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- A20 road (England)
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A200 road
The A200 is an A road in London running from London Bridge to Greenwich. It runs south-east from the A3 road along Duke Street Hill, then Tooley Street and Jamaica Road, following the River Thames until the junction with Rotherhithe Tunnel when it turns south down Lower Road. It follows the Thames again in Deptford, after passing Surrey Quays and becoming Evelyn Street. At the junction with Deptford Church Street it turns due east along Creek Road, over Deptford Creek to finish by the Cutty Sark at Greenwich Church Street, part of the A206 road.
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Abbey Wood
Abbey Wood is a suburban district of southeast London, England, located partly within the London Borough of Greenwich and partly within the London Borough of Bexley. It is situated east of Charing Cross.
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Acton, London
Acton is a district of west London, England, located in the London Borough of Ealing. It is situated west of Charing Cross.
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Aragon Tower
Aragon Tower on the Pepys Estate in Deptford, is one of London's tallest, privately-owned residential towers at 92 metres with 29 floors. It contains 158 residential apartments ranging from 2 to 3 bedrooms.
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Barking
Barking is a suburban town in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham, in northeast London, England. A retail and commercial centre situated in the west of the borough, it lies east of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Barnes, London
Barnes is a riverside London suburb in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. It is located around west south-west of Charing Cross in a loop of the River Thames, with Hammersmith Bridge at the north end. Barnes has a number of 18th and 19th century buildings of exceptional quality, and is often noted for its historic village area centred on the pond, forming the Barnes Village conservation area.
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Barnet
High Barnet or Chipping Barnet is a place in the London Borough of Barnet, North London, England. It is a suburban development built around a twelfth-century settlement and is located north north-west of Charing Cross. Its name is often abbreviated to Barnet, which is also the name of the London borough of which it forms a part. Chipping Barnet is the name of the Parliamentary constituency covering the local area - the word 'Chipping' denotes the presence of a market (one was established here in the thirteenth century and persists to this day).
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Barnsbury
Barnsbury is an area of north London in the London Borough of Islington, in the N1 postal districts.
http://wn.com/Barnsbury -
Battersea
Battersea is a district in south London, England, located in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It is an inner-city district situated 2.9 miles (4.8 km) south-west of Charing Cross.
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Beckenham
Beckenham is a town in the London Borough of Bromley, England. It is located 8.4 miles (13.5 km) south east of Charing Cross and 1.75 miles (2.8 km) west of Bromley town. Until the coming of the railway in 1857, Beckenham was a small village in almost completely rural surroundings: once a family of entrepreneurs began the building of villas here, its population soared from 2000 to 26,000 during 1850-1900 and throughout the rest of the century. The current population is nearly 82,000
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Bermondsey
Bermondsey () is an area in London on the south bank of the river Thames, and is part of the London Borough of Southwark. To the west lies Southwark, to the east Rotherhithe, and to the south, Walworth and Peckham.
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Bethnal Green
{{Infobox UK place
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Bexleyheath
Bexleyheath is a suburban district of south London, England, located in the London Borough of Bexley. It is situated east south-east of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Blackheath, London
Blackheath is an inner suburban area of southeast London, England. It is named from the large open public grassland which separates it from Greenwich to the north and Lewisham to the west. The area is predominantly in the London Borough of Lewisham with sections to the north and east in the London Borough of Greenwich.
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Bloomsbury
Bloomsbury is an area of central London between Euston Road and Holborn, developed by the Russell family in the 17th and 18th centuries into a fashionable residential area. It is notable for its array of garden squares,[http://www.gardenvisit.com/landscape/london/lguide/london-squares.htm Guide to London Squares]. Retrieved 8 March 2007. literary connections (exemplified by the Bloomsbury Group), and numerous hospitals and academic institutions.
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Bow, London
Bow () is an area of London, England, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It is a built-up, mostly residential district located east of Charing Cross, and is a part of the East End.
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Brentford
Brentford is a suburban area of the London Borough of Hounslow at the confluence of the River Thames and the River Brent in west London, situated 8 miles (12.9 km) west south-west of Charing Cross.
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Brixton
Brixton is a district in south London, England, in the London Borough of Lambeth. It is miles south south-east of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Brockley
Brockley is a district of south London, England, located in the London Borough of Lewisham. It is situated south-east of Charing Cross.
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Bromley
:"Widmore" redirects here. For the Lost character, see Charles Widmore
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Camberwell
Camberwell is a district of south London, England, and forms part of the London Borough of Southwark. It is a built-up inner city district located southeast of Charing Cross. To the west it has a boundary with the London Borough of Lambeth.
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Camden Town
{{infobox UK place|
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Canonbury
Canonbury is a residential district in the London Borough of Islington in the north of London. It is roughly in the area between Essex Road, Upper Street and Cross Street and either side of St Paul's Road.
http://wn.com/Canonbury -
Canterbury
Canterbury ( or ) is an English city which lies at the heart of the City of Canterbury, a district of Kent in South East England. It lies on the River Stour.
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Carshalton
Carshalton is a suburban area of the London Borough of Sutton, England. It is located 10 miles (16.1 km) south-southwest of Charing Cross, situated in the valley of the River Wandle, one of the sources of which is Carshalton Ponds in the centre of the village. The combined population of the five wards comprising Carshalton was 45,525 at the 2001 census. It is in the UK Parliamentary constituency of Carshalton and Wallington.
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Catford
Catford is a district in south London, England, located in the London Borough of Lewisham. It is situated south-east of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Charing Cross
Charing Cross denotes the junction of the Strand, Whitehall and Cockspur Street, just south of Trafalgar Square in Westminster within Central London, England. It is named after the site of a long demolished Eleanor cross (now occupied by a statue of King Charles I mounted on a horse) located at the former hamlet of Charing, at this point. Since the second half of the eighteenth century Charing Cross has been seen as the centre of London. It is the primary of the central datum points for measuring distances from London along with the London Stone and the doors of St Mary-le-Bow church.
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Charlton, London
Charlton is inner suburb of southeast London, England, and part of the London Borough of Greenwich. It is located east-southeast of Charing Cross. Charlton next Woolwich was an ancient parish in the county of Kent, which became part of the metropolitan area of London in 1855. It is home to Charlton Athletic F.C. and the location of Charlton House.
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Chatham Dockyard
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Chelsea, London
Chelsea is an area of Central London, England, bounded to the south by the River Thames, where its frontage runs from Chelsea Bridge along the Chelsea Embankment, Cheyne Walk, Lots Road and Chelsea Harbour. Its eastern boundary was once defined by the River Westbourne, which is now in a pipe above Sloane Square tube station. The modern eastern boundary is Chelsea Bridge Road and the lower half of Sloane Street, including Sloane Square, along with parts of Belgravia . To the north and northwest, the area fades into Knightsbridge and South Kensington, but it is safe to say that the area north of King's Road as far northwest as Fulham Road is part of Chelsea.
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Chessington
{{infobox UK place|
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Chingford
Chingford is a town in northeast London, England, and part of the London Borough of Waltham Forest. It is a suburban town situated northeast of Charing Cross. To the north and east of Chingford is Epping Forest and the boundary with Essex. To the west are the William Girling and King George V reservoirs, known collectively as the Chingford reservoirs, and the River Lea.
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Chislehurst
Chislehurst () is a suburban settlement in south east London, England and an electoral ward of the London Borough of Bromley.
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Chiswick
Chiswick () is a large suburb of west London, England and part of the London Borough of Hounslow. It is located on a meander of the River Thames, west of Charing Cross and is one of 35 major centres identified in the London Plan. It was historically an ancient parish in the county of Middlesex, with an agrarian and fishing economy. Having good communications with London from an early time the area became a popular country retreat, and as part of the suburban growth of London in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the population of Chiswick significantly expanded. With neighbouring Brentford, it became a municipal borough in 1932 and has formed part of Greater London since 1965.
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City of London
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City of Westminster
The City of Westminster () is a London borough occupying much of the central area of London, England, including most of the West End. It is located to the west of and adjoining the ancient City of London, directly to the east of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea , and its southern boundary is the River Thames. It is an Inner London borough and was created in 1965 when Greater London was established. At its creation Westminster was awarded city status, which had been previously held by the smaller Metropolitan Borough of Westminster. Aside from a number of large parks and open spaces, the density of the district is high. Many sites thought of as being in London are actually in Westminster, including Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament, and 10 Downing Street. The city is divided into a number of localities including the ancient political district of Westminster around the Palace of Westminster; the shopping areas around Oxford Street, Regent Street, Piccadilly and Bond Street; and the night time entertainment district of Soho. Much of the city is residential, and in 2008 it was estimated to have a population of 236,000. The local authority is Westminster City Council.
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Clapham
Clapham is a district in south London, England, located in the London Borough of Lambeth.
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Clerkenwell
Clerkenwell () is an area of Central London in the London Borough of Islington. From 1900 to 1965 it was part of the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury. The well after which it was named was rediscovered in 1924. The watchmaking and watch repairing trades were once of great importance. Clerkenwell was once known as London's "Little Italy" because of the large number of Italians living in the area from the 1850s until the 1960s.
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Convoys Wharf
Convoys Wharf, formerly called the King's Yard, is the site of Deptford Dockyard, the first of the Royal Dockyards, built on a riverside site in Deptford, by the River Thames in London. It was first developed in 1513 by Henry VIII to build vessels for the Royal Navy. Convoys Wharf also covers most of the site of Sayes Court manor house and gardens, home of diarist John Evelyn. The site was owned until 2008 by News International, which used it to import newsprint and other paper products from Finland until early 2000. It is now owned by Hutchison Whampoa Limited and is subject to a planning application to convert it into residential units, though it has safeguarded wharf status.
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Cornwall
Cornwall (; ) is a ceremonial county and unitary authority of England, United Kingdom, forming the tip of the south-western peninsula of Great Britain. It is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Taken with the Isles of Scilly, Cornwall has a population of , and covers an area of . The administrative centre and only city is Truro.
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Coulsdon
Coulsdon (pronounced by the majority of its inhabitants now, although well into the 20th century the local pronunciation was 'Colesdon') is a town on the southernmost boundary of the London Borough of Croydon. It is surrounded by the Metropolitan Green Belt of the Farthing Down, Coulsdon Common and Kenley Common. The modern area designated Coulsdon comprises Old Coulsdon, which was the older and first settlement, and Smitham Bottom, which grew substantially with the coming of the railways.
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Cricklewood
Cricklewood is a district of North London, England whose northeastern part is in the London Borough of Barnet, western part is the London Borough of Brent and southeastern part is in London Borough of Camden.
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Croydon
Croydon is a town in south London, England, located in the London Borough of Croydon. It is situated south of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 11 metropolitan centres in Greater London.
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Dagenham
Dagenham is a large suburb in east London, England, forming the eastern part of the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham and located east of Charing Cross. It was historically an agrarian village in the county of Essex and remained mostly undeveloped until 1921 when the London County Council began construction of the large Becontree estate. The population of the area significantly increased during the 20th century, with the parish of Dagenham becoming an urban district in 1926 and a municipal borough in 1938. It has formed part of Greater London since 1965 and is a predominantly residential area, with some areas of declining industrial activity, including the Ford Dagenham assembly plant. The population is set to rise as the southern part of Dagenham, adjacent to the River Thames, forms part of the London Riverside section of the Thames Gateway redevelopment area.
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Deptford
Deptford () is an area on the south bank of the River Thames in south-east London. It is named after a ford of the River Ravensbourne, and from the mid 16th century to the late 19th was home to Deptford Dockyard, the first of the Royal Dockyards. This was a major shipbuilding dock and attracted Peter the Great to come and study shipbuilding. Deptford and the docks are associated with the knighting of Sir Francis Drake by Queen Elizabeth I aboard the Golden Hind, the legend of Sir Walter Raleigh laying down his cape for Elizabeth, Captain James Cook's third voyage aboard Resolution, and the mysterious murder of Christopher Marlowe in a house along Deptford Strand.
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Deptford Creek
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Deptford Dockyard
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Deptford Market
Deptford Market is a fruit & vegetable and antiques and bric-a-brac market located in Deptford, south east London.
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Dover
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Downham
Downham is a district occupying much of the boundary between the London Borough of Lewisham and the London Borough of Bromley; it is the name of an electoral ward covering much of the area on the Lewisham side. Downham was named in honour of Lord Downham, who was chairman of the London County Council between 1919-20.
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Ealing
Ealing is a district in west London, England, located in the London Borough of Ealing. It is situated west of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of the metropolitan centres in Greater London, and is often referred to as the "Queen of the Suburbs".
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East Ham
East Ham is a suburban district of London, England, and part of the London Borough of Newham. It is a built-up district located 8 miles (12.8 km) east-northeast of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Edmonton, London
Edmonton is an area in the east of the London Borough of Enfield, England, United Kingdom with a long history as a settlement distinct from Enfield. The man-made River Lee Diversion adjoins the east of Edmonton and forms the boundaries between Enfield and Chingford in Waltham Forest, east London.
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Eltham
Eltham () is a district of south London, England, located in the London Borough of Greenwich. It is situated east south-east of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Enfield Town
Enfield Town is a area in the London Borough of Enfield, North London. It is north north-east of Charing Cross. Although the area now has none of the official attributes of a town, 'Town' remains the name of one of the wards of the borough. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Erith
Erith () is a place in the London Borough of Bexley, southeast London on the River Thames. Erith's town centre has undergone a series of modernisations since 1961.
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Feltham
Feltham () is a town in the London Borough of Hounslow, west London. It is located about west south west of central London at Charing Cross and from Heathrow Airport Central. It is the location of Feltham Young Offenders' Institution, situated near the town's border with Ashford and the neighbouring village of East Bedfont.
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Finchley
Finchley is a district in Barnet in north London, England. Finchley is on high ground, about out 11 km (7 miles) north of Charing Cross. It formed an ancient parish in the county of Middlesex, becoming a municipal borough in 1933, and has formed part of Greater London since 1965. It is predominantly a residential suburb, with three town centres.
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Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
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Forest Gate
Forest Gate is a residential area in the London Borough of Newham.
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Forest Hill, London
Forest Hill is a district of south London, England, located in the London Borough of Lewisham. It situated between Dulwich and Sydenham. The area has enjoyed extensive investment since plans to extend the East London Line to Forest Hill were unveiled in 2004.
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Fulham
Fulham () is an affluent area of southwest London in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, SW6 (the successor to the Metropolitan Borough of Fulham) located south west of Charing Cross. It is situated in between Putney and Chelsea. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Greater London
Greater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London, England, United Kingdom. The administrative area was officially created in 1965 and covers the City of London, including Middle Temple and Inner Temple, and the 32 London boroughs (including the City of Westminster). Its area also forms the London region of England and the London European Parliament constituency. The region has by far the highest GDP per capita in the United Kingdom. It covers 1572 km2 (607 square miles) and had a 2006 mid-year estimated population of 7,512,400. The term Greater London was in use before 1965 to refer to a variously defined area, larger than the County of London and often similar to the Metropolitan Police District.
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Greenwich
Greenwich ( -itch, -idge by incomers and Americans, or -idge by locals) is a district of South East London, England, located in the London Borough of Greenwich.
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Grove Park, Lewisham
Grove Park is an area, a suburb and electoral ward in the south-eastern corner of the London Borough of Lewisham. Early development grew up around Grove Park railway station in the 19th century, though there has been settlements located here since Celtic times. Much of it consists of a housing estate built by the Metropolitan Borough of Lewisham in the 1920s.
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Hackney Central
Hackney Central is the central district of the London Borough of Hackney in London, England. It comprises the area roughly surrounding, and extending north from Mare Street. It is situated north east of Charing Cross. It is also the name of Hackney Central ward, an electoral division for Hackney Council.
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Hammersmith
Hammersmith is an urban centre in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in west London, approximately 5 miles (8 km) west of Charing Cross on the north bank of the River Thames. One of west London's key transport hubs and commercial and employment centres, and home to several multinational company offices, it is focused on the two London Underground stations, bus station and road network node at Hammersmith Broadway. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Hampstead
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Harrow, London
Harrow is a area in the London Borough of Harrow, northwest London. It is a suburb situated 12.2 miles (16.4 km) northwest of Charing Cross. It is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan and in Boris Johnson's draft replacement London Plan the central area,to be known as the Harrow and Wealdstone Intensification Area, is identified for growth of at least 1,500 new homes and 2,000 jobs.
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Hatcham
Hatcham was a manor and later chapelry in what is now London, England. It corresponds to the area around New Cross Gate station in the London Borough of Lewisham.
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Hectare
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Hendon
Hendon is a London suburb situated northwest of Charing Cross.
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Highams Park
Highams Park is a district in the London Borough of Waltham Forest, England, adjacent to Epping Forest. The forest at Highams Park contains a boating lake formed by Humphry Repton after damming the River Ching. There are parks and basic shopping facilities such as Budgens, but no major supermarket. Tesco made numerous planning applications to build a store on part of the industrial estate. Initial plans made in 2007 were rejected by then Local Government Secretary Ruth Kelly although a revised planning application was passed in 2009 despite the efforts of some local residents to stop the application going ahead.
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Highbury
Highbury is an area in the London Borough of Islington.
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Highgate
Highgate is an area of North London on the north-eastern corner of Hampstead Heath.
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Hillingdon
Hillingdon is a place in the London Borough of Hillingdon. It is a suburban development situated 14.2 miles (22.8 km) west of Charing Cross.
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Hither Green
Hither Green is a district in south London, England, located in the London Borough of Lewisham. It is situated 6.6 miles (10.6 km) south east of Charing Cross, and on the Prime Meridian.
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Holborn
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Holloway, London
Holloway is an inner-city district in the London Borough of Islington located 3.8 miles north of Charing Cross and follows for the most part, the line of the Holloway Road (A1 road). At the centre of Holloway is the Nag's Head area. It is home to a very multicultural population and is one of the most densely populated areas of London.
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Honor Oak
Honor Oak is an inner suburban area principally of the London Borough of Lewisham, with part in the Southwark. The name originates from Oak of Honor Hill, or One Tree Hill. On 1 May 1602, Elizabeth I picnicked with Sir Richard Bulkeley of Beaumaris in the Lewisham area by an oak tree at the summit of a hill. The tree came to be known as the Oak of Honor. The tree surrounded by railings is an oak, planted c1905 and a successor to the historic one.
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Hook, London
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Hornchurch
{{Infobox UK place|
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Hounslow
Hounslow is the principal town in the London Borough of Hounslow. It is a suburban development situated 10.6 miles (17 km) west south-west of Charing Cross. It forms a post town in the TW postcode area.
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Ilford
Ilford is a large suburban town in northeast London, England and the administrative headquarters of the London Borough of Redbridge. It is located northeast of Charing Cross and is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan. It forms a significant commercial and retail centre surrounded by extensive residential development. Ilford was historically a small rural settlement in the county of Essex and its strategic position on the River Roding and the London to Colchester road caused it to develop as a coaching town. The arrival of the railway in 1839 eventually accelerated that growth and as part of the suburban growth of London in the 20th century, Ilford significantly expanded and increased in population, becoming a municipal borough in 1926 and has formed part of Greater London since 1965.
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Isle of Dogs
The Isle of Dogs is a former island in the East End of London that is bounded on three sides (east, south and west) by one of the largest meanders in the River Thames.
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Isleworth
Isleworth is a small town of Saxon origin sited within the London Borough of Hounslow in west London, England. It lies immediately east of the town of Hounslow and west of the River Thames and its tributary the River Crane. Isleworth's original area of settlement, alongside the Thames, is known as 'Old Isleworth'. The north-west corner of the town, bordering on Osterley to the north and Lampton to the west, is known as 'Spring Grove'.
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Islington
Islington () is the central district of the London Borough of Islington. It is an inner-city district in London, spanning from Islington High Street to Highbury Fields, encompassing the area around the busy Upper Street. The name is now also often applied to the areas of the borough close to Upper Street such as Barnsbury, Canonbury, and De Beauvoir Town, developed in the Georgian era.
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Kensal Green
Kensal Green is a neighbourhood in the London Borough of Brent. The area is also referred to as Kensal Rise.
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Kensington
Kensington is a district of west London, England within the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. An affluent and densely-populated area, its commercial heart is Kensington High Street and it contains the well-known museum district of South Kensington.
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Kent
Kent (), originally Cantia, is a county in southeast England, and is one of the home counties. It borders East Sussex, Surrey and Greater London and has a defined boundary with Essex in the middle of the River Thames estuary. The ceremonial county boundaries of Kent include the shire county of Kent and the unitary borough of Medway. Kent has a nominal border with France halfway through the Channel Tunnel. Maidstone is its county town and historically Rochester and Canterbury have been accorded city status, though only the latter still holds it.
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Kentish Town
Kentish Town is an area of north west London, England in the London Borough of Camden.
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Kidbrooke
Kidbrooke is a district of south London, England, located in the London Borough of Greenwich.
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Kilburn, London
Kilburn is an area of north west London, England, which is divided between three London Boroughs, Brent, Camden, and a small part in Westminster. The main thoroughfare running northwest-southeast is Kilburn High Road, part of the modern A5 road which forms the boundary between the boroughs of Brent and Camden. The road dates back to pre-Roman times and is part of the Roman road known as Watling Street. The town of Kilburn has its origins in a 12th century priory on the banks of the Kilburn Brook. Kilburn today is a busy and multicultural London district. It has the highest Irish population of any London area, as well as a large Afro-Caribbean population. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Kingston upon Thames
Kingston upon Thames is the principal settlement of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames in southwest London. It was the ancient market town where Saxon kings were crowned and is now a suburb situated south west of Charing Cross. It is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan.
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Lambeth
Lambeth is a district of south London, England, and part of the London Borough of Lambeth. It is situated southeast of Charing Cross.
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Lee, London
Lee (also Lee Green) is a district of south London, England, located mostly in the London Borough of Lewisham and partly in the London Borough of Greenwich. The district lies to the east of Lewisham, one mile west of Eltham, and one mile south of Blackheath village. Lee is within the postcode district and was originally the district's name; Lee Green is the name of the electoral ward covering the area of Lee within the Lewisham Borough.
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Leslie Hotson
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Lewisham
Lewisham is a district in south London, England, located in the London Borough of Lewisham. It is situated south-east of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Leyton
Leyton is an area of east London and part of the London Borough of Waltham Forest, located north east of Charing Cross. It borders Walthamstow and Leytonstone; Stratford in Newham; and Homerton and Lower Clapton in the London Borough of Hackney.
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London Fire Brigade
The London Fire Brigade (LFB) is the statutory fire and rescue service for London, England. It is run by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority and is the fourth-largest fire service in the world with nearly 7,000 staff, of which 5,800 are operational firefighters and officers. In October 2007, Ron Dobson was appointed as the Commissioner for Fire and Emergency Planning, which includes the position of Chief Fire Officer. Mr. Dobson took over from Sir Ken Knight who had been commissioner since 2003.
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Mary Rose
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Marylebone
Marylebone (, ) is an affluent, inner-city area of central London, located within the City of Westminster. It is sometimes written as St. Marylebone or Mary-le-bone.
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Mayfair
Mayfair is an area of central London, England, within the City of Westminster.
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Mitcham
Mitcham is a district in South London, in the London Borough of Merton. The area is located on the border of Inner London and Outer London. It is both residentially and financially developed, well served by Transport for London, and home to Mitcham Town Centre, Mitcham Library, and Mitcham Cricket Green. Nearby districts include Streatham, Tooting, Sutton, and Croydon.
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Morden
Morden is a district in the London Borough of Merton. It is located approximately South-southwest of central London between Merton Park (to the north), Mitcham (to the east), Sutton (to the south) and Worcester Park (to the west).
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Mottingham
Mottingham is a district of south London, England; located at the convergence of the London Borough of Bromley, the London Borough of Lewisham and the London Borough of Greenwich. It is situated southeast of Charing Cross.
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Muswell Hill
Muswell Hill is a suburb of north London, mostly in the London Borough of Haringey. It is situated about north of Charing Cross. Muswell Hill is in the N10 postal district and mostly in the Hornsey and Wood Green parliamentary constituency.
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New Cross
New Cross is a district of south London, England, located in the London Borough of Lewisham. It is situated 4 miles south-east of Charing Cross.
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New Eltham
New Eltham is a commuter suburb in the London Borough of Greenwich, England, although the Dulverton catchment area to the North side of Footscray Road falls within the London Borough of Bexley.
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New Malden
New Malden is a town and shopping centre in the south-western London suburbs, mostly within the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames and partly in the London Borough of Merton, and is situated from Charing Cross.Nearby towns are Worcester Park and Surbiton
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Ofsted
The '''Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills (Ofsted''') is the non-ministerial government department of Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Schools In England (HMCI).
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Orpington
Orpington is a suburban town and electoral ward in the London Borough of Bromley. It forms the southeastern edge of London's urban sprawl and is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Paddington
Paddington is an area of the City of Westminster, in Central London, England. Formerly a metropolitan borough, it was integrated with Westminster and Greater London in 1965.It is known around the world for Paddington bear. Three important landmarks of the district are Paddington station, designed by the celebrated engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel and opened in 1847; St Mary's Hospital and Paddington Green police station (the most important high-security police station in the United Kingdom).
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Peckham
Peckham () is a district in south London, England, located in the London Borough of Southwark. It is situated south-east of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London. The 2001 Census found that Peckham had a population of 11,381 and the Office for National Statistics estimated 19,500 residents in 2005.
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Penge
Penge is a suburb of London in the London Borough of Bromley. It is located south east of Charing Cross.
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Pinner
Pinner is a suburb in the London Borough of Harrow in Greater London, England, north west of Charing Cross. The area was in the county of Middlesex until 1965, when it was absorbed by the London Government Act 1963 into Greater London.
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Plumstead
Plumstead is a district of south London, England, located in the London Borough of Greenwich.
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Plymouth
Plymouth () is a city and unitary authority area on the coast of Devon, England, about south-west of London. It is built between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west, where they join Plymouth Sound. Since 1967 the City of Plymouth has included the suburbs of Plympton and Plymstock, which are on the east side of the River Plym.
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Poplar, London
Poplar is an area of the East End of London in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. Poplar is about east of Charing Cross.
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Portsmouth
Portsmouth () is a city located in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England. Portsmouth is the United Kingdom's only island city, being mainly located on Portsea Island. The City of Portsmouth and Portsmouth Football Club are both nicknamed Pompey. As a significant naval port for centuries, Portsmouth is home to the world's oldest dry dock still in use and also home to some famous ships, including HMS Warrior and Lord Nelson's flagship HMS Victory. Although smaller than in its heyday, the naval base remains a major dockyard and base for the Royal Navy and Royal Marine Commandos whose Headquarters resides there. There is also a thriving commercial ferryport serving destinations on the continent for freight and passenger traffic. The nickname Pompey is thought to have derived from shipping entering Portsmouth harbour making an entry in their logs as Pom. P. in reference to Portsmouth Point. Navigational charts also use this abbreviation.
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Public Record Office
The Public Record Office (PRO) of the United Kingdom is one of the three organisations that make up the National Archives (the others are the Historical Manuscripts Commission, and the Office of Public Sector Information). The name is no longer used officially, though many scholars prefer to continue to use it since there is the possibility of confusion with the National Archives of several other countries. It has been all too often called the Public Records Office, though it should be singular.
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Putney
Putney is a district in south London, England, located in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It is situated south-west of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Richmond, London
{{Infobox UK place
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River Ravensbourne
The River Ravensbourne is a tributary of the River Thames in South London, England. It flows into the River Thames on the Tideway at Deptford, where its tidal reach is known as Deptford Creek.
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Romford
Romford is a large suburban town in northeast London, England and the administrative headquarters of the London Borough of Havering. It is located northeast of Charing Cross and is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan. It was historically a market town in the county of Essex and formed the administrative centre of the liberty of Havering, until it was dissolved in 1892. Good road links and the opening of the railway station in 1839 were key to the development of the town and the economic history of Romford is underpinned by a shift from agriculture to light industry and more recently to retail and commerce. As part of the suburban growth of London in the 20th century, Romford significantly expanded and increased in population, becoming a municipal borough in 1937 and has formed part of Greater London since 1965. It now forms one of the largest commercial, retail, entertainment and leisure districts outside central London and has a developed night time economy.
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Rotherhithe
Rotherhithe () is a district in inner southeast London, England and part of the London Borough of Southwark. It is located on a peninsula on the south bank of the Thames, facing Wapping and the Isle of Dogs on the north bank, and is a part of the Docklands area. It's next door to Deptford to the south east and Bermondsey to the west.
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Ruislip
Ruislip ( ) is a town in west London, England and it is part of the London Borough of Hillingdon.
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Sayes Court
Located in Deptford, in the London Borough of Lewisham and on the Thames Path, Sayes Court once attracted throngs to visit its celebrated garden created by the seventeenth century diarist John Evelyn. Now completely buried beneath Convoy's Wharf and the run down and vandalised Sayes Court Park, the area shows little sign of its former glory, despite having been a key factor in the creation of the National Trust.
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Shepherd's Bush
'''Shepherd's Bush (also Shepherds Bush''') is an area of west London in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, situated west of Charing Cross. Although it is primarily residential in character, its focus is the shopping area of Shepherds Bush Green, the north side of which is home to the Westfield shopping centre, the largest urban shopping centre in Europe. The south side also has a smaller shopping centre, West 12, with a supermarket, cinema and gym. The main thoroughfares are Uxbridge Road, Goldhawk Road and Askew Road, all containing a large number of small and mostly independent shops, pubs and restaurants. Loftus Road in Shepherd's Bush is home to Queen's Park Rangers football club.
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Shooter's Hill
'''Shooter's Hill (or Shooters Hill''') is a district and electoral ward in south London, England, located in the London Borough of Greenwich. It lies east of Blackheath and west of Welling, south of Woolwich and north of Eltham. It is one of the highest points in London.
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Shoreditch
Shoreditch is an area of London within the London Borough of Hackney. It is a built-up part of the inner city immediately to the north of the City of London, located east north east of Charing Cross.
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Sidcup
Sidcup is a suburban development in the London Borough of Bexley, South East London. Located south east of Charing Cross, Sidcup is bordered by both the London Borough of Bromley and Kent County Council and whilst now part of Greater London, was once referred to as the gateway to Kent.
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Soho
Soho is an area of the City of Westminster and part of the West End of London, the capital of the UK. Long established as an entertainment district, for much of the 20th century Soho had a reputation for sex shops as well as night life and film industry. Since the early 1980s, the area has undergone considerable transformation. It now is predominantly a fashionable district of upmarket restaurants and media offices, with only a small remnant of "sex industry" venues in the west.
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South London
South London is the southern part of London, England. It is an imprecise description and the area it covers is defined differently for a range of purposes. Common to these definitions is that it includes all districts located south of the River Thames and is used in comparison with North London.
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South Norwood
South Norwood is an urban town and in south London, England, in the London Borough of Croydon. It is a suburban development 7.8 miles (12.5 km) south-east of Charing Cross. South Norwood is an electoral with a resident population in 2001 of just over 14,000. A tributary of the River Wandle, which rises in Merton, ends in South Norwood.
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Southall
Southall is a large suburban district of west London, England, and part of the London Borough of Ealing. It is situated west of Charing Cross. Neighbouring places include Yeading, Hayes, Hanwell, Heston, Hounslow, Greenford and Northolt. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Southgate, London
Southgate is an area of north London, England, primarily within the London Borough of Enfield, although parts of its western fringes lie within the London Borough of Barnet. It is located about north of Charing Cross. The name is derived from being the south gate to Enfield Chase. It is a suburb of wide tree-lined roads.
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Southwark
Southwark is a district of London, England, and the administrative headquarters of the London Borough of Southwark. Situated east of Charing Cross, it forms one of the oldest parts of central London and fronts the River Thames to the north. It historically formed an ancient borough in the county of Surrey, made up of a number of parishes, which increasingly came under the influence and jurisdiction of the City of London. As an inner district of London, Southwark experienced rapid depopulation during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is now at an advanced stage of regeneration and is the location of the City Hall offices of the Greater London Authority.
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St Johns, London
St Johns, or Deptford New Town, is a small residential area in the south of Deptford in south east London. It covers an area of approximately 0.2 square kilometers (less than 0.1 square miles) around St Johns railway station, and is approximately equidistant from the centres of Greenwich, Lewisham and Deptford. The border between the London Boroughs of Lewisham and Greenwich skirts the north-eastern edge of the area.
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St. Paul's, Deptford
'''St Paul's, Deptford''' is one of London's finest Baroque parish churches. It was designed by architect Thomas Archer and built between 1712 and 1730 in Deptford, which was then in Kent but is now part of South East London. It was one of the 50 churches that were to be built by the New Church Commissioners, although only 12 were ultimately constructed.
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Stepney
Stepney is an inner-city area in the East End of London that grew out of a medieval village around St Dunstan's church and the 15th century ribbon development of Mile End Road. The area was rapidly built up in the 19th century, mainly to accommodate immigrant workers and displaced London poor, and developed a reputation for poverty, overcrowding, violence and political dissent. It was severely damaged during the Blitz, with over a third of housing totally destroyed, and then 1960s slum clearance and development replaced most residential streets with tower blocks and modern housing estates, though some Georgian architecture and Victorian era terraced housing survive in patches, such as Arbour Square, the eastern side of Stepney Green and the streets around Matlock Street.
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Stoke Newington
Stoke Newington is a district in the London Borough of Hackney. It is north-east of Charing Cross.
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Stratford, London
Stratford is a district in northeast London, England and part of the London Borough of Newham. It is located east northeast of Charing Cross and is one of the major centres identified in the London Plan. It was historically an agrarian settlement in the ancient parish of West Ham, which transformed into an industrial suburb following the introduction of the railway in 1839. As part of the growth of London in the late 19th century, Stratford significantly expanded and increased in population, becoming the centre of administration of the Borough of West Ham in 1886 and it has formed part of Greater London since 1965. The more recent economic history is underpinned by a move away from railway works and heavy industry towards becoming a significant commercial and cultural centre. Stratford is adjacent to the London Olympic Park and is currently experiencing regeneration and expansion linked to the 2012 Summer Olympics.
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Streatham
Streatham () is a district in South London, England, located in the London Borough of Lambeth. It is situated south of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Surbiton
Surbiton, a suburban area of London in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, is a town next to the River Thames, populated with a mixture of Art-Deco courts, spacious and grand late-19th century townhouses blending into a sea of semi-detached 20th century housing estates.
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Surrey
Surrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties. The county borders Greater London, Kent, East Sussex, West Sussex, Hampshire, Buckinghamshire and Berkshire. The historic county town is Guildford. Surrey County Council sits at Kingston upon Thames, although this has been part of Greater London since 1965.
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Sutton, London
Sutton is a large suburban town in southwest London, England, and the administrative headquarters of the London Borough of Sutton. It is located south-southwest of Charing Cross and is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan. The town was connected to central London by rail in 1847. As part of the suburban growth of London in the 20th century, Sutton significantly expanded and increased in population, becoming a municipal borough with neighbouring Cheam in 1934, and has formed part of Greater London since 1965. It now forms a significant civic and retail district.
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Sydenham
Sydenham, , is an area and electoral ward in the London Borough of Lewisham; although some streets towards Crystal Palace Park, Forest Hill and Penge are outside the ward and in the London Borough of Bromley, and some streets off Sydenham Hill are in the London Borough of Southwark. Sydenham was in Kent until 1889 when the County of London was created. The population of the ward in was {{formatnum:, Upper Sydenham is included in Forest Hill ward.
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Sydenham Hill
For other uses of 'Sydenham', see Sydenham (disambiguation).
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Teddington
Teddington is a suburban area in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in south west London, on the north bank of the River Thames, between Hampton Wick and Twickenham. It stretches inland from the River Thames to Bushy Park. Formerly it was in the county of Middlesex, which was formerly also its postal county.
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Thamesmead
Thamesmead is a district of south London, England, located in the London Boroughs of Greenwich and Bexley. It is situated east of Charing Cross.
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Tolworth
Tolworth is a mostly residential area of outer South London in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, located south west of Charing Cross. Neighbouring places include: New Malden, Kingston, Surbiton, Berrylands, Chessington, Ewell and Worcester Park.
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Tooting
Tooting is a district in south London, England, located in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It is situated south south-west of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Tottenham
Tottenham () is a district of north London, England in the London Borough of Haringey, situated northeast of Charing Cross.
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Trinity House
The Corporation of Trinity House of Deptford Strond is the official General Lighthouse Authority for England, Wales and other British territorial waters (with the exception of Scotland, the Isle of Man, Northern Ireland). It is responsible for the provision and maintenance of navigational aids such as lighthouses, lightvessels, buoys and maritime radio/satellite communication systems. Trinity House is also the official deep sea pilotage authority providing expert navigators for ships trading in Northern European waters. It is a non-departmental public body.
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Twickenham
{{infobox UK place
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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Upminster
{{infobox UK place|
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Upper Clapton
Upper Clapton is a district in the London Borough of Hackney. It is bounded by the Hackney districts of Stamford Hill to the west, Lower Clapton and Lea Bridge to the south and the Haringey district of South Tottenham to the north. To the east is the River Lea (spelt Lea or Lee), on the other side of which is the expanse of the Walthamstow Marshes, part of which is in the Lee Valley Park.
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Uxbridge
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Walthamstow
:This article is about a town. For the album by East 17 see Walthamstow (album).
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Wandsworth
:This article refers only to the town of Wandsworth. For the wider area generally referred to as Wandsworth, see the separate article on London Borough of Wandsworth.
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Wanstead
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Wapping
Wapping ( ) is a place in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets which forms part of the Docklands to the east of the City of London. It is situated between the north bank of the River Thames and the ancient thoroughfare simply called The Highway. Wapping's proximity to the river has given it a strong maritime character, which it retains through its riverside public houses and steps, such as the Prospect of Whitby and Wapping Stairs.
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War Office
The War Office was a department of the British Government, responsible for the administration of the British Army between the 17th century and 1963, when its functions were transferred to the Ministry of Defence. The name "War Office" is also often given to the former home of the department, the Old War Office Building on Horse Guards Avenue, London.
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Wealdstone
Wealdstone is an area in the London Borough of Harrow, north west London.
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Welling
Welling is a district in the London Borough of Bexley , South East London. It is a suburban development situated between Shooter's Hill and Bexleyheath north of the A2 road and 10.5 miles (16.9 km) east south-east of Charing Cross.
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Wembley
Wembley is an area of northwest London, England, and part of the London Borough of Brent. It is home to the famous Wembley Stadium and Wembley Arena.
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West Croydon station
West Croydon station is a transport interchange for National Rail and Tramlink services, as well as London Buses. It is in the London Borough of Croydon and Travelcard Zone 5. The East London line, part of London Overground, has been extended to the station, with services commencing on 23 May 2010.
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West Ham
West Ham is in the London Borough of Newham in London, England. In the west it is a post-industrial neighbourhood abutting the site of the London Olympic Park and in the east it is mostly residential, consisting of Victorian terraced housing interspersed with higher density post-War social housing. The area has been one of the most deprived in the country and as part of the New Deal for Communities programme it forms, with neighbouring Plaistow, a regeneration area. The place lends its name to West Ham United F.C..
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Westcombe Park
This article is about the London district. See Westcombe Park rugby club for details of the rugby club - now based in Orpington.
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Westminster
Westminster is an area of Central London, within the City of Westminster, England. It lies on the north bank of the River Thames, southwest of the City of London and southwest of Charing Cross. It has a large concentration of London's historic and prestigious landmarks and visitor attractions, including Buckingham Palace and Westminster Abbey.
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Whitechapel
Whitechapel is a built-up inner city district in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, London, England. It is located east of Charing Cross and roughly bounded by the Bishopsgate thoroughfare on the west, Fashion Street on the north, Brady Street and Cavell Street on the east and The Highway on the south. The resident population are of varied ethnic origin.
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Willesden
Willesden is an area in North West London which forms part of the London Borough of Brent. It is situated 5 miles (8 km) north west of Charing Cross. The area has strong links to Ireland and has a sizable Irish population, as well as a large Afro-Caribbean community.
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Wimbledon, London
Wimbledon is a district of south London, England, located in the London Borough of Merton. It is situated south-west of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London. For most of the past century, Wimbledon has been internationally known as the home of the Wimbledon Tennis Championships.
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Wood Green
Wood Green is a district in north London, England, located in the London Borough of Haringey. It is situated north of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of the metropolitan centres in Greater London.
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Woodford, London
Woodford is a large suburban town in northeast London, England, occupying the northwestern part of the London Borough of Redbridge. It is located approximately northeast of Charing Cross and is divided into the neighbourhoods of Woodford Green, Woodford Bridge and South Woodford. It was historically a string of agrarian villages surrounded by Epping Forest in the county of Essex until the clearing of the forest and improvement in communications caused the local economy to shift away from agriculture. As part of the suburban growth of London at the turn of the 20th century, Woodford significantly increased in population, becoming a municipal borough with neighbouring Wanstead in 1937 and has formed part of Greater London since 1965.
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Woolwich
Woolwich ( or ) is a district in south London, England, located in the London Borough of Greenwich. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Ben Willbond
Ben Willbond (b. Buckinghamshire, England, 18 January 1973) is a British comedian and actor with credits on television, radio and film, recently including Deep Trouble on BBC Radio 4 with actor & writer Jim Field Smith. He was formerly part of the comedy duo "Ben & Arn", who won "Best Newcomer" at the Perrier Award in 1999. He then went on to perform his solo character shows at several Edinburgh fringe festivals, the last being in 2005 which also starred Katy Brand and Jim Field Smith.
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Bob Mellish
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Brixton
Brixton is a district in south London, England, in the London Borough of Lambeth. It is miles south south-east of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Chaucer
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Christopher Marlowe
Christopher Marlowe (baptised 26 February 1564–30 May 1593) was an English dramatist, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. As the foremost Elizabethan tragedian, next to William Shakespeare, he is known for his blank verse, his overreaching protagonists, and his mysterious death.
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Danny Baker
Danny Baker (born 22 June 1957, Deptford, South London) is an English comedy writer, journalist, radio DJ and screenwriter. Since the late 1970s, he has worked for a wide range of publications and broadcasters including NME, LWT, the BBC, and Talk Radio. He currently presents daily on BBC London 94.9 and a weekly show on BBC Radio 5 Live.
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Denny Wright
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Eleanor Bull
Eleanor Bull, born perhaps about 1550, and was buried March 19, 1596 at Deptford. She married Richard Bull October 14, 1571 at St Mary-le-Bow, London.
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First World War
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Francis Drake
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Francis Meres
Francis Meres (1565 – 29 January 1647) was an English churchman and author.
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Geoffrey Chaucer
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George Julian Harney
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Grinling Gibbons
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Ingram Frizer
Ingram Frizer (died August 1627) was an English figure of the late 16th century and early 17th century who is notable for killing playwright Christopher Marlowe in the home of Eleanor Bull on 30 May 1593.
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John Betjeman
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John Evelyn
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John Gast
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John Hawkins
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Joseph Bazalgette
Sir Joseph William Bazalgette, CB (28 March 1819 – 15 March 1891) was an English civil engineer of the 19th century. As chief engineer of London's Metropolitan Board of Works his major achievement was the creation in response to "The Great Stink" of 1858 of a sewer network for central London which was instrumental in relieving the city from cholera epidemics, while beginning the cleansing of the River Thames.
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Leslie Hotson
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Michael An Gof
:"Michael Joseph" is also an imprint of the Penguin Group of publishers.
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Miles Copeland III
Miles Axe Copeland III (born May 2, 1944) is an American entertainment executive, best known for founding I.R.S. Records. His brother, Stewart Copeland, was part of the pop-rock trio The Police, which Miles managed. Another brother, Ian Copeland, was a successful booking agent who described much of the New Wave adventures of Miles, Stewart and himself in his book, Wild Thing.
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Nikolaus Pevsner
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Queen Elizabeth I
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Sarah Daniels
Sarah Daniels (born 1957) is a British dramatist. She has been a prolific writer since her first performed play was given a production at the Royal Court in 1981. Her plays have appeared at other venues including the National Theatre, the Battersea Arts Centre, the Crucible, Sheffield and Chicken Shed. She has also written episodes of the soap-operas Grange Hill, EastEnders and ''Holby City".
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Sidney Lee
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Sir Walter Raleigh
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Stewart Copeland
Stewart Armstrong Copeland (born July 16, 1952) is an American musician, best known as the drummer for the band The Police. During the group's extended hiatus from the mid-1980s to 2007, he played in other bands and composed soundtracks. Copeland was ranked by Rolling Stone magazine's reader poll as the fifth greatest drummer of all time.
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The Times
The Times is a daily national newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785, when it was known as The Daily Universal Register.
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Thomas Archer
Thomas Archer (1668–1743) was an English Baroque architect, whose work is somewhat overshadowed by that of his contemporaries Sir John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor. Archer was born at Umberslade Hall in Tanworth-in-Arden in Warwickshire, the youngest son of Thomas Archer, a country gentleman, Parliamentary Colonel, and Member of Parliament. He attended Trinity College, Oxford, from which he matriculated on 12 June 1686. After leaving university he went on a Grand Tour, spending four years abroad and was influenced by the work of Bernini and Borromini.
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Thomas Spert
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William John Evelyn
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World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
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Kenz TV- Deptford Madness Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Published: 10 Feb 2010
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Certified Deptford boys address a few situations on the streets as well as a special freestyle from mucky muckz, nuttaz, and ghotti
http://wn.com/Kenz_TV_Deptford_Madness_Part_1
Deptford....... Then and Now
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Published: 28 Jan 2010
- Updated: 06 Sep 2012
A brief history in photos of bygone days in Deptford, London olddeptfordhistory.com
http://wn.com/Deptford_Then_and_Now
RIP JAY VERSATILEZ - DEPTFORD - STREET VIDEO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:03
- Published: 21 May 2012
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
Tribute to our friend Johnson Ndjoli 21.05.1990 - 05.01.2010 may you rest in peace
http://wn.com/RIP_JAY_VERSATILEZ_DEPTFORD_STREET_VIDEO
Deptford EP [ Welcome to Deptford ]Video By @rapcitytv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Published: 19 Sep 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Ft Dex,Yung Dex,Iceman,Kass,Big Crooz
http://wn.com/Deptford_EP_Welcome_to_Deptford_Video_By_@rapcitytv
Deptford Goth - Life After Defo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:45
- Published: 04 Sep 2012
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Life After Defo : Available via Itunes : www.itunes.com/deptfordgoth This is the first single to be taken from the debut album , available early 2013 Video directed by Daniel Woolhouse
http://wn.com/Deptford_Goth_Life_After_Defo
The Secret History of Our Streets 1 Deptford High Street part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Published: 07 Jun 2012
- Updated: 06 Aug 2012
Im really sorry for the lag but I hope part 2 will be a bit better but I hope you will enjoy part 2 is coming soon.
http://wn.com/The_Secret_History_of_Our_Streets_1_Deptford_High_Street_part_1
Deptford Journeys
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:30
- Published: 19 Sep 2007
- Updated: 31 May 2012
Life and characters in Deptford, SE8 London
http://wn.com/Deptford_Journeys
Route 453: Marylebone - Deptford Bridge
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:52
- Published: 13 Mar 2012
- Updated: 31 Aug 2012
A Full Visual of Route 453. Route 453: Marylebone - Deptford Bridge operated by Go Ahead London.
http://wn.com/Route_453_Marylebone_Deptford_Bridge
Riots in Deptford, London, August 8 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:09
- Published: 09 Aug 2011
- Updated: 02 Mar 2012
Footage of riots in Deptford, London along and near Deptford High Street, the third day after the Tottenham riots.
http://wn.com/Riots_in_Deptford,_London,_August_8_2011
Deptford NJROTC drill competition at Cherokee High School
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:00
- Published: 15 Oct 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Deptford NJROTC at Cherokee High School drill competition on 10/13/2012. Won third in armed and unarmed drill first in color guard
http://wn.com/Deptford_NJROTC_drill_competition_at_Cherokee_High_School
gangnam deptford style
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:02
- Published: 19 Oct 2012
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
What a brilliant week
http://wn.com/gangnam_deptford_style
Sh*t West Deptford Kids Say
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Published: 05 Feb 2012
- Updated: 27 Jun 2012
**NOT MEANT DIRECTLY TO ANYONE WE MADE FUN OF OURSELVES ALSO** subscribe to this channel!
http://wn.com/Sh*t_West_Deptford_Kids_Say
Bill Gates speaks at a school in Deptford, South London
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:09
- Published: 25 Jan 2012
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
Microsoft billionaire Bill Gates tells pupils about his foundation and how he got started. Report by Jeremy Barnes. Like us on Facebook at www.facebook.com and follow us on Twitter at twitter.com
http://wn.com/Bill_Gates_speaks_at_a_school_in_Deptford,_South_London
ESKA - To Be Remembered (live at Deptford Town Hall)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Published: 23 Apr 2012
- Updated: 04 Sep 2012
Filmed by The Keep Productions www.enterthekeep.co.uk
http://wn.com/ESKA_To_Be_Remembered_live_at_Deptford_Town_Hall
IGI SEKELE LIVE @ DEPTFORD LONDON 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:54
- Published: 02 Mar 2012
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
ALHAJI TAOFQ AMAO IGI SEKELE LIVE AT DEPTFORD LONDON, 23-10-2010 RECORDED BY KENNY JOKER ENTERTAINMENT , LONDON (UK)
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IGI SEKELE LIVE @ DEPTFORD LONDON 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:14
- Published: 02 Mar 2012
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
ALHAJI TAOFQ AMAO IGI SEKELE LIVE AT DEPTFORD LONDON, 23-10-2010 RECORDED BY KENNY JOKER ENTERTAINMENT , LONDON (UK)
http://wn.com/IGI_SEKELE_LIVE_@_DEPTFORD_LONDON_2
JAH SHAKA LIVE @DEPTFORD 1986 #2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:44
- Published: 01 Jun 2012
- Updated: 06 Jun 2012
ARKLOW RD
http://wn.com/JAH_SHAKA_LIVE_@DEPTFORD_1986_2
Robin Hood: Men in Tights Deptford High Talent Show 2005
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:57
- Published: 06 Feb 2012
- Updated: 04 Aug 2012
Tony Mango, Frank Grassia, Augie DiBernardo, and Brian Ingram perform a sketch and the song from Robin Hood: Men in Tights at the Deptford High School 2005 Talent Show. We're men, we're men in tights. We roam around the forest looking for fights. We're men, we're men in tights. We rob from the rich and give to the poor, that's right! We may look like sissies, but watch what you say or else we'll put out your lights! We're men, we're men in tights, Always on guard defending the people's rights. We're men, manly men, we're men in tights - yes! We roam around the forest looking for fights. We're men, we're men in tights. We rob from the rich and give to the poor, that's right! We may look like pansies, but don't get us wrong or else we'll put out your lights. We're men, we're men in tights - TIGHT tights Always on guard defending the people's rights. When you're in a fix just call for the men in tights! WE'RE BUTCH! www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/Robin_Hood_Men_in_Tights_Deptford_High_Talent_Show_2005
Deptford Mall Grade-In
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Published: 23 Mar 2011
- Updated: 26 Jun 2012
Frank McCulley and 106 of his colleagues converged on the Deptford Mall food court, took a seat and for two hours did in public something usually done in private. They graded papers, wrote lesson plans, and created instructional materials. They decided the best way to let the public know all they do was to move their grading and prepping from the kitchen table to a table at the food court.
http://wn.com/Deptford_Mall_Grade-In
West Deptford 2011 BMX/Skate Montage!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:32
- Published: 24 Feb 2012
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
Featuring: Chris Girouard (me), Kyle Drum, Tommy Enright, Justin Parker, Nick Elison, Steve Buck, George Bradley, Mike Curtis. Check this out. School project. Like and subscribe.
http://wn.com/West_Deptford_2011_BMX_Skate_Montage!
HADDONFIELD WEST DEPTFORD FOOTBALL SECOND HALF
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 61:56
- Published: 13 Oct 2011
- Updated: 13 Oct 2011
DEPTFORD GOTH / YOUTH II
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:43
- Published: 25 Jan 2012
- Updated: 27 Jul 2012
Chuck E Cheese Deptford January 2012 segment 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:38
- Published: 28 Jan 2012
- Updated: 12 Oct 2012
This is segment 2 of the January 2012 show at the 1-stage in Deptford, New Jersey. This store once housed a Road Stage, and the location was remodeled in 2007. Filmed on 1/25/2012.
http://wn.com/Chuck_E_Cheese_Deptford_January_2012_segment_2
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'Block, Scoop, and Score' pays off for Vikings
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For other uses, see Deptford (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 51°28′41″N 0°01′35″W / 51.4780°N 0.0265°W / 51.4780; -0.0265
| Deptford | |
 An anchor in Deptford High Street links Deptford to its Dockyard history |
|
 Deptford
Deptford shown within Greater London |
|
| OS grid reference | TQ365775 |
|---|---|
| - Charing Cross | 4.7 mi (7.6 km) WNW |
| London borough | Lewisham |
| Greenwich | |
| Ceremonial county | Greater London |
| Region | London |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | LONDON |
| Postcode district | SE8 |
| Dialling code | 020 |
| Police | Metropolitan |
| Fire | London |
| Ambulance | London |
| EU Parliament | London |
| UK Parliament | Lewisham Deptford |
| Greenwich and Woolwich | |
| London Assembly | Greenwich and Lewisham |
| List of places: UK • England • London | |
Deptford (
/ˈdɛtfəd/) is a district of south London, England, on the south bank of the River Thames. It is named after a ford of the River Ravensbourne, and from the mid 16th to the late 19th century was home to Deptford Dockyard, the first of the Royal Navy Dockyards.
Deptford and the docks are associated with the knighting of Sir Francis Drake by Queen Elizabeth I aboard the Golden Hind,[1] the legend of Sir Walter Raleigh laying down his cape for Elizabeth,[2] Captain James Cook's third voyage aboard Resolution,[3] and the mysterious murder of Christopher Marlowe in a house along Deptford Strand.[4]
Though Deptford began as two small communities, one at the ford, the other a fishing village on The Thames, Deptford's history and population has been mainly associated with the docks established by Henry VIII.
The two communities grew together and flourished while the docks were the main administrative centre of the Royal Navy, and a few grand houses like Sayes Court, home to diarist John Evelyn, and Stone House on Lewisham Way were erected. The area declined as first the Royal Navy moved out and then the commercial docks declined until the last dock, Convoys Wharf, closed in 2000.
The Metropolitan Borough of Deptford was formed in 1900;[5] in 1965, the area became part of the newly-created London Borough of Lewisham.
Contents |
History[link]
Deptford began life as a ford of the Ravensbourne (near what is now Deptford Bridge station) along the route of the Celtic ancient trackway that developed into the medieval Watling Street; it was part of the pilgrimage route to Canterbury from London used by the pilgrims in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, and is mentioned in the Prologue to the "Reeve's Tale".[6] The ford developed into first a wooden then a stone bridge, and in 1497 saw the Battle of Deptford Bridge, in which rebels from Cornwall, led by Michael An Gof, marched on London protesting against punitive taxes, but were soundly beaten by the King's forces.[7]
A second settlement developed as a modest fishing village on the Thames until Henry VIII used that site for a royal dock repairing, building and supplying ships, after which it grew in size and importance, shipbuilding remaining in operation until March 1869.[8] Trinity House, the organisation concerned with the safety of navigation around the British Isles, was formed in Deptford in 1514, with its first Master being Thomas Spert, captain of the Mary Rose. It moved to Stepney in 1618. The name "Trinity House" derives from the church of Holy Trinity and St Clement, which adjoined the dockyard.[9]
Originally separated by market gardens and fields, the two areas merged over the years,[10] with the docks becoming an important part of the Elizabethan exploration.[11] Queen Elizabeth I visited the royal dockyard on 4 April 1581 to knight the adventurer Francis Drake.[12] As well as for exploration, Deptford was important for trade - the Honourable East India Company had a yard in Deptford from 1607 until late in the 17th century.[13] It was also connected with the slave trade, John Hawkins using it as a base for his operations,[14] and Olaudah Equiano, the slave who became an important part of the abolition of the slave trade, was sold from one ship's captain to another in Deptford around 1760.[15][16]
Diarist John Evelyn lived in Deptford at Sayes Court from 1652. Evelyn inherited the house when he married the daughter of Sir Richard Browne in 1652. On his return to England at the Restoration, Evelyn laid out meticulously-planned gardens in the French style, of hedges and parterres. In its grounds was a cottage at one time rented by master woodcarver Grinling Gibbons. After Evelyn had moved to Surrey in 1694, Russian Tsar Peter the Great studied shipbuilding for three months in 1698.[12] He and some of his fellow Russians stayed at Sayes Court, the manor house of Deptford. Evelyn was angered at the antics of the Tsar, who got drunk with his friends and, using a wheelbarrow with Peter in it, rammed their way through a fine holly hedge. Sayes Court was demolished in 1728-9 and a workhouse built on its site.[17] Part of the estates around Sayes Court were purchased in 1742 for the building of the Admiralty Victualling Yard, renamed the Royal Victoria Yard in 1858 after a visit by Queen Victoria.[18] This massive facility included warehouses, a bakery, a cattleyard/abattoir and sugar stores, and closed in 1960. All that remains is the name of Sayes Court Park, accessed from Sayes Court Street off Evelyn Street, not far from Deptford High Street. The Pepys Estate, opened on 13 July 1966, is on the former grounds of the Royal Victoria Dockyard.[19]
File:Deptford slum.jpg
A cobbled street in a Deptford slum, around 1900.
The Docks had been gradually declining from the 18th century; the larger ships being built found The Thames difficult to navigate, and Deptford was under competition from the new docks at Plymouth, Portsmouth and Chatham.[20] When the Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815 the need for a Docks to build and repair warships declined; the Docks shifted from shipbuilding to concentrate on victualling at the Royal Victoria Victualling Yard, and the Royal Dock closed in 1869.[21] From 1871 until the First World War the shipyard site was the City of London Corporation's Foreign Cattle Market,[22] in which girls and women butchered sheep and cattle until the early part of the 20th century.[23][nb 1] At its peak, around 1907, over 234,000 animals were imported annually through the market, but by 1912 these figures had declined to less than 40,000 a year.[24] The yard was taken over by the War Office in 1914,[24][25] and was an Army Supply Reserve Depot in the First and Second World Wars.[26][27] The site lay unused until being purchased by Convoys (newsprint importers) in 1984, and eventually came into the ownership of News International.[28][29] In the mid 1990s, although significant investment was made on the site, it became uneconomic to continue using it as a freight wharf.[30] In 2008 Hutchison Whampoa bought the 16ha site from News International with plans for a £700m 3,500-home development scheme.[31] The Grade II listed Olympia Warehouse will refurbished as part of the redevelopment of the site.[29]
Deptford experienced economic decline in the 20th century with the closing of the docks, and the damage caused by the bombing during the Second World War - a V-2 rocket destroyed a Woolworths store outside Deptford Town Hall, killing 160 people.[32][33] High unemployment caused some of the population to move away as the riverside industries closed down in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[34] The local council have developed plans with private companies to regenerate the riverside area,[35] and the town centre.[36]
Governance[link]
Main articles: Metropolitan Borough of Deptford and London Borough of Lewisham
The Manor of Deptford or West Greenwich was bestowed by William the Conqueror upon Gilbert de Magminot or Maminot, bishop of Lisieux,[37] one of the eight barons associated with John de Fiennes for the defense of Dover Castle. Maminot held the head of his barony at Deptford[38][39] and according to John Lyon writing in 1814, he built himself a castle, or castellated mansion at Deptford, of which all traces had by then long since been buried in their ruins, but from the remains of some ancient foundations which had been discovered the site was probably on the brow of Broomfield, near the Mast Dock and adjacent to Sayes Court.[38][39][40]
Originally under the governance of the ancient parishes of St Paul and St Nicholas, in 1900, a Metropolitan Borough of Deptford was formed out of the southern parish of St Paul, with St Nicholas and the area around the Royal Dockyard coming under the governance of the Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich.[5] Under the London Government Act 1963, the Metropolitan Borough of Deptford was absorbed in 1965 into the newly created London Borough of Lewisham,[41] with the area around the Royal Dockyard being transferred to Lewisham in a 1994 boundary adjustment of about 40 hectares (99 acres).[42] The electoral wards consist of Evelyn in the north and part of New Cross to the south.[43]
Geography[link]
Deptford borders the areas of Brockley and Lewisham to the south, New Cross to the west and Rotherhithe to the north west; Deptford Creek divides it from Greenwich to the east, and the River Thames separates the area from the Isle of Dogs to the north east; it is contained within the London SE8 post code area.[44]
The name Deptford — anciently written Depeford meaning "deep ford" —[17] is derived from the place where the road from London to Dover, the ancient Watling Street (now the A2), crosses the River Ravensbourne at the site of what became Deptford Bridge at Deptford Broadway. The Ravensbourne crosses under the A2 at roughly the same spot as the DLR crosses over; and at the point where it becomes tidal, just after Lewisham College, it is known as Deptford Creek, and flows into the River Thames at Greenwich Reach.[45]
Deptford was mostly located in the Blackheath Hundred of the county of Kent, with the Hatcham part in Surrey.[46] It was regarded as two parts and in 1730 was divided into the two parishes of St Nicholas in the north and St Paul in the south.[17] The southern part by the ford was known as Deptford and the northern, riverside area was known as Deptford Strand.[47] It was also referred to as West Greenwich, with the modern town of Greenwich being referred to as East Greenwich until this use declined in the 19th century.[48] The whole of Deptford came within the Metropolitan Police District in 1830 and was included in the area of responsibility of the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1855. It was transferred to the County of London in 1889 and became part of Greater London in 1965.
The area was split in 1900: the southern part, the parish of St Paul Deptford, became the Metropolitan Borough of Deptford;[49] while the northern part, the parish of St Nicholas Deptford, became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich.[50] In 1965 the Metropolitan Borough of Deptford was absorbed into the London Borough of Lewisham, then in 1994 the bulk of the northern part, including the former Royal Dockyard area, was transferred to Lewisham Borough from Greenwich Borough, leaving only the north eastern area, around St Nicholas's church, in Greenwich.[42]
Demography[link]
Deptford's population has been mainly associated with the docks since the establishment of the Royal Docks by Henry VIII, though there has also been some market gardening and potteries.[51] When the docks were thriving as the main administrative centre of the British Navy, so the area prospered, and fine houses were built for the administrative staff and the skilled shipbuilders, and a few grand houses like Sayes Court and Stone House on Lewisham Way were erected.[52] There was a start of a demographic shift downwards when the Royal Navy pulled out of Deptford, and the docks moved into storage and freight.[53] The downward shift continued into the 20th century as the local population's dependency on the docks continued: as the docks themselves declined, so did the economic fortune of the inhabitants until the last dock, Convoys Wharf, closed in 2000.[54]
Deptford's northern section nearest the old docks contains areas of desolate council housing and deprivation typical of inner city poverty, though the area, along with neighbouring New Cross, has been touted as "the new Shoreditch"[citation needed] is a former working class area of East London that has a number of contemporary art galleries and is home to a number of creative and media companies and those who work in them. by some journalists and estate agents [55] paying attention to a trendy arts and music scene that is popular with students and artists. To the south where Deptford rolls into the suburban spread of Brockley, the previously multi-occupancy Victorian houses are being gentrified by young city workers and urban professionals.[56]
Deptford contains a number of student populations, including those of Goldsmiths College, the University of Greenwich and Laban Dance Centre. Goldsmiths College's hall of residence, Rachel McMillan, in Creek Road was sold in 2001 for £79 million,[57] and was subsequently demolished and replaced with the McMillan Student Village which opened in 2003 and provides accommodation for approximately 970 students of the University of Greenwich, Trinity Laban and Bellerbys colleges.[58]
Economy[link]
Deptford's economic history has been strongly connected to the Dockyard - when the Dockyard was thriving, so Deptford thrived; with the docks now all closed, Deptford has declined economically.[21][34] However, areas of Deptford are being gradually re-developed and gentrified - and the local council has plans to regenerate the riverside and the town centre.[36] A large former industrial site by the Thames called Convoys Wharf is scheduled for redeveloping into mixed use buildings. This will involve the construction of around 3,500 new homes and an extension of the town centre northwards towards the river.[35]
Much of the area along Creek Road, close to Greenwich, has also been redeveloped, with the demolition of the old Deptford Power Station and Rose Bruford College buildings. Aragon Tower on the Pepys Estate was sold by Lewisham Borough to fund regeneration plans for the estate; the award winning refurbishment into privately owned accommodation was featured in the BBC1 documentary, "The Tower".[59][60]
Deptford Market, a street market in Deptford High Street sells a range of goods, and is considered one of London's liveliest street markets.[61] In February 2005, the High Street was described as “the capital's most diverse and vibrant high street” by Yellow Pages business directory, using a unique mathematical formula.[62]
Culture[link]
The Albany Theatre, a community arts centre with a tradition of "radical community arts and music" including holding 15 "Rock Against Racism" concerts,[63] has its roots in a charity established in 1894 to improve the social life of Deptford's deprived community.[64] The original building, the Albany Institute, was opened in 1899 on Creek Road, changing its name in the 1960s to the Albany Empire. It was burnt down in 1978, but rebuilt on Douglas Way, with Prince Charles laying the foundation stone, and Diana, Princess of Wales opening it in 1982.[64] Creekside, a regeneration area beside Deptford Creek,[65] is used for educational and artistic purposes,[66][67] such as the Laban Dance Centre, which was designed by Swiss architects Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron, and opened in February 2003; and the Art in Perpetuity Trust (APT) gallery and studio space.[68] A record label, Deptford Fun City Records was set up by Miles Copeland III, brother of Stewart Copeland, in the late 1970s as an outlet for Deptford bands such as Alternative TV[69] and Squeeze.[70][71]
The area has several pubs, including the Dog & Bell which has a reputation for serving a range of cask ales;[72][73] and The Bird's Nest which has live music, film and art performances from local bands and artists.[74][75] The Town Hall of the former Metropolitan Borough of Deptford, built in 1905 with decorative sculpture by Henry Poole RA,[76] lies just outside Deptford, on the New Cross Road in New Cross. It was purchased by Goldsmiths College in 2000.[77]
There are several green spaces in the area, the largest being Brookmill Park, Deptford Park, Ferranti Park, Pepys Park and Sayes Court Park.[78] In 1884 W.J. Evelyn, a descendant of John Evelyn, sold ground then being used as market gardens in Deptford, to the London County Council for less than its market value, as well as paying toward the cost of its purchase. It was officially opened to the public as Deptford Park on 7 June 1897.[79][80] In 1886 he dedicated an acre and a half of the Sayes Court recreation ground in perpetuity to the public and a permanent provision was made for the Evelyn estate to cover the expense of maintenance and caretaking, this was opened on the 20 July 1886.[81][82]
Landmarks[link]
Deptford railway station is one of the oldest suburban stations in the world,[83] being built (c.1836-38) as part of the first suburban service (the London and Greenwich Railway), between London Bridge and Greenwich. Close to Deptford Creek is a Victorian pumping station built in 1864, part of the massive London sewerage system designed by civil engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette.[84] The former Deptford Power Station, in use from 1891 to 1983, originated as a pioneering plant designed by Sebastian de Ferranti, which when built was the largest station in the world.[85] Lewisham Council recently granted permission for the last remnants of the Deptford Ragged School known as The Princess Louise Institute to be demolished and replaced by flats.[86] Albury Street (previously Union Street) contains a fine row of early urban houses largely dating from 1705-1717 which were once popular with naval captains and shipwrights.[87] Tanners Hill in the St John's or New Deptford area to the south of New Cross Road,[88] is part of an Area of Archaeological Priority due to the longevity of settlement and early industry,[89] and contains a set of commercial buildings from numbers 21 to 31 which are survivors from a row of 31 which were built in the 1750s on the site of cottages dating from the 17th century.[90] These timber-frame buildings have a Grade II listing from English Heritage[91] and are home to established businesses such as bicycle maker Witcomb Cycles.[92] Of Deptford's two important houses, Sayes Court no longer exists, but the Stone House in St Johns, built around 1772 by the architect George Gibson the Younger, and described by Pevsner as "the one individual house of interest in this area", still stands by Lewisham Way.[93]
Deptford Dockyard[link]
Main article: Convoys Wharf
Deptford Dockyard was established in 1513 by Henry VIII as the first Royal Dockyard, building vessels for the Royal Navy,[94] and was at one time known as the King's Yard.[95] It was shut down from 1830 to 1844 before being closed as a dockyard in 1869,[96] and is currently known as Convoys Wharf. From 1871 until the First World War it was the City of London Corporation's Foreign Cattle Market. In 1912 The Times reported that over 4 million head of live cattle, and sheep, had been landed.
From 1932 until 2008 the site was owned by News International, which used it to import newsprint and other paper products from Finland until early 2000. It is now owned by Hutchison Whampoa Limited and is subject to a planning application to convert it into residential units,[97] though it has safeguarded wharf status.[98]
Other notable shipyards in Deptford were, Charles Lungley's and the General Steam Navigation Company's yards at Deptford Green and Dudman's Dock, also sometimes referred to as Deadmans Dock at Deptford Wharf.
Churches[link]
St Nicholas' Church, the original parish church, dates back to the 14th century but the current building is 17th century. The entrance to the churchyard features a set of skull-and-bones on top of the posts. A plaque on the north wall commemorates playwright Christopher Marlowe, who was murdered in a nearby house, and buried in an unmarked grave in the churchyard on 1 June 1593.[99][100]
There is also St. Luke's, another historic circular church, dating from 1870. It is the daughter church of the parish of St Nicholas'.
In the 18th century St. Paul's, Deptford (1712–1730) was built,[101] acclaimed by the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England as one of the finest Baroque churches in the country.[102] John Betjeman is attributed as referring to the church as "a pearl at the heart of Deptford".[103] It was designed by the architect Thomas Archer, who was a pupil of Sir Christopher Wren, as part of the Commission for Building Fifty New Churches with the intention of instilling pride in Britain, and encouraging people to stay in London rather than emigrate to the New World.[104]
Adjacent to the church yard is Albury Street, which contains some fine 18th century houses which were popular with sea captains and shipbuilders.[105]
Murder of Christopher Marlowe[link]
Main article: Christopher Marlowe#Arrest and death
The Elizabethan playwright Christopher Marlowe was killed during an alleged drunken brawl in Eleanor Bull's house in Deptford Strand in May 1593. Various versions of Marlowe's death were current at the time. Francis Meres says Marlowe was "stabbed to death by a bawdy serving-man, a rival of his in his lewd love" as punishment for his "epicurism and atheism".[106] In 1917, in the Dictionary of National Biography, Sir Sidney Lee wrote that Marlowe was killed in a drunken fight. Modern theories are that he was assassinated.[107] It is commonly assumed that the fight took place in a Deptford tavern.[108]
The scholar Leslie Hotson discovered in 1925 the coroner's report on Marlowe's death in the Public Record Office which gave fuller details.[109] Marlowe had spent all day in a house owned by the widow Eleanor Bull, along with three men, Ingram Frizer, Nicholas Skeres and Robert Poley.[110] Witnesses testified that Frizer and Marlowe had earlier argued over the bill, exchanging "divers malicious words." Later, while Frizer was sitting at a table between the other two and Marlowe was lying behind him on a couch, Marlowe snatched Frizer's dagger and began attacking him. In the ensuing struggle, according to the coroner's report, Marlowe was accidentally stabbed above the right eye, killing him instantly.[109] The jury concluded that Frizer acted in self-defence, and within a month he was pardoned. Marlowe was buried in an unmarked grave in the churchyard of St Nicholas, Deptford, on 1 June 1593.[111]
Transport[link]
Deptford is served by National Rail and Docklands Light Railway services. The National Rail service is operated by Southeastern on the suburban Greenwich Line at Deptford railway station,[112] the oldest passenger only railway station in London,[113][114] and St Johns, as well as nearby New Cross. The DLR stations are at Deptford Bridge and Elverson Road.[115][116] Deptford station has been approved for redevelopment. Building work will start in 2010, with a planned finish date in late 2011.[117] Since May 2010, New Cross station has also been served by London Overground services to Dalston Junction, after the East London Line reopened as part of the National Rail network. Nearby New Cross Gate railway station is also served by London Overground trains northbound to Highbury and Islington, and southbound to Crystal Palace and West Croydon.
The two main road routes through Deptford are the A200 which runs along Evelyn Street and Creek Road,[118] and the A2 which runs along New Cross Road.[119] The A20 marks the southern boundary of the area, along Lewisham Way and Loampit Vale.[120]
Education[link]
There are several primary schools scattered around the area,[121] and one secondary school, Deptford Green, which has capacity for 1,100 students; the school is regarded by Ofsted as "good overall", and academically is in the top 2% nationally.[122] A branch of the further education college, Lewisham College, is located on Deptford Church Street; the college was regarded as outstanding in the 2006 Ofsted inspection.[123]
Notable people[link]
Among people associated with Deptford are Christopher Marlowe, who was murdered at Deptford Strand;[124] diarist John Evelyn (1620–1706) who lived at Sayes Court,[125] and had Peter the Great (1672–1725) as a guest for about three months in 1698;[126] and Sir Francis Drake who was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I aboard the Golden Hind in Deptford Docks.[127]
Other people who have lived in Deptford, range from the First Governor of the Honourable East India Company, and Ambassador to the court of Russia, Sir Thomas Smith, whose magnificent house was destroyed by fire in 1618;[17] to early members of the Chartist movement, John Gast[128] and George Julian Harney;[129] and the Cleveleys, John Cleveley the Elder and his sons John and Robert, a family of marine artists who also worked as tradesmen in the Dockyard.[130] Another artist born in Deptford is Henry Courtney Selous,[131] who is known for The Opening of The Great Exhibition, painted in 1851.[132] Joseph Drew, newspaper editor, steamboat proprietor, author and lecturer, was born in Deptford in 1814; Joseph's father of the same name worked in the Royal Navy Dockyard Service.
Members of rock groups Squeeze and Dire Straits lived on the Crossfield Estate in Deptford in the late 1970s,[133][134] along with Mark Perry, founder of the punk fanzine Sniffin Glue and punk rock band Alternative TV.[135] The DJ and music journalist Danny Baker also lived near the Crossfield Estate, where he was born and brought up.[136] Leading British jazz and session guitarist Denny Wright was born in Deptford in 1924.
Politician Bob Mellish was born at 63 Giffin Street (now demolished).
Star of the children's TV programme 'Horrible Histories', Ben Willbond, lives in Deptford.
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- ^ Settlements, social change and ... - Google Books. books.google.com. 2001-03. ISBN 978-1-85302-764-2. http://books.google.com/?id=JBDplHzkWA4C&pg=PA181&dq=The+Albany+Theatre+deptford&cd=10#v=onepage&q=The%20Albany%20Theatre%20deptford&f=false. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
- ^ a b "The Albany – Get Involved: Albany History". www.thealbany.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2009-11-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20091128143458/http://www.thealbany.org.uk/infopoint/26/Albany-History. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
- ^ Cities and natural process: a basis ... - Google Books. books.google.com. 2004-06-15. ISBN 978-0-415-29854-4. http://books.google.com/?id=pj8cderhbr8C&pg=PA153&dq=creekside+deptford&cd=1#v=onepage&q=creekside%20deptford&f=false. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
- ^ "Creekside - About Creekside". www.creeksidecentre.org.uk. http://www.creeksidecentre.org.uk/about.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
- ^ "Creekside Artists". Deptford, South East London, UK: www.creeksideartists.co.uk. http://www.creeksideartists.co.uk/. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
- ^ "APT - Art in Perpetuity Trust". www.aptstudios.org. http://www.aptstudios.org/index.html. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
- ^ Punk rock: so what? : the cultural ... - Google Books. books.google.com. 1999. ISBN 978-0-415-17029-1. http://books.google.com/?id=Pnb1g3oIzTIC&pg=PA65&dq=Deptford+Fun+City+Records&cd=3#v=onepage&q=Deptford%20Fun%20City%20Records&f=false. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
- ^ Paul Marko Popular music genres: an introduction - Google Books. books.google.com. 2004. ISBN 978-0-7486-1745-6. http://books.google.com/?id=r4bmVbNSnk4C&pg=PA177&dq=Deptford+Fun+City+Records&cd=2#v=onepage&q=Deptford%20Fun%20City%20Records&f=false. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
- ^ The Roxy London Wc2: A Punk History. The Roxy Club London:Punk, 2007, ISBN 0955658306. 2007-10-15. ISBN 978-0-9556583-0-3. http://books.google.com/?id=rcnVLioLCNIC&pg=PA229&dq=Deptford+Fun+City+Records&cd=4#v=onepage&q=Deptford%20Fun%20City%20Records&f=false. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
- ^ "Dog & Bell - Deptford - Review - Time Out London". www.timeout.com. http://www.timeout.com/london/bars/reviews/12679.html. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ "Dog and Bell, Deptford, London pub guide". fancyapint?. http://www.fancyapint.com/pubs/pub1234.php. Retrieved 2010-01-11. [dead link]
- ^ "The Bird's Nest, Deptford, London pub guide". fancyapint?. http://www.fancyapint.com/pubs/pub1586.php. Retrieved 2010-01-11. [dead link]
- ^ "DEPTFORD ARMS - Open Mic & Open To Art". Artrocker. http://www.artrocker.com/node/830. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ Public sculpture of Glasgow - Google Books. books.google.com. 2001-12-01. ISBN 978-0-85323-937-6. http://books.google.com/?id=5szc9GBZLwwC&pg=RA3-PA496&lpg=RA3-PA496&dq=Deptford+Town+Hall+Henry+Poole#v=onepage&q=Deptford%20Town%20Hall%20Henry%20Poole&f=false. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
- ^ "Deptford Town Hall, New Cross Road, New Cross, c. 1910". www.ideal-homes.org.uk. http://www.ideal-homes.org.uk/lewisham/new-cross/deptford-town-hall-1910.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-29. [dead link]
- ^ "London-Footprints' Green Deptford Walk". London-footprints.co.uk. 1944-06-16. http://www.london-footprints.co.uk/wkdeptfordgrn.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
- ^ Lewisham.gov.uk's description of Deptford Park
- ^ Dedication to the public of Deptford Park by Dr. W.J. Collins, 7th June 1897, London County Council.
- ^ Sayes Court, Deptford, The Times, 20 July 1886, p. 5, col F
- ^ Public Recreation Grounds, The Times, 21 July 1886, p. 9, col F
- ^ "7623 LEWlife p6" (PDF). http://www2.lewisham.gov.uk/lbl/documents/News/LewishamLife/Aug04/LEWlife_p21.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
- ^ "Bazalgette and London's sewage - Leisure, health and housing - Port Cities". www.portcities.org.uk. http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.153/chapterId/3182/Bazalgette-and-Londons-sewage.html. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
- ^ Ferranti’s Deptford Power Station Supplement to HISTELEC NEWS No.25 December 2003
- ^ Lewisham London Borough Council - Planning Committee - Princess Louise Institute
- ^ "Lewisham Council - History of housing in the borough". Lewisham.gov.uk. http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/LeisureAndCulture/LocalHistoryAndHeritage/HistoricalResources/HistoryOfTheBuildingsInTheBorough/DevelopmentOfTheBorough.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
- ^ "St John's, Deptford New Town Case Study". Ideal-homes.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2010-04-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20100425051846/http://www.ideal-homes.org.uk/lewisham/main/st-johns-deptford-new-town-case-study.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
- ^ "Lewisham Council - Unitary Development Plan". .lewisham.gov.uk. http://www2.lewisham.gov.uk/lbl/planning/udp/schedule3.html. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
- ^ "Tanners Hill, Deptford, Lewisham, 1926". Ideal-homes.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2010-06-13. http://web.archive.org/web/20100613191705/http://www.ideal-homes.org.uk/lewisham/deptford/tanners-hill.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
- ^ [3] Lewisham Planning Committee
- ^ "Deptford". London-footprints.co.uk. http://www.london-footprints.co.uk/wkdeptford.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
- ^ "LOH Building Details". www.londonopenhouse.org. http://www.londonopenhouse.org/london/search/factsheet.asp?ftloh_id=1594. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
- ^ "Deptford and Woolwich: London's Royal Dockyards - The working Thames". Port Cities. http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.52/chapterId/774/Deptford-and-Woolwich-Londons-Royal-Dockyards.html. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
- ^ "Samuel Pepys diary entry for 22 August 1665". Pepysdiary.com. http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1665/08/22/index.php. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
- ^ "National Maritime Museum Research guide B5: Royal Naval Dockyards". Nmm.ac.uk. http://www.nmm.ac.uk/researchers/library/research-guides/the-royal-navy/research-guide-b5-royal-naval-dockyards. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ^ "Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners "Convoys Wharf Conception"". Richardrogers.co.uk. 2004-12-15. http://www.richardrogers.co.uk/render.aspx?siteID=1&navIDs=1,4,25,124,125. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
- ^ "Safeguarded Wharves COVER" (PDF). http://www.london.gov.uk/archive/mayor/planning/docs/safeguarded_wharves_05.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
- ^ The Reckoning: The Murder of Christopher Marlowe, Charles Nicholl, Vintage, ISBN 0-09-943747-3
- ^ "Diocese of Southwark - News: Christopher Marlowe Remembered at Deptford". Southwark.anglican.org. 2002-01-24. http://www.southwark.anglican.org/news/pr179.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
- ^ "St.Paul's, Deptford - Official Site : Local History". Paulsdeptford.org.uk. http://www.paulsdeptford.org.uk/SPD_ver2/History.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-05. [dead link]
- ^ "St.Paul's, Deptford - Official Site : Home Page". Paulsdeptford.org.uk. http://www.paulsdeptford.org.uk/SPD_ver2/homepage.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-05. [dead link]
- ^ A Church Near You. "Deptford, Deptford, St Paul - London | Diocese of Southwark". Achurchnearyou.com. http://www.achurchnearyou.com/621/. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
- ^ List of churches built, The Commissions for building fifty new churches: The minute books, 1711-27, a calendar (1986), pp. XL. accessed: 19 September 2009
- ^ [4] Lewisham Borough Local history
- ^ Palladis Tamia. London, 1598: 286v-287r.
- ^ "BBC - BBC Radio 4 Programmes - In Our Time, Marlowe". www.bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9d6. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
- ^ "Christopher Marlowe: Deptford Strand". www.lycos.com. http://www.lycos.com/info/christopher-marlowe--deptford-strand.html. Retrieved 2009-12-29. [dead link]
- ^ a b "The Coroner's Inquisition (Translation)". www.prst17z1.demon.co.uk. http://www.prst17z1.demon.co.uk/inquis~2.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
- ^ E. de Kalb, Robert Poley’s Movements as a Messenger of the Court, 1588 to 1601 Review of English Studies, Vol. 9, No. 33
- ^ "News - 1623 Deptford Map Online". www.marlowe-society.org. http://www.marlowe-society.org/news/news2009/news2009_007_deptfordmap.html. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
- ^ "National Rail Enquiries - Station Facilities for Deptford". www.nationalrail.co.uk. http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/DEP.html. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ^ Deptford's Railway Station lewisham.gov.uk
- ^ Deptford Station, acolnet.lewisham.gov.uk
- ^ "Deptford Bridge". Transport for London. http://www.tfl.gov.uk/gettingaround/transportaccessibility/dlr/3261.aspx. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ^ "Elverson Road". Transport for London. http://www.tfl.gov.uk/gettingaround/transportaccessibility/dlr/3258.aspx. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ^ "Lewisham Council - Deptford station redelelopment plans". www.lewisham.gov.uk. http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/Environment/Regeneration/DeptfordAndNewCross/DeptfordTownCentre/DeptfordStation.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
- ^ "A200 - Roader's Digest: The SABRE Wiki". www.sabre-roads.org.uk. http://www.sabre-roads.org.uk/wiki/index.php?title=A200. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
- ^ "A2 route - Roader's Digest: The SABRE Wiki". www.sabre-roads.org.uk. http://www.sabre-roads.org.uk/wiki/index.php?title=A2_route. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
- ^ "A20 - Roader's Digest: The SABRE Wiki". www.sabre-roads.org.uk. http://www.sabre-roads.org.uk/wiki/index.php?title=A20. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
- ^ "Locator Search Results". www.streetmap.co.uk. http://www.streetmap.co.uk/sl/lbl.srf?id=lbl&range=-10&xc=536912&yc=177724&view=1&ar=N&ut91=3&sp=0&code=SE8&ff=1&mapx=536951&mapy=177643&type=b&iview=120. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
- ^ "Lewisham Council - Deptford Green Secondary School". www.lewisham.gov.uk. http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/EducationAndLearning/Schools/SecondarySchools/DeptfordGreen.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
- ^ "Lewisham Council - Lewisham College". www.lewisham.gov.uk. http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/EducationAndLearning/PostSixteenEducation/SixthFormAndFurtherEducationColleges/LewishamCollege.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-30. [dead link]
- ^ Christopher Marlowe: poet & spy - Google Books. books.google.com. 2005-11-30. ISBN 978-0-19-818695-3. http://books.google.com/?id=IkyJ5FJc09kC&pg=PA343&dq=christopher+marlowe+deptford&cd=1#v=onepage&q=christopher%20marlowe%20deptford&f=false. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
- ^ Literary of London - Google Books. books.google.com. 2009-01-30. ISBN 978-0-559-90989-4. http://books.google.com/?id=QF7vXjJ5r2oC&pg=PA100&dq=John+Evelyn+deptford+sayes+court&cd=8#v=onepage&q=John%20Evelyn%20deptford%20sayes%20court&f=false. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
- ^ London: a cultural history - Google Books. books.google.com. 2006. ISBN 978-0-19-530953-9. http://books.google.com/?id=ocPzX-nCaOkC&pg=PA45&dq=Peter+I+of+Russia+deptford+sayes+court&cd=3#v=onepage&q=Peter%20I%20of%20Russia%20deptford%20sayes%20court&f=false. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
- ^ Life, voyages, and exploits of sir ... - Google Books. books.google.com. 1861. http://books.google.com/?id=N_sHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA74&dq=Sir+Francis+Drake+deptford&cd=4#v=onepage&q=Sir%20Francis%20Drake%20deptford&f=false. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
- ^ Epstein, J. (1981). "Artisans and Politics in Early Nineteenth-Century London: John Gast and His Times". International Labor and Working (19): 65–69. JSTOR 27671357.
- ^ "George Julian Harney". www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHharney.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ "Picturing the 18th-century port - Thames art, literature and architecture - Port Cities". www.portcities.org.uk. http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.76/chapterId/1838/Picturing-the-18thcentury-port.html. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ British and Irish paintings in ... - Google Books. books.google.com. 2006. ISBN 978-0-300-11730-1. http://books.google.com/?id=9XNe0mLSJQAC&pg=PA711&dq=Henry+Courtney+Selous+deptford&cd=1#v=onepage&q=Henry%20Courtney%20Selous%20deptford&f=false. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ "Henry Courtney Selous (1803-90): Illustrator of the Heroic". www.victorianweb.org. http://www.victorianweb.org/art/illustration/selous/bio.html. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ "Mark Knopfler and John Illsley of Dire Straits return to the Crossfield Estate, Deptford (From This Is Local London)". www.thisislocallondon.co.uk. http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/leisure/4785842.VIDEO___Dire_Straits_recall_their_first_ever_gig_in_Deptford/. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
- ^ "They were in Dire Straits". www.shadyoldlady.com. http://www.shadyoldlady.com/location.php?loc=1876. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
- ^ "Bobby Valentino -Electric Bluebirds Sleeve Notes". www.bobbyvalentino.co.uk. http://www.bobbyvalentino.co.uk/electric-bluebirds-sleevenotes.html. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
- ^ Ross, Deborah (1997-03-24). "A few quiet words with Danny Baker boy - Life & Style - The Independent". London: www.independent.co.uk. http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/a-few-quiet-words-with-danny-baker-boy-1274806.html. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
Bibliography[link]
- Nathan Dews, The History of Deptford (Deptford: J.D. Smith, 1883) ISBN 1-241-34064-1 or ISBN 0-85177-041-X
- Jess Steele, Turning the Tide: The History of Everyday Deptford (New Cross: Deptford Forum Publishing Ltd, 1993), ISBN 1-898536-00-7
- Ellen Chase, Tenant Friends in Old Deptford (London: Williams & Norgate, 1929)
- Dan Colman, I Never Saw My Father Nude (London: Arthur Barker, 1981), ISBN 0-213-16791-2
- George Glazebrook, Where No Flowers Grow. A child's eye-view of Deptford: 1921-1931 (Rainham: Meresborough Books, 1989), ISBN 0-948193-37-9
- Jim Rice, Deptford Creek (Manchester: Cornerhouse Publications, 1993), ISBN 0-948797-77-0
Notes[link]
- ^ These "gutting sheds" were the subject of the play "The Gut Girls" by Sarah Daniels
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Deptford |
- History
- 'Parishes: Deptford', The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent: Volume 1 (1797), pp. 340-71
- 'Deptford, St Nicholas', The Environs of London: volume 4: Counties of Herts, Essex & Kent (1796), pp. 359-85
- 'Deptford, St Paul', The Environs of London: volume 4: Counties of Herts, Essex & Kent (1796), pp. 386-93
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For other people named Bill Gates, see Bill Gates (disambiguation).
| Bill Gates | |
|---|---|
 Gates at the World Economic Forum in 2007 |
|
| Born | William Henry Gates III (1955-10-28) October 28, 1955 (age 56) Seattle, Washington, United States |
| Residence | Medina, Washington, United States |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Harvard University (dropped out) |
| Occupation | Chairman of Microsoft Co-Chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation CEO of Cascade Investment Chairman of Corbis |
| Years active | 1975–present |
| Net worth |  US$ 61 billion (2012)[1] |
| Board member of | Berkshire Hathaway |
| Religion | None (Agnostic[2][3]) |
| Spouse | Melinda Gates (m. 1994) «start: (1994)»"Marriage: Melinda Gates to Bill Gates" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Bill_Gates) |
| Children | 3 |
| Parents | William H. Gates, Sr. Mary Maxwell Gates |
| Signature |  |
| Website | |
| Bill Gates | |
William Henry "Bill" Gates III (born October 28, 1955 in Seattle, Washington)[4] is an American business magnate, computer programmer and philanthropist. Gates is the former chief executive officer (CEO) and current chairman of Microsoft, the world’s largest personal-computer software company he co-founded with Paul Allen. He is consistently ranked among the world's wealthiest people[5] and was the wealthiest overall from 1995 to 2009, excluding 2008, when he was ranked third;[6] in 2011 he was the wealthiest American and the second wealthiest person.[7][8] During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of CEO and chief software architect, and remains the largest individual shareholder, with 6.4 percent of the common stock.[9] He has also authored or co-authored several books.
Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution. Gates has been criticized for his business tactics, which have been considered anti-competitive, an opinion which has in some cases been upheld by the courts.[10][11] In the later stages of his career, Gates has pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors, donating large amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, established in 2000.[12]
Gates stepped down as chief executive officer of Microsoft in January 2000. He remained as chairman and created the position of chief software architect. In June 2006, Gates announced that he would be transitioning from full-time work at Microsoft to part-time work, and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. He gradually transferred his duties to Ray Ozzie, chief software architect, and Craig Mundie, chief research and strategy officer. Gates's last full-time day at Microsoft was June 27, 2008. He remains at Microsoft as non-executive chairman.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, to William H. Gates, Sr. and Mary Maxwell Gates. His parents are of English, German, and Scots-Irish descent.[13][14] His father was a prominent lawyer, and his mother served on the board of directors for First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way. Gates's maternal grandfather was J. W. Maxwell, a national bank president. Gates has one elder sister, Kristi (Kristianne), and one younger sister, Libby. He was the fourth of his name in his family, but was known as William Gates III or "Trey" because his father had the "II" suffix.[15] Early on in his life, Gates's parents had a law career in mind for him.[16] When Gates was young, his family regularly attended a Congregational church.[17][18][19]
At 13 he enrolled in the Lakeside School, an exclusive preparatory school.[20] When he was in the eighth grade, the Mothers Club at the school used proceeds from Lakeside School's rummage sale to buy a Teletype Model 33 ASR terminal and a block of computer time on a General Electric (GE) computer for the school's students.[21] Gates took an interest in programming the GE system in BASIC, and was excused from math classes to pursue his interest. He wrote his first computer program on this machine: an implementation of tic-tac-toe that allowed users to play games against the computer. Gates was fascinated by the machine and how it would always execute software code perfectly. When he reflected back on that moment, he said, "There was just something neat about the machine."[22] After the Mothers Club donation was exhausted, he and other students sought time on systems including DEC PDP minicomputers. One of these systems was a PDP-10 belonging to Computer Center Corporation (CCC), which banned four Lakeside students—Gates, Paul Allen, Ric Weiland, and Kent Evans—for the summer after it caught them exploiting bugs in the operating system to obtain free computer time.[23]
At the end of the ban, the four students offered to find bugs in CCC's software in exchange for computer time. Rather than use the system via Teletype, Gates went to CCC's offices and studied source code for various programs that ran on the system, including programs in FORTRAN, LISP, and machine language. The arrangement with CCC continued until 1970, when the company went out of business. The following year, Information Sciences, Inc. hired the four Lakeside students to write a payroll program in COBOL, providing them computer time and royalties. After his administrators became aware of his programming abilities, Gates wrote the school's computer program to schedule students in classes. He modified the code so that he was placed in classes with mostly female students. He later stated that "it was hard to tear myself away from a machine at which I could so unambiguously demonstrate success."[22] At age 17, Gates formed a venture with Allen, called Traf-O-Data, to make traffic counters based on the Intel 8008 processor.[24] In early 1973, Bill Gates served as a congressional page in the U.S. House of Representatives.[25]
Gates graduated from Lakeside School in 1973. He scored 1590 out of 1600 on the SAT[26] and enrolled at Harvard College in the autumn of 1973.[27] While at Harvard, he met Steve Ballmer, who later succeeded Gates as CEO of Microsoft.
In his sophomore year, Gates devised an algorithm for pancake sorting as a solution to one of a series of unsolved problems[28] presented in a combinatorics class by Harry Lewis, one of his professors. Gates's solution held the record as the fastest version for over thirty years;[28][29] its successor is faster by only one percent.[28] His solution was later formalized in a published paper in collaboration with Harvard computer scientist Christos Papadimitriou.[30]
Gates did not have a definite study plan while a student at Harvard[31] and spent a lot of time using the school's computers. Gates remained in contact with Paul Allen, and he joined him at Honeywell during the summer of 1974.[32] The following year saw the release of the MITS Altair 8800 based on the Intel 8080 CPU, and Gates and Allen saw this as the opportunity to start their own computer software company.[33] He had talked this decision over with his parents, who were supportive of him after seeing how much Gates wanted to start a company.[31]
Microsoft[link]
Main articles: History of Microsoft and Microsoft
BASIC[link]
After reading the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics that demonstrated the Altair 8800, Gates contacted Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS), the creators of the new microcomputer, to inform them that he and others were working on a BASIC interpreter for the platform.[34] In reality, Gates and Allen did not have an Altair and had not written code for it; they merely wanted to gauge MITS's interest. MITS president Ed Roberts agreed to meet them for a demo, and over the course of a few weeks they developed an Altair emulator that ran on a minicomputer, and then the BASIC interpreter. The demonstration, held at MITS's offices in Albuquerque was a success and resulted in a deal with MITS to distribute the interpreter as Altair BASIC. Paul Allen was hired into MITS,[35] and Gates took a leave of absence from Harvard to work with Allen at MITS in Albuquerque in November 1975. They named their partnership "Micro-Soft" and had their first office located in Albuquerque.[35] Within a year, the hyphen was dropped, and on November 26, 1976, the trade name "Microsoft" was registered with the Office of the Secretary of the State of New Mexico.[35] Gates never returned to Harvard to complete his studies.
Microsoft's BASIC was popular with computer hobbyists, but Gates discovered that a pre-market copy had leaked into the community and was being widely copied and distributed. In February 1976, Gates wrote an Open Letter to Hobbyists in the MITS newsletter saying that MITS could not continue to produce, distribute, and maintain high-quality software without payment.[36] This letter was unpopular with many computer hobbyists, but Gates persisted in his belief that software developers should be able to demand payment. Microsoft became independent of MITS in late 1976, and it continued to develop programming language software for various systems.[35] The company moved from Albuquerque to its new home in Bellevue, Washington on January 1, 1979, after the former rejected his loan application.[34]
During Microsoft's early years, all employees had broad responsibility for the company's business. Gates oversaw the business details, but continued to write code as well. In the first five years, Gates personally reviewed every line of code the company shipped, and often rewrote parts of it as he saw fit.[37]
IBM partnership[link]
IBM approached Microsoft in July 1980 regarding its upcoming personal computer, the IBM PC.[38] The computer company first proposed that Microsoft write the BASIC interpreter. When IBM's representatives mentioned that they needed an operating system, Gates referred them to Digital Research (DRI), makers of the widely used CP/M operating system.[39] IBM's discussions with Digital Research went poorly, and they did not reach a licensing agreement. IBM representative Jack Sams mentioned the licensing difficulties during a subsequent meeting with Gates and told him to get an acceptable operating system. A few weeks later Gates proposed using 86-DOS (QDOS), an operating system similar to CP/M that Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products (SCP) had made for hardware similar to the PC. Microsoft made a deal with SCP to become the exclusive licensing agent, and later the full owner, of 86-DOS. After adapting the operating system for the PC, Microsoft delivered it to IBM as PC-DOS in exchange for a one-time fee of $50,000.[40]
Gates did not offer to transfer the copyright on the operating system, because he believed that other hardware vendors would clone IBM's system.[40] They did, and the sales of MS-DOS made Microsoft a major player in the industry.[41] Despite IBM's name on the operating system the press quickly identified Microsoft as being very influential on the new computer, with PC Magazine asking if Gates were "The Man Behind The Machine?"[38] He oversaw Microsoft's company restructuring on June 25, 1981, which re-incorporated the company in Washington state and made Gates President of Microsoft and the Chairman of the Board.[34]
Windows[link]
Microsoft launched its first retail version of Microsoft Windows on November 20, 1985, and in August, the company struck a deal with IBM to develop a separate operating system called OS/2. Although the two companies successfully developed the first version of the new system, mounting creative differences caused the partnership to deteriorate. It ended in 1991, when Gates led Microsoft to develop a version of OS/2 independently from IBM.[42]
Management style[link]
From Microsoft's founding in 1975 until 2006, Gates had primary responsibility for the company's product strategy. He aggressively broadened the company's range of products, and wherever Microsoft achieved a dominant position he vigorously defended it. He gained a reputation for being distant to others; as early as 1981 an industry executive complained in public that "Gates is notorious for not being reachable by phone and for not returning phone calls."[43]
As an executive, Gates met regularly with Microsoft's senior managers and program managers. Firsthand accounts of these meetings describe him as verbally combative, berating managers for perceived holes in their business strategies or proposals that placed the company's long-term interests at risk.[44][45] He often interrupted presentations with such comments as, "That's the stupidest thing I've ever heard!"[46] and, "Why don't you just give up your options and join the Peace Corps?"[47] The target of his outburst then had to defend the proposal in detail until, hopefully, Gates was fully convinced.[46] When subordinates appeared to be procrastinating, he was known to remark sarcastically, "I'll do it over the weekend."[48][49][50]
Gates's role at Microsoft for most of its history was primarily a management and executive role. However, he was an active software developer in the early years, particularly on the company's programming language products. He has not officially been on a development team since working on the TRS-80 Model 100,[51] but wrote code as late as 1989 that shipped in the company's products.[49] On June 15, 2006, Gates announced that he would transition out of his day-to-day role over the next two years to dedicate more time to philanthropy. He divided his responsibilities between two successors, placing Ray Ozzie in charge of day-to-day management and Craig Mundie in charge of long-term product strategy.[52]
Antitrust litigation[link]
Further information: United States Microsoft antitrust case and European Union Microsoft competition case
Many decisions that led to antitrust litigation over Microsoft's business practices have had Gates's approval. In the 1998 United States v. Microsoft case, Gates gave deposition testimony that several journalists characterized as evasive. He argued with examiner David Boies over the contextual meaning of words such as, "compete", "concerned", and "we".[53] BusinessWeek reported:
Early rounds of his deposition show him offering obfuscatory answers and saying 'I don't recall,' so many times that even the presiding judge had to chuckle. Worse, many of the technology chief's denials and pleas of ignorance were directly refuted by prosecutors with snippets of e-mail that Gates both sent and received.[54]
Gates later said he had simply resisted attempts by Boies to mischaracterize his words and actions. As to his demeanor during the deposition, he said, "Did I fence with Boies? ... I plead guilty. Whatever that penalty is should be levied against me: rudeness to Boies in the first degree."[55] Despite Gates's denials, the judge ruled that Microsoft had committed monopolization and tying, and blocking competition, both in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act.[55]
Appearance in ads[link]
Gates appeared in a series of ads to promote Microsoft in 2008. The first commercial, co-starring Jerry Seinfeld, is a 90-second talk between strangers as Seinfeld walks up on a discount shoe store (Shoe Circus) in a mall and notices Gates buying shoes inside. The salesman is trying to sell Mr. Gates shoes that are a size too big. As Gates is buying the shoes, he holds up his discount card, which uses a slightly altered version of his own mugshot of his arrest in New Mexico in 1977 for a traffic violation.[56] As they are walking out of the mall, Seinfeld asks Gates if he has melded his mind to other developers, after getting a yes, he then asks if they are working on a way to make computers edible, again getting a yes. Some say that this is an homage to Seinfeld's own show about "nothing" (Seinfeld).[57] In a second commercial in the series, Gates and Seinfeld are at the home of an average family trying to fit in with normal people.
Post-Microsoft[link]
Since leaving day-to-day operations at Microsoft (where he remains Chairman[58]), Gates continues his philanthropy and, among other projects, purchased the video rights to the Messenger Lectures series called The Character of Physical Law, given at Cornell University by Richard Feynman in 1964 and recorded by the BBC. The videos are available online to the public at Microsoft's Project Tuva.[59][60]
In April 2010, Gates was invited to visit and speak at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he asked the students to take on the hard problems of the world in their futures.[61][62]
Personal life[link]
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Gates married Melinda French on January 1, 1994. They have two daughters, Jennifer Katharine Gates (1996) and Phoebe Adele (2002), and one son, Rory John (1999).
The Gates's home is an earth-sheltered house in the side of a hill overlooking Lake Washington in Medina. According to King County public records, as of 2006 the total assessed value of the property (land and house) is $125 million, and the annual property tax is $991,000.
His 66,000 sq ft (6,100 m2) estate has a 60-foot (18 m) swimming pool with an underwater music system, as well as a 2,500 sq ft (230 m2) gym and a 1,000 sq ft (93 m2) dining room.[63]
Also among Gates's private acquisitions is the Codex Leicester, a collection of writings by Leonardo da Vinci, which Gates bought for $30.8 million at an auction in 1994.[64] Gates is also known as an avid reader, and the ceiling of his large home library is engraved with a quotation from The Great Gatsby.[65] He also enjoys playing bridge, tennis, and golf.[66][67]
Gates was number one on the Forbes 400 list from 1993 through to 2007 and number one on Forbes list of The World's Richest People from 1995 to 2007 and 2009. In 1999, Gates's wealth briefly surpassed $101 billion, causing the media to call him a "centibillionaire".[68] Since 2000, the nominal value of his Microsoft holdings has declined due to a fall in Microsoft's stock price after the dot-com bubble burst and the multi-billion dollar donations he has made to his charitable foundations. In a May 2006 interview, Gates commented that he wished that he were not the richest man in the world because he disliked the attention it brought.[69] Gates has several investments outside Microsoft, which in 2006 paid him a salary of $616,667 and $350,000 bonus totalling $966,667.[70] He founded Corbis, a digital imaging company, in 1989. In 2004 he became a director of Berkshire Hathaway, the investment company headed by long-time friend Warren Buffett.[71] In March 2010 Bill Gates was bumped down to the second wealthiest man behind Carlos Slim.
Philanthropy[link]
Further information: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Gates began to appreciate the expectations others had of him when public opinion mounted suggesting that he could give more of his wealth to charity. Gates studied the work of Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller, and in 1994 sold some of his Microsoft stock to create the William H. Gates Foundation. In 2000, Gates and his wife combined three family foundations into one to create the charitable Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which is the largest transparently operated charitable foundation in the world.[72] The foundation allows benefactors access to information regarding how its money is being spent, unlike other major charitable organizations such as the Wellcome Trust.[73][74] The generosity and extensive philanthropy of David Rockefeller has been credited as a major influence. Gates and his father met with Rockefeller several times, and modeled their giving in part on the Rockefeller family's philanthropic focus, namely those global problems that are ignored by governments and other organizations.[75] As of 2007, Bill and Melinda Gates were the second-most generous philanthropists in America, having given over $28 billion to charity.[76] They plan to eventually give 95% of their wealth to charity.[77]
The foundation was at the same time criticized because it invests assets that it has not yet distributed with the exclusive goal of maximizing return on investment. As a result, its investments include companies that have been charged with worsening poverty in the same developing countries where the Foundation is attempting to relieve poverty. These include companies that pollute heavily, and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world.[78] In response to press criticism, the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments, to assess social responsibility.[79] It subsequently canceled the review and stood by its policy of investing for maximum return, while using voting rights to influence company practices.[80] The Gates Millennium Scholars program has been criticized for its exclusion of Caucasian students.[81][82]
Gates's wife urged people to learn a lesson from the philanthropic efforts of the Salwen family, which had sold its home and given away half of its value, as detailed in The Power of Half.[83] Gates and his wife invited Joan Salwen to Seattle to speak about what the family had done, and on December 9, 2010, Gates, investor Warren Buffett, and Mark Zuckerberg (Facebook's CEO) signed a promise they called the "Gates-Buffet Giving Pledge", in which they promised to donate to charity at least half of their wealth over the course of time.[84][85][86]
Recognition[link]
In 1987, Gates was officially declared a billionaire in the pages of Forbes' 400 Richest People in America issue, just days before his 32nd birthday. As the world's youngest self-made billionaire, he was worth $1.25 billion, over $900 million more than he'd been worth the year before, when he'd debuted on the list.[87]
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Time magazine named Gates one of the 100 people who most influenced the 20th century, as well as one of the 100 most influential people of 2004, 2005, and 2006. Time also collectively named Gates, his wife Melinda and U2's lead singer Bono as the 2005 Persons of the Year for their humanitarian efforts.[88] In 2006, he was voted eighth in the list of "Heroes of our time".[89] Gates was listed in the Sunday Times power list in 1999, named CEO of the year by Chief Executive Officers magazine in 1994, ranked number one in the "Top 50 Cyber Elite" by Time in 1998, ranked number two in the Upside Elite 100 in 1999 and was included in The Guardian as one of the "Top 100 influential people in media" in 2001.[90]
In 1994, he was honoured as the twentieth Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society. Gates has received honorary doctorates from Nyenrode Business Universiteit, Breukelen, The Netherlands, in 2000;[91] the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, in 2002; invited in 2003 to deliver the keynote address[92] of the Golden Jubilee of the Indian Institute of Technology,held in San Jose, California;[93] Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan, in 2005; Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in April 2007;[94] Harvard University in June 2007;[95] the Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, in January 2008,[96] and Cambridge University in June 2009.[97] He was also made an honorary trustee of Peking University in 2007.[98] Gates was also made an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II in 2005,[99] in addition to having entomologists name the Bill Gates flower fly, Eristalis gatesi, in his honor.[100]
In November 2006, he and his wife were awarded the Order of the Aztec Eagle for their philanthropic work around the world in the areas of health and education, particularly in Mexico, and specifically in the program "Un país de lectores".[101] In October 2009, it was announced that Gates will be awarded the 2010 Bower Award for Business Leadership of The Franklin Institute for his achievements in business and for his philanthropic work. In 2010 he was honored with the Silver Buffalo Award by the Boy Scouts of America, its highest award for adults, for his service to youth.[102]
In 2011, Bill Gates was ranked as the fifth most powerful person in the world, according to rankings by Forbes magazine.[103]
Investments[link]
- Cascade Investments LLC, a private investment and holding company, incorporated in United States, is controlled by Bill Gates, and is headquartered in the city of Kirkland, Washington.
- bgC3, a new think-tank company founded by Bill Gates.
- Corbis, a digital image licensing and rights services company.
- TerraPower, a nuclear reactor design company.
Books and films[link]
To date, Bill Gates has authored two books. The Road Ahead, written with Microsoft executive Nathan Myhrvold and journalist Peter Rinearson, was published in November 1995, and it summarized the implications of the personal computing revolution and described a future profoundly changed by the arrival of a global information superhighway. Business @ the Speed of Thought was published in 1999, and discusses how business and technology are integrated, and shows how digital infrastructures and information networks can help getting an edge on the competition.
Gates has appeared in a number of documentaries, including the 2010 documentary film Waiting for "Superman",[104] and the BBC documentary series The Virtual Revolution.
Gates was prominently featured in Pirates of Silicon Valley, a 1999 film which chronicles the rise of Apple and Microsoft from the early 1970s to 1997. He was portrayed by Anthony Michael Hall.
See also[link]
- List of billionaires (also see List of college dropout billionaires and List of wealthiest non-inflated historical figures)
- Paul Allen – Microsoft's co-founder, friend, and fellow billionaire
- Gary Kildall (October 25, 2004). "The Man Who Could Have Been Bill Gates". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_43/b3905109_mz063.htm. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
Books[link]
- Fridson, Martin (2001). How to Be a Billionaire: Proven Strategies from the Titans of Wealth. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-41617-7.
- Gates, Bill (1996). The Road Ahead. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-026040-4.
- Lesinski, Jeanne M. (2006). Bill Gates (Biography (a & E)). A&E Television Networks. ISBN 0-8225-7027-0.
- Manes, Stephen (1994). Gates: How Microsoft's Mogul Reinvented an Industry and Made Himself The Richest Man in America. Touchstone Pictures. ISBN 0-671-88074-8.
- Wallace, James (1993). Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0-471-56886-4.
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- ^ "News Of Tsinghua University-Bill Gates Awarded Honorary Doctorate of Tsinghua". News.tsinghua.edu.cn. April 19, 2007. http://news.tsinghua.edu.cn/eng__news.php?id=1370. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
- ^ Hughes, Gina (June 8, 2007). "Bill Gates Gets Degree After 30 Years". Yahoo!. http://tech.yahoo.com/blog/hughes/13653. Retrieved February 18, 2008.
- ^ Svärd, Madeleine (January 24, 2008). "Bill Gates honored with a doctor's cap". Karolinska Institutet. http://ki.se/ki/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=130&a=47838&l=en&newsdep=130. Retrieved February 18, 2008.
- ^ University of Cambridge (June 12, 2009). "The Chancellor in Cambridge to confer Honorary Degrees". University of Cambridge. http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/dp/2009061204. Retrieved August 20, 2009.
- ^ Blakely, Rhys (July 18, 2007). "Gates how piracy worked for me in China". The Times (London). http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/technology/article2098235.ece. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
- ^ "Knighthood for Microsoft's Gates". BBC News. March 2, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3428673.stm. Retrieved February 18, 2008.
- ^ Thompson, F. Christian (August 19, 1999). "Bill Gates' Flower Fly Eristalis gatesi Thompson". The Diptera Site. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/Diptera/syrphid/gates.htm. Retrieved February 18, 2008.
- ^ "Proclamation of the Award". Diario Oficial de la Federación. http://diariooficial.segob.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=4936346. Retrieved March 30, 2008.
- ^ "2010 Silver Buffalo Recipients". Scouting (September–October 2010): 39.
- ^ Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/powerful-people/#p_1_s_a0_All%20countries_All%20categories_.
- ^ Bill Gates Goes to Sundance, Offers an Education, ABC News, January 23, 2010
Further reading[link]
- "The Meaning of Bill Gates: As his reign at Microsoft comes to an end, so does the era he dominated", The Economist, June 28, 2008.
- Rivlin, Gary (1999). The plot to get Bill Gates: an irreverent investigation of the world's richest man...and the people who hate him. New York: Times Business. ISBN 0-8129-3006-1.
- "83 Reasons Why Bill Gates's Reign Is Over". Wired (Wired) 6 (12). December 1998. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/6.12/microsoft.html.
- Bank, David (2001). Breaking Windows: how Bill Gates fumbled the future of Microsoft. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-0315-1.
External links[link]
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- Official website
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| Name | Gates, Bill |
| Alternative names | Gates, William Henry, III |
| Short description | American business magnate |
| Date of birth | October 28, 1955 |
| Place of birth | Seattle, Washington, United States |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Robin Hood (disambiguation).
Robin Hood was a heroic outlaw in English folklore. A highly skilled archer and swordsman, he is known for "robbing from the rich and giving to the poor",[1] assisted by a group of fellow outlaws known as his "Merry Men".[2] Traditionally, Robin Hood and his men are depicted wearing Lincoln green clothes.[3] The origin of the legend is claimed by some to have stemmed from actual outlaws, or from ballads or tales of outlaws.[4]
Robin Hood became a popular folk figure in the medieval period continuing through to modern literature, films and television. In the earliest sources, Robin Hood is a yeoman, but he was often later portrayed as an aristocrat wrongfully dispossessed of his lands and made into an outlaw by an unscrupulous sheriff.[5]
Contents |
History[link]
In popular culture, Robin Hood and his band of "merry men" are usually portrayed as living in Sherwood Forest, in Nottinghamshire, where much of the action in the early ballads takes place.[6] So does the very first recorded Robin Hood rhyme, four lines from the early 15th century, beginning: "Robyn hode in scherewode stod."[7] However, the overall picture from the surviving early ballads and other early references[7] suggest that Robin Hood may have been based in the Barnsdale area of what is now South Yorkshire (which borders Nottinghamshire).
Other traditions point to a variety of locations as Robin's "true" home both inside Yorkshire and elsewhere, with the abundance of places named for Robin causing further confusion.[8][9] A tradition dating back at least to the end of the 16th century gives his birthplace as Loxley, Sheffield in South Yorkshire, while the site of Robin Hood's Well in Skellow, South Yorkshire, has been associated with Robin Hood since at least 1422. Records show a man named Robin Hood lived in Wakefield, Yorkshire, in the 13th and 14th centuries.[10] His grave has been claimed to be at Kirklees Priory near Mirfield in West Yorkshire, as implied by the 18th-century version of Robin Hood's Death, and there is a headstone there of dubious authenticity.[11]
The first clear reference to "rhymes of Robin Hood" is from the late 14th-century poem Piers Plowman, but the earliest surviving copies of the narrative ballads that tell his story date to the 15th century, or the first decade of the 16th century. In these early accounts, Robin Hood's partisanship of the lower classes, his Marianism and associated special regard for women, his outstanding skill as an archer, his anti-clericalism, and his particular animosity towards the Sheriff of Nottingham are already clear.[12] Little John, Much the Miller's Son and Will Scarlet (as Will "Scarlok" or "Scathelocke") all appear, although not yet Maid Marian or Friar Tuck. It is not certain what should be made of these latter two absences as it is known that Friar Tuck, for one, has been part of the legend since at least the later 15th century.[13]
In popular culture, Robin Hood is typically seen as a contemporary and supporter of the late 12th-century king Richard the Lionheart, Robin being driven to outlawry during the misrule of Richard's brother John while Richard was away at the Third Crusade. This view first gained currency in the 16th century.[14] It is not supported by the earliest ballads. The early compilation, A Gest of Robyn Hode, names the king as "Edward", and while it does show Robin Hood as accepting the King's pardon he later repudiates it and returns to the greenwood.
The oldest surviving ballad, Robin Hood and the Monk, gives even less support to the picture of Robin Hood as a partisan of the true king. The setting of the early ballads is usually attributed by scholars to either the 13th century or the 14th, although it is recognised they are not necessarily historically consistent.[15]
The early ballads are also quite clear on Robin Hood's social status: he is a yeoman. While the precise meaning of this term changed over time, including free retainers of an aristocrat and small landholders, it always referred to commoners. The essence of it in the present context was "neither a knight nor a peasant or 'husbonde' but something in between".[16] We know that artisans (such as millers) were among those regarded as "yeomen" in the 14th century.[17] From the 16th century on, there were attempts to elevate Robin Hood to the nobility and in two extremely influential plays Anthony Munday presented him at the very end of the 16th century as the Earl of Huntingdon, as he is still commonly presented in modern times.[18]
As well as ballads, the legend was also transmitted by "Robin Hood games" or plays that were an important part of the late medieval and early modern May Day festivities. The first record of a Robin Hood game was in 1426 in Exeter, but the reference does not indicate how old or widespread this custom was at the time. The Robin Hood games are known to have flourished in the later 15th and 16th centuries.[19] It is commonly stated as fact that Maid Marian and a jolly friar (at least partly identifiable with Friar Tuck) entered the legend through the May Games.[20]
The early ballads link Robin Hood to identifiable real places and many are convinced that he was a real person, more or less accurately portrayed. A number of theories as to the identity of "the real Robin Hood" have their supporters. Some of these theories posit that "Robin Hood" or "Robert Hood" or the like was his actual name; others suggest that this may have been merely a nickname disguising a medieval bandit perhaps known to history under another name.[21] One historian claims Robin Hood was a pseudonym by which the ancient Lords of Wellow, Nottinghamshire, were once known.[22] It is interesting that the village has such a strong connection with maypole celebrations, considering Robin Hood's links with the same thing.
At the same time it is possible that Robin Hood has always been a fictional character; the folklorist Francis James Child declared "Robin Hood is absolutely a creation of the ballad-muse" and this view has been neither proven or disproven.[23] Another view is that Robin Hood's origins must be sought in folklore or mythology;[24] Despite the frequent Christian references in the early ballads, Robin Hood has been claimed for the pagan witch-cult supposed by Margaret Murray to have existed in medieval Europe.[25]
Early references[link]
The oldest references to Robin Hood are not historical records, or even ballads recounting his exploits, but hints and allusions found in various works. From 1228 onwards, the names 'Robinhood', 'Robehod' or 'Robbehod' occur in the rolls of several English Justices. The majority of these references date from the late 13th century. Between 1261 and 1300, there are at least eight references to 'Rabunhod' in various regions across England, from Berkshire in the south to York in the north.[26]
In a petition presented to Parliament in 1439, the name is used to describe an itinerant felon. The petition cites one Piers Venables of Aston, Derbyshire, "who having no liflode, ne sufficeante of goodes, gadered and assembled unto him many misdoers, beynge of his clothynge, and, in manere of insurrection, wente into the wodes in that countrie, like as it hadde be Robyn Hude and his meyne."[27] The name was still used to describe sedition and treachery in 1605, when Guy Fawkes and his associates were branded "Robin Hoods" by Robert Cecil.
The first allusion to a literary tradition of Robin Hood tales occurs in William Langland's Piers Plowman (c. 1362–c. 1386) in which Sloth, the lazy priest, confesses: "I kan [know] not parfitly [perfectly] my Paternoster as the preest it singeth,/ But I kan rymes of Robyn Hood and Randolf Erl of Chestre."[28]
The first mention of a quasi-historical Robin Hood is given in Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Chronicle, written in about 1420. The following lines occur with little contextualisation under the year 1283:
- Lytil Jhon and Robyne Hude
- Wayth-men ware commendyd gude
- In Yngil-wode and Barnysdale
- Thai oysyd all this tyme thare trawale.
The next notice is a statement in the Scotichronicon, composed by John of Fordun between 1377 and 1384, and revised by Walter Bower in about 1440. Among Bower's many interpolations is a passage that directly refers to Robin. It is inserted after Fordun's account of the defeat of Simon de Montfort and the punishment of his adherents. Robin is represented as a fighter for de Montfort's cause.[29] This was in fact true of the historical outlaw of Sherwood Forest Roger Godberd, whose points of similarity to the Robin Hood of the ballads have often been noted.[30][31]
Bower writes:
- Then [c. 1266] arose the famous murderer, Robert Hood, as well as Little John, together with their accomplices from among the disinherited, whom the foolish populace are so inordinately fond of celebrating both in tragedies and comedies, and about whom they are delighted to hear the jesters and minstrels sing above all other ballads.
The word translated here as "murderer" is the Latin siccarius, from the Latin for "knife". Bower goes on to tell a story about Robin Hood in which he refuses to flee from his enemies while hearing Mass in the greenwood, and then gains a surprise victory over them, apparently as a reward for his piety.[32]
Another reference, discovered by Julian Luxford in 2009, appears in the margin of the "Polychronicon" in the Eton College library. Written around the year 1460 by a monk in Latin, it says:
- Around this time, according to popular opinion, a certain outlaw named Robin Hood, with his accomplices, infested Sherwood and other law-abiding areas of England with continuous robberies.[33]
William Shakespeare makes reference to Robin Hood in his late 16th-century play The Two Gentlemen of Verona, one of his earliest. In it, the character Valentine is banished from Milan and driven out through the forest where he is approached by outlaws who, upon meeting him, desire him as their leader. They comment, "By the bare scalp of Robin Hood's fat friar, This fellow were a king for our wild faction!"[34] Robin Hood is also mentioned in As You Like It. When asked about the exiled Duke Senior, the character of Charles says that he is "already in the forest of Arden, and a many merry men with him; and there they live like the old Robin Hood of England."
References to Robin as Earl of Huntington[link]
Another reference is provided by Thomas Gale, Dean of York (c. 1635–1702),[35] but this comes nearly four hundred years after the events it describes:
- [Robin Hood's] death is stated by Ritson to have taken place on the 18th of November, 1247, about the 87th year of his age; but according to the following inscription found among the papers of the Dean of York...the death occurred a month later. In this inscription, which bears evidence of high antiquity, Robin Hood is described as Earl of Huntington - his claim to which title has been as hotly contested as any disputed peerage upon record.
-
- Hear undernead dis laitl stean
- Lais Robert Earl of Huntingun
- Near arcir der as hie sa geud
- An pipl kauld im Robin Heud
- Sic utlaws as hi an is men
- Vil England nivr si agen.
- Obiit 24 Kal Dekembris 1247
This inscription also appears on a grave in the grounds of Kirklees Priory near Kirklees Hall (see below).
Robert is largely fictional by this time. The Gale note is inaccurate. The medieval texts do not refer to him directly, but mediate their allusions through a body of accounts and reports: for Langland, Robin exists principally in "rimes", for Bower, "comedies and tragedies", while for Wyntoun he is "commendyd gude". Even in a legal context, where one would expect to find verifiable references to Robert, he is primarily a symbol, a generalised outlaw-figure rather than an individual. Consequently, in the medieval period itself, Robin Hood already belongs more to literature than to history. In fact, in an anonymous song called Woman of c. 1412, he is treated in precisely this manner - as a joke, a figure that the audience will instantly recognise as imaginary:
- He that made this songe full good,
- Came of the northe and the sothern blode,
- And somewhat kyne to Robert Hoad.[36][37]
Sources[link]
There is at present little scholarly support for the view that tales of Robin Hood have stemmed from mythology or folklore, from fairies or other mythological origins, any such associations being regarded as later development.[38] The mythological theory does go back to at least to 1584, when Reginald Scot identified Robin Hood with the Germanic goblin "Hudgin" or Hodekin and associated him with Robin Goodfellow.[39] Maurice Keen[40] provides a brief summary and useful critique of the once-popular view that Robin Hood had mythological origins, while (unlike some)[41] refraining from utterly and finally dismissing it.[42] While Robin Hood and his men often show great skill in archery, swordplay and disguise, they are no more exaggerated than those characters in other ballads, such as Kinmont Willie, which were based on historical events.[43]
Robin Hood's role in the traditional May Day games could suggest pagan connections, but that role has not been traced earlier than the early 15th century. However, it is uncontroversial that a Robin and Marion figured in 13th-century French "pastourelles" (of which Jeu de Robin et Marion c. 1280 is a literary version) and presided over the French May festivities, "this Robin and Marion tended to preside, in the intervals of the attempted seduction of the latter by a series of knights, over a variety of rustic pastimes."[44]
In the Jeu de Robin and Marion, Robin and his companions have to rescue Marion from the clutches of a "lustful knight".[45] Dobson and Taylor in their survey of the legend, in which they reject the mythological theory, nevertheless regard it as "highly probable" that this French Robin's name and functions travelled to the English May Games where they fused with the Robin Hood legend.[44]
The origin of the legend is claimed by some to have stemmed from actual outlaws, or from tales of outlaws, such as Hereward the Wake, Eustace the Monk, Fulk FitzWarin[4] and William Wallace.[46] Hereward appears in a ballad much like Robin Hood and the Potter, and as the Hereward ballad is older, it appears to be the source. The ballad Adam Bell, Clym of the Cloughe and Wyllyam of Cloudeslee runs parallel to Robin Hood and the Monk, but it is not clear whether either one is the source for the other, or whether they merely show that such tales were told of outlaws.[47]
Some early Robin Hood stories appear to be unique, such as the story wherein Robin gives a knight, generally called Richard at the Lee, money to pay off his mortgage to an abbot, but this may merely indicate that no parallels have survived.[48]
There are a number of theories that attempt to identify a historical Robin Hood. A difficulty with any such historical search is that "Robert" was in medieval England a very common given name, and "Robin" (or Robyn), especially in the 13th century, was its very common diminutive.[49] The surname "Hood" (or Hude or Hode etc.), referring ultimately to the head-covering, was also fairly common. Unsurprisingly, therefore, there are a number of people called "Robert Hood" or "Robin Hood" to be found in medieval records. Some of them are on record for having fallen afoul of the law, but this is not necessarily significant to the legend.[50]
The early ballads give a number of possible historical clues: notably, the Gest names the reigning king as "Edward", but the ballads cannot be assumed to be reliable in such details.[51] For whatever it may be worth, however, King Edward I took the throne in 1272, and an Edward remained on the throne until the death of Edward III in 1377.
On the other hand, what appears to be the first known example of "Robin Hood" as stock name for an outlaw dates to 1262 in Berkshire, where the surname "Robehod" was applied to a man apparently because he had been outlawed.[52] This could suggest two main possibilities: either that an early form of the Robin Hood legend was already well established in the mid 13th century; or alternatively that the name "Robin Hood" preceded the outlaw hero that we know; so that the "Robin Hood" of legend was so called because that was seen as an appropriate name for an outlaw.
It has long been suggested, notably by John Maddicott, that "Robin Hood" was a stock alias used by thieves.[53] The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica remarks that 'hood' was a common dialectical form of 'wood'; and that the outlaw's name has been given as "Robin Wood".[24] There are indeed a number of references to Robin Hood as Robin Wood, or Whood, or Whod, from the 16th and 17th centuries. The earliest recorded example, in connection with May games in Somerset, dates from 1518.[54]
One well-known theory of origin was proposed by Joseph Hunter in 1852. Hunter identified the outlaw with a "Robyn Hode" recorded as employed by Edward II in 1323 during the king's progress through Lancashire. This Robyn Hode was identified with (one or more people called) Robert Hood living in Wakefield before and after that time. Comparing the available records with especially the Gest and also other ballads, Hunter developed a fairly detailed theory according to which Robin Hood was an adherent of the rebel Earl of Lancaster, defeated at the Battle of Boroughbridge in 1322.
According to this theory, Robin Hood was pardoned and employed by the king in 1323. (The Gest does relate that Robin Hood was pardoned by "King Edward" and taken into his service.) The theory supplies Robin Hood with a wife, Matilda, thought to be the origin of Maid Marian, and Hunter also conjectured that the author of the Gest may have been the religious poet Richard Rolle (1290–1349), who lived in the village of Hampole in Barnsdale.[55]
This theory has long been recognised to have serious problems, one of the most serious being that "Robin Hood" and similar names were already used as nicknames for outlaws in the 13th century. Another is that there is no direct evidence that Hunter's Hood had ever been an outlaw or any kind of criminal or rebel at all; the theory is built on conjecture and coincidence of detail.[56] Finally, recent research has shown that Hunter's Robyn Hood had been employed by the king at an earlier stage, thus casting doubt on this Robyn Hood's supposed earlier career as outlaw and rebel.[57]
Another theory identifies him with the historical outlaw Roger Godberd, who was a die-hard supporter of Simon de Montfort, which would place Robin Hood around the 1260s.[21] There are certainly parallels between Godberd's career and that of Robin Hood as he appears in the Gest. John Maddicott has called Godberd "that prototype Robin Hood".[58] Some problems with this theory are that there is no evidence that Godberd was ever known as Robin Hood and no sign in the early Robin Hood ballads of the specific concerns of de Montfort's revolt.[56]
Another well-known theory, first proposed by the historian L. V. D. Owen in 1936 and more recently floated by J.C. Holt and others, is that the original Robin Hood might be identified with an outlawed Robert Hood, or Hod, or Hobbehod, all apparently the same man, referred to in nine successive Yorkshire Pipe Rolls between 1226 and 1234.[59][60] There is no evidence however that this Robert Hood, although an outlaw, was also a bandit.[61]
Ballads and tales[link]
The earliest surviving text of a Robin Hood ballad is "Robin Hood and the Monk".[62] This is preserved in Cambridge University manuscript Ff.5.48. It was written shortly after 1450.[63] It contains many of the elements still associated with the legend, from the Nottingham setting to the bitter enmity between Robin and the local sheriff.
The first printed version is A Gest of Robyn Hode (c. 1475), a collection of separate stories which attempts to unite the episodes into a single continuous narrative.[64] After this comes "Robin Hood and the Potter",[65] contained in a manuscript of c. 1503. "The Potter" is markedly different in tone from "The Monk": whereas the earlier tale is "a thriller"[26] the latter is more comic, its plot involving trickery and cunning rather than straightforward force. The difference between the two texts recalls Bower's claim that Robin-tales may be both 'comedies and tragedies'.
Other early texts are dramatic pieces such as the fragmentary Robyn Hod and the Shryff off Notyngham[66] (c. 1472). These are particularly noteworthy as they show Robin's integration into May Day rituals towards the end of the Middle Ages; Robyn Hod and the Shryff off Notyngham, among other points of interest, contains the earliest reference to Friar Tuck.
The plots of neither "the Monk" nor "the Potter" are included in the Gest; and neither is the plot of "Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne" which is probably at least as old as those two ballads although preserved in a more recent copy. Each of these three ballads survived in a single copy, so it is unclear how much of the medieval legend has survived, and what has survived may not be typical of the medieval legend. It has been argued that the fact that the surviving ballads were preserved in written form in itself makes it unlikely they were typical; in particular stories with an interest for the gentry were by this view more likely to be preserved.[67] The story of Robin's aid to the "poor knight" that takes up much of the Gest may be an example.
The character of Robin in these first texts is rougher edged than in his later incarnations. In "Robin Hood and the Monk", for example, he is shown as quick tempered and violent, assaulting Little John for defeating him in an archery contest; in the same ballad Much the Miller's Son casually kills a "little page" in the course of rescuing Robin Hood from prison.[6] No extant ballad actually shows Robin Hood "giving to the poor", although in a "A Gest of Robyn Hode" Robin does make a large loan to an unfortunate knight which he does not in the end require to be repaid;[68] and later in the same ballad Robin Hood states his intention of giving money to the next traveller to come down the road if he happens to be poor.
- Of my good he shall haue some,
- Yf he be a por man.[69]
As it happens the next traveller is not poor, but it seems in context that Robin Hood is stating a general policy. From the beginning Robin Hood is on the side of the poor; the Gest quotes Robin Hood as instructing his men that when they rob:
- loke ye do no husbonde harme
- That tilleth with his ploughe.
- No more ye shall no gode yeman
- That walketh by gren-wode shawe;
- Ne no knyght ne no squyer
- That wol be a gode felawe.[70]
And in its final lines the Gest sums up:
- he was a good outlawe,
- And dyde pore men moch god.
Within Robin Hood's band medieval forms of courtesy rather than modern ideals of equality are generally in evidence. In the early ballads Robin's men usually kneel before him in strict obedience: in A Gest of Robyn Hode the king even observes that "His men are more at his byddynge/Then my men be at myn." Their social status, as yeomen, is shown by their weapons; they use swords rather than quarterstaffs. The only character to use a quarterstaff in the early ballads is the potter, and Robin Hood does not take to a staff until the 18th century Robin Hood and Little John.[71]
The political and social assumptions underlying the early Robin Hood ballads have long been controversial. It has been influentially argued by J. C. Holt that the Robin Hood legend was cultivated in the households of the gentry, and that it would be mistaken to see in him a figure of peasant revolt. He is not a peasant but a yeoman, and his tales make no mention of the complaints of the peasants, such as oppressive taxes.[72] He appears not so much as a revolt against societal standards as an embodiment of them, being generous, pious, and courteous, opposed to stingy, worldly, and churlish foes.[73] Other scholars have by contrast stressed the subversive aspects of the legend, and see in the medieval Robin Hood ballads a plebeian literature hostile to the feudal order.[74]
Although the term "Merry Men" belongs to a later period, the ballads do name several of Robin's companions.[75] These include Will Scarlet (or Scathlock), Much the Miller's Son, and Little John - who was called "little" as a joke, as he was quite the opposite.[76] Even though the band is regularly described as being over a hundred men, usually only three or four are specified. Some appear only once or twice in a ballad: Will Stutely in Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly and Robin Hood and Little John; David of Doncaster in Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow; Gilbert with the White Hand in A Gest of Robyn Hode; and Arthur a Bland in Robin Hood and the Tanner.[76]
Printed versions of the Robin Hood ballads, generally based on the Gest, appear in the early 16th century, shortly after the introduction of printing in England. Later that century Robin is promoted to the level of nobleman: he is styled Earl of Huntingdon, Robert of Locksley, or Robert Fitz Ooth. In the early ballads, by contrast, he was a member of the yeoman classes, which included common freeholders possessing a small landed estate.[77]
By the early 15th century at the latest, Robin Hood had become associated with May Day celebrations, with revellers dressing as Robin or as members of his band for the festivities. This was not common throughout England, but in some regions the custom lasted until Elizabethan times, and during the reign of Henry VIII, was briefly popular at court.[78] Robin was often allocated the role of a May King, presiding over games and processions, but plays were also performed with the characters in the roles,[79] sometimes performed at church ales, a means by which churches raised funds.[80]
A complaint of 1492, brought to the Star Chamber, accuses men of acting riotously by coming to a fair as Robin Hood and his men; the accused defended themselves on the grounds that the practice was a long-standing custom to raise money for churches, and they had not acted riotously but peaceably.[81]
It is from the association with the May Games that Robin's romantic attachment to Maid Marian (or Marion) apparently stems. The naming of Marian may have come from the French pastoral play of c. 1280, the Jeu de Robin et Marion, although this play is distinct from the English legends.[78] Both Robin and Marian were certainly associated with May Day festivities in England (as was Friar Tuck), but these may have been originally two distinct types of performance - Alexander Barclay in his Ship of Fools, writing in c. 1500, refers to "some merry fytte of Maid Marian or else of Robin Hood" - but the characters were brought together.[75] Marian did not immediately gain the unquestioned role; in Robin Hood's Birth, Breeding, Valor, and Marriage, his sweetheart is 'Clorinda the Queen of the Shepherdesses'.[82] Clorinda survives in some later stories as an alias of Marian.[76]
In the 16th century, Robin Hood is given a specific historical setting. Up until this point there was little interest in exactly when Robin's adventures took place. The original ballads refer at various points to "King Edward", without stipulating whether this is Edward I, Edward II, or Edward III.[83] Hood may thus have been active at any point between 1272 and 1377. However, during the 16th century the stories become fixed to the 1190s, the period in which King Richard was absent from his throne, fighting in the crusades.[84] This date is first proposed by John Mair in his Historia Majoris Britanniæ (1521), and gains popular acceptance by the end of the century.
Giving Robin an aristocratic title and female love interest, and placing him in the historical context of the true king's absence, all represent moves to domesticate his legend and reconcile it to ruling powers. In this, his legend is similar to that of King Arthur, which morphed from a dangerous male-centred story to a more comfortable, chivalrous romance under the troubadours serving Eleanor of Aquitaine. From the 16th century on, the legend of Robin Hood is often used to promote the hereditary ruling class, romance, and religious piety. The "criminal" element is retained to provide dramatic colour, rather than as a real challenge to convention.[85]
In 1598, Anthony Munday wrote a pair of plays on the Robin Hood legend, The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington (published 1601). The 17th century introduced the minstrel Alan-a-Dale. He first appeared in a 17th century broadside ballad, and unlike many of the characters thus associated, managed to adhere to the legend.[82] This is also the era in which the character of Robin became fixed as stealing from the rich to give to the poor.[86]
In the 18th century, the stories began to develop a slightly more farcical vein. From this period there are a number of ballads in which Robin is severely "drubbed" by a succession of professionals including a tanner, a tinker and a ranger.[84] In fact, the only character who does not get the better of Hood is the luckless Sheriff. Yet even in these ballads Robin is more than a mere simpleton: on the contrary, he often acts with great shrewdness. The tinker, setting out to capture Robin, only manages to fight with him after he has been cheated out of his money and the arrest warrant he is carrying. In Robin Hood's Golden Prize, Robin disguises himself as a friar and cheats two priests out of their cash. Even when Robin is defeated, he usually tricks his foe into letting him sound his horn, summoning the Merry Men to his aid. When his enemies do not fall for this ruse, he persuades them to drink with him instead.
The continued popularity of the Robin Hood tales is attested by a number of literary references. In As You Like It, the exiled duke and his men "live like the old Robin Hood of England", while Ben Jonson produced the (incomplete) masque The Sad Shepherd, or a Tale of Robin Hood[87] as a satire on Puritanism. Somewhat later, the Romantic poet John Keats composed Robin Hood. To A Friend[88] and Alfred Lord Tennyson wrote a play The Foresters, or Robin Hood and Maid Marian,[89] which was presented with incidental music by Sir Arthur Sullivan in 1892. Later still, T. H. White featured Robin and his band in The Sword in the Stone - anachronistically, since the novel's chief theme is the childhood of King Arthur.[90]
The Victorian era[91] generated its own distinct versions of Robin Hood. The traditional tales were often adapted for children, most notably in Howard Pyle's The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood, which influenced accounts of Robin Hood through the 20th century.[1] These versions firmly stamp Robin as a staunch philanthropist, a man who takes from the rich to give to the poor. Nevertheless, the adventures are still more local than national in scope: while King Richard's participation in the Crusades is mentioned in passing, Robin takes no stand against Prince John, and plays no part in raising the ransom to free Richard. These developments are part of the 20th century Robin Hood myth.
The idea of Robin Hood as a high-minded Saxon fighting Norman lords also originates in the 19th century. The most notable contributions to this idea of Robin are Jacques Nicolas Augustin Thierry's Histoire de la Conquête de l'Angleterre par les Normands (1825) and Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe (1819). In this last work in particular, the modern Robin Hood - "King of Outlaws and prince of good fellows!" as Richard the Lionheart calls him - makes his debut.[92]
The 20th century grafted still further details on to the original legends. The 1938 film, The Adventures of Robin Hood, starring Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland, portrayed Robin as a hero on a national scale, leading the oppressed Saxons in revolt against their Norman overlords while Richard the Lionheart fought in the Crusades; this movie established itself so definitively that many studios resorted to movies about his son (invented for that purpose) rather than compete with the image of this one.[93]
In the 1973 animated Disney film, Robin Hood, the title character is portrayed as an anthropomorphic fox voiced by Brian Bedford. Years before Robin Hood had even entered production, Disney had considered doing a project on Reynard the Fox. However, due to concerns that Reynard was unsuitable as a hero, animator Ken Anderson lifted many elements from Reynard into Robin Hood, thus making the titular character a fox.[citation needed]
The 1976 British-American film Robin and Marian, starring Sean Connery as Robin Hood and Audrey Hepburn as Maid Marian, portrays the figures in later years after Robin has returned from service with Richard the Lionheart in a foreign crusade and Marian has gone into seclusion in a nunnery. This is the first in popular culture to portray King Richard as less than perfect.
Since the 1980s, it has become commonplace to include a Saracen among the Merry Men, a trend which began with the character Nasir in the Robin of Sherwood television series. Later versions of the story have followed suit: the 1991 movie Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves and 2006 BBC TV series Robin Hood each contain equivalents of Nasir, in the figures of Azeem and Djaq respectively.[93] The latest movie version released in spring of 2010 is simply entitled Robin Hood and is directed by Ridley Scott, with Robin played by Russell Crowe. The Saracen character was dropped from this version.
The Robin Hood legend has thus been subject to numerous shifts and mutations throughout its history. Robin himself has evolved from a yeoman bandit to a national hero of epic proportions, who not only supports the poor by taking from the rich, but heroically defends the throne of England itself from unworthy and venal claimants.
Connections to existing locations[link]
In modern versions of the legend, Robin Hood is said to have taken up residence in the verdant Sherwood Forest in the county of Nottinghamshire. For this reason the people of present-day Nottinghamshire have a special affinity with Robin Hood, often claiming him as the symbol of their county. For example, major road signs entering the shire depict Robin Hood with his bow and arrow, welcoming people to 'Robin Hood County'. BBC Radio Nottingham also uses the phrase 'Robin Hood County' on its regular programmes. The Robin Hood Way runs through Nottinghamshire and the county is home to literally thousands of other places, roads, inns and objects bearing Robin's name.[citation needed]
Specific sites linked to Robin Hood include the Major Oak tree, claimed to have been used by him as a hideout,[94] Robin Hood's Well, located near Newstead Abbey (within the boundaries of Sherwood Forest), and the Church of St. Mary in the village of Edwinstowe, where Robin and Maid Marian are historically thought to have wed.[95] To reinforce this belief, the University of Nottingham in 2010 has begun the Nottingham Caves Survey with the goal "to increase the tourist potential of these sites". The project "will use a 3D laser scanner to produce a three dimensional record of more than 450 sandstone caves around Nottingham".[96]
However, the Nottingham setting is a matter of some contention. While the Sheriff of Nottingham and the town itself appear in early ballads, and Sherwood is specifically mentioned in the early ballad Robin Hood and the Monk, certain of the original ballads (even those with Nottingham references) locate Robin on occasion in Barnsdale (the area between Pontefract and Doncaster), approximately fifty miles north of Nottingham, in the county of Yorkshire; furthermore, it has been suggested that the ballads placed in this area are far more geographically specific and accurate.[97] This is reinforced for some by the alleged similarity of Locksley to the area of Loxley, South Yorkshire, in Sheffield, where in nearby Tideswell, which was the "Kings Larder" in the Royal Forest of the Peak, a record of the appearance of a "Robert de Lockesly" in court is found, dated 1245. As "Robert" and its diminutives were amongst the most common of names at the time, and also since it was usual for men to adopt the name of their hometown ("De Lockesly" means simply, "Of [or from] Lockesly"), the record could just as easily be referring to any man from the area named Robert. Although it cannot be proven whether or not this is the man himself, it is further believed by some that Robin had a brother called Thomas - an assertion with no documentary evidence whatsoever to support it in any of the stories, tales or ballads. If the Robert mentioned above was indeed Robin Hood, and if he did have a brother named Thomas, then consideration of the following reference may lend this theory a modicum of credence:
- 24) No. 389, f0- 78. Ascension Day, 29 H. III., Nic Meverill, with John Kantia, on the one part, and Henry de Leke. Henry released to Nicholas and John 5 m. rent, which he received from Nicolas and John and Robert de Lockesly for his life from the lands of Gellery, in consideration of receiving from each of them 2M (2 marks). only, the said Henry to live at table with one of them and to receive 2M. annually from the other. T., Sampson de Leke, Magister Peter Meverill, Roger de Lockesly, John de Leke, Robert fil Umfred, Rico de Newland, Richard Meverill. (25) No. 402, p. 80 b. Thomas de Lockesly bound himself that he would not sell his lands at Leke, which Nicolas Meveril had rendered to him, under a penalty of L40 (40 pounds).
A pound was 240 silver pence, and a mark was 160 silver pence (i.e., 13 shillings and fourpence).
It is again, however, equally likely that Nicolas, John, Robert and Thomas were simply members of a family which came from the area.
In Barnsdale Forest, Yorkshire, there is a well known as Robin Hood's Well (by the side of the Great North Road), a Little John's Well (near Hampole) and a Robin Hood's stream (in Highfields Wood at Woodlands). There is something of a modern movement amongst Yorkshire residents to attempt to claim the legend of Robin Hood, to the extent that South Yorkshire's new airport, on the site of the redeveloped RAF Finningley airbase near Doncaster, although ironically in the historic county of Nottinghamshire, has been given the name Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield.
In the city centre of Leeds, West Yorkshire, at 71 Vicar Lane, is a retail clothing store operated by Hugo Boss. This was the previous location of a pub/music venue known as The Duchess of York which was previously known as the Robin Hood. During an interior refurbishment, wallpaper was removed to reveal a wall mural depicting Robin Hood and his Merry Men in the small snug of the pub. The Landlord at the time, Robin Dover, was photographed standing next to the mural which was published in The Yorkshire Evening Post.
There have been further claims made that he is from Swannington in Leicestershire[98] or Loxley, Warwickshire.
This debate is hardly surprising of course, given the considerable value that the Robin Hood legend has for local tourism. The Sheriff of Nottingham also had jurisdiction in Derbyshire that was known as the "Shire of the Deer", and this is where the Royal Forest of the Peak is found, which roughly corresponds to today's Peak District National Park. The Royal Forest included Bakewell, Tideswell, Castleton, Ladybower and the Derwent Valley near Loxley. The Sheriff of Nottingham possessed property near Loxley, amongst other places both far and wide including Hazlebadge Hall, Peveril Castle and Haddon Hall. Mercia, to which Nottingham belonged, came to within three miles of Sheffield City Centre. But before the Law of the Normans was the Law of the Danes, The Danelaw had a similar boundary to that of Mercia but had a population of Free Peasantry which were known to have resisted the Norman occupation. Many outlaws could have been created by the refusal to recognise Norman Forest Law.[99] The supposed grave of Little John can be found in Hathersage, also in the Peak District.
Robin Hood himself was once thought to have been buried in the grounds of Kirklees Priory between Brighouse and Mirfield in West Yorkshire, although for the reasons given above this theory has now largely been abandoned. There is an elaborate grave there with the inscription referred to above. The story said that the Prioress was a relative of Robin's. Robin was ill and staying at the Priory where the Prioress was supposedly caring for him. However, she betrayed him, his health worsened, and he eventually died there.
Before he died, he told Little John (or possibly another of his Merry Men) where to bury him. He shot an arrow from the Priory window, and where the arrow landed was to be the site of his grave. The grave with the inscription is within sight of the ruins of the Kirklees Priory, behind the Three Nuns pub in Mirfield, West Yorkshire. The grave can be visited on occasional organised walks, organised by Calderdale Council Tourist Information office.
Further indications of the legend's connection with West Yorkshire (and particularly Calderdale) are noted in the fact that there are pubs called the Robin Hood in both nearby Brighouse and at Cragg Vale; higher up in the Pennines beyond Halifax, where Robin Hood Rocks can also be found. Robin Hood Hill is near Outwood, West Yorkshire, not far from Lofthouse. There is a village in West Yorkshire called Robin Hood, on the A61 between Leeds and Wakefield and close to Rothwell and Lofthouse. Considering these references to Robin Hood, it is not surprising that the people of both South and West Yorkshire lay some claim to Robin Hood, who, if he existed, could easily have roamed between Nottingham, Lincoln, Doncaster and right into West Yorkshire.
A British Army Territorial (reserves) battalion formed in Nottingham in 1859 was known as The Robin Hood Battalion through various reorganisations until the "Robin Hood" name finally disappeared in 1992. With the 1881 Childers reforms that linked regular and reserve units into regimental families, the Robin Hood Battalion became part of The Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment).
A Neolithic causewayed enclosure on Salisbury Plain has acquired the name Robin Hood's Ball, although had Robin Hood existed it is doubtful that he would have travelled so far south.
List of traditional ballads[link]
File:Since Robin Hood by Weelkes.png
Elizabethan song of Robin Hood
Ballads are the oldest existing form of the Robin Hood legends, although none of them are recorded at the time of the first allusions to him, and many are much later. They share many common features, often opening with praise of the greenwood and relying heavily on disguise as a plot device, but include a wide variation in tone and plot.[100] The ballads below are sorted into three groups, very roughly according to date of first known free-standing copy. Ballads whose first recorded version appears (usually incomplete) in the Percy Folio may appear in later versions[101] and may be much older than the mid 17th century when the Folio was compiled. Any ballad may be older than the oldest copy which happens to survive, or descended from a lost older ballad. For example, the plot of Robin Hood's Death, found in the Percy Folio, is summarised in the 15th-century A Gest of Robyn Hode, and it also appears in an 18th-century version.[102]
Early ballads (i.e., surviving in 15th- or early 16th-century copies)[link]
Ballads appearing in 17th-century Percy Folio[link]
NB. The first two ballads listed here (the "Death" and "Gisborne"), although preserved in 17th century copies, are generally agreed to preserve the substance of late medieval ballads. The third (the "Curtal Friar") and the fourth (the "Butcher"), also probably have late medieval origins.[103]
- Robin Hood's Death
- Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne
- Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar
- Robin Hood and the Butcher
- Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly
- Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires
- The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield
- Robin Hood and Queen Katherine
Other ballads[link]
- A True Tale of Robin Hood
- Robin Hood and the Bishop
- Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford
- Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow
- Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon
- Robin Hood and the Ranger
- Robin Hood and the Scotchman
- Robin Hood and the Tanner
- Robin Hood and the Tinker
- Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight
- Robin Hood Newly Revived
- Robin Hood's Birth, Breeding, Valor, and Marriage
- Robin Hood's Chase
- Robin Hood's Delight
- Robin Hood's Golden Prize
- Robin Hood's Progress to Nottingham
- The Bold Pedlar and Robin Hood
- The King's Disguise, and Friendship with Robin Hood
- The Noble Fisherman
Some ballads, such as Erlinton, feature Robin Hood in some variants, where the folk hero appears to be added to a ballad pre-existing him and in which he does not fit very well.[104] He was added to one variant of Rose Red and the White Lily, apparently on no more connection than that one hero of the other variants is named "Brown Robin."[105] Francis James Child indeed retitled Child ballad 102; though it was titled The Birth of Robin Hood, its clear lack of connection with the Robin Hood cycle (and connection with other, unrelated ballads) led him to title it Willie and Earl Richard's Daughter in his collection.[106]
Popular culture[link]
Main articles: Robin Hood in popular culture and List of films and television series featuring Robin Hood
Main characters of the folklore[link]
- Robin Hood (a.k.a., Robin Longstride, Robin of Loxley or Locksley)
- The band of "Merry Men"
- Maid Marian
- King Richard the Lionheart
- Prince John
- Sir Guy of Gisbourne
- The Sheriff of Nottingham
See also[link]
- Tadas Blinda
- Eustace Folville
- Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd
- Juraj Jánošík
- Iancu Jianu
- Rummu Jüri
- Ustym Karmaliuk
- Ned Kelly
- Kayamkulam Kochunni
- Nezumi Kozō
- Chucho el Roto
- Schinderhannes
- Robin Hood tax
- Kobus van der Schlossen
- Trysting Tree
- Verysdale
- William de Wendenal
- Redistribution of wealth
References[link]
- ^ a b "Robin Hood: Development of a Popular Hero." From The Robin Hood Project at the University of Rochester. Retrieved 22 November 2008.
- ^ "Merry-man" has referred to the follower of an outlaw since at least the late 14th century. See Online Etymology Dictionary
- ^ The Child Ballads 117 "A Gest of Robyn Hode" (c 1450) "Whan they were clothed in Lincoln Green "
- ^ a b Holt, p. 62.
- ^ Knight, Robin Hood: a mythic biography pp.142-143
- ^ a b Robin Hood and the Monk. Records also show that he lived in Wakefield, Yorkshire, in the 13th and 14th centuries. From Child's edition of the ballad, online at Sacred Texts, 119A: Robin Hood and the Monk Stanza 16:
- Then Robyn goes to Notyngham,
- Hym selfe mornyng allone,
- And Litull John to mery Scherwode,
- The pathes he knew ilkone.
- ^ a b Dobson & Taylor, p. 18: "On balance therefore these 15th-century references to the Robin Hood legend seem to suggest that during the later Middle Ages the outlaw hero was more closely related to Barnsdale than Sherwood."
- ^ "Robin Hood – Evidence for Yorkshire". Icons.org.uk. 24 October 2007. http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/robin-hood/features/rival-claims.
- ^ "Robin Hood – On the move?". BBC.co.uk. 24 October 2007. http://www.bbc.co.uk/nottingham/features/2004/01/robin_hood_county.shtml.
- ^ "In the footsteps of Robin Hood". Channel4.com. 24 October 2007. http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/n-s/robin02.html.
- ^ Knight, Stephen (2003). Robin Hood: A Mythic Biography. Ithica, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 84–88. ISBN 978-0-8014-3885-1. http://books.google.com/?id=dPtpkU1WSbcC&pg=PR11&dq=Holt+%22robin+hood%22.
- ^ A Gest of Robin Hood stanzas 10–15, stanza 292 (archery) 117A: The Gest of Robyn Hode. Retrieved 15 April 2008.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. 203. Friar Tuck is mentioned in the play fragment Robyn Hod and the Shryff off Notyngham dated to c. 1475.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, pp. 5, 16.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, pp. 14–16.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. 34.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, pp. 34–35.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, pp. 33, 44, 220–223.
- ^ Singmam, 1998, Robin Hood; The Shaping of the Legend p. 62.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. 41. "It was here [the May Games] that he encountered and assimilated into his own legend the jolly friar and Maid Marian, almost invariably among the performers in the 16th century morris dance." Dobson and Taylor have suggested that theories on the origin of Friar Tuck often founder on a failure to recognise that "he was the product of the fusion between two very different friars", a "bellicose outlaw", and the May Games figure.
- ^ a b See BBC website, accessed 19 August 2008 on the Godberd theory. The real Robin Hood.
- ^ Molyneux-Smith, Tony. 1998. Robin Hood and the Lords of Wellow. Nottingham: Nottingham County Council Leisure Services Department
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. ix
- ^ a b A number of such theories are mentioned at 1911 Britannica article on "Robin Hood" at LoveToKnow Robin Hood.
- ^ Robert Graves English and Scottish Ballads. London: William Heinemann, 1957; New York: Macmillan, 1957. See, in particular, Graves' notes to his reconstruction of Robin Hood's Death.
- ^ a b Holt
- ^ Rot. Parl. v. 16.
- ^ "V.396 in Schmidt's ed". Hti.umich.edu. http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=cme;cc=cme;view=text;idno=PPlLan;rgn=div1;node=PPlLan%3A6. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. 5
- ^ J. R. Maddicott, "Sir Edward the First and the Lessons of Baronial Reform" in Coss and Loyd ed, Thirteenth century England:1 Proceedings of the Newcastle Upon Tyne Conference 1985, Boydell and Brewer, p. 2
- ^ Maurice Hugh Keen The Outlaws of Medieval England, 1987, Routledge
- ^ Passage quoted and commented on in Stephen Knights, Robin Hood; A Mythic Biography, Cornell University Press, 2003, p. 5
- ^ Luxford, Julian M. (2009). "An English chronicle entry on Robin Hood". Journal of Medieval History 35 (1): 70–76. DOI:10.1016/j.jmedhist.2009.01.002.
- ^ Act IV, Scene 1, line 36–7
- ^ The Annotated Edition of the English Poets - Early ballads (London, 1856, p. 70)
- ^ Wright, p. 104
- ^ Women from The Wright's Chaste Wife, by Adam of Cobsam at Project Gutenberg
- ^ Holt, p. 55.
- ^ Reginald Scot "Discourse upon divels and spirits" Chapter 21, quoted in Charles P. G. Scott "The Devil and His Imps: An Etymological Investigation" page 129 Transactions of the American Philological Association (1869-1896) Vol. 26, (1895), pp. 79-146 Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press jstor.org
- ^ The Outlaws of Medieval England Appendix 1, 1987, Routledge, ISBN 0-7102-1203-8.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. 63, also quoting Francis Child to the same effect
- ^ More recently A. J. Pollard has also so refrained and stressed the symbolical significance of the "perpetual springtime" of the ballads. 2004, Imagining Robin Hood: The Late-Medieval Stories in Historical Context, Routledge ISBN 0-415-22308-3.
- ^ Holt, p. 57.
- ^ a b Dobson & Taylor, p. 42.
- ^ Maurice Keen The Outlaws of Medieval England Appendix 1, 1987, Routledge, ISBN 0-7102-1203-8.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. 33.
- ^ Holt, p. 73.
- ^ Holt, pp. 74–75.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of Christian Names, EG Withycombe, 1950.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, introduction pages 11–12.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, introduction page 13, criticising Joseph Hunter's "quite remarkable belief in the historical accuracy of the Gest."
- ^ D. Crook English Historical Review XCIX (1984) pp. 530–34; discussed in Dobson & Taylor, pp. xxi–xxii.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, pp. xxi–xxii.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. 12, 39n, and chapter on place-names.
- ^ Joseph Hunter, The Great Hero of the Ancient Minstrelsy of England: Robin Hood, his period, real character etc, Investigated and perhaps Ascertained, JR Smith, 1852. Quoted in the Gentlemans Magazine "The Discovery of the Veritable Robin Hood" 1854 p. 160f. Online at Google digitized books.
- ^ a b Dobson & Taylor, introduction.
- ^ Holt, pp. 75–76, summarised in Dobson & Taylor, p. xvii.
- ^ J. R. Maddicott, "Edward the First and the Lessons of Baronial Reform" in Coss and Loyd ed, Thirteenth century England:1 Proceedings of the Newcastle Upon Tyne Conference 1985, Boydell and Brewer, p. 2.
- ^ Crook, David "The Sheriff of Nottingham and Robin Hood: The Genesis of the Legend?" In Peter R. Coss, S. D. Lloyd, ed Thirteenth Century England University of Newcastle — 1999.
- ^ E372/70, rot. 1d, 12 lines from bottom.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. xvii.
- ^ "Robin Hood and the Monk". Lib.rochester.edu. http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/monk.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Introduction accompanying Knight and Ohlgren's 1997 ed.
- ^ Ohlgren, Thomas, Robin Hood: The Early Poems, 1465–1560, (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2007), From Script to Print: Robin Hood and the Early Printers, pp. 97–134
- ^ "Robin Hood and the Potter". Lib.rochester.edu. http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/potter.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ "Robyn Hod and the Shryff off Notyngham". Lib.rochester.edu. http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/sheri.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Singman, Jeffrey L. Robin Hood: The Shaping of the Legend Published 1998, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 51 ISBN 0-313-30101-8
- ^ Holt, p. 11
- ^ Child Ballads 117A:210, ie A Gest of Robyn Hode stanza 210
- ^ 117A: The Gest of Robyn Hode stanzas 13–14 A Gest of Robyn Hode
- ^ Holt, p. 36
- ^ Holt, pp. 37–38
- ^ Holt, p. 10
- ^ Singman, Jeffrey L Robin Hood: The Shaping of the Legend, 1998, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 46, and first chapter as a whole. ISBN 0-313-30101-8
- ^ a b Jeffrey Richards, Swordsmen of the Screen: From Douglas Fairbanks to Michael York, p. 190, Routledge & Kegan Paul, Lond, Henly and Boston, 1988
- ^ a b c Allen W. Wright, "A Beginner's Guide to Robin Hood"
- ^ Holt, p. 159
- ^ a b Hutton, 1997, pp. 270–1
- ^ Hutton, 1996, p. 32
- ^ Hutton, 1996, p. 31
- ^ Holt, pp. 148–9
- ^ a b Holt, p. 165
- ^ Holt, p. 37
- ^ a b Holt, p. 170
- ^ The Times (London), July 11, 1999
- ^ Holt, p. 184
- ^ "Johnson's "The Sad Shepherd"". Lib.rochester.edu. http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/rh/jonsonss.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ "Keats' "Robin Hood. To a friend"". Lib.rochester.edu. http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/rh/keats.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ "Tennyson's "The Foresters"". Lib.rochester.edu. http://www.lib.rochester.edu/CAMELOT/rh/forest.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ W.R. Irwin, The Game of the Impossible, p. 151, University of Illinois Press, Urbana Chicago London, 1976
- ^ Egan, Pierce the Younger (1846). Robin Hood and Little John or The Merry Men of Sherwood Forest. Pub. George Peirce. London.
- ^ Allen W. Wright, "Wolfshead through the Ages Revolutions and Romanticism"
- ^ a b Allen W. Wright, "Wolfshead through the Ages Films and Fantasy"
- ^ Nottinghamshire County Council. "Major Oak". http://www.nottinghamshire.gov.uk/home/leisure/countryparks/sherwoodforestcp/majoroak.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
- ^ Edwinstowe Parish Council. "Edwinstowe". http://www.edwinstowe.co.uk/robin_hood/index.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
- ^ "Laser to scan Robin Hood's prison under Nottingham city". BBC News. 2010-04-20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/nottingham/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8630000/8630926.stm. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
- ^ Holt, p. 83
- ^ "Big It Up Bulletin-May issue". .le.ac.uk. 2007-04-29. http://www2.le.ac.uk/ebulletin/news/2000-2009/2007/05/nparticle.2007-05-22.0457154226/?searchterm=bloor. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ "According to Ancient Custom: Research on the possible Origins and Purpose of Thynghowe Sherwood Forest". Issuu.com. 2012-03-09. http://issuu.com/piro.co.uk/docs/according_to_ancient_custom_-_thynghowe?mode=window&backgroundColor=%23222222. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
- ^ Holt, pp. 34–35
- ^ Dobson and Taylor, Appendix 1
- ^ Dobson and Taylor, p. 133
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, see introduction to each individual ballad.
- ^ Child, v. 1, p. 178
- ^ Child, v. 2, p. 416
- ^ Child, v. 2, p. 412
Bibliography[link]
- Baldwin, David (2010). Robin Hood: The English Outlaw Unmasked. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84868-378-5.
- Barry, Edward (1832). Sur les vicissitudes et les transformations du cycle populaire de Robin Hood. Rignoux.
- Blamires, David (1998). Robin Hood: A Hero for All Times. J. Rylands Univ. Lib. of Manchester. ISBN 0-86373-136-8.
- Child, Francis James (1997). The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. 1–5. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-43150-5.
- Coghlan, Ronan (2003). The Robin Hood Companion. Xiphos Books. ISBN 0-9544936-0-5.
- Deitweiler, Laurie, Coleman, Diane (2004). Robin Hood Comprehension Guide. Veritas Pr Inc. ISBN 1-930710-77-1.
- Dixon-Kennedy, Mike (2006). The Robin Hood Handbook. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-3977-X.
- Dobson, R. B.; Taylor, John (1977). The Rymes of Robin Hood: An Introduction to the English Outlaw. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-1661-3.
- Doel, Fran, Doel, Geoff (2000). Robin Hood: Outlaw and Greenwood Myth. Tempus Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7524-1479-8.
- Green, Barbara (2001). Secrets of the Grave. Palmyra Press. ISBN 0-9540164-0-8.
- Hahn, Thomas (2000). Robin Hood in Popular Culture: Violence, Transgression and Justice. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-564-6.
- Harris, P. V. (1978). Truth About Robin Hood. Linney. ISBN 0-900525-16-9.
- Hilton, R.H., The Origins of Robin Hood, Past and Present, No. 14. (Nov., 1958), pp. 30–44. Available online at JSTOR.
- Holt, J. C. (1982). Robin Hood. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27541-6.
- Hutton, Ronald (1997). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-288045-4.
- Hutton, Ronald (1996). The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year 1400–1700. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-285327-9.
- Knight, Stephen Thomas (1994). Robin Hood: A Complete Study of the English Outlaw. Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-19486-X.
- Knight, Stephen Thomas (2003). Robin Hood: A Mythic Biography. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3885-3.
- Phillips, Helen (2005). Robin Hood: Medieval and Post-medieval. Four Courts Press. ISBN 1-85182-931-8.
- Pollard, A. J. (2004). Imagining Robin Hood: The Late Medieval Stories in Historical Context. Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd. ISBN 0-415-22308-3.
- Potter, Lewis (1998). Playing Robin Hood: The Legend as Performance in Five Centuries. University of Delaware Press. ISBN 0-87413-663-6.
- Pringle, Patrick (1991). Stand and Deliver: Highway Men from Robin Hood to Dick Turpin. Dorset Press. ISBN 0-88029-698-4.
- Ritson, Joseph (1832). Robin Hood: A Collection of All the Ancient Poems, Songs, and Ballads, Now Extant Relative to That Celebrated English Outlaw: To Which are Prefixed Historical Anecdotes of His Life. William Pickering. ISBN 1-4212-6209-6.
- Rutherford-Moore, Richard (1999). The Legend of Robin Hood. Capall Bann Publishing. ISBN 1-86163-069-7.
- Rutherford-Moore, Richard (2002). Robin Hood: On the Outlaw Trail. Capall Bann Publishing. ISBN 1-86163-177-4.
- Vahimagi, Tise (1994). British Television: An Illustrated Guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-818336-4.
- Wright, Thomas (1847). Songs and Carols, now first imprinted. Percy Society.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Robin Hood |
- Robin Hood on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now)
- Robin Hood the Facts and the Fiction, has a lot of information on Robin Hood, ballads, medieval records, place names, analysis on the legend etc.
- BBC History: Robin Hood and his Historical Context
- Home of the World Wide Robin Hood Society in Sherwood, Nottingham, England
- Archaeology and History of Medieval Sherwood Forest
- Robin Hood, Friend of Liberty - Ludwig von Mises Institute
- Robin Hood: Bold Outlaw of Barnsdale and Sherwood, contains ballads, information on the development of the legend, and interviews with scholars and authors.
- Ben Turner's Robin Hood site one of the first on the web
- The Robin Hood Project at the University of Rochester — Houses a large collection of Robin Hood text and art
- "Robin Hood - the greatest of English myths" on BBC Radio 4's In Our Time featuring Stephen Knight, Thomas Hahn and Dr Juliette Wood
- Robin Hood - from Internet Archive, Project Gutenberg and Google Books (scanned books original editions color illustrated)
- Nottingham Caves Survey
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Robin Hood". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. - "Robin Hood". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
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