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- Armenian language
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- Charles I of Austria
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Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
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Thall
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Bede
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Carl Lwanga
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Caroline of Ansbach
Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach (Wilhelmina Charlotte Caroline; 1 March 1683 – 20 November 1737) was the queen consort of King George II of Great Britain.
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Carolingian dynasty
The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD. The name "Carolingian", Medieval Latin karolingi, an altered form of an unattested Old High German *karling, kerling (meaning "descendant of Charles", cf. MHG kerlinc), derives from the Latinised name of Charles Martel: Carolus. The family consolidated its power in the late 7th century, eventually making the offices of mayor of the palace and dux et princeps Francorum hereditary and becoming the de facto rulers of the Franks as the real powers behind the throne. By 751, the Merovingian dynasty which until then had ruled the Franks by right was deprived of this right with the consent of the Papacy and the aristocracy and a Carolingian, Pepin the Short, was crowned King of the Franks.
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Cearl of Mercia
Cearl was an early king of Mercia who ruled during the early part of the 7th century, perhaps from about 606 to about 626. He is the first Mercian king mentioned by Bede in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum.
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Charlemagne
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Charles A. Ford
Charles Arthur Ford (born c. 1950) is a United States diplomat, a former United States Ambassador to Honduras, and is currently the Business Engagement Advisor to the Commander, United States Southern Command.
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Charles Addams
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Charles Aznavour
Charles Aznavour OC, (born Shahnour Vaghenag Aznavourian, May 22, 1924, Paris) is a French-Armenian singer, songwriter, actor, public activist and diplomat. Besides being one of France's most popular and enduring singers, he is also one of the best-known singers in the world. Aznavour is known for his characteristic short figure and unique tenor voice; clear and ringing in its upper reaches, with gravelly and profound low notes. He has appeared in more than 60 movies, composed about 1,000 songs (including 150 at least in English, 100 in Italian, 70 in Spanish, and 50 in German), and has sold well over 100 million records.
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Charles Babbage
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Charles Barkley
Charles Wade Barkley (born February 20, 1963) is a former American professional basketball player. Nicknamed "Sir Charles" and "The Round Mound of Rebound" , Barkley established himself as one of the National Basketball Association's (NBA's) most dominating power forwards. He was selected to the All-NBA First Team five times, the All-NBA Second Team five times, and once to the All-NBA Third Team. He earned eleven NBA All-Star Game appearances and was named the All-Star MVP in 1991. In 1993, he was voted the league's Most Valuable Player and during the NBA's 50th anniversary, named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History. He competed in the 1992 and 1996 Olympic games and won two gold medals as a member of the United States' Dream Team. In 2006, Barkley was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.
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Charles Bent
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Charles Bolton
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Charles Bowers
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Charles Boyer
Charles Boyer (28 August 1899 – 26 August 1978) was a French actor who appeared in more than 80 films between 1920 and 1976. After receiving an education in drama, Boyer started on the stage, but he found his success in movies during the 1930s. His most famous role was opposite Ingrid Bergman in the 1944 mystery-thriller Gaslight. Other memorable performances were among the era's highly praised romantic dramas, Algiers (1938) and Love Affair (1939). He received four Academy Award nominations for Best Actor.
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Charles Bradlaugh
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Charles Bukowski
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Charles Colson
Charles "Chuck" Wendell Colson (born October 16, 1931) is a Christian leader, cultural commentator, and author of at least 20 books, including several that have been recognized with ECPA Christian Book Awards.
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Charles Curtis
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Charles Darwin
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Charles Dawson
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Charles de Gaulle
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Charles DeRudio
Charles Camillo DeRudio (August 26, 1832 – November 1, 1910) was an Italian aristocrat, attempted assassin of Napoleon III, and later a career U.S. Army officer who fought in the 7th U.S. Cavalry at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.
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Charles Dickens
Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was the most popular British novelist of the Victorian era, and he remains popular, responsible for some of English literature's most iconic characters.
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Charles Dodgson
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Charles Evans Hughes
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Charles Evers
James Charles Evers (born September 11, 1922) is an important civil rights advocate in the United States. The older brother of civil rights martyr Medgar Evers, Charles Evers is a leading civil rights spokesman within the Republican Party in his native Mississippi. He was the first African American elected since the Reconstruction era as mayor in a Mississippi city, in Fayette in 1969. He ran for governor in 1971 and the United States Senate in 1978, both times as an independent.
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Charles Fort
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Charles G. Dawes
Charles Gates Dawes (August 27, 1865 – April 23, 1951) was an American banker and politician who was the 30th Vice President of the United States. For his work on the Dawes Plan for World War I reparations he was a co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He served in the First World War, was U.S. Comptroller of the Currency, the first director of the Bureau of the Budget, and, in later life, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom.
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Charles G. Taylor
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Charles G.D. Roberts
Sir Charles George Douglas Roberts, KCMG, FRSC (January 10, 1860 – November 26, 1943) was a Canadian poet and prose writer. Besides his own body of work, Roberts is known as the "Father of Canadian Poetry" because he served as an inspiration for other writers of his time. Roberts, his cousin Bliss Carman, Archibald Lampman and Duncan Campbell Scott were known as the "Confederation poets".
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Charles Gibbs
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Charles Gibson
:This article refers to the TV journalist. For other people with the same name, see Charles Gibson (disambiguation).
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Charles Goldenberg
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Charles Gray (actor)
Charles Gray (29 August 1928 - 7 March 2000) was an English actor whose well-known roles include playing the arch-villain Blofeld in the James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever, Sherlock Holmes' brother Mycroft Holmes in the Granada television series, and as the narrator of the cult classic The Rocky Horror Picture Show in 1975.
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Charles Grodin
Charles Grodin (born April 21, 1935) is an American actor, comedian, author and former cable talk show host.
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Charles Henri Ford
Charles Henri Ford (February 10, 1913 - September 27, 2002) was an American poet, novelist, filmmaker, photographer, and collage artist best known for his editorship of the Surrealist magazine View (1940-1947) in New York City, and as the partner of the artist Pavel Tchelitchew.
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Charles Herbert
Charles Herbert (born Charles Herbert Saperstein on December 23, 1948, in Culver City, California) is an American film and TV child actor of the 1950s and 1960s.
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Charles Humphreys
Charles Humphreys (September 19, 1714 – March 11, 1786) was an American miller and statesman from Haverford, Pennsylvania. He served as a delegate for Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1776. He voted against the Declaration of Independence, since he believed it would inevitably escalate the Revolutionary War and that conflicted with his Quaker beliefs. He withdrew from the Congress soon afterwards.
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Charles I of Austria
:"Karl I" redirects here. For the Prince of Liechtenstein, see Karl I of Liechtenstein.
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Charles I of England
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Charles I of Hungary
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Charles I of Naples
Charles I (21 March 1226 – 7 January 1285), known also as Charles of Anjou, was the King of Sicily by conquest from 1266, though he had received it as a papal grant in 1262 and was expelled from the island in the aftermath of the Sicilian Vespers of 1282. Thereafter, he continued to claim the island, though his power was restricted to the peninsular possessions of the kingdom, with his capital at Naples (and for this he is usually titled King of Naples after 1282, as are his successors).
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Charles I of Romania
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Charles III of Spain
:Not to be confused with Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, who briefly ruled parts of Spain during the War of the Spanish Succession as Charles III.
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Charles IV of France
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Charles IV of Spain
Charles IV (Carlos Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno Jose Januario Serafin Diego; 11 November 1748 – 20 January 1819) was King of Spain from 14 December 1788 until his abdication on 19 March 1808.
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Charles Ives
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Charles IX of Sweden
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Charles Keating
Charles Humphrey Keating Jr. (born December 4, 1923) is an American athlete, lawyer, real estate developer, banker, and financier, most known for his role in the savings and loan scandal of the late 1980s.
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Charles Kuralt
Charles Kuralt (September 10, 1934 – July 4, 1997) was an American journalist. He was most widely known for his long career with CBS, first for his "On the Road" segments on The CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite, and later as the first anchor of CBS News Sunday Morning, a position he held for fifteen years.
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Charles L. Bennett
Dr. Charles L. Bennett (born November 1956) is an American observational astrophysicist and a Professor of Physics and Astronomy at the Johns Hopkins University.[http://cosmos.pha.jhu.edu/bennett/bio.html] He is the Principal Investigator of NASA's highly successful Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP).[http://cosmos.pha.jhu.edu/bennett/bio.html] Prior to 2005, Bennett was a Senior Scientist for Experimental Cosmology, Goddard Senior Fellow, and Infrared Astrophysics Branch Head at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.[http://cosmos.pha.jhu.edu/bennett/bio.html]
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Charles L. Grant
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Charles Landon
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Charles Laughton
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Charles Lefrançois
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Charles Lindbergh
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Charles Lummis
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Charles Lyell
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Charles M. Schwab
:For the founder and CEO of the Charles Schwab Corporation brokerage firm, see Charles R. Schwab
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Charles Manson
Charles Milles Manson (born November 12, 1934) is an American criminal who led what became known as the Manson Family, a quasi-commune that arose in California in the late 1960s. He was found guilty of conspiracy to commit the Tate/LaBianca murders carried out by members of the group at his instruction. He was convicted of the murders through the joint-responsibility rule, which makes each member of a conspiracy guilty of crimes his fellow conspirators commit in furtherance of the conspiracy's object.
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Charles Martel
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Charles Mathias
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Charles Mingus
Charles Mingus Jr. (April 22, 1922 – January 5, 1979) was an American jazz musician, composer, bandleader, and civil rights activist.
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Charles Myer
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Charles Oakley
Charles Oakley (born December 18, 1963) is a retired American professional basketball player who played power forward in the National Basketball Association as a member of the Chicago Bulls, New York Knicks, Toronto Raptors, Washington Wizards and Houston Rockets.
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Charles of Sezze
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Charles Olson
Charles Olson (27 December 1910 – 10 January 1970), was a second generation American modernist poet who was a crucial link between earlier figures like Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams and the New American poets, a rubric which includes the New York School, the Black Mountain School, the Beat poets, and the San Francisco Renaissance. Consequently, many postmodern groups, such as the poets of the Language School, include Olson as a primary and precedent figure. Across the Atlantic, these various poetic movements have exerted a deep and ongoing influence on an important array of alternative and experimental writers, including Roy Fisher, Geoffrey Hill, JH Prynne and Edwin Morgan, behind whose works lurks Olson's ghost of language-driven inventiveness.
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Charles Pearson
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Charles Ponzi
Charles Ponzi (March 3, 1882 – January 18, 1949) was an Italian swindler, who is considered one of the greatest swindlers in American history. His aliases include Charles Ponei, Charles P. Bianchi, Carl and Carlo. The term "Ponzi scheme" is a widely known description of any scam that pays early investors returns from the investments of later investors. He promised clients a 50% profit within 45 days, or 100% profit within 90 days, by buying discounted postal reply coupons in other countries and redeeming them at face value in the United States as a form of arbitrage. Ponzi was probably inspired by the scheme of William F. Miller, a Brooklyn bookkeeper who in 1899 used the same scheme to take in $1 million.
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Charles R. Knight
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Charles R. Schwab
Charles R. "Chuck" Schwab (born July 29, 1937) is the founder and chairman of the Charles Schwab Corporation.
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Charles Radbourn
Charles Gardner "Old Hoss" Radbourn (December 11, 1854 – February 5, 1897) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball from 1880 to 1891. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939.
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Charles Reisner
Charles "Chuck" Reisner (14 March 1887 – 24 September 1962) was an American film director and actor of the 1920s and 1930s.
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Charles Schulz
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Charles Sobhraj
Hatchand Bhaonani Gurumukh Charles Sobhraj (born April 6, 1944), better known as Charles Sobhraj, is a serial killer of Indian and Vietnamese origin, who preyed on Western tourists throughout Southeast Asia during the 1970s. Nicknamed "the Serpent" and "the Bikini killer" for his skill at deception and evasion, he allegedly committed at least 12 murders. He was convicted and jailed in India from 1976 to 1997, but managed to live a life of leisure even in prison. After his release, he retired as a celebrity in Paris; he unexpectedly returned to Nepal, where he was arrested, tried and sentenced to life imprisonment on August 12, 2004. The Supreme Court of Nepal has finally convicted him and ordered the life imprisonment, this decision was made on 30 July 2010.
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Charles Spinola
Father Charles Spinola or Blessed Charles Spinola was born in Genoa in 1564, the son of the Count of Tassarolo, and the nephew of Cardinal Philip Spinola. He was educated in Spain and in the Jesuit school in Nola, Italy. He entered the noviatiate in 1584, and was ordained in 1594. In 1596, he received a letter appointing him to the missions in Japan. His journey was marked by shipwrecks and delays, which included captivity in England, and he reached his destination only in 1602, six years later. For twelve years, he worked at ministering to the growing Christian community in Japan. In 1614, all foreign missionaries were banished so Charles went into hiding, eluding capture for four years. After enduring four more years of captivity, he was burnt at the stake on September 10, 1622. Charles was declared Blessed in 1867, along with 30 other Jesuits, over half of whom were Japanese.
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Charles Stanton Ogle
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Charles the Bald
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Charles the Fat
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Charles the Simple
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Charles the Younger
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Charles Thomson
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Charles Tilly
Charles Tilly (May 27, 1929 – April 29, 2008) was an American sociologist, political scientist, and historian who wrote books on the relationship between politics and society.
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Charles Upham
Captain Charles Hazlitt Upham VC & Bar (21 September 1908 – 22 November 1994) was a New Zealand soldier who earned the Victoria Cross twice during the Second World War: in Crete in May 1941, and at Ruweisat Ridge, Egypt, in July 1942. He was only the third person to receive the VC twice, the only person to receive two VCs during the Second World War and the only combat soldier to receive the award twice. As a result, Upham is often described as the most highly decorated Commonwealth soldier of that war, as the VC is the Commonwealth's highest award for extreme gallantry in the face of the enemy.
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Charles W. Fairbanks
Charles Warren Fairbanks (May 11, 1852 – June 4, 1918) was a Senator from Indiana and the 26th Vice President of the United States.
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Charles W. Penrose
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Charles Wright Mills
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Charles X of Sweden
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Charles XI of Sweden
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Charles XV of Sweden
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Charley Chase
Charley Chase (October 20, 1893 – June 20, 1940) was an American comedian, actor, screenwriter and film director, best known for his work in Hal Roach short film comedies. He was the older brother of comedian/director James Parrott.
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Charley Reynolds
:''For other similarly named people, see Charles Reynolds (disambiguation)
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Charlie Chaplin
actor
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Charlie Daniels
Charles Edward "Charlie" Daniels (born on October 28, 1936, in Leland, North Carolina) is an American musician known for his contributions to country and southern rock music. He is known primarily for his number one country hit "The Devil Went Down to Georgia", and multiple other songs he has performed and written. Daniels has been active as a singer since the early 1950s. He was inducted into the Grand Ole Opry on January 24, 2008.
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Charlie Fleming
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Charlie Haden
Charles Edward Haden (born August 6, 1937) is an American jazz musician. He is a double bassist, probably best known for his long association with saxophonist Ornette Coleman. Haden is also known for his signature lyrical bass lines and is one of the most respected bassists and jazz composers today.
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Charlie Parker
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Charlie Reiter
Charles "Charlie" Reiter (born February 27, 1988 in Westport, Connecticut) is an American professional soccer player currently playing for Richmond Kickers in the USL Second Division.
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Charlie Rose
Charles Peete "Charlie" Rose, Jr. (born January 5, 1942) is an American television talk show host and journalist. Since 1991, he has hosted Charlie Rose, an interview show distributed nationally by PBS since 1993. He was concurrently a correspondent for 60 Minutes II from its inception in January 1999 until its cancellation in September 2005, and was later named a correspondent on 60 Minutes.
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Charlie Watts
Charles Robert "Charlie" Watts (born 2 June 1941) is an English drummer, known as a member of The Rolling Stones. He is also the leader of a jazz band, as well as a record producer, commercial artist, and horse breeder.
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Charlotte of Cyprus
Charlotte of Cyprus or Charlotte de Lusignan (Nicosia, 28 June 1444 - Rome, 16 July 1487), was the Queen of Cyprus, Titular Queen of Jerusalem and Armenia, and the suo jure Princess of Antioch. She was the eldest and only surviving daughter of King John II of Cyprus and Helena Palaiologina. At the age of 14, she succeeded to the Cypriot throne upon the death of her father in 1458. Her illegitimate half-brother, James challenged her right to the crown. With the support of the Egyptians, he forced her to flee the island in 1463, and he was later crowned king. She made a military attempt to regain her throne, but was unsuccessful, and died childless in Rome.
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Charlotte of Savoy
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Charlton Heston
Charlton Heston (October 4, 1923 – April 5, 2008) was an American actor of film, theatre and television.
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Chas Licciardello
Chas John Licciardello (born 10 May 1977) is a comedian from Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, best known for being a member of satirical team The Chaser. A former student of Sydney Grammar School and a law graduate of The University of Sydney, Licciardello has appeared as a regular in the two series of CNNNN, as well as on ''The Chaser's War on Everything''.
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Chuck Bednarik
Charles Philip Bednarik (born May 1, 1925) is a former professional American football player, known as one of the most devastating tacklers in the history of football and the last two-way player in the National Football League. A Slovak American from the Lehigh Valley region of Pennsylvania, he is perhaps best remembered for a tackle on the New York Giants' Frank Gifford, then a star running back, that knocked Gifford out of professional football for a year and a half, and shortened Gifford's playing career.
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Chuck Berry
Charles Edward Anderson "Chuck" Berry (born October 18, 1926) is an American guitarist, singer, and songwriter, and one of the pioneers of rock and roll music. With songs such as "Maybellene" (1955), "Roll Over Beethoven" (1956), "Rock and Roll Music" (1957) and "Johnny B. Goode" (1958), Chuck Berry refined and developed rhythm and blues into the major elements that made rock and roll distinctive, with lyrics focusing on teen life and consumerism and utilizing guitar solos and showmanship that would be a major influence on subsequent rock music.
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Chuck Hayes
Charles Edward Hayes, Jr. (born June 11, 1983 in San Leandro, California) is an American professional basketball player. He is 6'6", 238 pound center/power forward who currently plays for the Houston Rockets of the NBA. He attended college at the University of Kentucky, where he was a standout player, from 2001 until 2005.
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Chuck Jones
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Chuck Larson
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Chuck Mangione
Charles Frank "Chuck" Mangione (; born November 29, 1940) is an American flugelhorn player and composer who achieved international success in 1977 with his jazz-pop single, "Feels So Good." Mangione has released more than thirty albums since 1960.cite web|url=http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql;=11:gifexqy5ld6e~T2|title=Chuck Mangione
http://wn.com/Chuck_Mangione -
Chuck Robb
Charles Spittal "Chuck" Robb (born June 26, 1939) is an American politician. He served as the 64th Governor of Virginia from 1982 to 1986, and as a United States senator from 1989 until 2001. In 2004, he chaired the Iraq Intelligence Commission.
http://wn.com/Chuck_Robb -
Chuck Yeager
Charles Elwood "Chuck" Yeager (born February 13, 1923) is a retired major general in the United States Air Force and noted test pilot. He was the first pilot to travel faster than sound (1947). Originally retiring as a brigadier general, Yeager was promoted to major general on the Air Force's retired list 20 years later for his military achievements.
http://wn.com/Chuck_Yeager -
Francisco Franco
http://wn.com/Francisco_Franco -
Germanic king
http://wn.com/Germanic_king -
Karolos Papoulias
Dr. Karolos Papoulias (, ; born June 4, 1929) is the seventh and current President of the Third Hellenic Republic.
http://wn.com/Karolos_Papoulias -
Kings of Sweden
http://wn.com/Kings_of_Sweden -
Mul of Kent
Mul (, literally "mule") (died 687) may have briefly ruled as king of Kent following its conquest by his brother, Caedwalla of Wessex, in 686. Mul's father was Coenberht, making him a member of the House of Wessex (a descendant of Cynric.) The name Mul is very unusual and it has been postulated that it derives from the Latin mulus meaning mule, a word which it is known entered the Old English vocabulary; presumably it was a nickname which became habitual.
http://wn.com/Mul_of_Kent -
Napoleon I of France
http://wn.com/Napoleon_I_of_France -
Napoleon III
http://wn.com/Napoleon_III -
Pepin of Herstal
http://wn.com/Pepin_of_Herstal -
Pepin of Landen
Pepin (also Peppin, Pipin, or Pippin) of Landen (c. 580 – 27 February 640), also called the Elder or the Old, was the Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia under the Merovingian king Dagobert I from 623 to 629. He was also the mayor for Sigebert III from 639 until his own death.
http://wn.com/Pepin_of_Landen -
Pope Gregory XI
:See also Vicedomino de Vicedominis, a pope-elect who took the name Gregory XI.
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_XI -
Pope Paul V
:''For Napoleon's brother-in-law see Camillo Filippo Ludovico Borghese.''
http://wn.com/Pope_Paul_V
Charles, Charles W. Filmography
- The Witness for the Defense (1919)
- Eyes of the Soul (1919)
- His Parisian Wife (1919)
- The Oldest Law (1918)
- The Cabaret (1918)
- A Square Deal (1917)
- The Page Mystery (1917)
- The Price of Pride (1917)
- The Volunteer (1917)
- Pawn of Fate (1916)
Charles Filmography
- Dois Dias no Paraíso (1957)
- Agora É Que São Elas (1954)
- Aqui, Portugal (1947)
- O Violino do João (1944)
Charles Filmography
karaoke
Charles holds his picture up to show 'Excuse me did I do this wrong?' Tugging at my pantleg I tell him there¹s no wrong in art He frowns and squints in disbelief Answer: Unsatisfactory Always asking me for the right and wrong Charles wants to know how to sing the songs How to sing along Can I make him love his own melodies? Children scattered Œround the classroom floor Like blank pages on tablecloths I tried to sing them all to sleep Charles at my chair, he can¹t lay down Too excited to be alive And he wants some answers out of me A blank sheet of paper and the crayons clutched tightly in our hands This is what we dream This is what we dream Wipe the slate clean Now let¹s begin Used to thing I could save the world With a sign and my fist up in the air Now the blank page is in front of me And the task has me so fuckin¹ scared Scrubbing the paint from my fingers Stains bled from a child¹s psyche Mixes like blood into water Secretly, as if someone¹s watching Regurgitate like a machine? I strive for more than leading sheep Scribbling wildly on their futures How did I become the teacher? I¹m struggling hard not to return To teachings I¹ve tried to unlearn
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Georgia on my Mind- Ray Charles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:46
- Published: 12 Dec 2005
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
musicthreads.tumblr.com
http://wn.com/Georgia_on_my_Mind_Ray_Charles
Hit the road Jack!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Published: 03 Jun 2006
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
In memory of Jack Hagelin Sept. 04, '02 - Mar. 27, '07 * I posted this video June 03, '06 after he was discharged from the transplant unit. Jack Passed away peacefully surrounded with Love at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, from complications from pneumonia and after a 4 and ½ year battle, a diagnosis of NEMO Primary Immune Deficiency and Ectodermal Displasia, two rare genetic disorders. His treatment included a Stem Cell Bone Marrow transplant. In his short 4 and ½ years he helped science gain more knowledge for this rare genetic condition and through this knowledge to help other children with this same condition. www.cure4jack.org Think about it, you could easily save a life by joining the National Bone Marrow Registry which is changing there name to The Be The Match Registry. www.marrow.org will get you to the information you need to join.
http://wn.com/Hit_the_road_Jack!
Charles & Eddie - Would I Lie To You?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Published: 11 Mar 2009
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Music video by Charles & Eddie performing Would I Lie To You.
http://wn.com/Charles_Eddie_Would_I_Lie_To_You?
Alec Guinness as King Charles I - Execution Scene
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:21
- Published: 25 May 2008
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Alec Guinness as King Charles I execution scene in "Cromwell" (1970), starring Richard Harris.
http://wn.com/Alec_Guinness_as_King_Charles_I_Execution_Scene
Charles Bradley - The World (Is Going Up In Flames)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Published: 12 Apr 2011
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Music video by Charles Bradley performing The World (Is Going Up In Flames). (C) 2011 Daptone Records
http://wn.com/Charles_Bradley_The_World_Is_Going_Up_In_Flames
Prince Charles reads the BBC Scotland weather forecast
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:10
- Published: 10 May 2012
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
The Prince of Wales has given weather forecasting a try during a BBC Scotland television studio tour. Report by Adam Sich. Like us on Facebook at www.facebook.com and follow us on Twitter at twitter.com Subscribe to ITN News: www.youtube.com This was May's most-watched video; to see the rest of 2012's most watched videos, click here: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Prince_Charles_reads_the_BBC_Scotland_weather_forecast
Prince Charles' speech at the Diamond Jubilee Concert
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:30
- Published: 04 Jun 2012
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Chiddy Bang - Ray Charles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Published: 06 Jan 2012
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Breakfast out now, download on iTunes glnk.it chiddybang.net Subscribe to Chiddy Bang on YouTube here Follow Chiddy Bang on: - Twitter: @chiddybang, @realchiddy, @xaphoonjones - Facebook: www.facebook.com - Tumblr: ChiddyBang.net Music video by Chiddy Bang performing Ray Charles. (P) 2011 The copyright in this audiovisual recording is owned by EMI Records Ltd
http://wn.com/Chiddy_Bang_Ray_Charles
Frostie Dancing To Shake Your Tail Feather! ©Karla K. Larsson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:43
- Published: 02 Feb 2009
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Frostie can dance the socks off any bird on this planet! Frostie's Facebook Fan Page: www.facebook.com Frostie is a 22-year-old Bare-Eyed Cockatoo, otherwise known as a Little Corella, a parrot native to Australia. (Video by Karla K. Larsson - Paradise - California - USA - February 1, 2009.)
http://wn.com/Frostie_Dancing_To_Shake_Your_Tail_Feather!_©Karla_K_Larsson
King Charles I
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:59
- Published: 25 Jan 2007
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Excerpt from the historical monologue "400 Years of English History" presented by artist/historian George S. Stuart as part of an exhibit of his Historical Figures at the Ventura County Museum of Art and History in Ventura California. Visit the Gallery of Historical Figures online at www.galleryhistoricalfigures.com.
http://wn.com/King_Charles_I
Charles in charge : Opening theme song from season 1 ( 1984 - 1985 )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:54
- Published: 08 Dec 2008
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Opening ( intro ) original from Charles in charge season 1 ( 1984 - 1985 )with scott baio
http://wn.com/Charles_in_charge_Opening_theme_song_from_season_1_1984_1985_
Charles I enters the House of Commons
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Published: 07 Dec 2008
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
On 4 January 1642, King Charles I entered the House of Commons to arrest five members. So angered were MPs at this breach of parliamentary privilege that they slammed to doors of the chamber in the faces of the King's men. When Charles finally entered the House of Commons, the Speaker, William Lenthall, refused to reveal the location of the wanted men, famously saying: "May it please your Majesty, I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but as the House is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am here." This incident lead to the English Civil War and no monarch has entered the House of Commons since. Every year this event is commemorated during the State Opening of Parliament when Black Rod tries to enter the Commons, the door is slammed in his face to symbolise the independence of the elected House of Commons from the monarchy. This video is a dramatisation from the film 'Cromwell'.
http://wn.com/Charles_I_enters_the_House_of_Commons
Charles Bradley - Why Is It So Hard (Live on KEXP)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:31
- Published: 06 Apr 2011
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Charles Bradley, backed by The Menahan Street Band, performs "Why Is It So Hard" live from Mellow Johnny's Bike Shop in Austin, TX, during KEXP's broadcast at SXSW. Recorded 3/17/2011. host: Cheryl Waters engineer: Kevin Suggs Cameras: Jim Beckmann, Shelly Corbett, Scott Holpainen and Christopher Meister editing: Jim Beckmann
http://wn.com/Charles_Bradley_Why_Is_It_So_Hard_Live_on_KEXP
Tom Waits reads Charles Bukowski
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Published: 28 Nov 2008
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Tom Waits reads "The Laughing Heart" by Charles Bukowski
http://wn.com/Tom_Waits_reads_Charles_Bukowski
Ray Charles - Hit The Road Jack (Original)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Published: 19 Oct 2009
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Videoclip de Ray Charles Hit the road Jack
http://wn.com/Ray_Charles_Hit_The_Road_Jack_Original
King Charles - Mississippi Isabel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:32
- Published: 09 Nov 2011
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
The debut album LoveBlood is out May 7th. Pre-order now and get a signed copy bit.ly Music video by King Charles performing Mississippi Isobel. (C) 2011 Universal Republic Records, a division of UMG Recordings, Inc.
http://wn.com/King_Charles_Mississippi_Isabel
I've got a woman - Ray Charles live at Olympia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:50
- Published: 10 Jul 2009
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
"I've got a woman" by Ray Charles live at the Olympia of Paris. Recorded on the 22nd of November 2000.
http://wn.com/I've_got_a_woman_Ray_Charles_live_at_Olympia
CD Special: Unchain My Heart - Ray Charles and his Orchestra, 1961
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:52
- Published: 09 Oct 2010
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
BOSSA NOVA, baby!!!!! Damn near every man has experienced this hungry type of tired, so why not aurally scarf, you know? Super spine slippin' here, folks. :) Dig.....
http://wn.com/CD_Special_Unchain_My_Heart_Ray_Charles_and_his_Orchestra,_1961
AMERICA THE BEAUTIFUL by Ray Charles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Published: 13 Feb 2009
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
From THE DICK CAVETT SHOW. September 18, 1972.
http://wn.com/AMERICA_THE_BEAUTIFUL_by_Ray_Charles
King Charles - LoveBlood
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Published: 27 Jan 2012
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Download LoveBlood from iTunes here: bit.ly The debut album LoveBlood is out May 7th. Pre-order now and get a signed copy bit.ly Check out the video for King Charles' new single 'Lady Percy' - www.youtube.com Music video by King Charles performing LoveBlood. (C) 2012 Universal Republic Records, a division of UMG Recordings, Inc.
http://wn.com/King_Charles_LoveBlood
Internet Love Story: CTFxC Wedding (Charles & Alli)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:55
- Published: 22 Nov 2011
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Thanks for all the love! Let's try and get this top favorited!! (click show more) The last few years of lives have been amazing and we have been truly honored to share our life with you! After over 900 consecutive days of vlogging and two years of being happily engaged, we finally got married on a perfect day surrounded by amazing friends and family. Thank you so much to everyone who had a hand in making this day so special - thank you to everyone who has stuck by us from day 1, and even if you're just joining us, we love you and appreciate the support. Thank you so much! YAY WE'RE MARRIED!!!! Love, Charles & Alli Trippy twitter.com twitter.com Song coverd by our buddies, Boyce Avenue (featuring Tyler Ward) watch their music video of it here!! www.youtube.com Song originally by Coldplay "Fix You" HUGE HUGE HUUUUGE THANKS TO THE AMAZING PEOPLE WHO MADE THIS VIDEO! PLEASE CHECK THEM OUT BELOW AND SAY THEY ROCK!! An ApprenticeA Production www.ApprenticeA.com See our 12-minute behind the scenes here www.youtube.com Director: Corey Vidal - www.youtube.com Editor: Brian - www.youtube.com Camera: Corrado Coia - www.youtube.com Camera: Jason Lupish - www.captivatebridal.com Camera Adrian Dudziak - www.captivatebridal.com Behind-The-Scenes Camera Ethan Wane - www.youtube.com Assistant Editor: Shannon Antilles - www.youtube.com In Association With Captivate Bridal www.captivatebridal.com Very Special Thanks Stephen Franklin Photography Cinema http Wedding Events Coordinated By <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Internet_Love_Story_CTFxC_Wedding_Charles_Alli
Ray Charles - I Got A Woman
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Published: 12 May 2009
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Ray Charles - I Got A Woman enjoy : )
http://wn.com/Ray_Charles_I_Got_A_Woman
Horrible Histories Charles Darwin Evolution song
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Published: 10 Apr 2012
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Horrible Histories Charles Darwin song
http://wn.com/Horrible_Histories_Charles_Darwin_Evolution_song
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Public Domain / Charles Robert Knight![Entelodon (then known as Elotherium), the first commissioned restoration of an extinct animal by Charles R. Knight[1]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120918232545im_/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/d0/b5/216ccbbd61b1e1de117f17a49b18_small.jpg "Entelodon (then known as Elotherium), the first commissioned restoration of an extinct animal by Charles R. Knight[1]")
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![Entelodon (then known as Elotherium), the first commissioned restoration of an extinct animal by Charles R. Knight[1]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120918232545/http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/d0/b5/216ccbbd61b1e1de117f17a49b18_medium.jpg "Entelodon (then known as Elotherium), the first commissioned restoration of an extinct animal by Charles R. Knight[1]")
Photo: AP / Kostas Tsironis
18 Sep 2012
BEIJING (Reuters) - Greece should get cheaper rates on its 130 billion euro aid deal and at least two more years from the European Union and International Monetary Fund to repay them, the chief...
Photo: AP / Haraz N. Ghanbari
18 Sep 2012
President Barack Obama and his wife stood in a moment of silence outside the White House at 8:46 a.m. on the morning of September 11, a sacred day of its own in this country. At the same time in...
Photo: WN / Yolanda Leyba
17 Sep 2012
US stocks have closed lower in the aftermath of the Federal Reserve's new QE3 stimulus rally amid concerns about weakness in US manufacturing and anti-American unrest in the Middle East. The Federal...
noodls
(Source: SFA - The Scottish Football Association) Tuesday, 18 September 2012 The Compliance Officer has issued the following Notice of Complaint: Alleged Party in Breach: Charles Green (Rangers) Date: On or around 12th September 2012 Disciplinary Rule(s) allegedly breached: (1) Disciplinary Rule 66...(size: 3.3Kb)
noodls
(Source: MIT - Massachusets Institute of Technology) massachusetts institute of technology Curiosity is the most ambitious planetary rover mission ever, but it's just one of the many exploratory projects JPL is undertaking. David L. Chandler, MIT News Office today's news Three-dimensional...(size: 7.7Kb)
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My news for Investors AtLeast one of the check box should be selected You are following news about Follow the latest news about AVP ...(size: 3.8Kb)
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Sporting News
KANSAS CITY, Mo.—The sore left knee of running back Jamaal Charles bears watching. Charles was pulled from Sunday’s loss in Buffalo in the middle of the third quarter and didn’t return. Charles may have gone back in the game, but the Chiefs were facing a huge deficit and the coaches didn’t want to...(size: 2.1Kb)
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While Martin Papazian may not be a household name yet, he's quietly been building up a resume that includes stints on "Supernatural,"...(size: 0.9Kb)
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Keynote will focus on measuring informal and workplace learning NORWALK, Conn.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Learning and development expert Charles Jennings will deliver the keynote address at the Questionmark 2013 Users Conference, to be held March 3 – 6, 2013, in Baltimore, Maryland. “Meeting the...(size: 5.7Kb)
Govt must hand over Charles' letters: UK judges
18 Sep 2012
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For the family name, see Charles (surname). For other uses, see Charles (disambiguation).
| Charles | |
|---|---|
 Charlemagne, King of the Franks |
|
| Gender | Male |
| Origin | |
| Word/Name | Germanic |
| Meaning | free man |
| Other names | |
| Variant form(s) | Carl, Karl, Carlo, Carlos |
| Related names | Caroline, Charlotte |
 |
Look up Charles in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Charles is a masculine given name, the English and French form of a Germanic name first recorded in the Anglo-Saxon period as Cearl or Ceorl, as the name of king Cearl of Mercia. The corresponding Old Norse form is Carl, the German form is Karl. The name was notably borne by Charlemagne (Charles the Great), and was at the time latinized as Karolus (as in Vita Karoli Magni), later also as Carolus.
The name's etymology is a Common Germanic noun *karlaz meaning "free man", which survives in English as churl (< Old English ċeorl),[1] which developed its deprecating sense in the Middle English period. In the form Charles, the initial spelling ch- corresponds to the palatalization of the Latin group ca- in Central French and the final -s to the former subject case of masculine words in Old French (< Latin -us).
Contents |
History[link]
Early Middle Ages[link]
The name is atypical for Germanic names as it is not composed of two elements, but simply a noun meaning "(free) man". This meaning of ceorl contrasts with eorl (Old Norse jarl) "nobleman" on one hand and with þeow (Old Norse þræll) "bondsman, slave" on the other. As such it would not seem a likely candidate for the name of a Germanic king, but it is attested as such with Cearl of Mercia (fl. 620), the first Mercian king mentioned by Bede in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum. It is a peculiarity of the Anglo-Saxon royal names that many of the rulers of the earliest period (6th to 7th centuries) have monothematic (simplex) names, while the standard dithematic (compounded) names become almost universial from the 8th century. Compare the name of king Mul of Kent (7th century) which simply translates to "mule".
Charles Martel (686–741) was an illegitimate son of Pepin of Herstal, and therefore indeed a "free man", but not of noble rank. After his victory at the Battle of Soissons (718), Charles Martel styled himself Duke of the Franks. Charles' eldest son was named Carloman (c. 710–754), a rare example of the element carl- occurring in a compound name. The Chronicle of Fredegar names an earlier Carloman as the father of Pepin of Landen, and thus the great-great-grandfather of the Charles Martel. This would place the name Carloman in the 6th century, and open the possibility that the Frankish name Carl may originate as a short form of Carloman. The only other compound name with the Carl- prefix is Carlofred (Carlefred), attested in the 7th century; as a suffix, it occurs in the rare names Altcarl and Gundecarl (9th and 11th centuries, respectively).[2]
Charlemagne (742–814) was Charles Martel's grandson. After Charlemagne's reign, the name became irrevocably connected with him and his Carolingian dynasty. After Charlemagne, the name Charles (Karol) became even the standard word for "king" in Slavic (Czech and Slovak král, Polish król; South Slavic kral крал, krȃlj краљ; Russian король), Baltic (Latvian karalis, Lithuanian karalius) and Hungarian (király).
Charlemagne's son Charles the Younger died without issue, but the name resurfaces repeatedly within the 9th-century Carolingian family tree, so with Charles the Bald (823–877), Charles the Fat (839–888) Charles of Provence (845–863), Charles the Child (847/848–866) and Charles the Simple (879–929).
Later Middle Ages and Early Modern history[link]
The name survives into the High Middle Ages (Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, Charles, Count of Valois, Charles I, Count of Flanders (Charles the Good, beatified in 1882), Charles I of Naples. Charles I of Hungary). Karl Sverkersson was a king of Sweden in the 12th century, counted as "Charles VII" due to a genealogical fiction of the 17th century by Charles "IX", but actually the first king of Sweden with this name.
Charles resurfaces as a royal name in Germany with Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1316–1378, counted as "the fourth" after Charlemagne, Charles the Bald and Charles the Fat) and in France with Charles IV of France (1294–1328, "the fourth" after Charlemagne, Charles the Bald and Charles the Simple), and becomes comparatively widespread in the Late Middle Ages (Charles I, Duke of Savoy, Charles III, Duke of Savoy).
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500–1558) gives rise to a tradition of Charlses in Habsburg Spain (Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles II of Spain, Charles III of Spain, Charles IV of Spain.
The numbering scheme for the kings of Sweden was continued in modern times with Charles X, Charles XI, Charles XII, Charles XIII, Charles XIV and Charles XV.
Charles I of England (1600–1649) is followed by Charles II of England (1630–1685). The Province of Carolina is named during the rule of Charles II, after Charles I.
Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine (1661–1742);
Modern history[link]
Carlism is a political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on the Spanish throne. This line descended from Infante Carlos, Count of Molina (1788–1855), and was founded due to dispute over the succession laws and widespread dissatisfaction with the Alfonsine line of the House of Bourbon. The movement was at its strongest in the 1830s, causing the Carlist Wars, and had a revival following Spain's defeat in the Spanish-American War in 1898, and lasted until the end of the Franco regime in 1975 as a social and political force
Charles Floyd (1782–1804) was the only casualty in the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Charles DeRudio (1832-1910) was an Italian aristocrat, would-be assassin of Napoleon III, and later a career U.S. Army officer who fought in the 7th U.S. Cavalry at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Charles Albert Varnum (1849-1936) was the commander of the scouts in the Little Bighorn Campaign and received the Medal of Honor for his actions in a conflict following the Battle of Wounded Knee. "Lonesome" Charley Reynolds (1842–1876) was a scout in the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment who was killed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.
Carl has been a very popular male given name in the United States during the late 19th to early 20th centuries, consistently ranking in the top 30 male given names in the US from 1887 to 1938, and remaining among the top 100 until the 1980s, but since declining below rank 500. Charles has been among the top 400 male given names in the United States in the 1880s and again in the 1930s, but since then it has declined steadily, dropping out of the top 1,000 by the 1970s. By contrast, it remains among the top 100 names given in England and Wales.
The heir-apparent of the British throne, Charles, Prince of Wales, would become Charles III upon accession if he decided to keep his given name (but he has reportedly considered choosing George VII as his regnal name).
Derived feminine names[link]
 |
This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
Caroline and Charlotte are feminine given names derived from Carl.
Charlotte is late medieval, e.g. Charlotte of Savoy (1441–1483), Charlotte of Cyprus (1444-1487). It was introduced to Britain in the 17th century, and gave rise to hypocorisms such as Lottie, Tottie, Totty.
Caroline is early modern, e.g. Caroline of Ansbach (1683–1737). It has given rise to numerous variations, such as Carlyn, Carolina, Carolyn, Karolyn, Carolin, Karolina, Karoline, Karolina, Carolien, as well as hypocorisms, such as Callie, Carol, Carrie, etc.
Another derived feminine name is Carla (Bulgarian, Dutch, English, German, French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan); This name dates back to early Italy.
Regional forms:
-
- Carolina (name) (Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, Bulgarian)
- Caroline (given name) (English, French, Swedish, Danish)
- Carolyn (English)
- Carlijn (Dutch)
- Karoliina (Finnish)
- Karolina (Bulgarian, Polish, Swedish)
- Karolína (Czech)
- Karoline (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish)
- Carly (American)
- Carol (disambiguation) (English)
- Carola (disambiguation) (German, Swedish)
- Carole (disambiguation) (English, French, Portuguese)
- Charlotte (disambiguation) (English, French, German, Swedish, Danish)
- Carlota (Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan)
- Carlotta (Italian)
- Charlotta (Swedish)
- Carla
- Charlene (given name), Charlène
Regional forms of the name[link]
| Language | Formal name | Informal name |
|---|---|---|
| Armenian | Կարլոս (Karlos) | |
| Basque | Karlos | |
| Bulgarian | Карл (Karl) | |
| Catalan | Carles | |
| Croatian | Karlo | |
| Czech | Karel | |
| Danish | Karl, Carl | |
| Dutch | Karel | |
| English | Charles | Chip, Chuck, Charley, Charlie, Chas, Chaz |
| Estonian | Kaarel, Kaarli, Kaaro, Kalle | |
| Faroese | Karl | |
| Finnish | Kaarlo, Kaarle, Kalle, Karl | |
| French | Charles | Charlot |
| German | Karl, Carl | |
| Georgian | კარლო (Karlo) | |
| Greek | Κάρολος (Károlos) | |
| Hungarian | Károly, Karcsi | |
| Hawaiian | Kale | |
| Icelandic | Karl | |
| Irish | Carlus, Séarlas | |
| Italian | Carlo | |
| Latin | Carolus | |
| Latvian | Kārlis | |
| Limburgish | Sjarel | |
| Lithuanian | Karolis | |
| Norwegian | Karl, Carl | |
| Polish | Karol | |
| Portuguese | Carlos | Carlinhos |
| Romanian | Carol | |
| Russian | Карл (Karl) | |
| Scottish Gaelic | Teàrlach | |
| Serbian | Карло (Karlo) | |
| Slovak | Karol | |
| Slovene | Karel | |
| Spanish | Carlos | Carlito, Carlitos |
| Swedish | Karl, Carl, Kalle | |
| Welsh | Siarl |
List of notable people called Charles[link]
Media, arts and entertainment[link]
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- In literature
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Charles Bukowski | American poet and novelist |
| Charles Dickens | English novelist |
| Charles Dodgson (pen-name Lewis Carroll) | English clergyman, writer and mathematician |
| Charles Henri Ford | American poet, photographer and writer |
| Charles Fort | American writer and researcher into anomalous phenomena |
| Charles L. Grant | American science-fiction author |
| Charles Lummis | American journalist, poet and historian |
| Charles Olson | American poet |
| Charles G.D. Roberts | Canadian poet |
| Charles Webb (author) | American author of The Graduate |
- In music
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Charles Aznavour | French-Armenian ballad singer. |
| Chuck Berry | American guitarist, singer and composer |
| Charlie Daniels | American country music figure |
| Charles Gavin | Brazilian rock drummer/producer |
| Charlie Haden | American Jazz bassist and composer |
| Charles Ives | American composer |
| Chuck Mangione | American jazz artist |
| Charles Mingus | American Jazz bassist and composer |
| Charlie Parker | American Jazz saxophonist |
| Charles Davis Tillman (1861–1943) | pioneer of southern gospel music |
| Charlie Watts | English drummer for the rock group The Rolling Stones |
- In film
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Charles Bowers | American cartoonist and early film-maker |
| Charles Boyer | French-American actor |
| Charlie Chaplin | English comedy actor, famous for silent film acting |
| Charley Chase | American silent film comedian and writer |
| Charles Dance | English actor |
| Charles Durning | American actor |
| Charles Gray (actor) | English actor |
| Charles Grodin | American actor and cable talk show host |
| Charles Herbert | American child actor of the '50s and '60s |
| Charlton Heston (born John Charles Carter) | American actor |
| Charles Laughton | English actor |
| Chas Licciardello | Australian comedian and a member of The Chaser |
| Charles Stanton Ogle | silent film actor |
| Charles Nelson Reilly | American comic actor and game show regular |
| Charles Reisner | American actor and film director |
- In television
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Charles Gibson | American television journalist |
| Charles Kuralt | American television journalist |
| Charlie Rose | American host of a television interview show |
- In visual arts
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Charles Addams | American cartoonist known for his particularly black humor and macabre characters |
| Chuck Jones | American animator |
| Charles R. Knight | wildlife artist, known for prehistoric restorations |
| Charles Schulz | creator of the comic strip Peanuts |
Athletes[link]
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| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Charles Barkley | former NBA forward and a current NBA color commentator for TNT |
| Chuck Bednarik | NFL player, 1967, Philadelphia Eagles |
| Charles Daniels (swimmer) (1885–1973) | American freestyle swimmer |
| Charlie Fleming | Scottish footballer |
| Charles "Buckets" Goldenberg | American All-Pro football player |
| Charles Green (disambiguation) | multiple people |
| Chuck Hayes | American basketball player who currently plays for the Houston Rockets |
| Charles Landon | English cricketer |
| Charles Lefrançois | Canadian high jumper |
| Charles Madrid "Dr. Charles" | one of the founding fathers of sport compact racing |
| Charlie McCarthy (hurler) | Irish hurler |
| Charles Myer | American major league baseball All Star second baseman |
| Charles Oakley | American basketball forward |
| Charles Radbourn | early Major League Baseball pitcher |
| Charlie Reiter | American professional soccer player |
| Charles Fernando Basílio da Silva | Brazilian midfielder |
| Charles Sifford | first African American golfer to play in a PGA tour |
In politics[link]
|
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| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Charles "Bubba" Chaney | Louisiana politician |
| Charles Francis Adams, Sr. | American congressman and ambassador, grandson of John Adams |
| Charles Edward Bennett | Democratic U.S. Congressman from Florida |
| Charles Bent | first Governor of New Mexico Territory, assassinated in 1847 |
| Charles Joseph Bonaparte | former U. S. Attorney General |
| Charles Bradlaugh | British political activist and militant atheist, founder of the National Secular Society |
| Charles Carroll of Carrollton | last living signer of the Declaration of Independence (died 1832) |
| Charles Colson | U.S. President Nixon's Chief Counsel, involved in the Watergate scandal |
| Charles Magill Conrad | former American Secretary of War |
| Charles Curtis | 31st American Vice President, under Herbert Hoover |
| Charles G. Dawes | 30th American Vice President, under Calvin Coolidge |
| Charles Devens | former U.S. Attorney General |
| Charles de Gaulle | French military leader and statesman |
| James Charles Evers | civil rights figure, older brother of Medgar Evers |
| Charles W. Fairbanks | 26th American Vice President, under Theodore Roosevelt |
| Charles A. Ford | American diplomat |
| Charles Gibbs (Alberta politician) | Canadian politician |
| Charles Harper (Mayor) | Australian politician |
| Charles Evans Hughes | former U.S. Secretary of State |
| Charles Humphreys | Pennsylvania delegate to Continental Congress; refused to sign Declaration of Independence due to his Quaker beliefs |
| Chuck Larson | current (2008) U.S. ambassador to Latvia |
| Charles Lee (Attorney General) | former U. S. Attorney General |
| Charles Mathias (1922–2010) | American politician |
| Karolos Papoulias | President of the Hellenic Republic (Greece) |
| Charles Stewart Parnell | Irish political leader |
| Charles Pearson | former Solicitor for The City of London and early railway advocate |
| Chuck Robb | former Governor of Virginia & U.S. Senator |
| Charlie Rose (congressman) | American congressman (Democrat from N.C.) |
| Charles Scott (governor of Kentucky) | also George Washington's Chief of Intelligence during the American Revolution |
| Charles Harding Smith | Irish politician |
| Charles G. Taylor | former president of Liberia |
| Charles Thomson | secretary of the Continental Congress |
| Charles Wilson (Texas politician) | Texas congressman, subject of 2007 movie Charlie Wilson's War |
In religion[link]
- Saints
There are a number of historical figures known as "Saint Charles", although few are recognized across confessions. In the context of English and British history, "Saint Charles" is typically Charles I of England, recognized as a saint in the Anglican confession only. In Roman Catholicism, the best known Saint Charles is Charles Borromeo (1538–1584), an Italian cardinal, canonized in 1606 by Pope Paul V. Charles, Duke of Brittany (1319 – 1364) had been canonized after his death, but this was annulled by Pope Gregory XI. Charles the Good (d. 1127) is sometimes referred to as a saint, but while he was beatified in 1904, he has not been canonized.
Other Saints of the Roman Catholic Chruch, canonized after 1900:
- 1904: Saint Charles Garnier (1606–1649), French Jesuit missionary and martyr
- 1959: Saint Charles of Sezze (1616–1670) was a Franciscan lay brother.
- 1964: Carl Lwanga (Saint Charles Lwanga) (1860 or 1865 – 1886), Ugandan Catholic martyr
- 1995: Saint Charles-Joseph-Eugene de Mazenod (1782–1861), French Catholic clergyman
- 2007: Saint Charles of Mount Argus (1821–1818), Passionist Dutch priest who worked in Ireland
Beatified:
- Blessed Charles Spinola (1564–1622), Genoese nobleman
- church leaders
- Charles Wesley (1707-1788), co-founder of the Methodist Church
- Charles Grandison Finney (1792-1875), a leader of the Second Great Awakening in America
- Charles W. Penrose (1832–1925), leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
- Charles Haddon Spurgeon (1834-1892), Reformed Baptist preacher
Nobility[link]
- See #History above for medieval and early modern royalty and nobility. This section lists noblemen born after 1700.
Further information: Charles I (disambiguation), Charles II (disambiguation), Charles III (disambiguation), Charles IV (disambiguation), Charles V (disambiguation), Charles VI (disambiguation), Charles VII (disambiguation), Charles VIII (disambiguation), and Charles IX (disambiguation)
- Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1713-1780)
- Charles III of Spain (1716-1788), first son of the second marriage of Philip V with Elizabeth Farnese of Parma
- "Bonnie Prince Charlie" Charles Edward Stuart (1720-1788), exiled claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland
- Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis (1738-1805), English military commander and colonial governor
- Charles XIII of Sweden (1748-1818), king of Sweden, the second son of King Adolf Frederick of Sweden and Louisa Ulrika of Prussia
- Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia (1751-1819)
- Charles IV of Spain (1748-1819), king of Spain from December 14, 1788 until his abdication on March 19, 1808
- Charles XIV John of Sweden (1763-1844), king of Sweden and Norway. Former Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Marshal of France
- Infante Carlos, Count of Molina (1788-1855)
- Charles, Count Léon (1806-1881), illegitimate son of Emperor Napoleon I of France and Catherine Eléonore Denuelle de la Plaigne
- Charles III, Prince of Monaco (1818-1889) founder of the casino in Monte Carlo
- Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolin (1818-1861)
- Charles I of Romania (1839-1914) first ruler of the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen dynasty
- Carlos, Duke of Madrid (1848-1909)
- Charles I of Portugal (1863–1908), second to last King of Portugal and Algarves from 1889 to 1908
- Charles I of Austria (1887–1922), Emperor of Austria
- Charles II of Romania (1893-1853) eldest son of Ferdinand I
- Charles XV of Sweden (1826-1872), king of Sweden, the eldest son of King Oscar I and Josephine of Leuchtenberg
- Prince Charles of Belgium (1903-1983), second son of King Albert I of Belgium and Queen Elizabeth
- Archduke Karl Pius of Austria, Prince of Tuscany (1909-1953)
- Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma (1930-2010)
- Juan Carlos I of Spain (b. 1938) reigning King of Spain
- Charles, Prince of Wales (b. 1948), eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Scientists[link]
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| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Charles Babbage | English mathematician, philosopher, mechanical engineer and computer scientist |
| Charles L. Bennett | American astrophysicist |
| Charles Thomas Bolton | astronomer who proved the existence of black holes |
| Charles Darwin | British naturalist |
| Charles Dawson | English archaeologist, involved in the Piltdown Man hoax |
| Charles Fleming (ornithologist) | New Zealand ornithologist |
| Charles Thomas Jackson | American geologist |
| Charles T. Kowal | American astronomer, discoverer of Chiron and 2 moons of Jupiter |
| Charles Lyell | Scottish scientist, founder of modern geology |
| Charles Wright Mills | American sociologist |
| Charles Hazelius Sternberg | American fossil collector, involved in the Bone Wars |
| Charles Mortram Sternberg | son of above, also a fossil collector and paleontologist |
| Charles Tilly | American sociologist |
| Charles Doolittle Walcott | American paleontologist and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution |
| Charles Thomson Rees Wilson | Scottish physicist |
Other[link]
- In aviation and aerospace
- Charles Bolton, American shuttle astronaut, current head of NASA
- Charles Lindbergh, first person to fly solo non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean
- Chuck Yeager, American test pilot and first man to break the sound barrier
- entrepreneurs and businessmen
- Charles Keating, American financier, instigator of the "Keating 5" scandal
- Charles M. Schwab, founder of Bethlehem Steel
- Charles R. Schwab, stock-broker and founder of the Charles Schwab Corporation
- military personnel
- Charles Upham, most-decorated Commonwealth serviceman of World War Two
- criminals
- Charles Gibbs, 19th-century pirate
- Charles Sobhraj, Indian serial killer
- Charles Manson, American cult leader, convicted murder conspirator
- Charles Ponzi, Italian-American con-man, gave name to Ponzi scheme
Other uses of the name[link]
- Carolus (coin)
- "Charles", a short story by Shirley Jackson
- Charley horse, a biophysical condition
[edit] See also
References[link]
- ^ T. F. Hoad, English Etymology, Oxford University Press, 1993 (ISBN 0-19-283098-8). p. 76.
- ^ E. Förstemann, Altdeutsches Namenbuch (1856), s.v. 'Carl' (303).
 |
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For the composer and conductor of the Ray Charles Singers, see Ray Charles (composer).
For the song by Chiddy Bang, see Ray Charles (song).
| Ray Charles | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Ray Charles in 1990 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Ray Charles |
| Born | (1930-09-23)September 23, 1930 Albany, Georgia, United States |
| Origin | Greenville, Florida, United States |
| Died | June 10, 2004(2004-06-10) (aged 73) Beverly Hills, California, United States |
| Genres | Rhythm and blues, soul, blues, soul blues, rock and roll, jazz, vocal jazz, country, pop, gospel |
| Occupations | Composer, musician, arranger, bandleader |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano, keyboards, alto saxophone, trombone |
| Years active | 1947–2004 |
| Labels | Atlantic, ABC, Warner Bros., Swing Time, Concord, Columbia, Flashback |
| Associated acts | The Raelettes, Quincy Jones, Betty Carter, Marvin Gaye, Billy Joel, James Brown, Little Richard |
| Website | Official website |
Ray Charles Robinson (September 23, 1930 – June 10, 2004), known by his shortened stage name Ray Charles, was an American musician. He was a pioneer in the genre of soul music during the 1950s by fusing rhythm and blues, gospel, and blues styles into his early recordings with Atlantic Records.[1][2][3] He also helped racially integrate country and pop music during the 1960s with his crossover success on ABC Records, most notably with his Modern Sounds albums.[4][5][6] While with ABC, Charles became one of the first African-American musicians to be given artistic control by a mainstream record company.[2] Frank Sinatra called Charles “the only true genius in show business.”
The influences upon his music were mainly jazz, blues, rhythm and blues and country artists of the day such as Art Tatum, Nat King Cole, Louis Jordan, Charles Brown, Louis Armstrong. His playing reflected influences from country blues and barrelhouse, and stride piano styles.
Rolling Stone ranked Charles number ten on their list of "100 Greatest Artists of All Time" in 2004,[7] and number two on their November 2008 list of "100 Greatest Singers of All Time".[8] In honoring Charles, Billy Joel noted: "This may sound like sacrilege, but I think Ray Charles was more important than Elvis Presley. I don't know if Ray was the architect of rock & roll, but he was certainly the first guy to do a lot of things . . . Who the hell ever put so many styles together and made it work?"[9]
Contents |
Early life: 1930–1945[link]
Ray Charles Robinson was the son of Aretha Robinson, a sharecropper, and Bailey Robinson, a railroad repair man, mechanic and handyman.[10] Aretha Robinson was a devout Christian and the family attended the New Shiloh Baptist Church.[11] When Ray was an infant, his family moved from Albany, Georgia, where he was born, to the poor black community on the western side of Greenville, Florida. In his early years, Charles showed a curiosity for mechanical things and he often watched the neighborhood men working on their cars and farm machinery. His musical curiosity was sparked at Mr. Wiley Pit's Red Wing Cafe when Pit played boogie woogie on an old upright piano. Pit would care for George, Ray's brother, so as to take the burden off Williams. However, George drowned in the Williams' bath tub when he was four years old.[citation needed] After witnessing the death of his brother, Ray would feel an overwhelming sense of guilt later on in life.
Charles started to lose his sight at the age of five. He went completely blind by the age of seven, apparently due to glaucoma.[12][13] He attended school at the Florida School for the Deaf and the Blind in St. Augustine from 1937 to 1945,[14] where he developed his musical talent.[12] During this time he performed on WFOY radio in St. Augustine. His father died when he was 10 and his mother died five years after.
In school, Charles was taught only classical music, but he wanted to play the jazz and blues he heard on the family radio.[14] While at school, he became the school's premier musician. On Fridays, the South Campus Literary Society held assemblies where Charles would play piano and sing popular songs. On Halloween and Washington's birthday, the Colored Department of the school had socials where Charles would play. It was here he established "RC Robinson and the Shop Boys" and sang his own arrangement of "Jingle Bell Boogie."[15] He spent his first Christmas at the school, but later the staff pitched in so that Charles could return to Greenville, as he did each summer.
Henry and Alice Johnson, who owned a store not unlike Mr. Pit's store in Greenville, moved to the French town section of Tallahassee, just west of Greenville; and they, as well as Freddy and Margaret Bryant, took Charles in. He worked the register in the Bryants' store under the direction of Lucille Bryant, their daughter. It's said he loved Tallahassee and often used the drug store delivery boy's motorbike to run up and down hills using the exhaust sound of a friend's bike to guide him. Charles found Tallahassee musically exciting too and sat in with the Florida A&M University student band. He played with the Adderley brothers, Nat and Cannonball, and began playing gigs with Lawyer Smith and his Band in 1943 at the Red Bird Club and Deluxe Clubs in Frenchtown and roadhouse theaters around Tallahassee, as well as the Governor's Ball.[16]
Career[link]
Early career: 1946–1952[link]
After his mother died in 1946, Charles was 15 years old and didn't return to school. He lived in Jacksonville with a couple who were friends of his mother. For over a year, he played the piano for bands at the Ritz Theatre in LaVilla, earning $4 a night. Then he moved to Orlando, and later Tampa, where he played with a southern band called The Florida Playboys. This is where he began his habit of always wearing sunglasses, made by designer Billy Stickles.[17]
Charles had always played for other people, but he wanted his own band. He decided to leave Florida for a large city, but Chicago and New York City were too big. After asking a friend to look in a map and note the city in the United States that was farthest from Florida, he moved to Seattle in 1947[12] (where he first met and befriended, under the tutelage of Robert Blackwell, a 14-year-old Quincy Jones)[18][19] and soon started recording, first for the Down Beat label as the Maxin Trio with guitarist G.D. McKee and bassist Milton Garrett, achieving his first hit with "Confession Blues" in 1949. The song soared to No. 2 on the R&B charts. He joined Swing Time Records and under his own name ("Ray Charles" to avoid being confused with boxer Sugar Ray Robinson)[10] recorded two more R&B hits, "Baby, Let Me Hold Your Hand" (No. 5) in 1951 and "Kissa Me Baby" (No. 8) in 1952. The following year, Swing Time folded and Ahmet Ertegün signed him to Atlantic Records.[12]
Atlantic Records: 1953–1958[link]
Charles laid low from recording until early 1953 as Atlantic executives cleared out Charles' contract with Swingtime. Charles began recording jump blues and boogie-woogie style recordings as well as slower blues ballads where he continued to show the vocal influences of Nat "King" Cole and Charles Brown. "Mess Around" became Charles' first Atlantic hit in 1953 and he later had hits the following year with "It Should Have Been Me" and "Don't You Know". He also recorded the songs, "Midnight Hour" and "Sinner's Prayer". Some elements of his own vocal style showed up in "Sinner's Prayer", "Mess Around" and "Don't You Know".
Late in 1954, Charles recorded his own composition, "I Got a Woman" and the song became Charles' first number-one R&B hit in 1955 and brought him to national prominence.[20] The elements of "I Got a Woman" included a mixture of gospel, jazz and blues elements that would later prove to be seminal in the development of rock 'n' roll and soul music. He repeated this pattern throughout 1955 continuing through 1958 with records such as "This Little Girl of Mine", "Drown in My Own Tears", "Lonely Avenue", "A Fool For You" and "The Night Time (Is the Right Time)".
However, Charles didn't stop his ambitions of jazz recording a couple of instrumental jazz albums with vibraphonist Milt Jackson while also promoting his R&B career. By 1958, Charles was not only headlining black venues such as The Apollo Theater and The Uptown Theater but also bigger venues such as The Newport Jazz Festival. It was at the Newport festival where he cut his first live album. In 1956, Charles recruited a young all-female singing group named the Cookies, and reshaped them as The Raelettes. Before then, Charles had used his wife and other musicians to back him up on recordings such as "This Little Girl of Mine" and "Drown In My Own Tears". The Raelettes' first recording session with Charles was on the bluesy-gospel inflected "Leave My Woman Alone".
Crossover success: 1959–1967[link]
Charles reached the pinnacle of his success at Atlantic with the release of "What'd I Say", a complex song that combined gospel, jazz, blues and Latin music and a song that Charles would later say he composed spontaneously as he was performing in clubs and dances with his small band. Despite some radio stations banning the song because of its sexually suggestive lyrics, the song became a crossover top ten pop record, Charles' first record to do so.[21] Later in 1959, Charles recorded and released his first country song, a cover of Hank Snow's "Movin' On", and had recorded three more albums for the label including a jazz record (later released in 1961 as The Genius After Hours), a blues record (released in 1961 as The Genius Sings the Blues) and a traditional pop/big band record (The Genius of Ray Charles). The Genius of Ray Charles provided his first top 40 album entry where it peaked at #17 and was later held as a landmark record in Charles' career but Charles saw a bigger opportunity following his Atlantic contract expiring in the fall of 1959 when several big labels offered him record deals.
Choosing not to renegotiate his contract with Atlantic, Ray Charles signed with ABC-Paramount Records in November 1959, obtaining a much more liberal contract than other artists had at the time.[22] Following the success of "What'd I Say" and The Genius of Ray Charles, ABC offered Charles a $ 50,000 annual advance, higher royalties than previously offered and eventual ownership of his masters — a very valuable and lucrative deal at the time.[23] During his Atlantic years, Charles was heralded for his own inventive compositions, however, by the time of the release of the instrumental jazz LP Genius + Soul = Jazz (1960) for ABC's subsidiary label Impulse!, Charles had virtually given up on writing original material and had begun to follow his eclectic impulses as an interpreter.[21]
With his first hit single for ABC-Paramount, Charles received national acclaim and a Grammy Award for the Sid Feller-produced "Georgia on My Mind", originally written by composers Stuart Gorrell and Hoagy Carmichael, released as a single by Charles in 1960.[21][24] The song served as Charles's first work with Feller, who arranged and conducted the recording. Charles also earned another Grammy for the follow-up "Hit the Road Jack", written by R&B singer Percy Mayfield.[25] By late 1961, Charles had expanded his small road ensemble to a full-scale big band, partly as a response to increasing royalties and touring fees, becoming one of the few black artists to crossover into mainstream pop with such a level of creative control.[21][26] This success, however, came to a momentary halt in November 1961, as a police search of Charles's hotel room in Indianapolis, Indiana during a concert tour led to the discovery of heroin in his medicine cabinet. The case was eventually dropped, as the search lacked a proper warrant by the police, and Charles soon returned his focus on music and recording.[26]
The 1962 album, Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music and its sequel Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music, Vol. 2, helped to bring country into the mainstream of music. His version of the Don Gibson song, I Can't Stop Loving You topped the Pop chart for five weeks and stayed at No. 1 R&B for ten weeks in 1962. It also gave him his only number one record in the UK. In 1962, he founded his own record label, Tangerine Records, which ABC-Paramount promoted and distributed.[27][28] He also had major pop hits in 1963 with "Busted" (US No. 4) and Take These Chains From My Heart (US No. 8). With the rise of younger soul performers such as James Brown, Otis Redding and Motown singers such as Smokey Robinson, Marvin Gaye and its own blind artist, Stevie Wonder, Charles' successes on the pop and R&B charts peaked after 1964 though he remained a huge concert draw.
Later years: 1967-2004[link]
By 1967, Charles' commercial success had begun peaking on both pop and R&B charts though he would remain a concert draw both in the states and overseas. In 1965, Charles' career after being arrested for a third time for heroin halted after he agreed to go to rehab to avoid jail time. Charles kicked his habit at a clinic in Los Angeles. After spending a year on parole, Charles reemerged on the charts in 1966 with a series of hits composed with the fledgling team of Ashford & Simpson including the dance number, "I Don't Need No Doctor" (later covered in a hard rock style by British supergroup Humble Pie), "Let's Go Get Stoned", which became his first #1 R&B hit in several years, and "Crying Time", which reached #6 on the pop chart and later helped Charles win a Grammy Award the following March.
In 1967, he had a top twenty hit with another ballad, "Here We Go Again".[29] Charles' renewed chart success, however, proved to be short lived and by the late 1960s his music was rarely played on radio stations partly due to the rise of psychedelic rock and harder forms of rock and R&B music and also due to Charles choosing to record pop standards and covers of then-modern day rock and soul hits as he had no desire to write due to him earning masters. Most of his recordings between 1966 and 1973 were either received well or poorly.[12] Nonetheless, Charles continued to have an active recording career. Charles' 1972 album, Message from the People, included his unique gospel-influenced version of "America the Beautiful". In 1974, he left ABC Records and recorded several albums on his own Crossover Records label. His 1975 recording of Stevie Wonder's hit, "Living for the City" later helped Charles win another Grammy.
In 1977, he reunited with Ahmet Ertegun and Jerry Wexler and re-signed to Atlantic Records where he recorded the album, True to Life. However, the label had now begun focusing on rock acts and some of the label's prominent soul artists such as Aretha Franklin were starting to be neglected. Charles stayed with his old label until 1980. In November 1977 he appeared as the host of NBC's Saturday Night Live.[30] In April of 1979, Charles' version of "Georgia On My Mind" was proclaimed the state song of Georgia. An emotional Charles performed the song on the floor of the state legislature.[12] Though he notably supported the civil rights movement and Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1960s, Charles would be criticized for performing at South Africa's Sun City resort in 1981 during an international boycott of its apartheid policy.[12] In 1983, Charles signed a contract with Columbia Records and recorded a string of country albums. Charles also began having a string of country hits often with duet singers such as George Jones, Chet Atkins, B.J. Thomas, Mickey Gilley, Hank Williams, Jr. and lifelong friend Willie Nelson, for which he recorded the #1 country duet, "Seven Spanish Angels". After 1987, his Columbia contract ended and Charles returned to recording pop music after signing with Warner Bros. Records. Prior to the release of his first Warner release, Would You Believe, Charles made a return on the R&B charts with a cover of The Brothers Johnson's "I'll Be Good to You", a duet with his lifelong buddy Quincy Jones and singer Chaka Khan. The song hit number-one on the R&B charts in 1990 and won Charles and Khan a Grammy for their dual work. Prior to this, Charles returned on the pop charts in another duet, with singer Billy Joel on the song, "Baby Grand" and in 1989, recorded a cover of the Southern All Stars' "Itoshi no Ellie", releasing it as "Ellie My Love" for a Japanese TV ad for Suntory releasing it in Japan where it reached #3 on its Oricon chart.[31] Charles' 1993 album, My World became his first album in some time to reach the Billboard 200 and his cover of Leon Russell's "A Song for You" gave him a charted hit on the adult contemporary chart as well as his twelfth and final Grammy he would receive in his lifetime.
By the beginning of the 1980s, Charles would reach younger audiences by appearances in various films and TV shows. In 1980, he made a cameo on the film, The Blues Brothers. While he never appeared on the show, Charles' version of "Night Time is the Right Time" was played during the popular "Cosby Show" episode, "Happy Anniversary". In 1985, he appeared among a slew of other popular musicians in the USA for Africa charity recording, "We Are the World". Charles' popularity increased among younger audiences in 1991 after he appeared where he popularized the catchphrase "You Got the Right One, Baby" The catchphrase came from a song that was composed by Kenny Ascher, Joseph C. Caro and Helary Jay Lipsitz.[32]
Charles also appeared at two Presidential inaugurations in his lifetime. In 1985, he performed for Ronald Reagan's second inauguration, and in 1993 for Bill Clinton's first.[33] In the late 1980s/early 1990s, Charles made appearances on the Super Dave Osbourne TV show, where he performed and appeared in a few vignettes where he was somehow driving a car, often as Super Dave's chauffeur. During the sixth season of Designing Women, Charles sang "Georgia on My Mind", instead of the song being rendered instrumentally by other musicians as in the previous five seasons. He also appeared in 4 episodes of the popular TV comedy The Nanny in Seasons 4 & 5 (1997 & 1998) as 'Sammy', in one episode singing "My Yiddish Mamma" to December romance and later fiancee of character Gramma Yetta, played by veteran actress Ann Guilbert. From 2001-2002, Charles appeared in commercials for the New Jersey Lottery to promote its "For every dream, there's a jackpot" campaign.
In 2003, Ray Charles headlined the White House Correspondents Dinner in Washington, D.C. where the President, First Lady, Colin Powell and Condoleezza Rice attended. He also presented one of his greatest admirers, Van Morrison, with his award upon being inducted in the Songwriters Hall of Fame and the two sang Morrison's song "Crazy Love". This performance appears on Morrison's 2007 album, The Best of Van Morrison Volume 3. In 2003 Charles performed "Georgia On My Mind" and "America the Beautiful" at a televised annual electronic media journalist banquet held in Washington, D.C. His final public appearance came on April 30, 2004, at the dedication of his music studio as a historic landmark in the city of Los Angeles.[12]
Personal life[link]
Family[link]
Charles was married twice and had 12 children with nine different women.[34][35] His first marriage to Eileen Williams was brief: July 31, 1951 to 1952. He had three children from his second marriage, to Della Beatrice Howard Robinson from April 5, 1955 to April 26, 1977. His long term girlfriend and partner at the time of his death was Norma Pinella. His first child, Evelyn, was born in 1950 to girlfriend Louise Mitchell. His three children with Della, Ray Charles, Jr., David and Robert, were born in 1955, 1958 and 1960 respectively. Another son, Charles Wayne, was born in 1959 during his six-year long affair with original Raelettes vocalist Margie Hendricks. In 1961, a daughter, Raenee, was born during an affair with Mae Mosely Lyles. Two years later, in 1963, Charles and Sandra Jean Betts welcomed daughter Sheila Raye Charles Robinson.[36] In 1966, a daughter named Alicia was born by a woman who remains unidentified to this day, followed by another daughter, Alexandra, born to a woman named Chantal Bertrand. Charles' next child, Vincent, came from a relationship with Arlette Kotchounian following his divorce from Della Howard in 1977. A year later, daughter Robyn was born to a woman named Gloria Moffett. Charles' youngest child, son Ryan Corey, was born in 1987 to Mary Anne den Bok.
Charles gave 10 of his 12 children checks for one million USD in December 2002 at a family luncheon, while the other two could not make it.[37]
Substance abuse and legal issues[link]
On November 14, 1961, Charles was arrested on a narcotics charge in an Indiana hotel room, where he waited to perform. The detectives seized heroin, marijuana, and other items. Charles, then 31, stated that he had been a drug addict since the age of 16. While the case was dismissed because of the manner in which the evidence was obtained,[38] Charles's situation did not improve until a few years later. Individuals such as Quincy Jones and Reverend Henry Griffin felt that those around Charles were responsible for his drug use.
By 1964 Charles' drug addiction caught up with him and he was arrested for possession of marijuana and heroin. Following a self-imposed stay[38] at St. Francis Hospital in Lynwood, California, Charles received five years' probation. Charles responded to the saga of his drug use and reform with the songs "I Don't Need No Doctor", "Let's Go Get Stoned", and the release of his first album since having kicked his heroin addiction in 1966, Crying Time.[39][40]
Other interests[link]
Charles played chess using a special board with holes for the pieces and raised squares.[41] Charles referred to Willie Nelson as "my chess partner" in a 1991 concert.[42] In 2002, he played and lost to American Grandmaster and former U.S. Champion Larry Evans.[43]
Death[link]
Charles died on June 10, 2004 at 11:35 a.m. of liver disease at his home in Beverly Hills, California, surrounded by family and friends.[44][45] He was 73 years old. His body was interred in the Inglewood Park Cemetery.
His final album, Genius Loves Company, released two months after his death, consists of duets with various admirers and contemporaries: B.B. King, Van Morrison, Willie Nelson, James Taylor, Gladys Knight, Michael McDonald, Natalie Cole, Elton John, Bonnie Raitt, Diana Krall, Norah Jones, and Johnny Mathis. The album won eight Grammy Awards, including five for Ray Charles for Best Pop Vocal Album, Album of the Year, Record of the Year and Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals for "Here We Go Again" with Norah Jones, and Best Gospel Performance for "Heaven Help Us All" with Gladys Knight; he also received nods for his duets with Elton John and B.B. King. The album included a version of Harold Arlen's "Over the Rainbow", sung as a duet by Charles and Johnny Mathis; this record was played at his memorial service.[46]
Two more posthumous albums, Genius & Friends (2005) and Ray Sings, Basie Swings (2006), were released. Genius & Friends consisted of duets recorded from 1997 to 2005 with his choice of artists. Ray Sings, Basie Swings consists of archived vocals of Ray Charles from live mid-1970s performances added to new instrumental tracks specially recorded by the contemporary Count Basie Orchestra and other musicians. Charles's vocals recorded from the concert mixing board were added to new accompaniments to create a "fantasy concert" recording.
Legacy[link]
File:RayCharlesStatue.jpg
Statue by Andy Davis in Ray Charles Plaza in Albany, Georgia
Charles possessed one of the most recognizable voices in American music. In the words of musicologist Henry Pleasants:
Sinatra, and Bing Crosby before him, had been masters of words. Ray Charles is a master of sounds. His records disclose an extraordinary assortment of slurs, glides, turns, shrieks, wails, breaks, shouts, screams and hollers, all wonderfully controlled, disciplined by inspired musicianship, and harnessed to ingenious subtleties of harmony, dynamics and rhythm... It is either the singing of a man whose vocabulary is inadequate to express what is in his heart and mind or of one whose feelings are too intense for satisfactory verbal or conventionally melodic articulation. He can’t tell it to you. He can’t even sing it to you. He has to cry out to you, or shout to you, in tones eloquent of despair — or exaltation. The voice alone, with little assistance from the text or the notated music, conveys the message.
Ray Charles is usually described as a baritone, and his speaking voice would suggest as much, as would the difficulty he experiences in reaching and sustaining the baritone's high E and F in a popular ballad. But the voice undergoes some sort of transfiguration under stress, and in music of gospel or blues character he can and does sing for measures on end in the high tenor range of A, B flat, B, C and ev in full voice, sometimes in an ecstatic head voice, sometimes in falsetto. In falsetto he continues up to E and F above high C. On one extraordinary record, "I’m Going Down to the River’ . . . he hits an incredible B flat . . . giving him an overall range, including the falsetto extension, of at least three octaves.[47]
In 1979, Charles was one of the first of the Georgia State Music Hall of Fame to be recognized as a musician born in the state.[48] Ray's version of "Georgia On My Mind" was made the official state song for Georgia.[49] In 1981, he was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and was one of the first inductees to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame at its inaugural ceremony in 1986.[50] He received the Kennedy Center Honors in 1986.[51]
In 1987, he was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In 1991, he was inducted to the Rhythm & Blues Foundation. In 1993, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.[52] In 1998 he was awarded the Polar Music Prize together with Ravi Shankar in Stockholm, Sweden. In 2004 he was inducted to the Jazz Hall of Fame, and inducted to the National Black Sports & Entertainment Hall of Fame.[53] The Grammy Awards of 2005 were dedicated to Charles.
On December 7, 2007, Ray Charles Plaza was opened in Albany, Georgia, with a revolving, lighted bronze sculpture of Charles seated at a piano. Later that month, on December 26, 2007, Ray Charles was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame. He was also presented with the George and Ira Gershwin Award for Lifetime Musical Achievement, during the 1991 UCLA Spring Sing.[54]
In 2003, Charles was awarded an honorary degree by Dillard University. Upon his death, he endowed a professorship of African-American culinary history at the school, which is the first such chair in the nation.[55] A $20 million performing arts center at Morehouse College was named after Charles and was dedicated in September 2010.[56]
The biopic Ray, released in October 2004, portrays his life and career between 1930 and 1979 and stars Jamie Foxx as Charles. Foxx won the 2005 Academy Award for Best Actor for the role.
Discography[link]
Main article: Ray Charles discography
Filmography[link]
- Swingin' Along (1961)
- Ballad in Blue (1964)
- The Big T.N.T. Show (1966) (documentary)
- The Blues Brothers (1980)
- Who's The Boss (himself) 1987
- Limit Up (1989)
- Listen Up: The Lives of Quincy Jones (1990) (documentary)
- Love Affair (1994)
- Spy Hard (1996)
- The Nanny (1999) as Sammy
- The Extreme Adventures of Super Dave (2000)
- Blue's Big Musical Movie (2000)
- Ray (2004)
References[link]
- ^ Unterberger, Richie. Biography: Ray Charles. Allmusic. Retrieved on 2009-11-26.
- ^ a b VH1 (2003), p. 210.
- ^ "Show 15 - The Soul Reformation: More on the evolution of rhythm and blues. [Part 1] : UNT Digital Library". Digital.library.unt.edu. 1969-05-11. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19764/m1/. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- ^ Guide Profile: Ray Charles. About.com. Retrieved on 2008-12-12.
- ^ Soul Survivor Ray Charles. Rolling Stone. Retrieved on 2008-11-09.
- ^ Tyrangiel, Josh. Review: Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music. Time. Retrieved on 2009-07-21.
- ^ "100 Greatest Artists of All Time. #10: Ray Charles". Van Morrison. Rolling Stone Issue 946. Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-artists-of-all-time-19691231/ray-charles-19691231. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ "100 Greatest Singers of All Time. #2: Ray Charles". Billy Joel. rollingstone.com. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/6027/32782/32797. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ "A Tribute to Ray Charles", Rolling Stoners issue 952/953, July 8–22, 2004.
- ^ a b "Ray Charles Biography". SwingMusic.Net. http://www.swingmusic.net/Ray_Charles_Biography.html. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
- ^ Lydon, Michael, Ray Charles: Man and Music, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-97043-1, Routledge Publishing, January 22, 2004.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Bohème Magazine Obituary: Ray Charles (1930 – 2004).
- ^ "The Genius of Ray Charles", an article about an 1986 segment on Charles from 60 Minutes.
- ^ a b Lydon, Michael: Ray Charles, pp. 29–38.
- ^ Lydon, Michael, p. 19
- ^ Lydon, Michael, p. 20
- ^ "Blacknetwork.com". Blacknetwork.com. http://www.black-network.com/charlesbio.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- ^ Quincy Jones at www.pbs.org/... Accessed 2010 May 9.
- ^ Quincy Jones at www.achievement.org/... Accessed 2010 May 9.
- ^ Dahl, Bill (1954-11-18). "profile". Allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/song/t2562634. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- ^ a b c d Ray Charles, Bluesy Essence of Soul. The New York Times Company. Retrieved on 2008-12-12.
- ^ breath of life » RAY CHARLES / “I Can’t Stop Loving You”. Kalamu. Retrieved on 2008-08-13.
- ^ RS Biography - Ray Charles 1930-2004. Rolling Stone. Retrieved on 2008-08-14.
- ^ The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time: 44) Georgia on My Mind. Rolling Stone. Retrieved on 2008-08-14.
- ^ Hit The Road Jack by Ray Charles Songfacts. Songfacts. Retrieved on 2008-08-14.
- ^ a b Cooper (1998), pp. 20&n dash;22.
- ^ Charles & Ritz 2004, p. 248.
- ^ Lydon 1998, pp. 213–16.
- ^ "Ray Charles Biography". PianoFiles. http://www.pianofiles.com/browse/artist/ray+charles.
- ^ "SNL Transcripts: Ray Charles: 11/12/77". Snltranscripts.jt.org. 1977-11-12. http://snltranscripts.jt.org/77/77e.phtml. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- ^ List of best-selling international singles in Japan of 1989, Extract from the Year-End chart posted by oricon.
- ^ ASCAP Work ID: 570066694
- ^ "Internet Movie Database Bio on Ray Charles". Imdb.com. http://imdb.com/name/nm0153124/bio. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- ^ "Marriages of Ray Charles". About.com. http://marriage.about.com/od/entertainmen1/p/charlesray.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
- ^ "The Genius Of Ray Charles". CBS News. October 14, 2004. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/10/14/60minutes/main649346.shtml.
- ^ "Ray Charles' daughter, Sheila Raye Charles, on The Overnighter with Ewing Stevens". RadioLIVE.co.nz. http://www.radiolive.co.nz/Ray-Charles-daughter-Sheila-Raye-Charles-on-The-Overnighter-with-Ewing-Stevens/tabid/506/articleID/13773/Default.aspx. Retrieved 2010-07-01.
- ^ Ray Charles' Children Discuss Father's Unknown Generosity. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
- ^ a b "Show 16 - The Soul Reformation: More on the evolution of rhythm and blues. [Part 2] : UNT Digital Library". Digital.library.unt.edu. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19765/m1/. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
- ^ "Answers.com". Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Ray%20Charles. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- ^ "PBS.org". PBS.org. 2006-05-17. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/ray-charles/about-ray-charles/554/. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- ^ The chess games of Ray Charles. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
- ^ Charles, Ray (2005) (in English). Genius & Friends (CD). Burbank, CA: Atlantic Records. Event occurs at Track 13 2:22.
- ^ "Chess News - GM Larry Melvyn Evans (1932 – 2010)". ChessBase.com. http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6814. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
- ^ D'angelo, Joe "Ray Charles Dead at 73" "MTV", Retrieved on 01 January 2012.
- ^ Evans, Mike "Ray Charles: The Birth of Soul", Retrieved 01 January 2012.
- ^ "Many Pay Respects to Ray Charles". CBS News. June 10, 2004. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/06/10/entertainment/main622401.shtml. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
- ^ Pleasants, H. (1974). The Great American Popular Singers. Simon and Schuster
- ^ "List of Inductees". Georgia Music Hall of Fame. 1979–2007. Archived from the original on 2006-10-15. http://web.archive.org/web/20061015013823/http://www.gamusichall.com/inducteelist.html. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
- ^ "State Song". Georgia Secretary of State. 1979. http://sos.georgia.gov/archives/state_symbols/state_song.html.
- ^ "Inductees". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame & Museum. Archived from the original on November 23, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061123064050/http://www.rockhall.com/hof/inductee.asp?id=76. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
- ^ "List of Kennedy Center Honorees". Kennedy Center. 1986. http://www.kennedy-center.org/programs/specialevents/honors/history/home.html. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
- ^ "Lifetime Honors - National Medal of Arts". Nea.gov. http://www.nea.gov/honors/medals/medalists_year.html#93. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- ^ "Hall of Fame". National Black Sports & Entertainment. 2004. http://www.harlemdiscover.com/halloffame. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
- ^ "Calendar & Events: Spring Sing: Gershwin Award". UCLA. http://www.uclalumni.net/CalendarEvents/springsing/Gershwin/winners.cfm.
- ^ Read, Mimi (February 23, 2005). "A Gift to Black Cuisine, From Ray Charles". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E0D91F3AF930A15751C0A9639C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ "Morehouse Cuts the Ribbon on the Ray Charles Performing Arts Center and Music Academic Building". Morehouse College. http://www.morehouse.edu/news/archives/002313.html. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
Bibliography[link]
- Charles, Ray and Ritz, David (2004). Brother Ray: Ray Charles' Own Story (Third Da Capo Press ed.). Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81431-5.
- VH1 (see list of contributors) (2003). 100 Greatest Albums. edited by Jacob Hoye. Simon & Schuster, USA. p. 210. ISBN 0-7434-4876-6.
- Lydon, Michael (1998). Ray Charles: Man and Music. Riverhead Books. ISBN 1-57322-132-5.
External links[link]
 |
Book: Ray Charles |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Ray Charles |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ray Charles |
- Official website
- Article from the St. Augustine Record noting Charles' being on WFOY.
- Ray Charles - Daily Telegraph obituary
- Ray Charles discography at MusicBrainz
- Ray Charles at RollingStone
- Ray Charles at Songwriters Hall of Fame
- Ray Charles at The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
- Ray Charles at the Internet Movie Database
- Ray Charles at Allmusic
- Ray Charles discography at Discogs
- Ray Charles autobiography: The Early Years 1930–1960
- I Can't Stop Loving You: Ray Charles and Country Music - Past Exhibit at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
- Ray Charles's oral history video excerpts at the National Visionary Leadership Project
- Ray Charles interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969).
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Charles, Ray |
| Alternative names | Robinson, Ray Charles |
| Short description | Vocalist, musician, songwriter, arranger, bandleader |
| Date of birth | September 23, 1930 |
| Place of birth | Albany, Georgia, U.S. |
| Date of death | June 10, 2004 |
| Place of death | Beverly Hills, California, U.S. |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Sir Alec Guinness | |
|---|---|
 Sir Alec Guinness in 1973 by Allan Warren |
|
| Born | Alec Guinness de Cuffe (1914-04-02)2 April 1914 Paddington, London, England, United Kingdom |
| Died | 5 August 2000(2000-08-05) (aged 86) Midhurst, West Sussex, England |
| Cause of death | Liver Cancer |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1934–96 |
| Spouse | Merula Salaman (m. 1938–2000) |
| Children | Matthew Guinness |
Sir Alec Guinness, CH, CBE (2 April 1914 – 5 August 2000) was an English actor. After an early career on the stage he was featured in several of the Ealing Comedies, including Kind Hearts and Coronets in which he played eight different characters. However, he was probably best known for his six collaborations with David Lean: Herbert Pocket in Great Expectations (1946), Fagin in Oliver Twist (1948), Col. Nicholson in The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor), Prince Faisal in Lawrence of Arabia (1962), Yevgraf in Doctor Zhivago (1965), and Professor Godbole in A Passage to India (1984). In later years, he achieved fame with younger audiences for his role as Obi-Wan Kenobi in George Lucas’s Star Wars films.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Guinness was born at 155 Lauderdale Mansions South, Lauderdale Road, Maida Vale, London as Alec Guinness de Cuffe.[1] His mother's maiden name was Agnes Cuff. She was born 8 December 1890 to Edward Cuff and Mary Ann Benfield. On Guinness's birth certificate, the space for the mother's name shows Agnes de Cuffe. The space for the infant's name (where first names only are given) says Alec Guinness. The column for name and surname of father is blank.[2]
It has been frequently speculated that the actor's father was a member of the Anglo-Irish Guinness family. However, it was a Scottish banker, Andrew Geddes, who paid for Guinness's private school education. From 1875, under English law, when the birth of an illegitimate child was registered, the father's name could be entered on the certificate only if he were present and gave his consent. Guinness and Geddes never met, and the identity of Guinness's father has never been confirmed.[3] Guinness was uninterested in his mother, who later had a short marriage to a violent,[4] shell-shocked veteran of the Irish War of Independence.[2]
Early career and war service[link]
Guinness first worked writing advertising copy. His first job in the theatre was on his 20th birthday, while he was still a drama student, in the play Libel, which opened at the old King's Theatre, Hammersmith, and then transferred to the Playhouse where his status was raised from a walk-on to understudying two lines and his salary increased to £1 a week.[5] He appeared at the Albery Theatre in 1936 at the age of 22, playing the role of Osric in John Gielgud's successful production of Hamlet. 1936 also saw Guinness sign on with the Old Vic, where he was cast in a series of classic roles.[6] During this time he worked with many actors and actresses who would become his friends and frequent co-stars in the future, including John Gielgud, Peggy Ashcroft, Anthony Quayle and Jack Hawkins. An early influence from afar was Stan Laurel, whom Guinness admired.[7]
Guinness continued playing Shakespearean roles throughout his career. In 1937 he played Aumerle in Richard II and Lorenzo in The Merchant of Venice under the direction of John Gielgud. He starred in a 1938 production of Hamlet which won him acclaim on both sides of the Atlantic.[6] He also appeared as Romeo in a production of Romeo and Juliet (1939), Andrew Aguecheek in Twelfth Night and as Exeter in Henry V in 1937, both opposite Laurence Olivier, and Ferdinand in The Tempest, opposite Gielgud as Prospero.
In 1939, he adapted Charles Dickens' novel Great Expectations for the stage, playing the part of Herbert Pocket. The play was a success. One of its viewers was a young British film editor, David Lean, who would later have Guinness reprise his role in Lean's 1946 film adaptation of the play.
Guinness served in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve in World War II, serving first as a seaman in 1941 and being commissioned the following year.[8] He commanded a landing craft taking part in the invasion of Sicily and Elba and later ferried supplies to the Yugoslav partisans.
During the war, he was granted leave to appear in the Broadway production of Terence Rattigan's play Flare Path about the RAF Bomber Command.[9]
Postwar stage career[link]
Guinness returned to the Old Vic in 1946 and stayed until 1948, playing Abel Drugger in Ben Jonson's The Alchemist, the Fool in King Lear opposite Laurence Olivier in the title role, DeGuiche in Cyrano de Bergerac opposite Ralph Richardson in the title role, and finally starring in an Old Vic production as Shakespeare's Richard II. After leaving the Old Vic, he played Eric Birling in J. B. Priestley's An Inspector Calls at the New Theatre in October 1946. He played the Uninvited Guest in the Broadway production of T. S. Eliot's The Cocktail Party (1950, revived at the Edinburgh Festival in 1968). His third attempt at the title role of Hamlet, this time under his own direction at the New Theatre (1951), proved a major theatrical disaster.[10]
Invited by his friend Tyrone Guthrie to join the premier season of the Stratford Festival of Canada, Guinness lived for a brief time in Stratford, Ontario. On 13 July 1953, Guinness spoke the first lines of the first play produced by the festival, Shakespeare's Richard III: "Now is the winter of our discontent/Made glorious summer by this sun of York."
Guinness won a Tony Award for his Broadway performance as poet Dylan Thomas in Dylan. He next played the title role in Macbeth opposite Simone Signoret at the Royal Court Theatre in 1966, a conspicuous failure.[11]
Guinness made his final stage performance at the Comedy Theatre on 30 May 1989, in the play A Walk in the Woods. In all, between 2 April 1934 and 30 May 1989, he played 77 parts in the theatre.[12]
Film career[link]
In films, Guinness was initially associated mainly with the Ealing comedies, and particularly for playing eight different characters in Kind Hearts and Coronets. Other films from this period included The Lavender Hill Mob, The Ladykillers, and The Man in the White Suit. In 1952, director Ronald Neame cast Guinness in his first romantic lead role, opposite Petula Clark in The Card. In 1951, exhibitors voted him the most popular British star.[13]
Other notable film roles of this period included The Swan (1956) with Grace Kelly, in her second to last film role; The Horse's Mouth (1958) in which Guinness played the part of drunken painter Gulley Jimson as well as contributing the screenplay, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award; the lead in Carol Reed's Our Man in Havana (1959); Marcus Aurelius in The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964); The Quiller Memorandum (1966); Marley's Ghost in Scrooge (1970); Charles I in Cromwell (1970); Pope Innocent III in Franco Zeffirelli's Brother Sun, Sister Moon (1972); and the title role in Hitler: The Last Ten Days (1973), which he considered his best film performance, though critics disagreed.[14]
Guinness also played the role of Jamessir Bensonmum, the blind butler, in the 1976 Neil Simon film Murder By Death.
David Lean[link]
Guinness won particular acclaim for his work with director David Lean, which today is his best-known and most critically acclaimed work. After appearing in Lean's Great Expectations and Oliver Twist, he was given a starring role opposite William Holden in The Bridge on the River Kwai. For his performance as Colonel Nicholson, the unyielding British POW leader, Guinness won an Academy Award. Despite a difficult and often hostile relationship, Lean, referring to Guinness as "my good luck charm", continued to cast Guinness in character roles in his later films: Arab leader Prince Feisal in Lawrence of Arabia; the title character's half-brother, Bolshevik leader Yevgraf, in Doctor Zhivago; and Indian mystic Godbole in A Passage to India. He was also offered a role in Lean's Ryan's Daughter (1970), but declined. By that time, Guinness had "mistrusted" Lean and considered the earlier close relationship as strained; although at his funeral, he recalled that the famed director had been "charming and affable".[15]
[edit] Star Wars
Guinness's role as Obi-Wan Kenobi in the original Star Wars trilogy, beginning in 1977, brought him worldwide recognition by a new generation, as well as Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations. In letters to his friends, Guinness described the film as "fairy tale rubbish," but the movie's sense of moral good – and the studio's doubling of his initial salary offer – appealed to him, and he signed on. [16] He was one of the few cast members who believed that the film would be a box office hit; he negotiated a deal for 2% of the gross royalties paid to the director, George Lucas, who received one fifth of the box office takings. This made him very wealthy in his later life, and he agreed to take the part of Kenobi on the condition that he would not have to do any publicity to promote the film. Upon his first viewing of the film, Guinness wrote in his diary that "It's a pretty staggering film as spectacle and technically brilliant. Exciting, very noisy and warm-hearted. The battle scenes at the end go on for five minutes too long, I feel, and some of the dialogue is excruciating and much of it is lost in noise, but it remains a vivid experience."[17]
Despite these rewards, Guinness soon became unhappy with being identified with the part, and expressed dismay at the fan-following that the Star Wars trilogy attracted. In the DVD commentary of the original Star Wars, director George Lucas says that Guinness was not happy with the script re-write in which Obi-Wan is killed. However, Guinness said in a 1999 interview that it was actually his idea to kill off Obi-Wan, persuading Lucas that it would make him a stronger character, and that Lucas agreed to the idea. Guinness stated in the interview, "What I didn't tell Lucas was that I just couldn't go on speaking those bloody awful, banal lines. I'd had enough of the mumbo jumbo." He went on to say that he "shrivelled up" every time Star Wars was mentioned to him.[18]
Although Guinness disliked the fame attracted by work he did not esteem,[17] Lucas and fellow cast members Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Anthony Daniels, and Carrie Fisher have spoken highly of his courtesy and professionalism, both on and off the set. Lucas credited him with inspiring cast and crew to work harder, saying that Guinness contributed significantly to achieving completion of the filming. Guinness was quoted as saying that the royalties he obtained from working on the films gave him "no complaints; let me leave it by saying I can live for the rest of my life in the reasonably modest way I am now used to, that I have no debts and I can afford to refuse work that doesn't appeal to me." In his autobiography, Blessings In Disguise, Guinness tells an imaginary interviewer "Blessed be Star Wars", regarding the income it provided.[19]
In the final volume of the book A Positively Final Appearance (1997), Guinness recounts grudgingly giving an autograph to a young fan who claimed to have watched Star Wars over 100 times, on the condition that the boy promise to stop watching the film, because, as Guinness told him, "this is going to be an ill effect on your life." The fan was stunned at first, but later thanked him (though some sources say it went differently). Guinness is quoted as saying: "Well," I said, "do you think you could promise never to see Star Wars again?" He burst into tears. His mother drew herself up to an immense height. "What a dreadful thing to say to a child!" she barked, and dragged the poor kid away. Maybe she was right but I just hope the lad, now in his thirties, is not living in a fantasy world of secondhand, childish banalities.[20] Guinness grew so tired of modern audiences apparently knowing him only for his role of Obi-Wan Kenobi that he would throw away the mail he received from Star Wars fans without reading it.[21]
Television appearances[link]
From the 1970s, Guinness made regular television appearances, including the part of George Smiley in the serialisations of two novels by John le Carré: Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy and Smiley's People. Le Carré was so impressed by Guinness's performance as Smiley that he based his characterisation of Smiley in subsequent novels on Guinness.
One of Guinness's last appearances was in the BBC drama Eskimo Day.
Awards and honours[link]
Guinness won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1957 for his role in The Bridge on the River Kwai having been unsuccessfully nominated in 1952 for his performance in The Lavender Hill Mob. He was nominated in 1958 for the Academy Award for Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium, for his screenplay adapted from Joyce Cary's novel The Horse's Mouth. He was nominated for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Obi-Wan Kenobi in Star Wars in 1977. He received an Academy Honorary Award for lifetime achievement in 1980. In 1988, he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for Little Dorrit.
For his theatre work, he received an Evening Standard Award for his performance as T.E. Lawrence in Ross and a Tony Award for his Broadway turn as Dylan Thomas in Dylan.[22]
Guinness was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1955, and was knighted in 1959.[6] In 1991, he received an honorary doctorate from Cambridge University.[23] Three years later, at age 80, he was appointed a Companion of Honour.[24]
Guinness received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1559 Vine Street on 8 February 1960.[2]
Personal life[link]
 |
This section's references may not meet Wikipedia's guidelines for reliable sources. Please help by checking whether the references meet the criteria for reliable sources. (April 2011) |
Guinness married the artist, playwright and actress Merula Sylvia Salaman (16 October 1914 – 18 October 2000) in 1938; in 1940, they had a son, Matthew Guinness, who later became an actor.
In his biography, Alec Guinness: The Unknown, Garry O'Connor says that Guinness was arrested and fined 10 guineas for a homosexual act in a public lavatory in Liverpool in 1946. Guinness avoided publicity by giving his name to police and court as "Herbert Pocket", the name of the character he played in Great Expectations. The incident did not become public knowledge until April 2001, eight months after his death when a BBC News article claimed that Guinness was in fact bisexual and that he had successfully kept his sexuality private from the public eye as his closest friends and family members also knew he had sexual relationships with men.[25] Piers Paul Read, Guinness's official biographer, doubts that this incident actually occurred. He believes that Guinness was confused with John Gielgud, who was infamously arrested for such an act around the same time.
Religious conversion[link]
While serving in the Royal Navy, Guinness had planned to become an Anglican priest. However, in 1954, while he was filming Father Brown in Burgundy, Guinness, who was in costume as a Catholic priest, was mistaken for a real priest by a local child. Guinness was far from fluent in French, and the child apparently did not notice that Guinness did not understand him, but took his hand and chattered while the two strolled; the child then waved and trotted off.[26] The confidence and affection the clerical attire appeared to inspire in the boy left a deep impression on the actor.[27] Alec Guinness was formally received into the Roman Catholic Church on 24 March 1956. His wife followed suit in 1957 while he was in Sri Lanka filming The Bridge on the River Kwai, and she informed him only after the event.[28] They remained devout and regular church-goers for the remainder of their lives. Their son Matthew had converted to Catholicism some time earlier.[29] Every morning, Guinness recited a verse from Psalm 143, "Cause me to hear your loving kindness in the morning".[30]
Death[link]
Guinness died on 5 August 2000, from liver cancer, at Midhurst in West Sussex.[31] He had been receiving hospital treatment for glaucoma, and had recently also been diagnosed with prostate cancer. He was interred at Petersfield, Hampshire, England. His widow, Lady Guinness, died of cancer at Petersfield, two months after her husband, also aged 86,[32] and was interred alongside her husband of 62 years.
Autobiographies and biography[link]
Guinness wrote three volumes of a best-selling autobiography, beginning with Blessings in Disguise in 1985, followed by My Name Escapes Me in 1996, and A Positively Final Appearance in 1999. He recorded each of them as an audiobook. Shortly after his death, Lady Guinness asked the couple's close friend and fellow Catholic, novelist Piers Paul Read, to write Guinness's official biography. It was published in 2003.
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1934 | Evensong | Extra (World War I soldier in audience) | uncredited |
| 1946 | Great Expectations | Herbert Pocket | |
| 1948 | Oliver Twist | Fagin | |
| 1949 | Kind Hearts and Coronets |
|
National Board of Review Award for Best Actor |
| 1949 | Run for Your Money, AA Run for Your Money | Whimple | |
| 1950 | Last Holiday | George Bird | |
| 1950 | Mudlark, TheThe Mudlark | Benjamin Disraeli | |
| 1951 | Lavender Hill Mob, TheThe Lavender Hill Mob | Henry Holland |
|
| 1951 | Man in the White Suit, TheThe Man in the White Suit | Sidney Stratton | |
| 1952 | Card, TheThe Card | Edward Henry 'Denry' Machin | released in the United States as The Promoter |
| 1953 | Square Mile, TheThe Square Mile | narrator | short subject |
| 1953 | Malta Story | Flight Lt. Peter Ross | |
| 1953 | Captain's Paradise, TheThe Captain's Paradise | Capt. Henry St. James | |
| 1954 | Father Brown | Father Brown | |
| 1954 | Stratford Adventure, TheThe Stratford Adventure | Himself | short subject |
| 1955 | Rowlandson's England | narrator | short subject |
| 1955 | To Paris with Love | Col. Sir Edgar Fraser | |
| 1955 | Prisoner, TheThe Prisoner | Cardinal, TheThe Cardinal | Nominated — BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role |
| 1955 | Ladykillers, TheThe Ladykillers | Professor Marcus | |
| 1956 | Swan, TheThe Swan | Prince Albert | |
| 1957 | Bridge on the River Kwai, TheThe Bridge on the River Kwai | Col. Nicholson |
|
| 1957 | Barnacle Bill | Captain William Horatio Ambrose | released in the United States as All at Sea |
| 1958 | Horse's Mouth, TheThe Horse's Mouth | Gulley Jimson |
|
| 1959 | Our Man in Havana | Jim Wormold | |
| 1959 | Scapegoat, TheThe Scapegoat | John Barratt/Jacques De Gue | |
| 1960 | Tunes of Glory | Maj. Jock Sinclair, D.S.O., M.M. | Nominated — BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role |
| 1962 | Majority of One, AA Majority of One | Koichi Asano | |
| 1962 | H.M.S. Defiant | Captain Crawford | |
| 1962 | Lawrence of Arabia | Prince Faisal | |
| 1964 | Fall of the Roman Empire, TheThe Fall of the Roman Empire | Marcus Aurelius | |
| 1965 | Pasternak | Himself | short subject |
| 1965 | Situation Hopeless ... But Not Serious | Wilhelm Frick | |
| 1965 | Doctor Zhivago | Gen. Yevgraf Zhivago | |
| 1966 | Hotel Paradiso | Benedict Boniface | |
| 1966 | Quiller Memorandum, TheThe Quiller Memorandum | Pol | |
| 1967 | Comedians in Africa, TheThe Comedians in Africa | Himself | uncredited, short subject |
| 1967 | Comedians, TheThe Comedians | Major H.O. Jones | Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor |
| 1970 | Cromwell | King Charles I | |
| 1970 | Scrooge | Jacob Marley's ghost | |
| 1972 | Brother Sun, Sister Moon | Pope Innocent III | |
| 1973 | Hitler: The Last Ten Days | Adolf Hitler | |
| 1976 | Murder by Death | Jamesir Bensonmum | |
| 1977 | Star Wars | Obi-Wan Kenobi | |
| 1979 | Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy | George Smiley | British Academy Television Award for Best Actor |
| 1980 | The Empire Strikes Back | Obi-Wan Kenobi | |
| 1980 | Raise the Titanic | John Bigalow | |
| 1980 | Little Lord Fauntleroy | Earl of Dorincourt | |
| 1982 | Smiley's People | George Smiley | |
| 1983 | Lovesick | Sigmund Freud | |
| 1983 | Return of the Jedi | Obi-Wan Kenobi | |
| 1984 | Passage to India, AA Passage to India | Professor Godbole | |
| 1985 | Monsignor Quixote | Monsignor Quixote | |
| 1988 | Little Dorrit | William Dorrit | |
| 1988 | Handful of Dust, AA Handful of Dust | Mr. Todd | |
| 1991 | Kafka | chief clerk, TheThe chief clerk | |
| 1993 | Foreign Field, AA Foreign Field | Amos | |
| 1994 | Mute Witness | Reaper, TheThe Reaper | |
| 1996 | Eskimo Day | James |
Box Office Ranking in Britain[link]
For a number of years, British film exhibitors voted Guinness among the most popular stars in Britain at the box office via an annual poll in the Motion Picture Herald.
- 1951 - 1st most popular British star (5th overall)[13]
- 1952 - 3rd most popular British star[33]
- 1953 - 2nd most popular British star[34]
- 1954 - 6th most popular British star[35]
- 1955 - 10th most popular British star[36]
- 1956 - 8th most popular British star[37]
- 1958 - most popular star[38]
- 1960 - 4th most popular star[39]
References[link]
- Notes
- ^ GRO Register of Births: June 1914 1a 39 Paddington – Alec Guinness De Cuffe, mmn = De Cuffe.
- ^ a b c "Alec Guinness." Hollywood Walk of Fame (Hollywood Chamber of Commerce, Hollywood, California), 2011. Retrieved: 22 June 2011.
- ^ "Alec Guinness biography." MSN Movies. Retrieved: 29 July 2007.
- ^ "Guinness: The black stuff." guardian.co. Retrieved: 8 April 2012.
- ^ Extracts from Guinness's Journals, The Daily Telegraph, 20 March 1999.
- ^ a b c ‘Guinness, Alec (1914 - )’ 2000, in The Cambridge Guide to Theatre, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, viewed 22 June 2011, from Credo reference(Subscription required)
- ^ On 3 June 1961, Alec Guinness sent a letter to Stan Laurel,[1] acknowledging that he had unconsciously modelled his portrayal of Sir Andrew Aguecheek as he imagined Laurel might have done. Guinness was 23 at the time he was performing in Twelfth Night, so this would have been around 1937, by which time Laurel had become an international movie star.
- ^ Houterman, J.N. "Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) Officers 1939–1945." Unithistories.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2010.
- ^ "Theatre Obituaries: Sir Alec Guinness." The Telegraph, 8 August 2000. Retrieved: 22 February 2011.
- ^ * McCarten, John. "Eliot and Guinness." The New Yorker, Volume 25, Issue 50, 1950, pp. 25–26.
- ^ Taylor 2000, pp. 133–134.
- ^ Alec Guinness, Journals, November 1998.
- ^ a b "Vivien Leigh Actress Of The Year." Townsville Daily Bulletin (Qld.: 1885–1954), via National Library of Australia, 29 December 1951, p. 1. Retrieved: 24 April 2012.
- ^ Canby, Vincent. "Screen: 'Last Ten Days': Guinness Plays Hitler in Bunker Episode, The Cast." The New York Times, 10 May 1973.
- ^ Guinness 1998, pp. 90–91.
- ^ Selim, Jocelyn. "Alec Guinness: Reluctant Intergalactic Icon." Cancer Today magazine, Spring 2012.
- ^ a b Read 2005, p. 507.
- ^ "Alec Guinness Blasts Jedi 'Mumbo Jumbo'." Space.com, 8 August 1999.
- ^ Guinness 1986, p. 214.
- ^ Guinness 2001, p. 11.
- ^ "The shy introvert who shone on screen." The Guardian, 7 August 2000.
- ^ Taylor 2000, p. 131.
- ^ "Honorary Degrees conferred from 1977 till present." Cambridge University, 18 December 2008.
- ^ Chambers 2002, p. 334.
- ^ "Sir Alec Guinness was bisexual." BBC News (Showbiz), 16 April 2001. Retrieved: 24 August 2009.
- ^ Pearce 2006, p. 301.
- ^ "Sir Alec Guinness." Telegraph (Obituaries), 8 August 2000. Retrieved: 26 August 2009.
- ^ Pearce 2006, p. 311.
- ^ Sutcliffe, Tom."Sir Alec Guinness (1914–2000)." The Guardian, 7 August 2000. Retrieved: 26 August 2009.
- ^ The invisible man, by Hugh Davies, originally published in the Telegraph and reprinted in The Sunday Age, 13 August 2000.
- ^ GRO Register of Deaths: AUG 2000 1DD 21 Chicester– Alec Guinness, DoB = 2 April 1914, aged 86.
- ^ GRO Register of Deaths: OCT 2000 38C 104 Petersfield – Merula Sylvia (Lady) Guinness, DoB = 16 October 1914, aged 86.
- ^ "Comedian tops film poll." The Sunday Herald (Sydney, NSW: 1949–1953), via National Library of Australia, 28 December 1952, p. 4. Retrieved: 27 April 2012.
- ^ "Film Data for 1953." heylookmeover. Retrieved: 27 April 2012.
- ^ "Film Data for 1954." heylookmeover. Retrieved: 27 April 2012.
- ^ "Film Data for 1955." heylookmeover. Retrieved: 27 April 2012.
- ^ "Film Data for 1956." heylookmeover. Retrieved: 27 April 2012.
- ^ "Film Data for 1958." heylookmeover. Retrieved: 27 April 2012.
- ^ "Film Data for 1960." heylookmeover. Retrieved: 27 April 2012.
- Bibliography
- Chambers, Colin. Continuum Companion to Twentieth Century Theatre. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002. ISBN 0-8264-4959-X.
- Guinness, Alec. A Positively Final Appearance: A Journal, 1996-1998. London: Penquin Books, 2001. ISBN 978-0-14-029964-9.
- Guinness, Alec. My Name Escapes Me. London: Penquin Books, 1998. ISBN 978-0-14-027745-6.
- Pearce, Joseph. Literary Converts: Spiritual Inspiration in an Age of Unbelief. London: Ignatius Press, 2006. ISBN 978-1-58617-159-9.
- Read, Piers Paul. Alec Guinness: The Authorised Biography. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005. ISBN 978-0-7432-4498-5.
- Taylor, John Russell. Alec Guinness: A Celebration. London: Pavilion, 2000. ISBN 1-86205-501-7.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alec Guinness |
- Alec Guinness at the Internet Broadway Database
- Alec Guinness at the Internet Movie Database
- Alec Guinness at the British Film Institute's Screenonline
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Guinness, Alec |
| Alternative names | Guinness de Cuffe, Alec |
| Short description | English actor |
| Date of birth | 2 April 1914 |
| Place of birth | Paddington, London, England, UK |
| Date of death | 5 August 2000 |
| Place of death | Midhurst, West Sussex, England, UK |
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"The Prince of Wales" redirects here. For other people known as Prince of Wales, see Prince of Wales.
"Prince Charles" redirects here. For other people known as Prince Charles, see Prince Charles (disambiguation).
| Prince Charles | |
|---|---|
| Prince of Wales; Duke of Rothesay (more) | |
.jpg) |
|
| The Prince of Wales during a visit to La Moncloa in 2011 | |
| Spouse | Diana, Princess of Wales (m. 1981, div. 1996) Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall (m. 2005) |
| Issue | |
| Prince William, Duke of Cambridge Prince Harry of Wales |
|
| Full name | |
| Charles Philip Arthur George[fn 1] | |
| House | House of Windsor |
| Father | Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh |
| Mother | Elizabeth II |
| Born | (1948-11-14) 14 November 1948 (age 63) Buckingham Palace, London, United Kingdom |
| Religion | Church of England |
Charles, Prince of Wales (Charles Philip Arthur George;[fn 1] born 14 November 1948) is the heir apparent and eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Since 1958 his major title has been His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales. In Scotland he is additionally known as The Duke of Rothesay.[2] He is the longest-serving heir apparent in British history, having held this status since 1952.[3]
Charles was educated at Cheam and Gordonstoun Schools, which his father, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, had attended as a child, as well as the Timbertop campus[4] of Geelong Grammar School in Australia. After earning a bachelor of arts degree from Trinity College, Cambridge, Charles served a tour of duty with the Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976. He married Lady Diana Spencer before an enormous worldwide television audience in 1981. They had two sons, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge in 1982 and Prince Harry of Wales in 1984. The couple separated in 1992 following tabloid allegations concerning their relationship. They divorced in 1996 after Diana publicly accused Charles of having an affair with Camilla Parker Bowles, and Charles admitted adultery on television. Diana died in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997. In 2005, after a lengthy continued association, the Prince married Camilla, who uses the title Duchess of Cornwall.
The prince is well known for his humanitarian and social concerns; he sponsors The Prince's Charities and is patron of many other charitable and arts organisations. For many years, the Prince has championed organic farming and sought to raise world awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment, such as climate change. He has been outspoken concerning the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings, and produced a book on the subject called A Vision of Britain (1989). He has also promoted herbal and other alternative medical treatment.
Contents |
Early life[link]
| The Royal Family of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms |
|---|
 |
|
HM The Queen
|
Charles was born at Buckingham Palace on 14 November 1948 at 9.14 pm (GMT), the first child of then Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. Baptised in the palace's Music Room on 15 December 1948, using water from the River Jordan, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, the Prince's godparents were: the King (his maternal grandfather); the King of Norway (his cousin, for whom the Earl of Athlone stood proxy); Queen Mary (his maternal great-grandmother); the Princess Margaret (his maternal aunt); Prince George of Greece (his paternal granduncle, for whom the Duke of Edinburgh stood proxy); the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven (his paternal great-grandmother); the Lady Brabourne (his cousin); and the Hon David Bowes-Lyon (his maternal great-uncle).[5] By letters patent of Charles' great-grandfather, King George V, the titles of a British prince or princess, and the style Royal Highness, were only to be conferred on male-line children and grandchildren of the sovereign, as well as the children of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales. However, on 22 October 1948, George VI issued new letters patent granting these honours to any children of Princess Elizabeth and Prince Philip; otherwise, Charles would have merely taken his father's title, and been titled by courtesy as Earl of Merioneth. In this way the children of the heiress presumptive had a royal and princely status.
When Charles was aged three his mother's accession as Queen Elizabeth II made him heir apparent to the then seven realms of which she was queen. As the sovereign's eldest son, he automatically took the titles Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland, in addition to being a prince of the United Kingdom. Charles attended his mother's coronation at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953, seated alongside his grandmother and aunt. As is customary for royal offspring, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed and undertook his education between the ages of five and eight. Buckingham Palace announced in 1955 that Charles would attend school rather than have a private tutor, making him the first heir apparent ever to be educated in that manner.[6]
Youth[link]
Education[link]
Charles first attended Hill House School in West London, receiving non-preferential treatment from the school's founder and then head, Stuart Townend, who advised the Queen to have Charles train in football, as the boys at Hill House were never deferential to anyone on the football field.[7] The Prince then attended his father's former school, the Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire, England; and was finally moved to Gordonstoun, in the north-east of Scotland. Reportedly the Prince despised his time at the latter school – "Colditz in kilts", as Charles put it – though he did spend two of his terms at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Geelong, Australia, during which time he visited Papua New Guinea on a history trip with his tutor, Michael Collins Persse. Upon his return to Gordonstoun, Charles emulated his father in becoming Head Boy, and left in 1967 with two A Levels in History and French.
Tradition was broken again when Charles proceeded straight from secondary school into university, as opposed to joining the Armed Forces. On the recommendation of Robin Woods, Dean of Windsor, and despite only gaining grades of B and C in his A Levels,[8] the Prince was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge University, where he read anthropology, archaeology, and history, tutored by Canadian-born Professor John Coles. He graduated with a 2:2 Bachelor of Arts on 23 June 1970, the third Royal Family member to earn a university degree.[9] On 2 August 1975 he was subsequently awarded a Master of Arts Degree from Cambridge, per the university's tradition.[9] During his tertiary, Charles also attended the Old College (part of the University of Wales, Aberystwyth), studying the Welsh language and Welsh history. He is the first Prince of Wales born outside of Wales ever to attempt to learn the language of the principality.
Created Prince of Wales[link]
Main article: Investiture of the Prince of Wales
File:Charles investiture.jpg
Queen Elizabeth II formally invests The Prince of Wales with the Prince of Wales crown, in 1969
Charles was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 26 July 1958,[10][11] though his investiture as such was not conducted until 1 July 1969, wherein he was crowned by his mother in a televised ceremony held at Caernarfon Castle, and gave his replies and speech in both Welsh and English.[12] A Welsh nationalist campaign opposed to the investiture tried unsuccessfully to disrupt the ceremony. The following year he took his seat in the House of Lords,[8] and later in the decade became the first member of the Royal Family since King George I to attend a British Cabinet meeting, having been invited by Prime Minister James Callaghan so that the Prince might see the workings of the British government and Cabinet at first hand. Charles also began to take on more public duties, founding his The Prince's Trust in 1976,[13] and travelling to the United States in 1981.
Around the same time the Prince expressed an interest in serving as Governor-General of Australia; Commander Michael Parker explained: "The idea behind the appointment was for him to put a foot on the ladder of monarchy, or being the future King and start learning the trade." However, because of a combination of nationalist feeling in Australia and the dismissal of the government by the Governor-General in 1975, nothing came of the proposal. Charles accepted the decision of the Australian ministers, if not without some regret; he reportedly stated: "What are you supposed to think when you are prepared to do something to help and you are told you are not wanted?"[14] Conversely, Tom Gallagher wrote that Charles had been offered the Romanian throne by monarchists in that country; an offer that was reportedly turned down.[15][16] The Romanian press again picked up this story in autumn 2011,[17] but Buckingham Palace denied the reports.[18]
The Prince is at present the oldest man to hold the title of Prince of Wales since it became the title granted to the heir apparent. He is also the oldest and longest-serving heir apparent in Commonwealth realms' history and the third longest serving Prince of Wales in British history behind George IV and Edward VII, whom he will pass on 10 October 2017 if he is still Prince of Wales on that date. If he ascends to the throne after 18 September 2013, Charles would be the oldest monarch of the United Kingdom to do so; only William IV was older when he became monarch than Charles is now.
Military training and career[link]
Following in the tradition of Princes of Wales before him, Charles spent time in the navy and air force. After Royal Air Force training that he requested and received during his second year at Cambridge, on 8 March 1971 the Prince flew himself to the Royal Air Force College Cranwell to train as a jet pilot. After the passing out parade in September of that year, he then embarked on a naval career, enrolling in a six–week course at the Royal Naval College Dartmouth and then serving on the guided missile destroyer HMS Norfolk (1971–1972) and the frigates HMS Minerva (1972–1973) and HMS Jupiter (1974). Charles also qualified as a helicopter pilot at RNAS Yeovilton in 1974, just prior to joining 845 Naval Air Squadron, operating from HMS Hermes, and on 9 February 1976 the Prince took command of the coastal minehunter HMS Bronington for his last nine months in the navy. Prince Charles learned to fly on a Chipmunk basic pilot trainer, a BAC Jet Provost jet trainer, and a Beagle Basset multi-engined trainer, he then regularly flew the Hawker Siddeley Andover, Westland Wessex and BAe 146 aircraft of The Queen's Flight.
Early romances[link]
Prince Charles' love life was always the subject of speculation and press fodder. In his youth, he was linked to a number of women, including Georgiana Russell, daughter of the British Ambassador to Spain; Lady Jane Wellesley; Davina Sheffield; Fiona Watson, a model; Susan George; Lady Sarah Spencer; Princess Marie-Astrid of Luxembourg; Lady Tryon; Janet Jenkins, Jane Ward and Camilla Shand, who later became his second wife.
Charles was given written advice on dating and the selection of a future consort from his father's "Uncle Dickie": "In a case like yours, the man should sow his wild oats and have as many affairs as he can before settling down, but for a wife he should choose a suitable, attractive, and sweet-charactered girl before she has met anyone else she might fall for... It is disturbing for women to have experiences if they have to remain on a pedestal after marriage."[19] Mountbatten, with George VI's consort Queen Elizabeth, had arranged the first documented meeting of Charles' parents at Dartmouth Royal Naval College on 22 July 1939.[20] In early 1974, Mountbatten began corresponding with Charles about a potential marriage to Mountbatten's granddaughter Amanda Knatchbull,[21] and recommended that the 25-year-old prince get done with his bachelor's experimentation. Charles dutifully wrote to Amanda's mother, Lady Brabourne (who was also his godmother), about his interest in her daughter, to which she replied approvingly, though suggesting that a courtship was premature.[22]
This did not daunt Mountbatten, who, four years later, obtained an invitation for himself and Amanda to accompany Charles on his 1980 tour of India. Both fathers, however, objected; Philip complaining that the Prince of Wales would be eclipsed by his famous uncle (who had served as the last British Viceroy and first Governor-General of India), while Lord Brabourne warned that a joint visit would rivet media attention on the cousins before they could decide on becoming a couple, thereby potentially dashing the very prospect for which Mountbatten hoped.[23] However, before Charles was to depart alone for India, Mountbatten was killed by the IRA in August 1979. When Charles returned, he proposed to Amanda. However, in addition to her grandfather, she had lost her grandmother and youngest brother Nicholas in the attack and now recoiled from the prospect of becoming a core member of the Royal Family.[23] In June 1980 Charles officially turned down Chevening House, placed at his disposal since 1974, as his future residence. Chevening, a stately home in Kent, was bequeathed, along with an endowment, to the Crown by the last Earl Stanhope, Amanda's childless great-uncle, in the hope that Charles would eventually occupy it.[24]
First marriage[link]
Although Charles first met Lady Diana Spencer in 1977—while visiting Diana's home, Althorp, as the companion of her elder sister, Sarah—he did not consider her romantically until the summer of 1980. While sitting together on a bale of hay at a friend's barbecue in July he mentioned Mountbatten's death, to which Diana replied that Charles had looked forlorn and in need of care during his uncle's funeral. Soon, according to Charles' chosen biographer, Jonathan Dimbleby, "without any apparent surge in feeling, he began to think seriously of her as a potential bride."[25] She accompanied the Prince on visits to Balmoral and Sandringham, eliciting enthusiastic responses from most of the Royal Family.
Although the Queen offered Charles no direct counsel, his cousin Norton Knatchbull (Amanda's eldest brother) and his wife, Penny, did. But Charles was angered by their objections that he did not seem in love with Diana and that she seemed too awestruck by his position.[26] Meanwhile, the couple continued dating, amidst constant press speculation and paparazzi coverage. When Prince Philip told him that the intrusive media attention would injure her reputation if he did not come to a decision about marrying her soon, and realising that Diana met the Mountbatten criteria (and, apparently, the public's) for a proper royal bride, Charles construed his father's advice as a warning to proceed without further delay.[27]
Engagement and wedding to Diana[link]
File:British coin 25p (1981) reverse.jpg
The Prince and Princess of Wales' wedding commemorated on a 1981 British Crown (25 pence)
Prince Charles proposed to Diana in February 1981, she accepted, and when he asked her father for her hand, he consented. The Queen, and the British and Canadian privy councils gave the required legal approval, and, 29 July, Charles and Diana were married at St Paul's Cathedral, before 3,500 invited guests and an estimated worldwide television audience of 750 million people. The couple made their homes at Kensington Palace and at Highgrove House, near Tetbury. Almost immediately, the new Princess of Wales became a star attraction; she was chased by paparazzi, and her every move was followed by millions through the mass media. The couple had two children: Princes William (born 21 June 1982) and Henry (known as "Harry") (born 15 September 1984). Charles set precedent by being the first royal father to be present at his children's births.[6] Persistent suggestions have been made that the father of Harry is not Charles but James Hewitt with whom Diana had an affair. These suggestions have been based on a physical similarity between Hewitt and Harry. However Hewitt stated to the press in 2002 that Harry had already been born by the time the affair between him and Diana began.[28][29][30]
Separation and divorce[link]
The union between the Prince and Princess of Wales soon became troubled; within five years, the "fairytale" marriage was on the brink of collapse. The couple's incompatibility, 13 years' age difference[31] and Diana's obsession with Charles' previous girlfriend, Camilla Shand,[32] became visible and damaging to their marriage. In response to the succour sought by the Prince, Diana responded in kind. Charles, however, was also blamed for the marital troubles, as he began an adulterous affair with Camilla.[33] Though they remained a couple in public, Charles and Diana had effectively separated by the late 1980s, the Prince living in Highgrove and the Princess at Kensington Palace. Their increased periods apart and obvious discomfort in each other's presence began to be noticed by the media, and this, plus evidence and recriminations of infidelity, were published in tabloid newspapers and broadcast on the news. By 1992, the marriage was over in all but name; in December of that year, British Prime Minister John Major announced in the British parliament their formal separation, after which the media began to take sides, starting what came to be known as the War of the Waleses. In October 1993, Diana wrote to a friend that she believed her husband was now in love with Tiggy Legge-Bourke and wanted to marry her.[34] Charles and Diana formally divorced on 28 August 1996.[35]
A year later, on 31 August 1997, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris, along with her companion Dodi Fayed and driver Henri Paul. The Prince of Wales flew to Paris, with Diana's sisters, to accompany his ex-wife's body back to Britain.
Second marriage[link]
In 1993 the British tabloids came into the possession of recordings of a 1989 telephone conversation between the Prince of Wales and Camilla Parker Bowles, in which Charles expressed regret for the indignities she had endured because of her relationship with him, and which revealed graphic expressions of physical intimacy between the two.[36][37]
Engagement and wedding to Camilla[link]
Clarence House announced on 10 February 2005 that Charles and Camilla Parker-Bowles were engaged; the Prince presented her with an engagement ring that had belonged to his grandmother. In a Privy Council meeting on 2 March, the Queen's consent to the marriage (as required by the Royal Marriages Act 1772) was recorded.[38] In Canada, however, the Department of Justice announced its decision that the Queen's Privy Council for Canada was not required to meet to give its consent to the marriage, as the union would not result in offspring and thus would have no impact on the succession to the Canadian throne.[39]
The marriage was to have been on 8 April of that year, and was to take place in a civil ceremony at Windsor Castle, with a subsequent religious blessing at St George's Chapel. But, because the conduct of a civil marriage at Windsor Castle would oblige the venue thereafter to be available to anyone wishing to be married there, the location was changed to the Windsor Guildhall. On 4 April it was announced that the marriage would be delayed by one day to allow for the Prince of Wales and some of the invited dignitaries to attend the funeral of Pope John Paul II. Charles' parents did not attend the marriage ceremony; the Queen's reluctance to attend arising from her position as Supreme Governor of the Church of England.[40] The Queen and Duke of Edinburgh did, however, attend the service of blessing, and held a reception for the newlyweds at Windsor Castle, afterwards.[41]
A unique feature during the Blessing of Charles and Camilla's marriage by the Archbishop of Canterbury was the inclusion of the strongest act of penitence from the 1662 Book of Common Prayer.[42] The royal couple led the congregation in declaring:
We acknowledge and bewail our manifold sins and wickedness, which we, from time to time, have committed by word, thought and deed, against thy Divine Majesty, provoking most justly thy wrath and indignation against us.[43]
The wedding made Charles the first member of the Royal Family to have a civil, rather than religious, wedding in England. Official documents from the 1950s and 1960s had been published by the BBC that stated such a marriage was illegal,[44] though these were dismissed by Clarence House,[45] and explained to be obsolete by the sitting government.[46]
Personal Interests[link]
In his years as heir apparent, the Prince of Wales has taken on a wide array of interests and activities, and devoted his time and effort to charity work and collaborating with local communities. Since founding The Prince's Trust, he established fifteen more charitable organisations, and now serves as president of all of those, plus two others; together, these form a loose alliance called The Prince's Charities, which claim to raise over £110 million annually.[47] In 2010, The Prince's Charities Canada was established in a similar fashion to its namesake in the UK.[48] Charles is also patron of over 350 other charities and organisations,[49] and carries out duties related to these throughout the Commonwealth realms; for example, he uses his tours of Canada as a way to help draw attention to youth, the disabled, the environment, the arts, medicine, the elderly, heritage conservation, and education.[50]
Built environment[link]
The Prince of Wales has frequently shared his views on architecture and urban planning in public forums, claiming to "care deeply about issues such as the environment, architecture, inner-city renewal, and the quality of life."[51][52] He is known to be an advocate of neo-traditional ideas, such as those of Christopher Alexander and Leon Krier, which were illustrated in his 1984 attack on the British architectural community in a speech given to the Royal Institute of British Architects, describing a proposed extension to the National Gallery in London as a "monstrous carbuncle". Charles also published a book and created a documentary entitled A Vision of Britain, which critiqued some aspects of modern architecture. Despite criticism from the professional architectural press, the Prince has continued to put forward his views, stressing traditional urbanism, the need for human scale, and the restoration of historic buildings as an integrated element of new development and sustainable design. Two of the Charles' charities in particular forward his theories on design: The Prince's Regeneration Trust (formed by a merger of Regeneration Through Heritage and the Phoenix Trust in 2006) and The Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment (which absorbed The Prince of Wales's Institute of Architecture in 2001). Further, the village of Poundbury was created at the instigation of Prince Charles, with a master plan by Leon Krier.
Charles assisted with the establishment of a national trust for the built environment in Canada after lamenting, in 1996, the unbridled destruction of many of the country's historic urban cores. He offered his assistance to the Department of Canadian Heritage in the creation of a trust modelled on Britain's National Trust, a plan that was implemented with the passage of the 2007 Canadian federal budget.[53] In 1999, the Prince also agreed to offer the use of his title to the Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership, awarded by the Heritage Canada Foundation to municipal governments that have shown sustained commitment to the conservation of historic places.[54] Charles has also been the recipient of awards for his efforts in regard to architecture, such as the National Building Museum's Vincent Scully Prize he received in 2005, while visiting the United States and touring southern Mississippi and New Orleans to survey the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina; he donated $25,000 of the prize money to help restore communities damaged by the storm.
Starting in 1997 the Prince of Wales also visited Romania to view and draw attention to some of the destruction caused during the Communist rule of Nicolae Ceauşescu, particularly Orthodox monasteries and Saxon villages of Transylvania,[55][56][57] where he purchased a house.[58] Charles also became patron of two Romanian built environment organisations: the Mihai Eminescu Trust and the International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture, and Urbanism,[59] an advocate of architecture that respects cultural tradition and identity. Charles also has “a deep understanding of Islamic art and architecture”, and has been involved in the construction of a building and garden at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies which combine Islamic and Oxford architectural styles.[60]
Charles' involvement in architecture has also attracted controversy, especially his personal intervention to redesign projects whose architectural style or approach he has disagreed with. He has been especially opposed to styles such as modernism and functionalism.[61][62][63] Richard Rogers, recipient of the Pritzker Prize and Stirling Prize, has described the Prince's personal intervention in projects as "an abuse of power" and "unconstitutional".[64] In 2009 Charles wrote a letter to the Qatari royal family, the developers of the Chelsea Barracks site to be designed by Rogers, that suggested his design was "unsuitable". Subsequently, Rogers was removed from the project and The Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment was appointed to propose an alternative.[62] Rogers has also claimed the Prince intervened to stop his designs for the Royal Opera House and Paternoster Square.[62]
Charles' personal interventions have attracted critique from prominent members of the architectural community. Norman Foster, Zaha Hadid, Jacques Herzog, Jean Nouvel, Renzo Piano, and Frank Gehry among others wrote a letter to The Sunday Times to this effect; each is a recipient of the Pritzker Prize.[62] They wrote that "private comments" and "behind-the-scenes lobbying" by the Prince counteracted the "open and democratic planning process" in the case of the Chelsea Barracks project.[62] Similarly, Piers Gough CBE and other architects wrote a letter encouraging colleagues to boycott Charles' address to the Royal Institute of British Architects, with Gough calling Charles' views on architecture "elitist".[61][63]
Natural environment[link]
Since the early 1980s, Charles has taken a keen interest in environmental issues, taking a leadership role in promoting environmentally sensitive thinking.[65] Upon his moving into his Highgrove estate, he became increasingly focused on organic farming, an attention that culminated in the 1990 launch of his own organic brand: Duchy Originals,[66] which now sells more than 200 different sustainably produced products, from food to garden furniture, the profits from which (£6 million, as of 2008) are donated to The Prince's Charities.[67] Documenting this work on his estate, Charles co-authored (with Charles Clover, environment editor of the Daily Telegraph) Highgrove: An Experiment in Organic Gardening and Farming, published in 1993, and offers his patronage to Garden Organic. Along similar lines, the Prince of Wales became involved with farming and various industries within it, regularly meeting with farmers to discuss their trade; though the 2001 foot-and-mouth epidemic in England prevented Charles from visiting farmers in Saskatchewan, organic farmers there came to meet him at the Assiniboia town hall. In 2004, he also founded the Mutton Renaissance Campaign, which aims to support British sheep farmers and make mutton more attractive to Britons.[68] His organic farming efforts, however, attracted media criticism: According to The Independent in October 2006 "...the story of Duchy Originals has involved compromises and ethical blips, wedded to a determined merchandising programme."[69] and, in February 2007, Duchy products themselves came under attack, with the tabloid Daily Mail claiming that the food was "unhealthier than Big Macs."[70] In 2007, Charles also launched The Prince's May Day Network, which encourages businesses to take action on climate change.
An announcement was made by Clarence House in December 2006 that the Prince of Wales would make his household's travel arrangements more eco-friendly and, in 2007, Charles published in his annual accounts the details of his own carbon footprint, as well as targets for reducing his household's carbon emissions.[71] That same year, he received the 10th annual Global Environmental Citizen Award from the Harvard Medical School's Center for Health and the Global Environment, the director of which, Eric Chivian, stated: "For decades the Prince of Wales has been a champion of the natural world... He has been a world leader in efforts to improve energy efficiency and in reducing the discharge of toxic substances on land, and into the air and the oceans".[72] However, Charles' travel by commercial airliner to the United States to attend the award ceremony drew criticism from some environmental activists, such as the Plane climate change action group's campaigner Joss Garman,[71] and in April 2009 he faced similar criticisms for chartering a private jet for a five day tour of Europe to promote environmental issues.[73]
The Prince gave a speech to the European Parliament on 14 February 2008, in which he called for European Union leadership in the war against climate change. During the standing ovation that followed, Nigel Farage, the leader of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), was the only MEP to remain seated and went on to describe Charles's advisers as "naive and foolish at best." Farage continued: "How can somebody like Prince Charles be allowed to come to the European Parliament at this time to announce he thinks it should have more powers? It would have been better for the country he wants to rule one day if he had stayed home and tried to persuade Gordon Brown to give the people the promised referendum [on the Treaty of Lisbon]."[74]
The Prince gave a speech to the Low Carbon Prosperity Summit in a European Parliament chamber on 9 February 2011, in which he lashed out at climate change skeptics. He said they are playing "a reckless game of roulette" with the planet's future and are having a "corrosive effect" on public opinion. He also spoke about the need to protect fisheries, the Amazon rain forest and about making low-carbon emissions affordable and competitive.[75]
In 2011, he received the RSPB Medal.[76]
Religious and philosophical beliefs[link]
The Prince is a member and regular communicant of the Church of England, having been christened at the age of one month, as noted above. He was confirmed at age 16 by the then-Archbishop of Canterbury, Michael Ramsey, at Easter 1965 in St. George's Chapel, Windsor.[77]
The Prince is known to attend services at several different Anglican churches near his home at Highgrove, Gloucestershire.[78] With the Queen and the rest of the royal family, he also regularly worships at Crathie Kirk when staying at Balmoral Castle. In 2000, he was appointed as Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.
The Prince of Wales also travels (amidst some secrecy) each year to Mount Athos to spend time in the Orthodox monasteries there,[79] as well as in Romania,[55] demonstrating his interest in Orthodox Christianity.[80][81][82] Along with his father, who was born and raised as Greek Orthodox, Charles is patron of The Friends of Mount Athos, as well as the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies.[83] It is also believed that Prince Charles has an Orthodox icon corner in his house where he keeps the majority of his Orthodox icons. None of this is surprising, as Prince Charles' father was raised Greek Orthodox, but converted before marrying the future Queen Elizabeth II. It is reported that in more recent years, even his father, Prince Philip, has joined him in occasional retreats to the peninsula.[79]
Charles is also patron of the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies at the University of Oxford.[60][84]
Sir Laurens van der Post became a friend of Charles in 1977, a relationship which led him to be dubbed the "guru to Prince Charles"[85] and made godfather of Charles' son, Prince William.[86] From him, the Prince of Wales developed a focus on philosophy, especially that of Asian and Middle Eastern nations, praising Kabbalistic artworks,[87] and penning a memorial for Kathleen Raine, the Neoplatonist poet who died in 2003.[88]
Alternative medicine[link]
Charles has demonstrated an interest in alternative medicine, and his promotion of it has caused controversy.[89] In 2004, Charles' Foundation for Integrated Health divided the scientific and medical community over its campaign encouraging general practitioners to offer herbal and other alternative treatments to National Health Service patients,[90][91] and in May 2006, Charles made a speech to an audience of health ministers from various countries at the World Health Assembly in Geneva, urging them to develop a plan for integrating conventional and alternative medicine and argued for homeopathy.[92][93]
In April 2008, The Times published a letter from Edzard Ernst, Professor of Complementary Medicine at the University of Exeter, which asked the Prince's Foundation to recall two guides promoting "alternative medicine", saying: "the majority of alternative therapies appear to be clinically ineffective, and many are downright dangerous." A speaker for the foundation countered the criticism by stating: "We entirely reject the accusation that our online publication Complementary Healthcare: A Guide contains any misleading or inaccurate claims about the benefits of complementary therapies. On the contrary, it treats people as adults and takes a responsible approach by encouraging people to look at reliable sources of information... so that they can make informed decisions. The foundation does not promote complementary therapies."[94] That year, Ernst published a book with science writer Simon Singh condemning alternative medicine called Trick or Treatment: Alternative Medicine on Trial. The book is ironically dedicated to "HRH the Prince of Wales" and the last chapter is very critical of his advocacy of "complementary" and "alternative" treatments.[95]
The Prince's Duchy Originals produce a variety of CAM products including a “Detox Tincture” that Edzard Ernst has denounced as "financially exploiting the vulnerable" and "outright quackery".[96] In May 2009, the Advertising Standards Authority criticised an email that Duchy Originals had sent out to advertise its Echina-Relief, Hyperi-Lift and Detox Tinctures products saying that it was misleading.[97] The Prince personally wrote at least seven letters[98] to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) shortly before they relaxed the rules governing labelling of such herbal products, a move that has been widely condemned by scientists and medical bodies.[99]
On 31 October 2009 it was reported that Prince Charles had personally lobbied the Health Secretary, Andy Burnham, regarding greater provision of alternative treatments in the NHS.[96]
In 2010, following accounting irregularities noted by the auditor, two former officials at the Prince's Foundation were arrested for fraud believed to total £300,000.[100] Four days after the arrests, the Foundation announced that it would close, claiming that it "has achieved its key objective of promoting the use of integrated health."[101] The charity's finance director, accountant George Gray, was convicted of theft totalling £253,000 and sentenced to three years in prison.[102][103] The Prince's Foundation was re-branded and re-launched in late 2010 as The College of Medicine.[102][104] It continues to act as an alternative medicine lobby group.[105]
Humanitarian issues[link]
The plight of various peoples has been a target of Charles' efforts, predominantly the long-term unemployed, people who have been in trouble with the law, people who are in difficulty at school, and people who have been in care. The Prince's Trust is the main outlet through which Charles works with young people, offering loans to groups, business people, and others who have had difficulty receiving outside support. Fundraising concerts are regularly held in benefit of the trust, with leading pop, rock, and classical musicians taking part. In Canada, Charles has also supported humanitarian projects, taking part, along with his two sons, in the ceremonies marking the 1998 International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination,[50] and helping to launch the Canadian Youth Business Foundation in Saskatchewan in 2001, when he also visited Scott Collegiate, an inner-city school in Regina.
After spending time in the Northwest Territories in 1975, Charles formed a special interest in the Canadian north, as well as Canada's Aboriginal Peoples, the leaders of which he met and sometimes took time to walk and meditate with. Reflecting this association, the Prince of Wales has been conferred with special titles from First Nations communities: in 1996 Cree and Ojibway students in Winnipeg named the Prince Leading Star, and in 2001 he was dubbed Pisimwa Kamiwohkitahpamikohk, or "the sun looks at him in a good way", during his first visit to the province of Saskatchewan. He was also one of the first world leaders to express strong concerns about the human rights record of Nicolae Ceauşescu, initiating objections in the international arena,[106] and subsequently supported the FARA Foundation,[107] which runs Romanian orphanages.
Charles attended the Bilderberg Group conference in 1986 specifically to attend a debate on the South African economic crisis.[108]
An example of his concern for humanitarian issues has been his recent (2011) launch of his Pakistan Recovery Fund which aims to raise a minimum of £2million towards health, education, reconstruction and livelihood projects.
Hobbies and sports[link]
Since his youth the Prince was an avid player of polo, as a part of competitive teams until 1992, and strictly for charity from then until 2005, after which he ceased to participate because of two notable injuries he suffered during play: in 1990 he broke his arm, and in 2001 was briefly unconscious after a fall.[109] Charles also frequently took part in fox hunting, before the sport was banned in the United Kingdom in 2005. By the late 1990s, as opposition to the activity was growing, the Prince of Wales' participation in this activity was viewed as a "political statement" by those opposed to it, such as the League Against Cruel Sports, which launched the attack against Charles after he took his sons on the Beaufort Hunt in 1999, at a time when the government was trying to ban the hunting of foxes with hounds.[110][111] The Prince has also been a keen salmon angler since youth, and a supporter of Orri Vigfússon's efforts to protect the North Atlantic Salmon. Charles has frequently fished the River Dee in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, while he claims his most special angling memories are from his time in Vopnafjörður, Iceland.[112]
Charles has also pursued the visual arts, focusing on watercolour, and exhibiting and selling a number of his paintings, as well as publishing books on the subject. In university he dabbled in acting, appearing in amateur productions of a comedic nature, an enjoyment of which continued later into the Prince's life, as evidenced by his organising of a comedy gala to celebrate his 60th birthday.[113] He also has an interest in illusionism, becoming a member of The Magic Circle after passing his audition by performing the cups and balls effect.[114] The Prince acts today as patron of a number of theatres, acting troupes, and orchestral ensembles, including the Regina Symphony Orchestra, and the Royal Shakespeare Company, and is reportedly a fan of Canadian singer and song writer Leonard Cohen.[115] He is also a collector of automobiles, particularly the British marque Aston Martin, having acquired numerous models and such tight connections with the brand–being a frequent visitor to the factory and its service department, and a guest of honour at most of the company's special launch events– that special Prince of Wales edition Aston Martins have been created on occasion.
Charles is a supporter of Burnley Football Club.[116]
Authorship[link]
Further information: Charles, Prince of Wales bibliography
The author of several books reflecting his various interests, Charles has also contributed a foreward or preface to numerous books by other writers on various topics, and has participated in many interviews for news programmes and documentaries. Books written by Charles include:
- The Old Man of Lochnagar, 1980 ISBN 0-374-35613-0
- A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture, 1989 ISBN 0-385-26903-X
- Watercolours, 1991 ISBN 0-316-88886-9
- Highgrove: An Experiment in Organic Gardening and Farming, 1993 (with Charles Clover) ISBN 0-671-79177-X
- The Garden at Highgrove, 2001 (with Candida Lycett Green) ISBN 1-84188-142-2
- Highgrove: Portrait of an Estate, 2002 (with Charles Clover) ISBN 1-84188-170-8
- The Elements of Organic Gardening, 2007 (with Stephanie Donaldson) ISBN 0-297-84416-4
In addition, he has written and presented the following documentary films:
- A Vision of Britain. Directed by Nicholas Rossiter. BBC, 1988[117]
- The Earth in Balance: A Personal View of the Environment. Dir. James Hawes. BBC, 1990.[118]
Narrated and presented by the Prince of Wales:
- Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World. Dir. Stuart Sender, 2010.[119]
- The Prince and the Composer: A Film about Hubert Parry. Dir. John Bridcut. BBC, 2011.[120]
Official duties[link]
As Prince of Wales, Prince Charles undertakes a number of official duties on behalf of his mother, in her role as sovereign of any of the Commonwealth realms. He will frequently stand in for the Queen at the funerals of foreign dignitaries (which the Queen customarily does not attend), and at investitures into British orders. It was when he attended the funeral of Pope John Paul II that Charles caused controversy: when shaking hands with other guests, Charles was surprised to find himself shaking that of Robert Mugabe, the President of Zimbabwe, who had been seated next to the Prince. Charles' office subsequently released a statement saying: "The Prince of Wales was caught by surprise and not in a position to avoid shaking Mr. Mugabe's hand. The Prince finds the current Zimbabwean regime abhorrent. He has supported the Zimbabwe Defence and Aid Fund which works with those being oppressed by the regime. The Prince also recently met Pius Ncube, the Archbishop of Bulawayo, an outspoken critic of the government."[121]
Both Charles and the Duchess of Cornwall travel abroad on behalf of the United Kingdom. The Prince has been regarded as an effective advocate of the country, with his visit to the Republic of Ireland, where he delivered a personally researched and written speech on Anglo-Irish affairs that was warmly received by Irish politicians and the media, being cited as an example.
His service to the Canadian Armed Forces permits him to be informed of troop activities, and allows him to visit these troops while in Canada or overseas, taking part in ceremonial occasions. For instance, in 2001, the Prince placed a specially commissioned wreath, made from vegetation taken from French battlefields, at the Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, and in 1981 he became the patron of the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum.
Prince Charles makes regular tours of Wales, going there for a week of engagements each summer, attending important national occasions, such as opening the Senedd. In 2000, Charles revived the tradition of the Prince of Wales having an official harpist, in order to foster Welsh talent at playing the harp, the national instrument of Wales. He and the Duchess of Cornwall also spend one week each year in Scotland, where the Prince is patron of a number of Scottish organisations.
Prince Charles is a Director of "The Royal Collection Trust".[122] and an Assistant of the Worshipful Company of Shipwrights.
On 27 March 2011, Prince Charles attended in the Christchurch memorial service at Westminster Abbey for acknowledging the generosity, sympathy and support New Zealand has received from the United Kingdom since the earthquake hit.[123][124][125] On 16 November, Prince Charles attended a special service at Westminster Abbey as the Patron of the King James Bible Trust celebrating the 400th anniversary of the King James Bible in the presence of The Queen, The Duke of Edinburgh, clerics and thousands of worshippers.[126]
In 2008, the Daily Telegraph declared Charles the "hardest-working member of the royal family."[127] He carried out 560 official engagements in 2008,[128] 585 in 2010,[129][130] and over 600 in 2011.[131]
Media[link]
Sometimes parodied, such as on Spitting Image, and by Craig Ferguson—in a segment known as The Rather Late Programme with Prince Charles—on The Late Late Show, Prince Charles has been a focus of the world media since his birth, attention that increased as he matured. Prior to his first marriage, he was presented as the world's most eligible bachelor on the cover of Time, and his various affairs and exploits were followed and reported. With his marriage to Diana the attention increased, though predominantly towards a Princess of Wales, who became a star attraction, chased by the paparazzi, and her every move (including every change in hairstyle) closely followed by millions. As their relationship began to deteriorate, Diana began to use the media to her advantage, and became closely involved in placing stories about the royal marriage in the press, thenceforth splitting the media's support, with Charles having The Mirror and the Telegraph on his side.
In their quest to gain ever more stories on a Prince of Wales, the media breached Charles' privacy on a number of occasions. In 2006, the Prince filed a court case against the Mail on Sunday, after excerpts of his personal journals were published, revealing his opinions on matters, such as the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong to China in 1997, in which Charles described the Chinese government officials as "appalling old waxworks."[132] Mark Bolland, his ex-private secretary, declared in a statement to the High Court that Charles "would readily embrace the political aspects of any contentious issue he was interested in.... He carried it out in a very considered, thoughtful and researched way. He often referred to himself as a 'dissident' working against the prevailing political consensus."[132] Jonathan Dimbleby has reported that the Prince "has accumulated a number of certainties about the state of the world and does not relish contradiction."[133]
Others have used their past connections with the Prince to profit from the media, such as when an ex-member of Charles' household took to the press an internal memo in which Charles commented on ambition and opportunity, and which was widely interpreted as blaming meritocracy for creating a combative atmosphere in society. In retort, Charles stated: "In my view, it is just as great an achievement to be a plumber or a bricklayer as it is to be a lawyer or a doctor,"[134] and the memo was cited in Lynne Truss' critique of British manners, Talk to the Hand, as a valid observation on how the positive motivational impact of meritocracy might be balanced against the negative impact of a competitive society.
Overall, Charles developed a dislike for the popular press, which was accidentally revealed when his comments to his son, William, during a press photo-call in 2005 was caught on a nearby microphone: "I hate doing this... These bloody people,"[135] and about the BBC's royal reporter, Nicholas Witchell, in particular: "I can't bear that man. I mean, he's so awful, he really is."[135]
The Prince of Wales though has appeared as himself on a number of occasions in continuing series. In 1984 he read his children's book, The Old Man of Lochnagar, on the BBC's Jackanory programme. The UK soap opera Coronation Street featured an appearance by Charles during the show's 40th anniversary in 2000,[136] as did the New Zealand adult cartoon series bro'Town (2005), after he attended a performance by the show's creators during a tour of the country. He reportedly turned down an invitation to appear in a cameo role in an episode of Doctor Who.[137][dead link] Charles also continues to give interviews, such as that which was conducted by Ant & Dec for the 30th anniversary of The Prince's Trust in 2006.
On 10 May 2012, Charles appeared on BBC to try his hand at being a weather presenter, reporting the forecast for Scotland as part of Holyrood Week. He injected humour in his report, asking, "Who the hell wrote this script?" as several references were made to royal residence locations.[138]
Residences[link]
Clarence House, the former London residence of the late Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, is the Prince of Wales' current official residence. Previously, he resided in an apartment at St James's Palace. Charles also holds a private estate in Gloucestershire, Highgrove House, and one in Scotland, the Birkhall estate near Balmoral Castle and also previously owned by the Queen Mother. Upon the occasion of his marriage to Diana, Charles had reduced his voluntary tax contribution from the profits generated by the Duchy of Cornwall from 50% to 25%.[139]
In 2007 the Prince purchased a 192–acre (150 acres of grazing and parkland, and 40 acres (160,000 m2) of woodland) property in Carmarthenshire, and applied for permission to convert the farm into a Welsh home for him and the Duchess of Cornwall, to be rented out as holiday flats when the royal couple is not in residence.[140] Though neighbours said the proposed alterations flouted local planning regulations, the application was put on hold while a report was drafted on how the alterations would affect the local bat population.[141] Charles and Camilla took residence at the new property, called Llwynywermod, in June 2008.[142]
In 2006 the Prince bought a house in the village of Viscri in south-eastern Transylvania, one of the Saxon villages with fortified churches in Transylvania designated in 1993 as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO; in 2008 he bought another house in the village of Valea Zălanului / Zalánpatak in the Székely Land region of Transylvania, a 16th century village probably founded by one of the Prince's Transylvanian ancestors. Both properties are rented out as guest houses when the Prince is not in residence.[143][144]
Titles, styles, honours and arms[link]
Main article: List of titles and honours of Charles, Prince of Wales
Titles and styles[link]
Charles has held a number of titles throughout his life, as the grandson of the monarch, the son of the monarch and, later, honoured in his own right with princely and noble titles. When in conversation with the Prince of Wales, the practice is to initially address him as Your Royal Highness and thereafter as Sir.
There has been speculation as to what regnal name the Prince will choose upon his succession to the throne. If he keeps his current first name, he will be known as Charles III. However, it was reported in 2005 that Charles has suggested he may choose to reign as George VII in honour of his maternal grandfather, and to avoid association with the Stuart kings Charles I (who was beheaded) and Charles II (who was known for his playboy lifestyle),[145] as well as to be sensitive to the memory of Bonnie Prince Charlie, who was called "Charles III" by his supporters.[145] Charles' office immediately denied this report.[146]
Honours and honorary military appointments[link]
Charles' first honorary appointment was as Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Regiment of Wales in 1969; since that time, the Prince has also been installed as Colonel-in-Chief, Colonel, Honorary Air Commodore, Air Commodore-in-Chief, Deputy Colonel-in-Chief, Royal Honorary Colonel, Royal Colonel, and Honorary Commodore of at least 36 military formations throughout the Commonwealth. He is also the commander of the Royal Gurkha Rifles, which is the only foreign regiment in the British army.
Charles has also been the recipient of a number of honours and awards from various countries. He has been inducted into eight orders and received five decorations from amongst the Commonwealth realms, and has been the recipient of 17 different appointments and decorations by foreign states, as well as nine honorary degrees from universities in the United Kingdom and New Zealand.
Arms[link]
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Issue[link]
| Name | Birth | Marriage | Issue | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prince William, Duke of Cambridge | 21 June 1982 | 29 April 2011 | Catherine Middleton | |
| Prince Harry of Wales | 15 September 1984 | |||
Ancestry[link]
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Due to the insistence of the royal family to remain to be called Windsor, Charles is a member of the House of Windsor. Those House of Windsor members who are male-line descendants of the Queen Elizabeth II belong in the male line to a cadet branch of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (also known simply as the House of Glücksburg), a branch of the House of Oldenburg, ultimately descended from Elimar I, Count of Oldenburg. The male-line descendants of the Queen Elizabeth II are distinct from other members of the House of Windsor, who are descended in male line from the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.[fn 1]
See also[link]
Notes[link]
Footnotes[link]
- ^ a b c When Charles uses a surname, it is Mountbatten-Windsor, although, according to letters patent dated February 1960, his official family name is Windsor.[1]
Citations[link]
- ^ "The Royal Family name". The Official Website of the British Monarchy. The Royal Household. http://www.royal.gov.uk/ThecurrentRoyalFamily/TheRoyalFamilyname/Overview.aspx. Retrieved 3 Feb. 2009.
- ^ "The Prince of Wales: The Titles". British Government. http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/personalprofiles/theprinceofwales/abouttheprince/titles/. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
- ^ "Prince Charles becomes longest-serving heir apparent". BBC. 20. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/uk-13133587. Retrieved Retrieved 30 November 2011. . – Until 22 April 2011, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) had been the longest serving heir apparent, for a period of 59 years and 74 days. However, Prince Albert Edward became heir apparent on his birth, four years into his mother Queen Victoria's reign, whereas Prince Charles was three years old at his mother's accession and has thus been heir apparent for all of Queen Elizabeth II's reign.
- ^ "Geelong Grammar School". Geelong Grammar School. http://www.ggs.vic.edu.au/timbertop/. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
- ^ "Yvonne's Royalty Home Page – Royal Christenings". Users.uniserve.com. http://users.uniserve.com/~canyon/christenings.htm#Christenings. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- ^ a b "Growing Up Royal". TIME. 25 Apr. 1988. http://www.time.com/time/daily/special/diana/readingroom/8191/4_25.html. Retrieved 4 Jun. 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Lieutenant-Colonel H. Stuart Townend". The Times (London). 30 October 2002. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article1180313.ece. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
- ^ a b "The Prince of Wales — Biography". Princeofwales.gov.uk. http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/personalprofiles/theprinceofwales/biography/. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Prince of Wales — Education". Princeofwales.gov.uk. http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/personalprofiles/theprinceofwales/biography/education/index.html. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
- ^ London Gazette: no. 41460. p. 4733. 29 July 1958. Retrieved 2 Sep. 2008.
- ^ "The Prince of Wales — Previous Princes of Wales". Princeofwales.gov.uk. http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/personalprofiles/theprinceofwales/abouttheprince/previousprincesofwales/. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
- ^ "The Prince of Wales — Investiture". Princeofwales.gov.uk. http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/personalprofiles/theprinceofwales/biography/investiture/. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
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- ^ "EXPLOZIV: Charles de România" (in Romanian). Ziua de Cluj. 27 October 2011. http://ziuadecj.realitatea.net/eveniment/exploziv-charles-de-romania--76935.html. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
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- ^ Junor, Penny (2005). "The Duty of an Heir". The Firm: the troubled life of the House of Windsor. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-312-35274-5. OCLC 59360110. http://books.google.com/?id=e_f6-ZPQuKAC&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=%22sow+his+wild+oats+and+have+as+many+affairs+as+he+can%22. Retrieved 13 May 2007.
- ^ Edwards, Phil (31 October 2000). "The Real Prince Philip" (TV documentary). Real Lives: channel 4's portrait gallery. Channel 4. http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/R/real_lives/prince_philip.html. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
- ^ Dimbleby, pp. 204–206
- ^ Dimbleby, p. 263
- ^ a b Dimbleby, pp. 263–265
- ^ Dimbleby, pp. 299–300
- ^ Dimbleby, p. 279
- ^ Dimbleby, pp. 280–282
- ^ Dimbleby, pp. 281–283
- ^ "Hewitt denies Prince Harry link". BBC News. 21 September 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2273498.stm.
- ^ Margaret Holder. Who Does Prince Harry Look Like? James Hewitt Myth Debunked. The Morton Report, August 24, 2011
- ^ Richard Henley Davis [1], Economist Voice, 26/04/2011
- ^ Brown, Tina (2007). The Diana Chronicles. p. 720.
- ^ Bedell Smith, Sally (2000). Diana in Search of herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess. p. 561.
- ^ Dimbleby, Jonathan, The Prince of Wales, A Biography, p.395
- ^ Rosalind Ryan and agencies (7 Jan. 2008). "Diana affair over before crash, inquest told | guardian.co.uk". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/monarchy/story/0,,2236744,00.html. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
- ^ "BBC ON THIS DAY | 20 | 1995: 'Divorce': Queen to Charles and Diana". BBC News. 20 Dec. 1995. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/20/newsid_2538000/2538985.stm. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
- ^ ' T H E C A M I L L A G A T E T A P E S ', 18 December 1989, phone transcript, Phone Phreaking – TEXTFILES.COM
- ^ "Royals caught out by interceptions". BBC. 29 November 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5258604.stm. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ "Order in Council, 2 March 2005". Privy-council.org.uk. http://www.privy-council.org.uk/files/word/Orders%20in%20Council%202%20March%202005.doc. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- ^ Valpy, Michael (2 November 2005). "Scholars scurry to find implications of royal wedding". The Globe and Mail (Toronto). http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/Page/document/v5/content/subscribe?user_URL=http://www.theglobeandmail.com%2Fservlet%2FArticleNews%2FTPStory%2FLAC%2F20050211%2FPROTOCOL11%2FTPInternational&ord=5357017&brand=theglobeandmail&force_login=true. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
- ^ "BBC NEWS | UK | Q&A: Queen's wedding decision". BBC News. Last Updated:. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4289417.stm. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
- ^ "Charles And Camilla Finally Wed, After 30 Years Of Waiting, Prince Charles Weds His True Love — CBS News". Cbsnews.com. 9 April 2005. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/04/09/world/main686994.shtml. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
- ^ "Charles to say sorry for affair", accessed 7 February 2010.
- ^ Quoted by "The Wedding of Princes Charles and Camilla", accessed 7 February 2010.
- ^ "BBC NEWS | Programmes | Panorama | Possible bar to wedding uncovered". BBC News. Last Updated: 14 Feb. 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/4262943.stm. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
- ^ "Panorama: Lawful impediment?". Panorama Lawful impediment? (BBC News). Last Updated: 14 Feb. 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/4262963.stm. Retrieved 25 Feb. 2009.
- ^ The Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs and Lord Chancellor (Lord Falconer of Thoroton) (24 Feb. 2005). "Royal Marriage; Lords Hansard Written Statements 24 Feb 2005 : Column WS87 (50224-51)". Publications.parliament.uk. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200405/ldhansrd/vo050224/text/50224-51.htm#50224-51_head0. Retrieved 12 October 2008. Excerpt: "The Government are satisfied that it is lawful for the Prince of Wales and Mrs Parker Bowles, like anyone else, to marry by a civil ceremony in accordance with Part III of the Marriage Act 1949. ¶ Civil marriages were introduced in England, by the Marriage Act 1836. Section 45 said that the Act . . . shall not extend to the marriage of any of the Royal Family". ¶ But the provisions on civil marriage in the 1836 Act were repealed by the Marriage Act 1949. All remaining parts of the 1836 Act, including Section 45, were repealed by the Registration Service Act 1953. No part of the 1836 Act therefore remains on the statute book."
- ^ "The Prince of Wales — The Prince's Charities". Princeofwales.gov.uk. http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/personalprofiles/theprinceofwales/atwork/theprincescharities/. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
- ^ Mackreal, Kim (18 May 2012), "Prince Charles rallies top level support for his Canadian causes", The Globe and Mail, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/prince-charles-rallies-top-level-support-for-his-canadian-causes/article2437881/, retrieved 22 May 2012
- ^ "The Prince of Wales — Patronages". Princeofwales.gov.uk. http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/personalprofiles/theprinceofwales/patronages/index.html. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
- ^ a b "Royal Visit 2001". Canadianheritage.gc.ca. http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/special/royalvisit/biography.htm. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
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- ^ a b "Prinţul Charles, fermier de Fălticeni,", [Prince Charles, farm owner in Fălticeni] Evenimentul Zilei, 13 May 2003
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- ^ a b "HRH visits the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies new building". The Prince of Wales. 9 February 2005. http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/newsandgallery/news/hrh_visits_the_oxford_centre_for_islamic_studies_new_buildin_566.html. Retrieved 15 Dec. 2008.
- ^ a b "Architects urge boycott of Prince Charles speech". MSNBC. 11 May 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30686547/. Retrieved 20 Jun. 2009.
- ^ a b c d e "Prince Charles Faces Opponents, Slams Modern Architecture". Bloomberg L.P.. 12 May 2009. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601117&sid=aZWgmQ.WDjtM. Retrieved 20 Jun. 2009.
- ^ a b "Architects to hear Prince appeal". BBC. 12 May 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8045027.stm. Retrieved 20 Jun. 2009.
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- ^ Staff Reporter, IBT Times (9 September 2011). "Prince Charles Warns of ‘Sixth Extinction Event,’ Asks People to Cut Down on Consumption". International Business Times. http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/211351/20110909/prince-wales-charles-warns-sixth-extinction-event-wwf-conservation-environment-worldwide-wildlife-fu.htm. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ "The history of Duchy Originals, its commitment to charity and our producers". Duchyoriginals.com. http://www.duchyoriginals.com/public/duchy/ourstory/default.aspx#. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
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- ^ "What is The Mutton Renaissance". Mutton Renaissance Campaign. http://www.muttonrenaissance.org.uk/index.php. Retrieved 23 Jan. 2008.
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- ^ Poulter, Sean (27 February 2007). "Hypocrite Prince Charles' own brand food unhealthier than Big Macs | Mail Online". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=438997&in_page_id=1770. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
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- ^ 'Green initiative' by Charles will cost £80,000 and leave 53-ton carbon footprint as he flies in 12-seat private jet, The Daily Mail, 25 April 2009
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- ^ a b Tim Walker (31 October 2009). "Prince Charles lobbies Andy Burnham on complementary medicine for NHS". The Daily Telegraph (UK). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mandrake/6474595/Prince-Charles-lobbies-Andy-Burnham-on-complementary-medicine-for-NHS.html. Retrieved 1 Apr. 2010.
- ^ "Duchy Originals Pork Pies". 11 March 2009. http://www.quackometer.net/blog/2009/03/duchy-originals-pork-pies.html.
- ^ "HRH "meddling in politics"". DC's Improbable Science. 12 March 2007. http://www.dcscience.net/?p=89.
- ^ Nigel Hawkes and Mark Henderson (1 September 2006). "Doctors attack natural remedy claims". The Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article624874.ece.
- ^ Robert Booth (26 April 2010). "Prince Charles's aide at homeopathy charity arrested on suspicion of fraud". guardian .co.uk (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/apr/26/prince-charles-aide-homeopathy-charity-arrested.
- ^ FIH (30 April 2010). "Statement from the Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health". http://www.fih.org.uk/media_centre/closure_of_fih.html.
- ^ a b Ian Sample (2 August 2010). "College of Medicine born from ashes of Prince Charles's holistic health charity". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2010/aug/02/prince-charles-college-medicine-holistic-complementary.
- ^ Peter Dominiczak (20 August 2010). "Three years jail for accountant at Charles charity who stole £253,000". Evening Standard (UK). http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23869476-three-years-jail-for-accountant-at-charles-charity-who-stole-pound-253000-to-pay-mortgage.do. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
- ^ David Colquhoun (29 October 2010). "Don’t be deceived. The new "College of Medicine" is a fraud and delusion". http://www.dcscience.net/?p=3632.
- ^ Nigel Hawkes (2010). "Prince’s foundation metamorphoses into new College of Medicine". 341. British Medical Journal. p. 6126. DOI:10.1136/bmj.c6126. http://www.bmj.com/content/341/bmj.c6126.full.
- ^ Dimbleby, p.250
- ^ "FARA Charity... founded to alleviate the suffering of children in state orphanages by providing an alternative care provision". Faracharity.org. http://www.faracharity.org/. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
- ^ Jean Stead (28 April 1986). "Prince Charles attends meeting on South Africa". The Guardian (UK (London)). "The 34th Bilderberg conference ended at Gleneagles Hotel, Perthshire, yesterday after a debate on the South African crisis attended by Prince Charles. He arrived for the economic debate on Saturday and stayed overnight at the hotel."
- ^ "Prince Charles stops playing polo". BBC News. 17 November 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4445424.stm. Retrieved 29 July 2008.
- ^ "Prince Charles takes sons hunting". BBC News. 30 October 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/496138.stm. Retrieved 19 June 2007.
- ^ Jeremy Watson (22 September 2002). "Prince: I'll leave Britain over fox hunt ban". Scotland on Sunday. http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=1055062002. Retrieved 19 June 2007.
- ^ A Celebration of Salmon Rivers: The World's Finest Atlantic Salmon Rivers. Edited by John B. Ashton & Adrian Latimer. Stackpole Books, 2007. p. 7.
- ^ "The Prince of Wales — A star-studded comedy gala to celebrate The Prince of Wales's 60th birthday is announced". The Prince of Wales. 30 September 2008. http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/newsandgallery/news/a_star_studded_comedy_gala_to_celebrate_the_prince_of_wales__1796221209.html. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
- ^ "The Magic Circle — Home of The Magic Circle". The Magic Circle. http://www.themagiccircle.co.uk/main_nav/index.php?Link_ID=A0020001. Retrieved 12 October 2008. [dead link]
- ^ CBC News (19 May 2006). "Leonard Cohen a wonderful chap: Prince Charles". CBC. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/montreal/story/2006/05/19/qc-cohen20060519.html. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
- ^ "Prince Charles: I Hear We Are At Home". Burnley FC. 5 February 2010. http://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/page/LatestHeadlines/0,,10413~1956420,00.html. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
- ^ A Vision of Britain, British Film Insitute Film & TV Database, accessed 1 May 2012
- ^ imdb.com, accessed 1 May 2012
- ^ "About the Film," harmonythemovie.com, accessed 1 May 2012
- ^ [The Prince and the Composer, BBC Four, accessed 1 May 2012]
- ^ "Charles shakes hands with Mugabe at Pope's funeral". The Times (London). 8 Apr. 2005. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article378880.ece. Retrieved 8 Jul. 2007.
- ^ Annual Return, Companies House, Form 363a, 21 July 2009
- ^ "Press & Communications". Westminster Abbey News. 21 March 2011. http://www.westminster-abbey.org/press/news/news/2011/march/abbey-to-hold-christchurch-earthquake-memorial-service. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
- ^ "Prince Charles at London service for NZ quake victims". BBC News. 27 March 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12875633.
- ^ "Tears flow at quake memorial service in London". Stuff.co.nz. 28 March 2011. http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/europe/4816421/Tears-flow-at-quake-memorial-service-in-London. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- ^ "King James Bible: Queen marks 400th anniversary". BBC News. 16 November 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15754581. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
- ^ Swaine, Jon (31 December 2008). "Prince Charles 'becomes hardest-working Royal'". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/4043684/Prince-Charles-becomes-hardest-working-Royal.html. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ "Charles takes the crown as busiest royal". The free Library. The Mirror (London, England). 1 January 2009. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Charles+takes+the+crown+as+busiest+royal%3B+ROYALTY.-a0191366877. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ "Prince Charles is 2010′s Hardest Working Royal". British royals. http://www.britishroyals.info/prince-charles-is-2010s-hardest-working-royal/. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ "Prince Charles is hardest working royal". Female First. 4th January 2011. http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/royal_family/Prince+Charles-54152.html. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ "Prince Charles busiest British Royal 2011, Duchess of Cambridge ready for more". Buzzbox. http://www.buzzbox.com/news/2012-01-02/duchess:prince/?clusterId=7607966. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ a b "BBC NEWS | UK | Charles 'adopted dissident role'". BBC News. Last Updated:. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4734798.stm. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
- ^ Dimbleby, Jonathan (16 November 2008). "Prince Charles: Ready for active service". The Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5161186.ece. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
- ^ Jonathan Duffy (Last Updated:). "BBC NEWS | Magazine | The rise of the meritocracy". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4035181.stm. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
- ^ a b "Transcript: Princes' comments". BBC News. 31 Mar. 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4397667.stm. Retrieved 19 Jun. 2007.
- ^ "Prince stars in live soap". BBC News. 8 Dec. 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1061585.stm. Retrieved 2 Sep. 2006.
- ^ Charles 'snubbed Doctor Who role', MSN Entertainment news, 13 October 2008
- ^ The Guardian story on Charles' weather report Retrieved 2012-05-11
- ^ "Royally Minted: What we give them and how they spend it". New Statesman (UK). 13 July 2009.
- ^ "The Prince of Wales — Welsh property for The Duchy of Cornwall". Princeofwales.gov.uk. 22 November 2006. http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/mediacentre/pressreleases/welsh_property_for_the_duchy_of_cornwall_424937442.html. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
- ^ "BBC NEWS | Wales | South West Wales | Objection to prince's house plan". BBC News. Last Updated:. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/6727951.stm. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
- ^ "The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall inhabit Llwynywermod for first time" (Press release). Clarence House. 23 June 2008. http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/mediacentre/pressreleases/the_prince_of_wales_and_the_duchess_of_cornwall_inhabit_llwy_1566635938.html. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ "In the land of Dracula, a property revamp: Prince Charles renovates Transylvanian home" (Press release). UK. 28 June 2010. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1290172/Prince-Charles-renovates-Transylvanian-home.html. Retrieved 7 Dec. 2010.
- ^ "'Transylvania is in my blood' says Prince Charles on Romania trip" (Press release). 13 May 2008. http://www.hellomagazine.com/royalty/2008/05/13/charles-transylvania/. Retrieved 7 Dec. 2010.
- ^ a b Pierce, Andrew (24 Dec. 2005). "Call me George, suggests Charles". The Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article782407.ece. Retrieved 13 Jul. 2009.
- ^ White, Michael (27 Dec. 2005). "Charles denies planning to reign as King George". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/dec/27/monarchy.michaelwhite. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ Office of the Minister of Canadian Heritage and Official Languages (29 June 2011). "Harper Government Unveils New Personal Canadian Flags for Their Royal Highnesses The Prince of Wales and The Duke of Cambridge". Canada News Wire. http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/June2011/29/c2197.html. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
References[link]
- Dimbleby, Jonathan (1994). The Prince of Wales: A Biography. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-12996-X.
- Holden, Anthony. (1979). Prince Charles. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-593-02470-6.
- Hodgson, Howard (2007). Charles: The Man Who Will Be King (illustrated ed.). John Blake Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84454-306-9.
- Paget, Gerald. (1977). The Lineage and Ancestry of H.R.H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales (2 vols). Edinburgh: Charles Skilton. ISBN 978-0-284-40016-1.
External links[link]
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- Official website of HRH The Prince of Wales
- Prince Charles as a Young Bachelor – slideshow by Life magazine
- Official website of 'The Prince's Trust'
- View an image of an official portrait of Prince Charles by David Griffiths
- The Prince's Official Canadian Visit (2001)
- Charles, Prince of Wales at the Internet Movie Database
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Wales, Charles |
| Alternative names | Mountbatten-Windsor, Charles Philip Arthur George |
| Short description | Heir apparent and Prince of Wales |
| Date of birth | 14 November 1948 |
| Place of birth | London, United Kingdom |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Tom Waits | |
|---|---|
 Waits during an interview in Buenos Aires, Argentina, April 2007 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Thomas Alan Waits |
| Born | (1949-12-07) December 7, 1949 (age 62) Pomona, California, United States |
| Genres | Rock, experimental |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, musician, actor, composer |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano, guitar |
| Years active | 1972–present |
| Labels | Asylum Records, Island Records, ANTI- |
| Website | Official website |
Thomas Alan "Tom" Waits (born December 7, 1949) is an American singer-songwriter, composer, and actor. Waits has a distinctive voice, described by critic Daniel Durchholz as sounding "like it was soaked in a vat of bourbon, left hanging in the smokehouse for a few months, and then taken outside and run over with a car."[1] With this trademark growl, his incorporation of pre-rock music styles such as blues, jazz, and vaudeville, and experimental tendencies verging on industrial music,[2] Waits has built up a distinctive musical persona. He has worked as a composer for movies and musical plays and has acted in supporting roles in films including Paradise Alley and Bram Stoker's Dracula; he also starred in the 1986 film Down by Law. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his soundtrack work on One from the Heart.
Lyrically, Waits' songs frequently present atmospheric portrayals of grotesque, often seedy characters and places—although he has also shown a penchant for more conventional ballads. He has a cult following and has influenced subsequent songwriters despite having little radio or music video support. His songs are best-known through cover versions by more commercial artists: "Jersey Girl", performed by Bruce Springsteen, "Ol' '55", performed by the Eagles, and "Downtown Train", performed by Rod Stewart. Although Waits' albums have met with mixed commercial success in his native United States, they have occasionally achieved gold album sales status in other countries. He has been nominated for a number of major music awards and has won Grammy Awards for two albums, Bone Machine and Mule Variations. In 2011, Waits was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[3][4]
Waits lives in Sonoma County, California with his wife, Kathleen Brennan, and three children.
Contents |
Origins and musical beginnings[link]
Waits was born at Park Avenue Hospital in Pomona, California to Jesse Frank Waits and Alma Johnson McMurray, both schoolteachers.[5][6] His father was of Scots-Irish descent and his mother was a Norwegian American. After Waits' parents divorced in 1960, he lived with his mother in Whittier, and then moved to National City, in San Diego County, near the Mexico–United States border.[6] Waits, who taught himself how to play the piano on a neighbor's instrument, often took trips to Mexico with his father, who taught Spanish; he would later say that he found his love of music during these trips through a Mexican ballad that was "probably a Ranchera, you know, on the car radio with my dad."[7]
By 1965, while attending Hilltop High School within the Sweetwater Union High School District, Chula Vista,[6] Waits was playing in an R&B/soul band called The Systems and had begun his first job at Napoleone Pizza House in National City (about which he would later sing on "I Can't Wait to Get Off Work (And See My Baby on Montgomery Avenue)" from Small Change and "The Ghosts of Saturday Night (After Hours at Napoleone's Pizza House)" on The Heart of Saturday Night).[5] He later admitted that he was not a fan of the 1960s music scene, stating, "I wasn't thrilled by Blue Cheer, so I found an alternative, even if it was Bing Crosby."[8] Five years later, he was working as a doorman at the Heritage nightclub in San Diego—where artists of every genre performed—when he did his first paid gig for $6.[5] A fan of Bob Dylan, Lord Buckley, Jack Kerouac, Louis Armstrong, Howlin' Wolf, and Charles Bukowski, Waits began developing his own idiosyncratic musical style.
After serving with the United States Coast Guard,[9] he took his newly formed act to Monday nights at The Troubadour in Los Angeles, where musicians would line up all day for the opportunity to perform on stage that night. In 1971, Waits moved to the Echo Park neighborhood of L.A. (at the time, also home to musicians Glenn Frey of the Eagles, J. D. Souther, Jackson Browne, and Frank Zappa) and signed with Herb Cohen at the age of 21. From August to December 1971, Waits made a series of demo recordings for Cohen's Bizarre/Straight label, including many songs for which he would later become known. These early tracks were released twenty years later on The Early Years, Volume One and Volume Two.
1970s[link]
Waits signed to Asylum Records in 1972,[10] and after numerous abortive recording sessions, his first record—the jazzy, folk-tinged Closing Time—was released in 1973. The album, which was produced and arranged by former Lovin' Spoonful member Jerry Yester, received positive reviews, but Waits did not gain widespread attention until a number of the album's tracks were covered by more prominent artists. Later in 1973, Tim Buckley released the album Sefronia, which contained a cover version of Waits' song "Martha" from Closing Time, the first-ever cover of a Tom Waits song by a known artist.[11] This cover later appeared in the 1995 compilation Step Right Up: The Songs of Tom Waits. The album's opening track, "Ol' '55", was recorded by the Eagles in 1974 for their On the Border album.[11]
He began touring and opening for such artists as Charlie Rich, Martha and the Vandellas, and Frank Zappa. Waits received increasing critical acclaim and gathered a loyal cult following with his subsequent albums. The Heart of Saturday Night (1974), featuring the song "(Looking for) The Heart of Saturday Night", revealed Waits's roots as a nightclub performer, with half-spoken and half-crooned ballads often accompanied by a jazz backup band.[12] Waits described the album as:
...a comprehensive study of a number of aspects of this search for the center of Saturday night, which Jack Kerouac relentlessly chased from one end of this country to the other, and I've attempted to scoop up a few diamonds of this magic that I see.[13]
In 1975, Waits moved to the Tropicana Motel on Santa Monica Boulevard[14] and released the double album Nighthawks at the Diner, recorded in a studio with a small audience in order to capture the ambience of a live show. The record exemplifies this phase of his career, including the lengthy spoken interludes between songs that punctuated his live act. That year, he also contributed backing vocals to Bonnie Raitt's "Your Sweet and Shiny Eyes", from her album Home Plate.
By this time, Waits was drinking heavily, and life on the road was starting to take its toll. Waits, looking back at the period, has said,
I was sick through that whole period [...] It was starting to wear on me, all the touring. I'd been traveling quite a bit, living in hotels, eating bad food, drinking a lot — too much. There's a lifestyle that's there before you arrive and you're introduced to it. It's unavoidable.[15]
In reaction to these hardships, Waits recorded Small Change (1976), which finds him in a much more cynical and pessimistic mood, lyrically, with many songs such as "The Piano Has Been Drinking (Not Me) (An Evening with Pete King)" and "Bad Liver and a Broken Heart (In Lowell)". With the album, Waits asserted that he "tried to resolve a few things as far as this cocktail lounge, maudlin, crying-in-your-beer image that I have. There ain't nothin' funny about a drunk [...] I was really starting to believe that there was something amusing and wonderfully American about being a drunk. I ended up telling myself to cut that shit out."[16] The album, which also included long-time fan favorite "Tom Traubert's Blues (Four Sheets to the Wind in Copenhagen)", featured famed drummer Shelly Manne and was, like his previous albums, heavily influenced by jazz.
Small Change, which was accompanied by the double A-side single "Step Right Up"/"The Piano Has Been Drinking", was a critical and commercial success and far outsold any of Waits's previous albums. With it, Waits broke onto Billboard's Top 100 Albums chart for the first time in his career (a feat Waits would not repeat until 1999 with the release of Mule Variations).[17] This resulted in a much higher public profile, which brought with it interviews and articles in Time, Newsweek, and Vogue. Waits put together a regular touring band, The Nocturnal Emissions, which featured Frank Vicari on tenor saxophone, Fitzgerald Jenkins on bass guitar, and Chip White on drums and vibraphone. Tom Waits and the Nocturnal Emissions toured the United States and Europe extensively from October 1976 until May 1977,[17] including a performance of "The Piano Has Been Drinking" on cult BBC2 television music show the Old Grey Whistle Test in May 1976.[18]
Foreign Affairs (1977) was musically in a similar vein to Small Change, but showed further artistic refinement and exploration into jazz and blues styles. Particularly noteworthy is the long cinematic spoken-word piece, "Potter's Field", set to an orchestral score. The album also features Bette Midler singing a duet with Waits on "I Never Talk to Strangers." The album Blue Valentine (1978) displayed Waits's biggest musical departure to date, with much more focus on electric guitar and keyboards than on previous albums and hardly any strings (with the exception of album-opener "Somewhere" — a cover of Leonard Bernstein's song from West Side Story — and "Kentucky Avenue") for a darker, more blues-oriented sound. The song "Blue Valentines" was also unique for Waits in that it featured a desolate arrangement of solo electric guitar played by Ray Crawford, accompanied by Waits' vocal. Around this time, Waits had a relationship with Rickie Lee Jones[citation needed] (who appears on the sleeve art of the Blue Valentine album). In 1978, Waits also appeared in his first film role, in Paradise Alley as Mumbles the pianist, and contributed the original compositions "(Meet Me in) Paradise Alley" and "Annie's Back in Town" to the film's soundtrack.[19]
Heartattack and Vine, Waits's last studio album for Asylum, was released in 1980, featuring a developing sound that included both ballads ("Jersey Girl") and rougher-edged rhythm and blues. The same year, he began a long working relationship with Francis Ford Coppola, who asked Waits to provide music for his film One from the Heart. For Coppola's film, Waits originally wanted to work with Bette Midler; she was unavailable due to prior engagements, however. Waits ended up working with singer/songwriter Crystal Gayle as his vocal foil for the album.
1980s[link]
In August 1980, Waits married Kathleen Brennan, a screenwriter, whom he had met while working on the set of the Francis Ford Coppola movie One from the Heart. Brennan is regularly credited as co-author of many songs in his later albums, and Waits often cites her as a major influence on his work. She introduced him to the music of Captain Beefheart. Despite having shared a manager with Beefheart in the 1970s, Waits says, "I became more acquainted with him when I got married."[20] Waits would later describe his relationship with Brennan as a paradigm shift in his musical development. After leaving Asylum, the label released the first Tom Waits "Best of" album in 1981, a collection called Bounced Checks, notable for including an alternate, stripped down version of "Jersey Girl" and the otherwise unreleased "Mr. Henry", as well as an alternate master of "Whistlin' Past the Graveyard" and a live performance of "The Piano Has Been Drinking". During this period, Waits appeared in a series of minor movie roles, including a cameo role in Wolfen (1981) as an inebriated piano player, and his song "Jitterbug Boy" also appeared on the movie's soundtrack. One from the Heart received its official theatrical release in 1982, with Waits appearing in a cameo as a trumpet player as well as receiving an Oscar nomination for Original Song Score (eventually losing out to Victor Victoria, by Henry Mancini and Leslie Bricusse). This marked the first in a series of collaborations between Waits and Coppola, with Waits appearing in cameos in Coppola's movies The Outsiders (1983), Rumble Fish (1983), and The Cotton Club (1984), and a major role in Bram Stoker's Dracula. Waits also contributed two songs to the documentary Streetwise (1984), "Rat's Theme" and "Take Care of All My Children".
After leaving Asylum for Island Records, Waits released Swordfishtrombones in 1983, a record that marked a sharp turn in his musical direction. While Waits had before played either piano or guitar, he now gravitated towards less common instruments, saying, "Your hands are like dogs, going to the same places they've been. You have to be careful when playing is no longer in the mind but in the fingers, going to happy places. You have to break them of their habits or you don't explore; you only play what is confident and pleasing. I'm learning to break those habits by playing instruments I know absolutely nothing about, like a bassoon or a waterphone."[21] Swordfishtrombones also introduced instruments such as bagpipes ("Town with No Cheer") and marimba ("Shore Leave") to Waits' repertoire, as well as pump organs, percussion (sometimes reminiscent of the music of Harry Partch), horn sections (often featuring Ralph Carney playing in the style of brass bands or soul music), experimental guitar, and obsolete instruments (many of Waits' albums have featured a damaged, unpredictable Chamberlin, and more recent albums have included the little-used Stroh violin).
His songwriting shifted as well, moving away from the traditional piano-and-strings ballad sound of his 1970s output towards a number of styles largely ignored in pop music, including primal blues, cabaret stylings, rumbas, theatrical approaches in the style of Kurt Weill, tango music, early country music and European folk music as well as the Tin Pan Alley-era songs that influenced his early output. He also recorded a spoken word piece, "Frank's Wild Years", influenced by Ken Nordine's "word jazz" records of the 1950s. Apart from Captain Beefheart and some of Dr. John's early output, there was little precedent in popular music.
Waits's new emphasis on experimenting with various styles and instrumentation continued on 1985's Rain Dogs, a sprawling, 19-song collection which received glowing reviews (the album was ranked #21 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 greatest albums of the 1980s. In 2003, the album was ranked number 397 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.) Contributions from guitarists Marc Ribot, Robert Quine, and Keith Richards accompanied Waits' move away from piano-based songs, in juxtaposition with an increased emphasis on instruments such as marimba, accordion, double bass, trombone, and banjo. The album also spawned the 12" single "Downtown Train/Tango Till They're Sore/Jockey Full of Bourbon", with Jean Baptiste Mondino filming a promotional music video for "Downtown Train" (which would later become a hit for Rod Stewart), featuring a cameo from boxing legend Jake LaMotta. The album peaked at #188 on Billboard's Top 200 albums chart; however, its reputation has come to far outshine low initial sales.
Franks Wild Years, a musical play by Waits and Brennan, was staged as an Off-Broadway musical in 1986, directed by Gary Sinise,[22] in a successful run at Chicago's famed Steppenwolf Theater. Waits himself played the lead role. Waits developed his acting career with several supporting roles and a lead role in Jim Jarmusch's Down by Law in 1986, which also featured two of Waits's songs from Rain Dogs in the soundtrack. In the same year, Waits also contributed vocals to the song "Harlem Shuffle" on The Rolling Stones' album Dirty Work.[23]
In 1987, he released Franks Wild Years (subtitled "Un Operachi Romantico in Two Acts"), which included studio versions from Waits' play of the same name. Rolling Stone summed up the album's myriad styles this way: "Everything from sleazy strip-show blues to cheesy waltzes to supercilious lounge lizardry is given spare, jarring arrangements using various combinations of squawking horns, bashed drums, plucked banjo, snaky double bass, carnival organ and jaunty accordion."[24] Waits also continued to further his acting career with a supporting role as Rudy the Kraut in Ironweed (an adaptation of William Kennedy's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel) alongside Jack Nicholson and Meryl Streep, in which Waits performed the song "Big Rock Candy Mountain", as well as a part in Robert Frank's Candy Mountain, in which Waits also performed "Once More Before I Go." In 1988, Waits performed in Big Time, a surreal concert movie and soundtrack which he cowrote with his wife.
In 1989, Waits appeared in his final theatrical stage role to date, appearing as Curly in Thomas Babe's Demon Wine, alongside Bill Pullman, Philip Baker Hall, Carol Kane, and Bud Cort. The play opened at the Los Angeles Theater Center in February 1989 to mixed reviews, although Waits' performance was singled out by a number of critics, including John C. Mahoney, who described it as "mesmerizing."[25] Waits finished the decade with appearances in three movies: as the voice of a radio DJ in Jim Jarmusch's Mystery Train; as Kenny the Hitman in Robert Dornhelm's Cold Feet; and the lead role of Punch & Judy man Silva in Bearskin: An Urban Fairytale. His only musical output of the year consisted of contributing his cover of Phil Phillips' "Sea of Love" to the soundtrack of the Al Pacino movie of the same name[26] and contributing vocals to The Replacements song "Date to Church", which appeared as a B-side to their single "I'll Be You".
1990s[link]
The Black Rider: The Casting of the Magic Bullets—a theatrical collaboration of Waits, director Robert Wilson, and writer William S. Burroughs—premiered at Hamburg's Thalia Theatre on March 31, 1990. The project was based on a German folktale called Der Freischütz, with Wilson responsible for the design and direction, Burroughs for writing the book, and Waits for music and lyrics, which were heavily influenced by the works of Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill.[27] In the same year, Waits contributed a cover of Cole Porter's "It's All Right with Me" to Red Hot + Blue, the first in the series of compilation albums from the Red Hot Organization — one of the first major AIDS benefits in the music business—which sold over a million copies worldwide. Jim Jarmusch directed a promotional music video for the song.[28] Waits also collaborated with photographer Sylvia Plachy in the same year; her book Sylvia Plachy's Unguided Tour includes a short Waits record to accompany the photographs and text.
The following year, Waits was extremely busy working on movie soundtracks, acting, and contributing to a number of music projects by other artists. First, Waits appeared on the Primus album Sailing the Seas of Cheese as the voice of "Tommy the Cat", which exposed him to a new audience in alternative rock. This was the first of several collaborations between Waits and the group; Frontman Les Claypool would appear on several subsequent Waits releases. The same year saw Waits provide spoken word contributions to Devout Catalyst, an album by one of Waits' greatest influences, Ken Nordine, on the songs "A Thousand Bing Bangs" and "The Movie." Waits also contributed vocals to a duet with singer Bob Forrest on the song "Adios Lounge" on the Thelonious Monster album Beautiful Mess. He also contributed vocals to two songs ("Little Man" and "I'm Not Your Fool Anymore") on jazz tenor saxophonist Teddy Edwards' album Mississippi Lad. Edwards was extremely complimentary of Waits' contributions, saying:
Tom Waits is the one who got me my contract [sic] with PolyGram. He's wonderful, he's America's best lyricist since Johnny Mercer. He came down to the studio on the Mississippi Lad album, that's the first one I did for PolyGram, and he sang two of my songs, wouldn't accept any money, just trying to give me the best boost that he could.[29]
The only collection of exclusively Waits-performed material of 1991 appeared when Waits composed and conducted the almost exclusively instrumental music for Jim Jarmusch's 1991 film Night on Earth, which was released as an album the following year. In July 1991, Screamin' Jay Hawkins released the album Black Music for White People, which features covers of two Waits compositions: "Heartattack & Vine" (which later that year was used in a European Levi's advertisement without Waits' permission, resulting in a lawsuit) and "Ice Cream Man". Waits continued to appear in movie acting roles, the most significant of which was his uncredited cameo as a disabled veteran in Terry Gilliam's The Fisher King. He also appeared alongside Kevin Bacon, John Malkovich, and Jamie Lee Curtis in Steve Rash's Queens Logic, and opposite Tom Berenger and Kathy Bates in Hector Babenco's film At Play in the Fields of the Lord, adapted from Peter Matthiessen's 1965 novel.
Bone Machine, Waits's first studio album in five years, was released in 1992. The stark record featured a great deal of percussion and guitar (with little piano or sax), marking another change in Waits' sound. Critic Steve Huey calls it "perhaps Tom Waits's most cohesive album... a morbid, sinister nightmare, one that applied the quirks of his experimental '80s classics to stunningly evocative—and often harrowing—effect... Waits' most affecting and powerful recording, even if it isn't his most accessible."[30] Bone Machine was awarded a Grammy in the Best Alternative Album category. On December 19, 1992 Alice, Waits's second theatrical project with Robert Wilson, premiered at the Thalia Theatre in Hamburg. Paul Schmidt adapted the text from the works of Lewis Carroll (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, in particular), with songs by Waits and Kathleen Brennan presented as intersections with the text rather than as expansions of the story, as would be the case in conventional musical theater. These songs would be recorded by Waits as a studio album 10 years later on Alice.[31] 1992 also saw Waits featuring in Francis Ford Coppola's film Bram Stoker's Dracula, as the possessed lunatic Renfield.
In 1993, he released The Black Rider, which contained studio versions of the songs that Waits had written for the musical of the same name three years previously, with the exceptions of "Chase the Clouds Away" and "In the Morning", which appeared in the theatrical production but not on the studio album. William S. Burroughs also guests on vocals on "'Tain't No Sin". In the same year, Waits lent his vocals to Gavin Bryars' 75-minute reworking of his 1971 classical music piece Jesus' Blood Never Failed Me Yet; appeared in Robert Altman's film version of Raymond Carver's stories Short Cuts and Jim Jarmusch's Coffee and Cigarettes: Somewhere in California, a short black-and-white movie with Iggy Pop; and his third child, Sullivan, was born. In 1997, Waits and Brennan wrote and performed the music for Bunny the animated short film by 20th Century Fox's Blue Sky Studios, which was awarded Best Animated Short Film by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
In 1995, Holly Cole released Temptation, a tribute album consisting entirely of Waits covers.
Another Waits cover was released in 1996, as Meat Loaf covered Martha for his concept album Welcome to the Neighborhood.
In 1998, after Island Records released the compilation Beautiful Maladies: The Island Years, Waits left the label for Epitaph, whose president, Andy Kaulkin, said the label was "...blown away that Tom would even consider us. We are huge fans."[32] Waits himself was full of praise for the label, saying "Epitaph is rare for being owned and operated by musicians. They have good taste and a load of enthusiasm, plus they're nice people. And they gave me a brand-new Cadillac, of course."[32]
Waits's first album on his new label, Mule Variations, was issued in 1999. Billboard described the album as musically melding "backwoods blues, skewed gospel, and unruly art stomp into a sublime piece of junkyard sound sculpture."[33] The album was Waits' first release to feature a turntablist. The album won a Grammy in 2000; as an indicator of how difficult it is to classify Waits's music, he was nominated simultaneously for Best Contemporary Folk Album (which he won) and Best Male Rock Vocal Performance (for the song "Hold On"), both different from the genre for which he won his previous Grammy. The album was also his highest-charting album in the U.S. to date, reaching #30.
The same year, Waits made a foray into producing music for other artists, teaming up with his old friend Chuck E. Weiss to coproduce (with his wife, Kathleen Brennan) Extremely Cool, as well as appearing on the record as a guest vocalist and guitarist. He also contributed a cover of Skip Spence's "Books of Moses" to More Oar: A Tribute to the Skip Spence Album, a collection of covers of the singer's songs on Birdman Records.[26] The same year, Waits appeared in the comedy Mystery Men.
2000s[link]
John Hammond's Wicked Grin, a collection of Waits cover songs, was released in 2001. Waits appears on most songs, playing guitar, piano, and/or offering backing vocals. The album also includes the traditional hymn "I Know I've Been Changed", performed as a duet by Hammond and Waits.
Tori Amos included a cover of the song "Time", from Rain Dogs on her 2001 album Strange Little Girls.
In 2002, Waits simultaneously released two albums, Alice and Blood Money. Both collections had been written almost 10 years previously and were based on theatrical collaborations with Robert Wilson; the former a musical play about Lewis Carroll, and the latter an interpretation of Georg Büchner's play fragment Woyzeck. Both albums revisit the tango, Tin Pan Alley, and spoken-word influences of Swordfishtrombones, while the lyrics are both profoundly cynical and melancholic, exemplified by "Misery is the River of the World" and "Everything Goes to Hell." "Diamond in Your Mind", which Waits wrote for Wilson's Woyzeck, did not appear on Blood Money; however, it did emerge on Solomon Burke's album Don't Give Up on Me of the same year. While Waits has played the song live a number of times,[34][35] an official version would not be released until 2007. The same year, Waits contributed a version of "The Return of Jackie and Judy"[26] by The Ramones to the compilation album We're a Happy Family: A Tribute to Ramones, which was released in 2003 on Columbia Records. That same year, Waits was also a judge for the 2nd annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers.[36] Waits was also a judge for the 10th annual Independent Music Awards.[36]
Waits released Real Gone, his first nontheatrical studio album since Mule Variations, in 2004. It is Waits's only album to date to feature absolutely no piano on any of its tracks. Waits beatboxes on the opening track, "Top of the Hill", and most of the album's songs begin with Waits's "vocal percussion" improvisations. It is also more rock-oriented, with less blues influence than he has previously demonstrated. The same year, Waits contributed backing vocals to the track "Go Tell It on the Mountain" on the Grammy Award (Best Traditional Gospel Album)-winning album of the same name by The Blind Boys of Alabama. He also contributed a version of Daniel Johnston's "King Kong"[26] to the tribute album The Late Great Daniel Johnston: Discovered Covered, released on Gammon Records.
At this time, Waits made a return to acting after a five-year break, marked at first by the re-release of his 1993 Jim Jarmusch-directed short Coffee and Cigarettes: Somewhere in California, costarring Iggy Pop, compiled in Coffee and Cigarettes. In 2005, Waits appeared in the Tony Scott film Domino as a soothsayer. In the same year, Waits appeared as himself in Roberto Benigni's romantic comedy La Tigre e la Neve, set in occupied Baghdad during the Iraq War. In the movie, Waits appears in a dream scene as himself, singing the ballad "You Can Never Hold Back Spring"[26] and accompanying himself at the piano.
A 54-song three-disc box set of rarities, unreleased tracks, and brand-new compositions called Orphans: Brawlers, Bawlers & Bastards was released in November 2006. The three discs are subdivided relating to their content: "Brawlers" features Waits's more upbeat rock and blues songs; "Bawlers", his ballads and love songs; and "Bastards", songs that fit in neither category, including a number of spoken-word tracks. A video for the song "Lie to Me" was produced as a promotion for the collection. Orphans also continues Waits's newfound interest in politics with "Road to Peace", a song about the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The album is also notable for containing a number of covers of songs by other artists, including The Ramones ("The Return of Jackie and Judy" and "Danny Says"), Daniel Johnston ("King Kong"), Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht ("What Keeps Mankind Alive"), and Leadbelly ("Ain't Goin' Down to the Well" and "Goodnight Irene"), as well as renditions of works by poets and authors admired by Waits, such as Charles Bukowski and Jack Kerouac and a previously released duet with Mark Linkous of Sparklehorse entitled "Dog Door". Waits' albums Orphans: Brawlers, Bawlers & Bastards and Alice are both included in metacritic.com's list of the "Top 200: Best-Reviewed Albums"[37] since 2000 at #10 and #20, respectively (as of November 2009). The same years, Waits appeared on Sparklehorse's album Dreamt for Light Years in the Belly of a Mountain, playing piano on the track "Morning Hollow."
Five different versions of Waits's song "Way Down in the Hole" have been used as the opening theme songs for the HBO television show The Wire. Waits's own version, from Frank's Wild Years, was used for season two. The other versions used for the series were performed by, in season order, The Blind Boys of Alabama, The Neville Brothers, "DoMaJe" and Steve Earle.
Waits made a number of high-profile television and concert appearances between 2006 and 2010. In November 2006, Waits appeared on The Daily Show and performed "The Day After Tomorrow." This was significant for his having been only the third performing guest on the show, the first being Tenacious D and the second The White Stripes. On May 4, 2007, Waits performed "Lucinda" and "Ain't Goin' Down to the Well" from Orphans on the last show of a week Late Night with Conan O'Brien spent in San Francisco. There was a short interview after the last performance. Waits also played in the Bridge School Benefit on October 27–28, 2007 with Kronos Quartet.
On July 10, 2007, Waits released the download-only digital single "Diamond In Your Mind". The version of the song was recorded with Kronos Quartet, with Greg Cohen, Philip Glass, and The Dalai Lama at the benefit concert "Healing The Divide: A Concert for Peace and Reconciliation" at Avery Fisher Hall, recorded on September 21, 2003.
Waits's song "Trampled Rose" (from Real Gone) appeared on the critically acclaimed album Raising Sand, a collaboration between Robert Plant and Alison Krauss. Waits also provided guest vocals on the song "Pray" by fellow ANTI- artists The Book of Knots on their album Traineater.[38]
He played the role of Kneller in the film Wristcutters: A Love Story, which opened in November 2007.
On January 22, 2008, Waits made a rare live appearance in Los Angeles, performing at a benefit for Bet Tzedek Legal Services—The House of Justice, a nonprofit poverty law center.[39]
On May 7, 2008, Waits announced the Glitter and Doom Tour starting in June 2008, touring cities in the southern United States and subsequently announced a series of dates in the UK, Ireland and mainland Europe.[40] Waits was awarded the key to the city of El Paso, Texas during a concert on June 20, 2008.[41] In his generally positive review of the opening show of the tour, The Wall Street Journal critic Jim Fusilli described Waits' music thus:
The 58-year-old Mr. Waits ... has composed a body of work that's at least comparable to any songwriter's in pop today. A keen, sensitive and sympathetic chronicler of the adrift and downtrodden, Mr. Waits creates three-dimensional characters who, even in their confusion and despair, are capable of insight and startling points of view. Their stories are accompanied by music that's unlike any other in pop history.[42]
On May 20, 2008 Scarlett Johansson's debut album, entitled Anywhere I Lay My Head, featured covers of ten Tom Waits songs. Waits made an appearance on the album The Spirit of Apollo by alternative hip hop project N.A.S.A., on the track "Spacious Thoughts."
Waits wrote the following introduction for the Tompkins Square compilation People Take Warning – Murder Ballads & Disaster Songs, 1913–1938:
In the late 1920's and early 1930's, the Depression gripped the Nation. It was a time when songs were tools for living. A whole community would turn out to mourn the loss of a member and to sow their songs like seeds. This collection is a wild garden grown from those seeds.
In late 2009, Terry Gilliam's film The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus was released, with Waits in the role of Mr. Nick.[43][44] Production began in December 2007 in London.[45] Star Heath Ledger's death in January 2008 cast doubt on the film's future, but the production was salvaged with the addition of new actors playing his character in scenes he did not complete.[46]
2010s[link]
Waits played the role of "The Engineer" in the film The Book of Eli, opposite Denzel Washington, which opened in January 2010.
He is working on a new stage musical with director and long-time collaborator Robert Wilson and playwright Martin McDonagh.[47]
In early 2011, Tom Waits completed a set of 23 poems entitled Seeds on Hard Ground, which were inspired by Michael O'Brien's portraits of the homeless in his upcoming book, Hard Ground, which will include the poems alongside the portraits. In anticipation of the book release, Waits and Anti- printed limited edition chapbooks of the poems to raise money for Redwood Empire Food Bank, a homeless referral and family support service in Sonoma County, California. As of January 26, 2011, four editions, each limited to a thousand copies costing $24.99US each, sold out, raising $90,000 for the food bank.[48]
It was announced on February 9, 2011, that Waits was to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by Neil Young. The ceremony was held at the Waldorf-Astoria on Monday, March 14, 2011, at 8:30pm EST.[49] Waits accepted the award with his customary humor, stating, "They say I have no hits and that I'm difficult to work with... like it's a bad thing."[50]
On February 24, 2011, it was announced via Waits' official website that he has begun work on his next studio album.[51]
Waits said through his website that on August 23 he would "set the record straight" in regards to rumors of a new release.[52] On August 23, the title of the new album was revealed to be Bad as Me,[53] and a new single, also titled "Bad as Me," started being offered via Amazon.com and other sites.[54] The album was released on October 24.
Waits appears on the songs "Fadin' Moon" and "Ghost to a Ghost" on Hank Williams III's 2011 album Ghost to a Ghost/Gutter Town.
Lawsuits[link]
Waits has steadfastly refused to allow the use of his songs in commercials and has joked about other artists who do (commenting "If Michael Jackson wants to work for Pepsi, why doesn't he just get himself a suit and an office in their headquarters and be done with it?"). He has filed several lawsuits against advertisers who used his material without permission. He has been quoted as saying, "Apparently, the highest compliment our culture grants artists nowadays is to be in an ad — ideally, naked and purring on the hood of a new car", he said in a statement, referring to the Mercury Cougar. "I have adamantly and repeatedly refused this dubious honor."
Waits filed his first lawsuit in 1988 against Frito-Lay. The 9th Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed an award of $2.375 million in his favor (Waits v. Frito-Lay, 978 F. 2d 1093 (9th Cir. 1992)).[55] Frito-Lay had approached Waits to use one of his songs in an advertisement. Waits declined the offer, and Frito-Lay hired a Waits soundalike to sing a jingle similar to Small Change's "Step Right Up", which is, ironically, a song Waits has called "an indictment of advertising". Waits won the lawsuit, becoming one of the first artists to successfully sue a company for using an impersonator without permission.
In 1993, Levi's used Screamin' Jay Hawkins' version of Waits' "Heartattack and Vine" in a commercial. Waits sued, and Levi's agreed to cease all use of the song and offered a full page apology in Billboard.[56] Waits found himself in a situation similar to his earlier one with Frito Lay in 2000 when Audi approached him, asking to use "Innocent When You Dream" (from Franks Wild Years) for a commercial broadcast in Spain. Waits declined, but the commercial ultimately featured music very similar to that song. Waits undertook legal action, and a Spanish court recognized that there had been a violation of Waits's moral rights in addition to the infringement of copyright. The production company, Tandem Campany Guasch, was ordered to pay compensation to Waits through his Spanish publisher. Waits was later quoted as jokingly saying the company got the name of the song wrong, thinking it was called "Innocent When You Scheme".[57]
In 2005, Waits sued Adam Opel AG, claiming that, after having failed to sign him to sing in their Scandinavian commercials, they had hired a sound-alike singer. In 2007, the suit was settled, and Waits gave the sum to charity.[58]
Waits has also filed a lawsuit unrelated to his music. He was arrested in 1977 outside Duke's Tropicana Coffee Shop in Los Angeles. Waits and a friend were trying to stop some men from bullying other patrons. The men were plainclothes police, and Waits and his friend were taken into custody and charged with disturbing the peace. The jury found Waits not guilty; he took the police department to court and was awarded $7,500 compensation.[59]
Discography and filmography[link]
Main article: Tom Waits discography
Tours[link]
- 1973: Closing Time touring
- 1974–1975: The Heart of Saturday Night touring
- 1975–1976: Small Change touring
- 1977: Foreign Affairs touring
- 1978–1979: Blue Valentine touring
- 1980–1982: Heartattack and Vine touring
- 1985: Rain Dogs touring
- 1987: Big Time touring
- 1999: Get Behind the Mule Tour
- 2004: Real Gone Tour
- 2006: The Orphans Tour
- 2008: Glitter and Doom Tour[60]
Further reading[link]
- Humphries, Patrick (2007). The Many Lives of Tom Waits. Omnibus. ISBN 1-84449-585-X.
- Jacobs, Jay S. (2006). Wild Years The Music and Myth of Tom Waits. ECW Press. ISBN 1-55022-716-5.
- Montandon, Mac (ed.) (2006). Innocent When You Dream: Tom Waits – The Collected Interviews. Orion. ISBN 0-7528-7394-6.
- Hoskyns, Barney (2009). Lowside of the Road: A Life of Tom Waits. Faber and Faber.
- Smay, David (2007). Swordfishtrombones. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-2782-0.
References[link]
- ^ Graff, Gary; Durchholz, Daniel. Musichound Rock: The Essential Album Guide. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-8256-7256-2.
- ^ Petridis, Alexis. "Tom Waits live at the Hammersmith Apollo, London review". The Guardian newspaper. http://arts.guardian.co.uk/reviews/story/0,11712,1358433,00.html. Retrieved 2001-11-23.
- ^ Lyons, Margaret (2010-12-15) "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 2011 inductees include Neil Diamond, Alice Cooper: who else made the cut?", Entertainment Weekly.com. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
- ^ McCall, Tris (2010-12-15) "Full list of 2011 inductees to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame announced", The Star-Ledger. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
- ^ a b c Montadon, Mac, "Timeline and Discography" in Innocent When You Dream, p.385
- ^ a b c "Tom Waits Timeline: 1949–1975". Tom Waits Library. http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/timeline1949-1975.html. Retrieved 2007-01-09.
- ^ Wilonsky, Robert, "The Variations of Tom Waits", in Montandon, Innocent When You dream, p.213
- ^ "Tom Waits Quotes: Influences and favourites". Tom Waits Library. http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/quotes-influences.html. Retrieved 2001-11-23.
- ^ "Coast Guard History: Frequently Asked Questions: What celebrities or other famous persons once served in or were associated with the Coast Guard?". Uscg.mil. 2009-10-28. http://www.uscg.mil/history/faqs/celeb.asp. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
- ^ McGee, David, Smellin' Like a Brewery, Lookin' Like a Tramp, in Montandon, Innocent When you Dream, p.27
- ^ a b "Tom Waits Discography: Covers & Tributes: 1949–1975". Tom Waits Library. http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/discography-covers.html. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
- ^ In his press release for the album (Montandon, p. 4), Waits outlined the album's musical influences as being Mose Allison, Thelonious Monk, Randy Newman, George Gershwin, Irving Berlin, Ray Charles, Stephen Foster, and Frank Sinatra.
- ^ Waits, Tom The Heart of Saturday Night Press release in Montandon, Mac Innocent When You Dream, p. 4
- ^ Montandon, Mav, Timeline and Discography in Innocent When You Dream, p.386
- ^ McGee, David (1977), Smellin' Like a Brewery, Lookin' Like a Tramp, in Montandon, p.29
- ^ McGee, David (1977), Smellin' Like a Brewery, Lookin' Like a Tramp, in Montandon, p. 30
- ^ a b "Tom Waits Time line: 1976–1980". http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/timeline1976-1980.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ Waits would return to the show in 1977 ("Small Change" and "Tom Traubert's Blues"), '79 ("Burma Shave"), and '85 ("16 Shells from a 30.06" and "Cemetery Polka") "Tom Waits Filmography as Performer". Tom Waits Library. http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/filmography-performer.html.
- ^ "Paradise Alley Original Soundtrack". Soundtrack Collector. http://www.soundtrackcollector.com/catalog/soundtrackdetail.php?movieid=7627. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
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- ^ "Tom Waits's instruments". Tom Waits Library. http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/instruments-main.html. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
- ^ "Frank's Wild Years credits". Tom Waits Library. http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/frankswildyears-credits.html. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
- ^ McPherson, Ian. "Harlem Shuffle". http://www.timeisonourside.com/SOHarlem.html. Retrieved 2009-12-17.
- ^ "Franks Wild Years review". Rolling Stone Magazine. http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/tomwaits/albums/album/165414/review/5944333/franks_wild_years.
- ^ "Demon Wine: Introduction". Tom Waits Library. http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/demonwine-introduction.html. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
- ^ a b c d e This song would later be collected on 2006's Orphans: Brawlers, Bawlers & Bastards.
- ^ "Wills, D. 'Modern Beats: Tom Waits', in Wills, D. (ed.) Beatdom Vol. 3 (Mauling Press: Dundee, 2007) p. ????". Beatdom.com. http://www.beatdom.com/?p=620. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
- ^ "Tom Waits – "It's Alright With Me" promotional video". YouTube. http://youtube.com/watch?v=iwyHFyKQ8XE.
- ^ "Tom Waits Timeline 1991–1995". Tom Waits Library. http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/timeline1991-1995.html.
- ^ Huey, Steve. "Bone Machine review". allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r58488. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
- ^ "Alice in Wonderland: The Robert Wilson and Tom Waits Adaptation". Alice in Wonderland. http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/tauspace/theatre_wilson.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
- ^ a b Bambarger, Bradley, "Tom Waits Joins Indie Epitaph for Mule Set", in Monanton, Innocent When You Dream, p.209
- ^ Bambarger, Bradley, Tom Waits Joins Indie Epitaph for Mule Set, in Monanton, Innocent When You Dream, p.207
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- ^ "Preaching to the Bridge School Choir". Press Democrat. http://beck.blogs.pressdemocrat.com/10239/preaching-to-the-bridge-school-choir/?pa=all&tc=pgall. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
- ^ a b "Independent Music Awards – Past Judges". Independentmusicawards.com. http://www.independentmusicawards.com/ima_new/pastjudges.asp. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
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- ^ "The Book Of Knots Traineater". ANTI-. 2007-03-20. http://www.anti.com/catalog/view/73/Traineater. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
- ^ "Tom Waits to perform 3 songs at benefit for Bet Tzedek Legal Services-The House Or Justice". Anti.com. http://www.anti.com/news/index/419/TOM_WAITS_TO_PERFORM_3_SONGS_AT_BENEFIT_FOR_BET_TZEDEK_LEGAL_SERVICESTHE_HOUSE_OF_JUSTICE. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
- ^ "Tom Waits On-Sale Information – WITH EUROPEAN DATES". Antilabelblog.com. 2008-05-07. http://www.antilabelblog.com/?p=246. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
- ^ Doug Pullen (2008-06-21). "Tom Waits bears soul, receives key to the city". El Paso Times. http://www.elpasotimes.com/entertainment/ci_9658466. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
- ^ Jim Fusili (2008-07-03). "Tom Waits in Concert: Gruff Yet Tender". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121503939521824567.html?mod=2_1168_1. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
- ^ Stubbs, Phill. "The Imaginarium of Dr. Parnassus". Dreams. http://www.smart.co.uk/dreams/parnprev.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
- ^ Shawn Adler (2007-11-15). "Ledger A Big Joker When It Comes To New Gilliam Film". MTV. http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2007/11/15/ledger-a-big-joker-when-it-comes-to-new-gilliam-film/. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
- ^ "Gilliam, Ledger reteam for film". Variety. 2007-10-31. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117975156.html?categoryid=1236&cs=1. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
- ^ "Moriarty" (2008-02-15). "AICN EXCLUSIVE! We Know Who's Paying Tribute To Heath Ledger In DR. PARNASSUS Now!". Ain't It Cool News. http://www.aintitcool.com/node/35623. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
- ^ "New Musical From Tom Waits On The Horizon". Anti Records. 2010-02-02. http://www.antilabelblog.com/?p=2257. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
- ^ "UPDATED Tom Waits Seeds On Hard Ground Chap Book For Charity". tomwaits.com. http://www.tomwaits.com/news/archive/201101/. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
- ^ "Tom Waits To Be Inducted Into Hall Of Fame By Neil Young". tomwaits.com. http://www.tomwaits.com/news/article/129/Tom_Waits_To_Be_Inducted_Into_Hall_Of_Fame_By_Neil_Young/. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
- ^ "Neil Diamond joins Rock and Roll Hall of Fame". BBC News. 2011-03-15. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12744306.
- ^ "Tom Waits working on new studio album". tomwaits.com. http://www.tomwaits.com/news/article/130/Tom_Waits/. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
- ^ "Tom Waits Sets the Rumors Straight". 2011-08-16. http://www.tomwaits.com/news/article/150/Tom_Waits_Sets_the_Rumors_Straight/. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
- ^ "Tom Waits Private Listening Party!". 2011-08-23. http://www.tomwaits.com/news/article/153/Tom_Waits_Private_Listening_Party/. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
- ^ "New Tom Waits single: Bad as Me". 2011-08-15. http://eyeballkid.blogspot.com/2011/08/new-tom-waits-single-bad-as-me.html. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
- ^ "Microsoft Word - Waits v. Frito-Lay Inc. _1992_.doc" (PDF). http://markroesler.com/pdf/caselaw/Waits%20v.%20Frito-Lay%20Inc.%20_1992_.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
- ^ "Tom Waits's Levis Copyright case". Tom Waits Library. http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/copyright-levis.html. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
- ^ "Tom Waits wins advert mimic case". BBC News. 2006-01-19. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4629274.stm. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
- ^ "Waits settles in 'imitation' case". London: BBC News. 2007-01-27. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6305403.stm. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
- ^ "Waits and the cops". Tom Waits Library. http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/thecops.html. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
- ^ "Tom Waits Press Conference announcement". ANTI.com. 2008-05-02. http://www.anti.com/news/index/489/Tom_Waits_Press_Conference_announcement. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tom Waits |
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Tom Waits |
- Official website
- Tom Waits at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Tom Waits in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Discography at the Tom Waits Library
- Interview with Amanda Petrusich, Pitchfork Media, November 27, 2006
- Interview with Jon Stewart, The Daily Show, November 28, 2006
- Tom Waits at NPR Music, contains interviews
- Tom Waits on Twitter
- Interview with Tim Adams, The Guardian, October 23, 2011
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Waits, Tom |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American musician |
| Date of birth | December 7, 1949 |
| Place of birth | Pomona, California |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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