^ House Vote No. 274 (7 May 2008) H. Res. 1113: Celebrating the role of mothers in the United States and supporting the goals and ideals of Mother's Day (Vote On Passage)
- ^ House Vote No. 275 (7 May 2008) Table Motion to Reconsider: H RES 1113 Celebrating the role of mothers in the United States and supporting the goals and ideals of Mother’s Day
- ^ Presidential proclamations from The American Presidency Project:
- 71 – Proclamation 2083 – Mother's Day Proclamation, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 3 May 1934.
- Proclamation 3535 Mother's Day, 1963 John F. Kennedy, 26 April 1963.
- Proclamation 3583 – Mother's Day, 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson, 23 April 1964
- Proclamation 4437 – Mother's Day, 1976, Gerald Ford, 5 May 1976.
- Proclamation 5801 – Mother's Day, 1988, Ronald Reagan, 26 April 1988.
- Proclamation 6133 – Mother's Day, 1990, George Bush, 10 May 1990
- Proclamation 6559 – Mother's Day, 1993, Bill J. Clinton, 7 May 1993.
- Proclamation 8253 – Mother's Day, 2008, George W. Bush, 8 May 2008.
- ^ a b c Sources for Bolivia:
- ^ John MacIntyre (2005), The amazing mom book: real facts, tender tales, and thoughts from the heart about the most important person on Earth, Sourcebooks, p. 7, ISBN 1-4022-0355-1, 9781402203558, http://books.google.es/books?id=dgZknK0tJEkC, "Lebanon in the first day of Spring."
- ^ "2010 Mother's Day ~ Mothers Day Central". Mothersdaycentral.com. http://www.mothersdaycentral.com/when/. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
- ^ Xinhua from China Daily (16 May 2006). "It's Mother's Day". SCUEC online. http://news.scuec.edu.cn/english/viewtext1.php?id=556.
- ^ "Principales efemérides. Mes Mayo". Unión de Periodistas de Cuba. http://www.enlace.cu/efemeride/mayo.htm. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
- ^ a b c d Mixed emotions on Women's Day in Eastern Europe, euractiv.com, 9 March 2010, http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/mixed-emotions-women-s-day-eastern-europe-news-309486
- ^ "Calendario Cívico Escolar". Dirección Regional de Educación de Lima Metropolitana. http://www.drelm.gob.pe/index.php?p=art&menu=49. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
- ^ a b Ministerio de Educación y Cultura de Paraguay (in Spanish), Día de la Madre, http://www.mec.gov.py/cmsmec/?attachment_id=26430
- ^ Sources:
- ^ a b Lic. Pedro Rafael Díaz Figueroa (27 May 1999), "El origen del Día de la Madre", El Nuevo Diario, http://archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni/1999/mayo/27-mayo-1999/opinion/opinion6.html
- ^ a b (in Spanish) Arzobispo advierte que "cultura del feminismo extremo" denigra sentido de maternidad, aciprensa, 18 October 2006, http://www.aciprensa.com/noticia.php?n=14514, "La celebración del Día de la Madre que se realiza en octubre en Argentina, está ligada a la antigua fecha establecida en la liturgia, que destinaba el 11 de octubre a la fiesta de la Divina Maternidad de María o la fiesta de Santa María, Madre de Dios, que actualmente se celebra el 1 de enero de cada año."
- ^ a b editorial (8 December 2001), "Bendita Madre" (in Spanish), Crítica, http://www.critica.com.pa/archivo/12082001/opinion.html
- ^ a b seenthing (21 December 2010), Sejarah Perayaan Nasional Hari Ibu 22 Desembe, http://www.shvoong.com/writing-and-speaking/ezines-and-newsletters/2089852-sejarah-perayaan-nasional-hari-ibu/
- ^ a b Sources for Israel:
- ^ a b "Ahmadinejad highlights women's significant role in society". Presidency of The Islamic Republic of Iran News Service. 24 June 2008. http://www.president.ir/en/print.php?ArtID=10405. Retrieved 19 July 2008. "(...) the occasion of the Mother's Day marking the birthday anniversary of Hazrat Fatemeh Zahra (SA), the beloved daughter of Prophet Mohammad. The day fell on 23 June, [2008]"
- ^ Cordelia Candelaria, Peter J. García (2004). Encyclopedia of Latino popular culture (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 375. ISBN 0-313-33210-X, 9780313332104. http://books.google.es/books?id=STjcB_f7CVcC&pg=PA375&dq=mother%27s+day+virgin+mary.
- ^ Douglas Jehl (16 April 1997). "Mustafa Amin, Liberal Editor Jailed by Nasser, Dies at 83". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/16/world/mustafa-amin-liberal-editor-jailed-by-nasser-dies-at-83.html?pagewanted=1.
- ^ (in Spanish) Sólo las madres argentinas recibirán regalos mañana, 20 October 2007, http://www.noticiasnet.com.ar/?se=33&id=8577, "(...) después de Malvinas [after 1982], la Argentina mudó el Día de la Madre, del 11 de octubre al tercer domingo, a pedido de los comerciantes de artículos del hogar, perfumería y cosméticos, que necesitaban reactivar la segunda quincena con una fecha poderosa."
- ^ Sources for Janet Heyden:
- ^ "Dia das Mães: shoppings têm promoções especiais". http://www.visaooeste.com.br/cidades/439_dia_das_maes_shoppings_tem_promocoes_especiais.html. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ a b c "Mother's Day Popular in China". People's Daily. 14 May 2001. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200105/14/eng20010514_69871.html.
- ^ people.com.cn, sina.com.cn (17 June 2008). "Researchers and Experts Propose a Chinese Mother's Day". All-China Women's Federation. http://www.womenofchina.cn/Issues/OPINION/204586.jsp.
- ^ a b "Do we need our own Mother's Day?". China Daily. 16 May 2007. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/ezine/2007-05/16/content_873529.htm.
- ^ "Pühade ja tähtpäevade seadus". https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/898484. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
- ^ a b c d Histoire de la fête des mères et celle de "l’Union fraternelle des pères de familles méritants d'Artas", Union des Familles en Europe, http://www.uniondesfamilles.org/fete-des-meres.htm
- ^ a b c d e "Google Doodle: la Fête des Mères à l'honneur ce dimanche" (in French), Le Nouvelliste, 13 May 2012, http://www.lenouvelliste.ch/fr/societe/loisirs-et-culture/google-doodle-la-fete-des-meres-a-l-honneur-ce-dimanche-475-451471, "Ces dispositions ont été intégrées au Code de l'action sociale et des familles lors de sa création en 1956, et l'organisation de la fête a été assignée au ministre chargé de la Famille à partir de 2004."
- ^ a b Luc Capdevila (CRHISCO – University of Rennes 2), Fabrice Virgili (IHTP – CNRS), "Guerre, femmes et nation en France (1939–1945)", in IRICE.
- ^ a b c d e Michelle Mouton (2007), "From Mother's Day to Forced Sterilization", From nurturing the nation to purifying the Volk: Weimar and Nazi family policy, 1918–1945, Publications of the German Historical Institute (illustrated ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 107–152, ISBN 0-521-86184-5, http://books.google.es/books?id=YAwuIKyMvSEC
- ^ a b Ann Taylor Allen (February 1995), "Reviewed work(s): Muttertag und Mutterkreuz: Der Kult um die "Deutsche Mutter" im Nationalsozialismus, by Irmgard Weyrather", American Historical Review (Frankfurt A.m) 100 (1): 186–187, http://www.jstor.org/pss/2168063
- ^ TTN (March 13, 2004), "Social change in India discussed", Times of India, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-03-13/lucknow/28330092_1_globalisation-tribals-discussion, "Prof Bradley Hartel from Virginia, USA, reiterated that cultural and artistic exchanges have led to a confluence of ideas and traditions between India and USA. He said that India is unique in it's adaptability of new cultures as is exemplified by integrating Valentine's Day or Mother's Day, etc, into it's list of numerous festivals despite the many protests. He stressed that many traditions are being universalised in a global world."
- ^ Charu Amar (1 may 2009), "Kyunki saas bhi toh maa hai!", The Times of India, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/specialcoverage/articleshowpics/4471483.cms, "Mention Mother's Day and everyone goes on a thinking spree to find the most innovative way to pamper their mommy dearest."
- ^ Dalem Jayadipuran, Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Yogyakarta
- ^ Shahin Gerami (1996). Women in Fundamentalism. New York: Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8153-0663-6. http://www.dhushara.com/book/zulu/islamp/wiff/wif.htm. "To this end, to counteract the Mother's Day of the previous regime, the state first moved it to 16 December [that was the date for that year?], to coincide with Fatemeh's birthday. Then it was expanded to a week with festivities, celebrations, speeches, gifts, prizes, and honors for achieving women." online version
- ^ Ali Akbar Mahdi (2003). "Iranian Women: Between Islamization and Globalization" (DOC). Iran Encountering Globalization: Problems and Prospects. Ali Mohammadi. London and New York: Routledge/Curzon. ISBN 0-415-30827-5. http://www.owu.edu/~aamahdi/globalization-final.doc. "Other role models for women often cited by the officials and ideologues of the IRI are Khadijah, the prophet Mohammad's wife, and Zaynab, daughter of the first Shi'i Imam Ali. In fact, the IRI replaced the universal Mother's Day with Fatima Zahar's birthday."
- ^ Apollo.lv (13 may 2012), "Šodien sveicam Māmiņas!", Apollo.lv India, http://www.apollo.lv/portal/life/articles/274302, "Mātes dienu Latvijā sāka svinēt 1922. gadā, bet ar 1934. gadu tika noteikts, ka šī diena svinama katra maija otrajā svētdienā līdzīgi kā citās Eiropas valstīs. 1938. gadā pēc prezidenta Kārļa Ulmaņa ierosinājuma Mātes dienu sāka dēvēt par Ģimenes dienu, uzsverot mātes lielo lomu ģimenes pavarda veidošanā un uzturēšanā."
- ^ DELFI (01 may 2011), "Šodien sveicam Māmiņas!", Delfi.lt, http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/motinos-diena-lietuvoje-oficialiai-pradeta-mineti-1928-m.d?id=44958181, "Motinos diena pirmąjį gegužės sekmadienį Lietuvoje oficialiai švenčiama nuo 1928 metų, tačiau ji žinoma nuo pagonybės laikų, kai mamas vaikai ir vyrai ne tik pasveikindavo, bet ir tą dieną stengdavosi išvaduoti nuo namų ruošos darbų."
- ^ a b Newcomer, page 133
- ^ a b c Sherman, page 44
- ^ a b Newcomer, pages 133–134
- ^ a b Newcomer, page 134
- ^ Newcomer, 134–135
- ^ a b c Newcomer, 135–136
- ^ a b Newcomer, 136–139
- ^ The History of Mother's Day from The Legacy Project, a Legacy Center (Canada) website
- ^ Penny de Henríquez (9 December 2005), "Origins. La celebración del Día de la Madre" (in Spanish), La Prensa, http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2005/12/09/hoy/opinion/427577.html
- ^ Session of the Honorable Cámara de Senadores. Señor Senador Diego Abente Brun, p. 25, http://www.congreso.gov.py/senadores/archivos/diarios/341S-13.doc
- ^ a b "Buscan que se cambie fecha del día de la madre", Radio Viva 90.1 FM Paraguay, 14 May 2008, http://www.radioviva.com.py/articulo.php?ID=2478
- ^ Municipality of Asuncion (27 July 2008), Hoy miércoles 27 de agosto se inician las acciones de la Comisión de Festejos por el Bicentenario, con una retreta en la Plaza de los Héroes, http://www.mca.gov.py/noticias/270808_2.htm
- ^ a b "Romania Celebrates Fathers’ Day On Second Sunday Of May". Bucharest: mediafax.ro. 4 May 2010. http://www.mediafax.ro/english/romania-celebrates-fathers-day-on-second-sunday-of-may-6088334.
- ^ Fleurop-Interflora (Suisse) (22 April 2008) (in French), La Fête des Mères 2008 ne sera pas reportée, http://www.presseportal.ch/fr/print.htx?nr=100559568
- ^ Thai News Agency (10 August 2009). "Police chief returns earlier for Mother's Day". MCOT news. http://enews.mcot.net/view.php?id=11235. "(...) an audience with Her Majesty Queen Sirikit on Tuesday on the occasion of her birthday, which is also observed as National Mother's Day."
- ^ a b Paul M. Handley (2006). The King Never Smiles: a biography of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej. Yale University Press. p. 288. ISBN 0-300-10682-3, 9780300106824. (online version)
- ^ "BBC – Religion: Interfaith holy days by faith". Religion & Ethics (BBC). http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/tools/calendar/faith.shtml?christian. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
- ^ a b Irish Culture and Customs, Bridget Haggerty
- ^ "How Mothering Sunday became Mother's Day". Owenspencer-thomas.com. http://www.owenspencer-thomas.com/articles/general-interest/mothering-sunday. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ a b Ronald Hutton (2001), The stations of the sun: a history of the ritual year in Britain (illustrated, reprinted ed.), pp. 174–177, ISBN 0-19-285448-8, http://books.google.com/books?id=0WhvTFmRDCQC
- ^ David Self (1993), One hundred readings for assembly, Heinemann Assembly Resources, Heinemann, pp. 27–29, ISBN 0-435-80041-8, 9780435800413, http://books.google.es/books?id=kr8IyXOmhyAC
- ^ a b Cristina Rouvalis, For the mother of Mother's Day, it's just never been right, Cristina Rouvalis, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 11 May 2008.
- ^ a b c "Mother's Day reaches 100th anniversary, The woman who lobbied for this day would berate you for buying a card". MSNBC. Associated Press. 11 May 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24556903/. Retrieved 7 July 2008.
- ^ Barbara Mikkelson, "We love you – call collect". Snopes.com. Retrieved 2010.03.08.
- ^ a b J. Ellsworth Kalas (19 October 2009). Preaching the Calendar: Celebrating Holidays and Holy Days. Westminster John Knox Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=QQpXwIt3ihAC&pg=PA76&ots=mlIDxskAwl&dq=%22third+only+to+Christmas+Eve+and+Easter%22&sig=GcM51tchhsueaID7zb2bsDpuAwo#v=onepage&q=%22third%20only%20to%20Christmas%20Eve%20and%20Easter%22&f=false. "Church attendance on this day is likely to be third only to Christmas Eve and Easter. Some worshipers still celebrate with carnations, colored if the mother is living and white if she is deceased."
- ^ Leigh, page 256
