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Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh (, ), abbreviated A.P., is a state situated on the southeastern coast of India. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Hyderabad. The State has the second longest coastline among all the States in India. The official language of Andhra Pradesh is Telugu, while other languages spoken in Andhra Pradesh are Urdu, English, Tamil, and Hindi.
http://wn.com/Andhra_Pradesh -
Andorra
Andorra , officially the Principality of Andorra (), also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra, (), is a small country in southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains and bordered by Spain and France. It is the sixth smallest nation in Europe having an area of and an estimated population of 83,888 in 2009. Its capital, Andorra la Vella, is the highest capital city in Europe, being at an elevation of 1023 metres. The official language is Catalan, although Spanish, French, and Portuguese are also commonly spoken.
http://wn.com/Andorra -
Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda (; Spanish for "ancient" and "bearded") is a twin-island nation lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of two major inhabited islands, Antigua and Barbuda, and a number of smaller islands (including Great Bird, Green, Guinea, Long, Maiden and York Islands). Separated by a few sea miles, the group is in the middle of the Leeward Islands part of the Lesser Antilles, roughly at 17 degrees north of the Equator. Being a former part of the British Empire has strongly influenced the country's governance, language, and culture.
http://wn.com/Antigua_and_Barbuda -
Arasan, Kazakhstan
Arasan is a village in the Almaty Province of south-eastern Kazakhstan.
http://wn.com/Arasan_Kazakhstan -
Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
http://wn.com/Austria -
Bahrain
Bahrain, officially Kingdom of Bahrain (, , literally: "Kingdom of the Two Seas"), is a small island country in the Persian Gulf ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. While Bahrain is an archipelago of thirty-three islands, the largest (Bahrain Island) is long by wide. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain via the King Fahd Causeway, which was officially opened on 25 November 1986. Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain.
http://wn.com/Bahrain -
Barbados
Barbados ()or (Bar-bay-dos) is an island nation of the Lesser Antilles, in length and as much as in width, amounting to . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic Ocean and 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about east of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and north-east of Venezuela. Barbados is outside of the principal Atlantic hurricane belt.
http://wn.com/Barbados -
Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
http://wn.com/Belgium -
Belize
Belize () (formerly British Honduras), is a democratic constitutional monarchy, and the northernmost Central American nation. Belize has a diverse society, comprising many cultures and languages. Although Kriol and Spanish are spoken among the population, Belize is the only country in Central America where English is the official language. Belize is bordered by Mexico to its north, by Guatemala to its south and west, and by the Caribbean Sea to the east.
http://wn.com/Belize -
Bhutan
The Kingdom of Bhutan () (Dzongkha: ; Wylie: '' 'drug yul; Tibetan pinyin: ''), is a small landlocked country in South Asia, located at the eastern end of the Himalayas and bordered to the south, east and west by the Republic of India and to the north by the People's Republic of China . Bhutan is separated from the nearby state of Nepal to the west by the Indian state of Sikkim, and from Bangladesh to the south by West Bengal.
http://wn.com/Bhutan -
Borinquen
http://wn.com/Borinquen -
Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
http://wn.com/Brazil -
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-quarter of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 13 million square miles (34 million km2), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
http://wn.com/British_Empire -
Brunei Darussalam
http://wn.com/Brunei_Darussalam -
Bunyoro
Bunyoro is a kingdom of western Uganda, and from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century was one of the most powerful kingdoms of East Africa. It is ruled by the Omukama of Bunyoro. The current ruler is Solomon Iguru I, 27th Omukama (king) of Bunyoro-Kitara.
http://wn.com/Bunyoro -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
Canary Islands
http://wn.com/Canary_Islands -
Crimean
http://wn.com/Crimean -
Croatia
Croatia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska ), is a country in Central Europe and Southeastern Europe at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Adriatic Sea. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. Croatia borders Slovenia to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the southeast, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast.
http://wn.com/Croatia -
Crown of Castile
The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity, is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and almost definitive union of the monarchies of kingdoms Castile and Toledo in one hand, and the kingdoms of Leon and Galicia in other hand, and with the union of their parliaments a few decades later. In 1217, Ferdinand III was crowned King of Castile and Toledo, and 13 years after (1230), he usurped the crown of Leon and Galicia to their heirs (Sancha and Dulce); however, to reduce his titulation, he is most known as Ferdinand III of Castile and sometimes of "Castile and Leon".
http://wn.com/Crown_of_Castile -
Denmark
http://wn.com/Denmark -
Dubai
Dubai ( ; ) is one of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It is located south of the Persian Gulf on the Arabian Peninsula and has the largest population with the second-largest land territory by area of all the emirates, after Abu Dhabi. Dubai and Abu Dhabi are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the country's legislature.
http://wn.com/Dubai -
Empire of Brazil
The Empire of Brazil was a political entity that comprised present-day Brazil under the rule of Emperors Pedro I and his son Pedro II. Founded in 1822 it was replaced by a republic in 1889.
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France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
German Empire
http://wn.com/German_Empire -
Ghana
http://wn.com/Ghana -
Grenada
Grenada () is an island country and Commonwealth Realm consisting of the island of Grenada and six smaller islands at the southern end of the Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Grenada is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela, and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
http://wn.com/Grenada -
Han dynasty
http://wn.com/Han_dynasty -
Hindustan
http://wn.com/Hindustan -
Hispaniola
http://wn.com/Hispaniola -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India -
Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
http://wn.com/Iran -
Jamaica
http://wn.com/Jamaica -
Japan
http://wn.com/Japan -
Jordan
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Jordan -
Kingdom of England
http://wn.com/Kingdom_of_England -
Kuwait
The State of Kuwait (, Dawlat al-Kuwayt) is a sovereign Arab nation situated in the northeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south, and Iraq to the north. It lies on the northwestern shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the Arabic "akwat", the plural of "kout", meaning fortress built near water. The emirate covers an area of 17,820 square kilometres (6,880 sq mi) and has a population of about 2.7 million.
http://wn.com/Kuwait -
Lesotho
http://wn.com/Lesotho -
Liechtenstein
http://wn.com/Liechtenstein -
Limbuwan
http://wn.com/Limbuwan -
Lithuania
Lithuania (, U.S. usually ; ), officially the Republic of Lithuania () is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Lithuania -
Luxembourg
Luxembourg ( ), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (, , ), is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. Luxembourg has a population of over half a million people in an area of approximately 2,586 square kilometres (999 sq mi).
http://wn.com/Luxembourg -
Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
http://wn.com/Malaysia -
Melilla
http://wn.com/Melilla -
Moldova
Moldova , officially the Republic of Moldova (Moldovan/) is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldovan SSR in 1991, as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
http://wn.com/Moldova -
Monaco
http://wn.com/Monaco -
Morocco
http://wn.com/Morocco -
Nauru
Nauru ( ), officially the Republic of Nauru and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island nation in Micronesia in the South Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati, 300 km to the east. Nauru is the world's smallest island nation, covering just .
http://wn.com/Nauru -
Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands -
Nigeria
Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.
http://wn.com/Nigeria -
Norway
http://wn.com/Norway -
Oman
Oman (pronounced ; '), officially the Sultanate of Oman''' ( ), is an Arab country in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders the United Arab Emirates on the northwest, Saudi Arabia on the west and Yemen on the southwest. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast. The country also contains Madha and Musandam, two exclaves on the Gulf of Oman, south of the Strait of Hormuz and surrounded by the United Arab Emirates on the land side.
http://wn.com/Oman -
Papal States
The Papal State(s), State(s) of the Church, or Pontifical States (, also Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa, Stati Pontifici, and Stato Ecclesiastico; , also Dicio Pontificia) were among the major historical states of Italy from roughly the 6th century until the Italian peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (after which the Papal States, in less territorially extensive form, continued to exist until 1870).
http://wn.com/Papal_States -
Persia
http://wn.com/Persia -
Portugal
Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
http://wn.com/Portugal -
Qatar
Qatar ( ; ; local pronunciation: ), also known as the State of Qatar or locally , is an Arab country, known officially as an emirate, in the Middle East, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south; otherwise, the Persian Gulf surrounds the state. A strait of the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island nation of Bahrain.
http://wn.com/Qatar -
Qing Dynasty
http://wn.com/Qing_Dynasty -
Racha
http://wn.com/Racha -
Romania
Romania ( ; dated: Rumania; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.
http://wn.com/Romania -
Rwanda
The Republic of Rwanda (, , or in English, or in Kinyarwanda) is a unitary republic of central and eastern Africa. It borders Uganda to the north; Tanzania to the east; Burundi to the south; and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Rwanda is landlocked but is noted for its lakes, particularly Lake Kivu, which occupies the floor of the Rift Valley along most of the country's western border. Although close to the equator, the country has a temperate climate due to its high elevation, with the highest point being Mount Karisimbi. The terrain consists of mountains and gently rolling hills, with plains and swamps in the east. Abundant wildlife, including rare mountain gorillas, have led to a fast-growing tourism sector. The largest cities in Rwanda are Kigali, Gitarama, and Butare. Unlike many African countries, Rwanda is home to only one significant ethnic and linguistic group, the Banyarwanda. The country is well known for its native styles of dance, particularly the Intore dance, and for its drummers. Kinyarwanda, English and French are the official languages.
http://wn.com/Rwanda -
Saint Lucia
Saint Lucia (; ) is an island country in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. Part of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique. It covers a land area of 620 km2 (238 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 160,000. Its capital is Castries. The island nation has been the home of two Nobel laureates, Arthur Lewis and Derek Walcott. It is the nation with the second most such honorees per capita after Faroe Islands.
http://wn.com/Saint_Lucia -
Saudi Arabia
http://wn.com/Saudi_Arabia -
Second French Empire
The Second French Empire () or French Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.
http://wn.com/Second_French_Empire -
Serbia
Serbia (pronounced: ), officially the Republic of Serbia (), is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central- and Southeastern Europe, covering the southern lowlands of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west; its border with Albania is disputed. Serbia's capital city, Belgrade, is among the most populous in Southeastern Europe.
http://wn.com/Serbia -
Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
http://wn.com/Spain -
Sparta
http://wn.com/Sparta -
Sri lanka
http://wn.com/Sri_lanka -
Sri Lanka
The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (commonly known as Sri Lanka (, , or ); ; , ) is a country and a sovereign state off souther coast of the Indian subcontinent. A island nation in South Asia, it was till 1972 known as Ceylon (, , or ). Sri Lanka is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait.
http://wn.com/Sri_Lanka -
St. Helena
http://wn.com/St_Helena -
Swaziland
The Kingdom of Swaziland (Umbuso weSwatini), sometimes called Ngwane or Swatini, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, bordered to the north, south and west by South Africa, and to the east by Mozambique. The nation, as well as its people, are named after the 19th century king Mswati II.
http://wn.com/Swaziland -
Sweden
http://wn.com/Sweden -
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu (, ) is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai (formerly known as Madras). Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the States of Puducherry, Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. It is bound by the Eastern Ghats in the north, the Nilgiri, the Anamalai Hills, and Palakkad on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait in the south east, and by the Indian Ocean in the south.
http://wn.com/Tamil_Nadu -
Thailand
Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Thailand -
The Bahamas
The Bahamas (), officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is a country consisting of 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 islets (rocks). It is located in the Atlantic Ocean north of Cuba and Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and southeast of the United States (nearest to the state of Florida). Its total land area is ; slightly larger than the US states of Connecticut and Rhode Island combined), with an estimated population of 330,000. Its capital is Nassau. Geographically, the Bahamas lie in the same island chain as Cuba, Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands, the designation of the Bahamas refers normally to the commonwealth and not the geographic chain.
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Tonga
http://wn.com/Tonga -
Tsardom of Russia
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UAE
http://wn.com/UAE -
United Arab Emirates
http://wn.com/United_Arab_Emirates -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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Vatican City
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Wallachia
Wallachia or Walachia ( or ', archaic: ', Cyrillic: ) is a historical and geographical region of Romania. It is situated north of the Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians. Wallachia is sometimes referred to as Muntenia (Greater Wallachia), through identification with the larger of its two traditional sections; the smaller being Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia).
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Wallis and Futuna
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Windsor Castle
Windsor Castle, in Windsor in the English county of Berkshire, is the largest inhabited castle in the world and, dating back to the time of William the Conqueror, is the oldest in continuous occupation. The castle's floor area is about .
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A-Group
A-Group is the designation for a distinct culture that arose between the First and Second Cataracts of the Nile in Nubia between
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Abdul Hamid II
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Agustín I of Mexico
http://wn.com/Agustín_I_of_Mexico -
Akihito
:See also Prince Komatsu Akihito, a Japanese general.
http://wn.com/Akihito -
Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Bhumibol Adulyadej
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Carol I of Romania
Carol I (20 April 1839 – 27 September 1914 (O.S.) / 10 October 1914 (N.S.)), born Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was reigning prince and then king of Romania from 1866 to 1914. He was elected prince of Romania on 20 April 1866 following the overthrow of Alexander John Cuza by a palace coup, although some see it as an important move in legitimising the de-facto union of two of Romania's principalites with the involvement of an important western European family tie. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War he was proclaimed King of Romania on 26 March 1881. He was the first ruler of the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen dynasty, which ruled the country until the proclamation of a republic in 1947.
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Chulalongkorn
http://wn.com/Chulalongkorn -
Emperor Norton
http://wn.com/Emperor_Norton -
Emperor of China
http://wn.com/Emperor_of_China -
Emperor of Japan
The of Japan is the Japanese head of state. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. He is also the highest authority of the Shinto religion. Under Japan's present constitution, the Emperor is the "symbol of the state and the unity of the people," and is a ceremonial figurehead in a constitutional monarchy (see Politics of Japan).
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Empress Kōjun
http://wn.com/Empress_Kōjun -
Empress Michiko
|align=right
http://wn.com/Empress_Michiko -
Fulani
http://wn.com/Fulani -
George I of Greece
http://wn.com/George_I_of_Greece -
Germanic king
http://wn.com/Germanic_king -
Guangxu Emperor
The Guangxu Emperor () (14 August 1871–14 November 1908), born Zaitian (), was the tenth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. His reign lasted from 1875 to 1908, but in practice he ruled, under Empress Dowager Cixi's influence, only from 1889 to 1898. He initiated the Hundred Days' Reform, but was abruptly stopped when Cixi launched a coup in 1898, after which he was put under house arrest until his death. His reign name means "The Glorious Succession".
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Gustav V
http://wn.com/Gustav_V -
Haakon VII of Norway
http://wn.com/Haakon_VII_of_Norway -
Haile Selassie
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Hausa people
The Hausa are a Sahelian people chiefly located in the West African regions of northern Nigeria and southeastern Niger. There are also significant numbers found in regions of Sudan, Cameroon, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, and Chad and smaller communities scattered throughout West Africa and on the traditional Hajj route across the Sahara Desert and Sahel. Many Hausa have moved to large coastal cities in West Africa such as Lagos, Accra, Kumasi and Cotonou, as well as to countries such as Libya. However, most Hausa remain in small villages, where they grow crops and raise livestock, including cattle. They speak the Hausa language, an Afro-Asiatic language of the Chadic group.
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Hirohito
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Inca Empire
The Inca Empire, or Inka Empire, (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu) was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru.
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Ivan V of Russia
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Joanna of Castile
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King of France
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Mary II of England
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Nahua peoples
The Nahuas are a group of indigenous peoples of Mexico. Their language of Uto-Aztecan affiliation is called Nahuatl and consists of many more dialects and variants, a number of which are mutually unintelligible.
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Nepalese Civil War
The Nepali Civil War (labelled '''People's War''' by the Maoists) was a conflict between government forces and Maoist rebels in Nepal which lasted from 1996 until 2006. The war was started by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) on 13 February 1996, with the aim of overthrowing the Nepalese monarchy and establishing the "People's Republic of Nepal." It ended with a Comprehensive Peace Accord signed on 21 November 2006 which is now monitored by United Nations Mission in Nepal.
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Norodom Sihamoni
Norodom Sihamoni (, born 14 May 1953) is the King of Cambodia. He is the eldest son of Norodom Sihanouk and Norodom Monineath Sihanouk. Previously Cambodia's ambassador to UNESCO, he was named by a nine-member throne council to become the next king after his father Norodom Sihanouk abdicated in 2004. Before ascending the throne, Sihamoni was best known for his work as a cultural ambassador in Europe and as a classical dance instructor.
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Ottoman Empire
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Paddy Roy Bates
Paddy Roy Bates (born 1922 ) is a former British pirate radio broadcaster and founder of the Principality of Sealand, styling himself HRH Prince Roy of Sealand since 22 September 1967.
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Pedro I of Brazil
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Pedro II of Brazil
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Person
A person (from the Latin persona meaning "mask") is most broadly defined as any individual self-conscious or rational being, or any entity having rights and duties; or often more narrowly defined as an individual human being in particular.
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Peter I of Serbia
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Pharaoh
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Pope Joan
Pope Joan is a legendary female Pope who supposedly reigned for a few years some time during the Middle Ages. The story first appeared in the writings of 13th-century chroniclers, and subsequently spread through Europe. It was widely believed for centuries, though modern historians and religious scholars consider it fictitious, perhaps deriving from historicized folklore regarding Roman monuments or from anti-papal satire.
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Qhapaq Inka
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Romanians
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Sapa Inca
The Sapa Inca ("The Great Inca"), also known as Apu ("Divinity"), Inka Qhapaq ("mighty Inca"), or simply Sapa ("The Great One") was the ruler of the Kingdom of Cusco and later, the emperor of Tawantinsuyu. The origins of the position are mythical and tied to the legendary foundation of the city of Cusco but historically it seems to have come into being around 1100. The position was hereditary, with son succeeding father. There were two known dynasties, led by the Hanan and Hurin moieties respectively. The latter was in power at the time of Spanish conquest. The last official Sapa Inca was Atahualpa, who was executed by the Spanish in 1533, though several of successors later claimed the title.
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Shan people
#REDIRECTShan
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Spanish Civil War
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Sumeramikoto
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The Ashanti
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Thomas Hobbes
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Tutsi
Tutsi (; ) are an ethnic group in Central Africa. They are the second largest population of peoples in Rwanda and Burundi, the other two being the Hutu (largest) and the Twa (smallest).
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Viceroy of New Spain
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Yoruba people
:Okun redirects here. A Dr.Okun was a character in Independence Day (film). Or see Okan
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King's Speech, The (2010)
"King's Speech, The (2010)" Actors
- Colin Firth
- Geoffrey Rush
- Helena Bonham Carter
- Guy Pearce
- Timothy Spall
- Michael Gambon
- Jennifer Ehle
- Sir Derek Jacobi
- Eve Best
- Freya Wilson
- Ramona Marquez
- Claire Bloom
- Anthony Andrews
"King's Speech, The (2010)" Director
King, Don Filmography
- The After Party: The Last Party 3 (2012)
- Klitschko (2011)
- The Real Rocky (2011)
- The Seven Deadly Sins (2011)
- Facing Ali (2009)
- Tyson (2008)
- Beyond the Ropes (2008)
- Thrilla in Manila (2008)
- Soul Power (2008)
- J.C. Chávez (2007)
- Bicentennial Nigger (2006)
- The 100 Most Memorable TV Moments (2004)
- The World Sports Awards (2001)
- The 1999 Source Hip-Hop Music Awards (1999)
- The Devil's Advocate (1997)
- Michael Jackson: HIStory on Film - Volume II (1997)
- Muhammad Ali: The Whole Story (1996)
- When We Were Kings (1996)
- Wide World of Sports 35th Anniversary Special (1996)
- Fallen Champ: The Untold Story of Mike Tyson (1993)
- Kojak: Fatal Flaw (1991)
- Voices that Care (1991)
- 22nd NAACP Image Awards (1990)
- Heaven (1987)
- The 1st Annual Soul Train Music Awards (1987)
- Head Office (1985)
- The Last Fight (1983)
- Muhammad Ali vs. Ron Lyle (1975)
- World Heavyweight Championship: Muhammad Ali vs. Chuck Wepner (1975)
- The Big Fight: Muhammad Ali - Joe Frazier (1975)
- Muhammad Ali, the Greatest (1969)
King, Don A. Filmography
- The Waters: Phase One (2012)
- Changing Course (2012)
- Arthur Newman, Golf Pro (2012)
- The Waters: Phase One (2012)
- The Waters: Phase One (2012)
- Attack of the Alien Jelly Monsters from the Depths of Uranus (2011)
- Attack of the Alien Jelly Monsters from the Depths of Uranus (2011)
- Untitled Love (2010)
- Butchered (2010)
- The Last Gift (2010)
- Untitled Love (2010)
- Undoing Time (2008)
- Turk Diamond, P.I. (2008)
- Undoing Time (2008)
- Defying Debt (2008)
- Defying Debt (2008)
- Rainy Day Miracle (2007)
- Rainy Day Miracle (2007)
- Rainy Day Miracle (2007)
- Once Lost Love (2006)
- The Water Is Wide (2006)
- Once Lost Love (2006)
King, Will Filmography
- Tragedy Ann
- UB40
- Paul Brandt
- Audio Adrenaline
- Reverend Horton Heat
- Fireball Ministry
- Manowar
- Belly
- Marillion
- Invitro
- King's X
- Slick Rick
- The Beatles
karaoke
Cooling me off you let me,
melt in your thoughts you keep me
afloat in your sea
you power the freezer in me
Building a bridge with all those leftover fudgesicle sticks
not livin' on bread alone
I recognize ice cream cone.
Cooling me off you let me,
melt in your thoughts you keep me
afloat in your sea
you power the freezer in me
Chorus:
King of ice cream cones (4x)
Bridge:
Ice cream cone
(Chorus 4x)
King, where are your people now?
Chained and pacified.
Tried in vain to show them how.
And for that you died.
You had a dream of a promised land.
People of all nations walking hand in hand
But they're not ready to accept
That dream situation, yet.
King, where are your people now?
Chained and pacified.
Tried in vain to show them how.
And for that you died.
The other day
I got in a fight
It involved me and my foot in my mouth
And my wife
Then I got to thinking
Wouldn't it be grand
If with every word I said
My wish was the world's command
I'd be the king
I'd be the top
I'd give myself a raise
Throw my own parade
Number one, the chief, the boss
I'd be the king
No honey-do list
I'd rule
Whatever I say is the way that it goes
That'd be cool
And I'd go fishing
Or maybe watch sports on TV
And folks would carry me around
And I'd get to wear a crown
And I'd never spend a day on my feet
Chorus-solo-rpt chorus
I'd be living large
I'd be in charge
The whole world would bow to me, I'd be the king
It happened again
I got in a fight
In involved me and my foot in my mouth
And my wife
Today I've finally found
A melody that fits
A melody that fits
Today I've finally found
A song that I can sing
A song that I can sing
You are my king
You are my king
I bow down before you
And crown you the king of all kings
Forever I'll sing
Forever I'll sing
I'll sing of your mercy
And how I have been set free
All set free
The rulers of the earth
Will bow before your throne
Will bow before your throne
The nations you have made
Will worship you alone
Will worship you alone
You are my king
You are my king
I bow down before you
And crown you the king of all kings
Forever I'll sing
Forever I'll sing
I'll sing of your mercy
And how by your love I'm set free
I'm set free
I'm set free
All set free
All set free
All set free
You are my king
You are my king
I bow down before you
Cause you are the king of kings
Forever I'll sing
Forever I'll sing
I'll sing of your mercy
And how by your love I'm set free
I'm set free
I'm set free
Here comes the king
King!
King!
Here in my castle, I'm king of the house
Slippers, paper, pipe, and dog
Easy chair and a burning log
Something smells good in the kitchen tonight
Oh yeah, my baby can treat me right
Like every Tom, and Dick, and Harry know
Out on the street you're just another Joe-shmoe
When you get inside my home
Ceasar never had it better in Rome
King!
Here in my house
King!
Here in my castle, I'm king of the house
My throne is just a La-Z-Boy
A hotrod Ford is just a toy
I may rule, but I can't be mean
I still must answer to the queen
So if you're lucky just like me
You must feel like royalty
If this has a familiar ring
Then you know just why i sing
King!
Here in my house
King!
Here in my castle, I'm king of the house
King!
Here in my house
King!
Here in my castle, I'm king of the house
I'm just a farmer bustin' sod
Just one creature under God
Truth be known, and truth be seen'n
I'd be nothin' without my queen
So if you feel like monarchy
You don't mind a little anarchy
My hotrod Ford has a couple of dings
But the engine purrs and the radio sings
King!
Here in my house
King!
Here in my castle, I'm king of the house
King!
Here in my house
King!
Here in my castle, I'm king of the house
Here in my castle, I'm king of the house
Here in my castle, I'm king
Here comes the...
King!
Time when I was down and out
No lovin in my life
This angel came and brought about
A meaning of so right
Took my dark and lonley days into the light
With his loving ways
[CHORUS]
He's my wonderful
Everything a girl could want to love
And all I need
Yes he's my wonderful
He must have been sent from up above
Just for me
I gotta have him close to me
Each and every night
To give me that security
Of dreamin and delight
Love has got a grip on me
Oh so tight
Hope he never lets go
[CHORUS]
Cause I don't ever want to be free
From this love and care that more people will never see
And at night I pray that I'll have my way
And your love for eternity
[CHORUS]
No one could ever do for me
The things he does cause
[CHORUS x2]
A time when I was down and out
No lovin in my life
This angel came and brought about
A meaning of so right
And took my dark and lonley days
Into the light with his loving ways
Oh Yeah
I said he's everything
All I need la la la la la la...
Now Is The Time To Reach For The Sky
Gather The Wind Hear The Voice To Fly
To Know Why They Sing About Heroes And Kings
Who Were Brave And Not Afraid To Die
Look And You'll See That A New Day Will Bring
The Will To Go On And Fight Trough Endless Suffering
For All Who Believe Wait A Crown A Ring
The Power Of The Man Who Would Be King
The Power Of The Man Who Would Be King
Into The Fight Of Hopes And Dreams
The Master Of The Wind Knows Nothing's What It Seems
The Melting Of The Soul The Wish Of Those Who Scheme
The Taking Of The Will By Destroyers Of The Dream
They Live To Spread The Fear Of The Wrong Of Right Of Self
They Want Us All To Live Like Books Upon A Shelf
But We Know We Have The Power To Fight And Make A Stand
Strike When We Are Challenged All Across The Land To Be King
Fight For The Crown, Fight For The Ring
We're Fighting The World, We Fight For The King
Time To Face The World Let Brothers Never Fight
Forever Forge Ahead And Keep The Dream In Sight
For Those Who Never Try They Are Sure To Fail
The Heart's A Righteous Wind That Comes To Fill The Sail
For The Glory Of The King We Fight To Stay Alive
By The Power Of The Will, The Spirit To Survive To Be King
Fight For The Crown, Fight For The Ring
We're Fighting The World, We Fight For The King
All Of The Dreams Held Deep Inside Have A Meaning To The Soul
Freedom To Bring A Thought To The Wing Is Waiting To Unfold
For The Crown And The Ring
The Power Of The Men Who Would Be King
Fight For The Crown, Fight For The Ring
We're Fighting The World, We Fight For The King
For The Glory Of The King We Fight To Stay Alive - FIGHT -
By The Power Of The Will The Spirit To Survive - FIGHT -
Across The Gates Of Heaven Beyond The Gates Of Hell - FIGHT -
We Fought To Stay Together
We Have Won And Have Lived To Tell Who Would Be King
Fight For The Crown, Fight For The Ring
We're Fighting The World, We Fight For The King
Little bird,
I won't prey on you.
I won't prey on you this time.
I'm your faith.
I'm your faithhealer.
I'm your faithless companion.
I'm the seed that made your perfect body.
When you sleep, I am awake.
There is a light under the ocean.
Under the ocean, there's things shining everywhere.
There is a lightkeeper under the blanket here.
Under the blanket, there's things shining down here.
Now I see you lay your perfect body down by me,
Now we're down.
Little bird,
I won't prey on you.
I won't prey on you this time.
I'm your faith.
I'm your faithhealer
I'm your faithless companion.
I'm the seed that made your body perfect.
When you sleep, I am awake.
There is a light under the ocean.
Under the ocean, there's things shining everywhere.
There is a lightkeeper under the blanket here.
Under the blanket, there's things shining everywhere.
You light the ocean from behind.
I'll show you mine.
I'll show you.
Baby, I can't fake it,
I'd like to see you naked.
I'd like to see you take it.
I'd like to see you naked.
(Music: Marillion Lyrics: Steve Hogarth & John Helmer)
How long can you stand
Tightening up
Avoiding the fight
Avoiding the truth
Tighten the smile
Tighten the lie
Will you get what you want
To be cursed with your dreams
I hope for your sake
Something gets in the way
How long can you stand
Living under the lens
The kiss of success
The ensuing, all consuming, mess
Message of love
They arrive everyday
People you touch
Wasting away
People you don't know
Give you no choice
And you're sick to your stomach
At the sound of your voice
And the shape of your face
And the sound of your name
They send you pictures of yourself
It's someone you don't know
And they call you a genius
Cause you're easier to sell
But the fire in your belly
That gave you the songs
Is suddenly gone
And you feel like a fake
Is that what you want?
I hope for your sake..
You've got what it takes
You've got what it takes
You've got what it takes
To be spoilt to death
King
Don King
Burger King
Lion King
What
Our King
Martin King
A shadow of love
I'm no sucker baby
I'm feeling fine
I'm no sucker baby
I'm feeling fine
Now, you can take the signs
And you can riddle the airwaves
But I'm looking at the signs
They say were fucking the poor hey
But the poor got the numbers
It's all in the numbers
The numbers sink the ship
I'm no sucker baby
I'm feeling fine
I'm no sucker baby
I'm feeling fine
All the kings they'll never change
But light will change
And I will change myself
Join me for a better day not yesterday it's gone
Join me for a better day with no revolvers
I'm no sucker baby
I'm feeling fine
I'm no sucker baby
I'm feeling fine
Take him to the guillotine
And light will change
And I will change my kin to raise
No time to bow
Let me see your ugly crown
I've got molten lava, instead of lead
To burn a symbol in your head
Born rich stay rich
On top of your head
A poor killer to the people you've bled
A pure killer to the people you've bled
Take that shit off your head
you are the one who causes me pain
you are the one who causes me grief
you are the one who lied to me
it won't be long soon you will see
king is coming...
you are the one who magnifies hate
you are the one who distorts our love
you are the one disguised as a saint
it won't be long your kingdom will quake
One-two, one-two
Is there a party over here, with no guns and knives getting' in
Now let and best, get sweat the life threatenin'
Nettin' and suggestin', guest do the restin'
Mic test, KISS, BLS, who the best then?
'Cause when I appear with hoes off a chair with
Stare with, I'm talkin' 'bout a party over here with
Main wreckin', girls I'm checkin', could be naked too
Respect and to remember every one of y'all a second to
Their maxin', gonna be fraction, a fraction, attraction
Ya'll don't wanna see action or askin'
Screw, 'cause you don't what the Rick'll do
Giggle to, well as you can see a butt wiggle too
Fried and spin my bride and move your hide and
Not another jammy on my side and
So cling although desire I'm thin
I'm wonderin', should I begin to kick ya mind or chin
'Cause I'm King
Did ya'll forget who was the man? I'll stand and live kid
You will be bouncin' up and down 'cause I'm a grand individual
Shit you will fear say I'm cheer to dear, disappear,
to where you no where near to
And could never dream, run horse forever and
Clever trap a hooker screamin' I€™m yours forever and
Town to town with the b-boy sounds
That has the Ruler Rick announce, which amounts to bounce to
The class and still hum the last and
Smash, jewelry heavy like kids from the past and
'Cause bodies lay about, respect you better pay about
Obey about, 'cause Ricky isn't sweatin' what you say about him
Oh I'm on the clause, silent you're younger boy
Rap bein' strong, 'cause see this is violence you hunger for
So cling those aren't I'm thin, I'm wonderin'
Should I begin to kick your mind or chin, cause I'm King
Like Ceasar, so wanna chill ho on knees for
Please for, breeze, what money grow on trees for
Ten to play, I'm poppin' willie on the way in
Decay, the Rick could make a million a day and
Kid shot, 'cause we on the boy's heart
'Cause the part don't start that's killin' noise fart 'cause
Strive kid, go for the knife it's
One for the trife shit, run for your life it's
As I scrape ho's, graspin€™ to shape up
Clothes draped, tell me why you blastin' the tape up
And up high to where€™s your boyfriend tried to be
Ho's fly to Vance Wright, tearin' upside of me
Sewin' ya, sweat so I bone ya
Let nobody clone ya, and get how I own ya
So hoes cling, those aren't I'm thin
I'm wonderin' should I bring to kick ya mind or chin
Cause I'm King
Chains, my baby's got me locked up in chains.
And they ain't the kind that you can see.
Whoa, oh, these chains of love got a hold on me, yeah.
Chains, well I can't break away from these chains.
Can't run around, 'cause I'm not free.
Whoa, oh, these chains of love won't let me be, yeah.
I wanna tell you, pretty baby,
I think you're fine.
I'd like to love you,
But, darlin', I'm imprisoned by these...
Chains, my baby's got me locked up in chains,
And they ain't the kind that you can see,
Oh, oh, these chains of love got a hold on me.
Please believe me when I tell you,
Your lips are sweet.
I'd like to kiss them,
But I can't break away from all of these...
Chains, my baby's got me locked up in chains.
And they ain't the kind that you can see.
Whoa, oh, these chains of love got a hold on me, yeah.
Chains, chains of love...
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Fish
- Love & Pride
- And as for Myself
- Trouble
- Won't You Hold My Hand Now
- Unity Song
- Cherry
- Soul on My Boots
- I Kissed the Spikey Fridge
- Fish (reprise)
- Love & Pride (Body & Soul mix)
- Don't Stop
- Classic Strangers
- Won't You Hold My Hand Now (Heavy Times mix)
- Endlessly
- Never Ending
- Won't You Hold My Hand Now (Youth mix)
- Alone Without You
- Platform One
- I Cringed, I Died, I Felt Hot
- (KFAD) Wait for No One
- 2 M.B.
- These Things
- The Taste of Your Tears
- Torture
- Sugar Candy Mountain Buddhas
- Mind Yer Toes
- Crazy Party
- Alone Without You (Scorcher mix)
- The Taste of Your Tears (Breaker Heart CD mix)
- Torture (Passion Fruit mix)
- Love and Pride (USA Summer mix)
- I Kissed the Spikey Fridge (Rock Hard mix)
- These Things (reprise)
- Alone Without You (reprise)
- Blok B
- Chum
- King c'est quoi
- Blast the Shit
- Luv moi
- L'espoir vit toujours
- Je crache la vérité
- Diamondz & Gunz
- Qu'est-ce-que t'as
- Comprends
- La vie qu'on a choisit (feat. Connaisseur)
- Passion urbaine
- Face à la réalité (feat. Coshyne)
- Chum (remix)
- Love & Pride
- Don't Stop
- Won't You Hold My Hand Now
- Fish
- Trouble
- Soul on My Boots
- I Kissed the Spikey Fridge
- Alone Without You
- Crazy Party
- The Taste of Your Tears
- I Cringed, I Died, I Felt Hot
- These Things
- Torture
- Groovin' With the Kings
- I Know
- Love & Pride (Body and Soul mix)
- Won't You Hold My Hand Now (Heavy Times mix edit)
- The Taste of Your Tears (Breaker Heart mix)
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Mr. HEAVEN
- ジャッジメン
- Never Die
- 夢人
- 太陽に手を伸ばして
- Poker face
- Vampire
- 流星Liar
- always
- Let it be
- Heaven's Cracker
- Hello inwardness
- はじまりの詩
- 一撃
- INAZUMA THUNDER GIRL
- Cannonball
- 透明人間
- Alice
- Hyper Love
- Merry-go-round
- Realize
- Let's go!Monkey Attack
- KINGWAY
- 火の玉ファイヤーボーイ
- WORLD～Started of Engine～
- S.S.G
- †Rozario†
- LOVE SONG
- UNDEADMAN
- baby's breath
- シネマ
- Fallin'...
- Beautiful day
- Bi・Bo・Ba
- Diving Ace
- FLY TO SKY
- Perfect Blue
- Canon
- JESUS!
- Angel or Devil
- Crazy drive
- Starlit sky
- Night
- BAN-ZAI
- Good life
- ONE LOVE
- Secret Service
- Junky Junky Junky
- everything
- DAYS
- I'll sing love
- Navel Orange
- Spiral Spark
- Instead of you
- EDEN
- HA-RA-KI-RI
- end of the world
- LOVE TRAIN
- Abuse
- in HEAVEN
- ONE
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e-dubble - Be A King
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:02
- Published: 22 Mar 2011
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
facebook.com twitter.com Free Download on.fb.me Purchase iTunes smarturl.it iTunes smarturl.it Spotify smarturl.it Free Music Written Thursday Mixtape smarturl.it All Freestyle Friday songs e-dubble.com e-dubble uses his music as a tool to convey his thoughts and feelings in an honest style that is difficult to find in hip-hop. Following a year of weekly free song releases on his Facebook and acclaimed mixtape Written Thursday, e-dubble released "Changed My Mind". An intense testimonial, "Changed My Mind" can't be summed up with a few keywords, you'll feel it when you listen. www.youtube.com -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sample Track "The Last Living Rose" by PJ Harvey chorus: my momma told me- one day I'ma grow up big and I'ma be a king and my poppa told me- it's ok to sing when shit hurts don't forget your dreams cuz' they'll get you through this So called life, they call living but I call it strange and I bet I'll do it cuz' I'm on my way and strong enough that I can shake the pain verse 1: mr. sunshine, mr. rainstorm, meet me in the conference room we need to brainstorm need some middle ground, need an even keel but you're at war picking sides give me fever chills I'll take em' both like my flu shot broke I need the give and take to keep me out of that moat my head above water thoughts to those lost this week all these tragedies stay on repeat like we can't shake shit, I can't speak on it <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/e-dubble_Be_A_King
E-DUBBLE - Be A King
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Published: 30 Jul 2011
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com Download it free: soundcloud.com Written Thursday Mixtape: www.writtenthursday.com Sexy headphone girl: www.google.com
http://wn.com/E-DUBBLE_Be_A_King
SATYRICON - King (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Published: 21 Jul 2006
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
SATYRICON - KING Taken From the album Now, Diabolical. Century Media USA CMDistro - www.cmdistro.com Best Buy - www.bestbuy.com iTunes - itunes.com/satyricon Amazon MP3 - www.amazon.com EMP.de - www.emp.de Amazon.de - www.amazon.de Amazon.co.uk - www.amazon.co.uk Play.com - www.play.com HMV.com - hmv.com
http://wn.com/SATYRICON_King_OFFICIAL_VIDEO
Pierce The Veil - King for a Day ft. Kellin Quinn
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:54
- Published: 06 Aug 2012
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
Music video for "King For A Day" by Pierce the Veil from the album 'Collide With The Sky', available now on iTunes. smarturl.it
http://wn.com/Pierce_The_Veil_King_for_a_Day_ft_Kellin_Quinn
Alicia Keys - Not Even The King (Official Lyric Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Published: 08 Sep 2012
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Produced by The Uprising Creative (theuprisingcreative.com) Directed by Laban Pheidias (http Music video by Alicia Keys performing Not Even The King. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Alicia_Keys_Not_Even_The_King_Official_Lyric_Video
Jerry The King Lawler Heart Attack Live On WWE Raw 9/10/12 Montreal - Michael Cole's FULL UPDATES HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:52
- Published: 11 Sep 2012
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
Michael Cole updating the fans (ALL UPDATES) of Jerry Lawler's status after suffering a heart attack during a live wwe raw in montreal 9/10/12. This is a real life situation & NOT part of the entertainment. Lawler's girfriend confirmed on her Facebook that it was a heart attack and that the EMTs at the Bell Centre in Montreal likely saved Lawler's life with a defibrillator that was on site in the arena.
http://wn.com/Jerry_The_King_Lawler_Heart_Attack_Live_On_WWE_Raw_9_10_12_Montreal_Michael_Cole's_FULL_UPDATES_HD
Pierce The Veil - "King For A Day" ft. Kellin Quinn (Lyric Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Published: 06 Jun 2012
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
"King for a Day" by Pierce the Veil featuring Kellin Quinn of Sleeping With Sirens. Taken from the album 'Collide with the Sky' available now. Watch the official music video: www.youtube.com Grab "King For A Day" and the rest of 'Collide With The Sky' at Hot Topic, Best Buy, FYE, Fire Brand Store (Europe), or download it now on iTunes: smarturl.it More from Pierce The Veil: piercetheveil.net http twitter.com
http://wn.com/Pierce_The_Veil_King_For_A_Day_ft_Kellin_Quinn_Lyric_Video
Lion King - Circle of Life
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Published: 14 Dec 2006
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
tinyurl.com Lion King - Circle of Life Hey check out my DeviantArt account: parkerjademerce.deviantart.com Permission from MP3 Rocket #48 - Most Discussed (All Time) - Film & Animation #27 - Most Viewed (All Time) - Film & Animation #17 - Top Favorited (All Time) - Film & Animation #22 - Top Rated (All Time) - Film & Animation
http://wn.com/Lion_King_Circle_of_Life
The King's Speech Movie Trailer Official (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:28
- Published: 27 Sep 2010
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
bit.ly - Subscribe! The King's Speech hits theaters on November 24th, 2010. Cast: Colin Firth, Geoffrey Rush, Helena Bonham Carter, Jennifer Ehle, Guy Pearce, Derek Jacobi, Timothy Spall, Michael Gambon Firth will play George VI, known as Bertie, the father of the current Queen Elizabeth II, who assumed the throne when his brother Edward VIII abdicated in 1936 to marry Wallis Simpson. The film will focus on his efforts to overcome a nervous stammer with the help of speech therapist Lionel Logue (Rush). The King's Speech trailer courtesy The Weinstein Company.
http://wn.com/The_King's_Speech_Movie_Trailer_Official_HD
Rainbow : Kill The King
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:18
- Published: 29 Oct 2006
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Live Munchen 1977
http://wn.com/Rainbow_Kill_The_King
King Kong (Trailer 2005)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Published: 08 Jan 2008
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Set in the 1930s, this is the story of a young and beautiful actress Ann Darrow from the world of vaudeville who finds herself lost in depression-era New York and her luck changes when she meets an over-ambitious filmmaker Carl Denham who brings her on an exploratory expedition to a remote island where she finds compassion and the true meaning of humanity with an ape Kong. The beauty and the beast finally meet their fate back in the city of New York where the filmmaker takes and displays the ape in quest of his fame by commercial exploitation which ultimately leads to catastrophe for everyone including a playwright Jack Driscoll who falls in love with Ann and plays an unlikely hero by trying to save her from Kong and her destiny.
http://wn.com/King_Kong_Trailer_2005
The lion King - I just can't wait to be king
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:45
- Published: 22 Oct 2006
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
I DO NOT OWN THIS!!! COPYRIGHT BY DISNEY!!!!!!!! Hallo^^ Das ist mein erstes Viedeo!^^ Es ist das Lied "Ich will jetzt gleich König sein" aus dem "König der Löwen". Hoffe es gefällt euch^^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Hello^^ This is my first viedeo!^^ It's the song "I just can't wait to be king" fron "The lion king". Hope you like it^^ Lyrics: [YOUNG SIMBA] I'm gonna be a mighty king, so enemies beware! [ZAZU] [spoken] Well I've never seen a king of beasts With quite so little hair [YOUNG SIMBA] I'm gonna be the mane event Like no king was before I'm brushing up on looking down I'm working on my roar [ZAZU] [spoken] Thus far, a rather uninspiring thing [YOUNG SIMBA] Oh, I just can't wait to be king! [YOUNG SIMBA] No one saying do this [ZAZU] [spoken] Now when I said that -- [YOUNG NALA] No one saying be there [ZAZU] What I meant was -- [YOUNG SIMBA] No one saying stop that [ZAZU] What you don't realize -- [YOUNG NALA AND YOUNG SIMBA] No one saying see here [ZAZU] Now see here! [YOUNG SIMBA] Free to run around all day [ZAZU] That's definitely out! [YOUNG SIMBA] Free to do it all my way [ZAZU] [spoken] I think it's time that you and I arranged a heart-to-heart [YOUNG SIMBA] Kings don't need advice From little hornbills for a start [ZAZU] [spoken] If this is where the monarchy is headed Count me out Out of service, out of Africa I wouldn't hang about This child is getting wildly out of [sung] wing [YOUNG SIMBA] Oh, I just can't wait to be king Everybody look left <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/The_lion_King_I_just_can't_wait_to_be_king
"The King and I" - Etc., Etc., Etc.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Published: 22 Nov 2009
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Great scene from the film version of "The King and I."
http://wn.com/The_King_and_I_Etc,_Etc,_Etc
HANNIBAL FOR KING
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:18
- Published: 10 Jul 2008
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
HANNIBAL WORKIN OUT.HE SUPPORTS ANTWON BAILEY MUSIC! WERE FROM THE SAME NABORHOOD WE ALL WORK OUT EVERYDAY EACH SUMMER FOR THREE MOUTHS STRAIGHT, IF YOUR INTERESTED IN WORKING OUT WITH US, JUST HIT THE INBOX. BE SURE TO CHECK OUT ANTWON BAILEY MUSIC IN THE RESPONSE. WE WORK REALY HARD IN MUSIC, AS WELL AS WORKING OUT! THANKS FOR WATCH THIS VID
http://wn.com/HANNIBAL_FOR_KING
Cassie - King Of Hearts
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:44
- Published: 14 Feb 2012
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Music video by Cassie performing King Of Hearts. (C) 2012 Bad Boy/Interscope Records
http://wn.com/Cassie_King_Of_Hearts
King
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 167:55
- Published: 07 Sep 2010
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
The story starts off in Khairatabad area where Gyaneshwar (Srihari) is a vagagabond. The area is under his control and he's the only one authorized to do settlements upon petty issues. In comes Bottu Seenu (Nagarjuna) who is a tough competitor for the established don. On a beautiful interlude in a rainy day, Bottu Seenu comes across Sravani (Trisha). He falls in love with her and makes utmost efforts to woo her heart. But, bad luck for Bottu as Sravani was already in love with a software engineer Sharath (the second Nag). Bottu gets disappointed yet a twist of fate awaits there.
http://wn.com/King
King of Fighters XIII - Evo 2012 Grand Finals
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:08
- Published: 09 Jul 2012
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
One of the best matches at EVO 2012. Watch CafeID Mad KOF take on IGL Bala, and create one of the top Hype moments of the year.
http://wn.com/King_of_Fighters_XIII_Evo_2012_Grand_Finals
![The King And I Trailer [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120915000811im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/HvbZNxZFn-g/0.jpg "The King And I Trailer [HD]")
The King And I Trailer [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Published: 04 Jan 2010
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
In Theaters: 29 June 1956 (USA) Mrs. Anna Leonowens and her son Louis arrive in Bangkok, where she has contracted to teach English to the children of the royal household. She threatens to leave when the house she had been promised is not available, but falls in love with the children. A new slave, a gift of a vassal king, translates "Uncle Tom's Cabin" into a Siamese ballet, expressing her unhappiness at being with the King. She attempts to escape with her lover. Anna and the King fall in love, but her British upbringing inhibits her from joining his harem. She is just about to leave Siam when she hears of the King's imminent death, and returns to help his son, her favorite pupil, rule his people. Genre:Crime | Drama Director:Andrew Piddington Cast:Jonas Ball, Joe Abbate, Gail Kay Bell, J. Francis Curley, Nicole Delorey
http://wn.com/The_King_And_I_Trailer_HD_
Kings Of Leon - Back Down South
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Published: 27 May 2011
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Music video by Kings Of Leon performing Back Down South. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Kings_Of_Leon_Back_Down_South
Sade - King Of Sorrow
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:41
- Published: 12 Dec 2009
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Music video by Sade performing King Of Sorrow. (C) 2001 Sony Music Entertainment UK Limited
http://wn.com/Sade_King_Of_Sorrow
Tamela Mann - Take Me To The King
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:04
- Published: 01 Jun 2012
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
***NO COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT INTENDED***ALL RIGHTS GO TO THE ARTIST'S RESPECTIVE LABEL***I DO NOT OWN THIS SONG!***FOR ENTERTAINMENT PURPOSES ONLY***I DON'T OWN ANYTHING!!*** The new single by my favorite gospel artist Tamela Mann! It was written and produced by Kirk Frankin
http://wn.com/Tamela_Mann_Take_Me_To_The_King
The King And I part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 15 Sep 2009
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Part 1 - the 1999 animated feature.. ENJOY :) ps COPYRIGHT GOES TO THE DISTRIBUTING COMPANIES AND FILMMAKERS and blablablabla I DO NOT OWN ANYTHING... maybe a pencil.... and a lighter...
http://wn.com/The_King_And_I_part_1
Sara Bareilles - King Of Anything
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Published: 29 Jun 2010
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Music video by Sara Bareilles performing King Of Anything. (C) 2010 Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Sara_Bareilles_King_Of_Anything
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Photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
14 Sep 2012
AnAshtavinayak Yatra refers to a pilgrimage to the eight temples of Ganesha that house unique idols located around Pune. A day after DNA presented the first four temples, we list the remaining four....
Photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
14 Sep 2012
London, September 14: Crows are far more socially well connected and seem to share information than suspected, a Scotland research claims, saying they have human-like networks of friends and pass...
Yahoo Daily News
Prince Harry has worked hard to transform his image from playboy to a modern royal serving Britain on the front line, but having naked pictures beamed around the world will not help his cause. Harry, 27, spent a few wild days in Las Vegas and indulged in a spot of strip billiards, but in an age of...(size: 8.4Kb)
WPXI
A laid-off women's accessories designer shot a former coworker to death near the Empire State Building, causing a chaotic showdown with police Friday in front of one of the world's best-known landmarks. Police killed the suspect and at least nine others were wounded, some by stray police gunfire,...(size: 5.5Kb)
The Augusta Factor
24 Aug 2012
Huffington Post
Unless you've been living under a rock, you've more than likely heard about former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and South Carolina businesswoman Darla Moore becoming the first female members of Augusta National Golf Club. For the first time in its 80-year history, women will be allowed in. A...(size: 4.1Kb)
Soccer: Strikers will carry hopes of footy fans
24 Aug 2012
NZ Herald
Emiliano Tade and Hamish Watson will have huge targets on their backs as four-time winners Central United and finals debutantes Lower Hutt City square-off in tomorrow's 85th ASB Chatham Cup showdown. The in-form strikers will carry the hopes of the Central and City fans respectively at Newtown Park...(size: 3.2Kb)
Seven Jazz, Leeds - seven evening concerts.
24 Aug 2012
The Jazz Mann
Steve Crocker of Seven Arts says; This autumn is going to be fun at Seven Arts in Leeds. WeÂve got the vocal talents of Liane Carroll, pianist John Taylor, saxmen Benn Clatworthy and Peter...(size: 1.3Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics This Weekendchicago Live Musicport of blarney Advertisement The Children of Fallen Riders is hosting its 6th annual Magic Carpet Ride Run this Sunday, August 26, at Port of Blarney's in Antioch, Illinois. This charity organization is dedicated to bikers and their families whose loved...(size: 9.0Kb)
Pesky funeral: Red Sox players strike out again
24 Aug 2012
The Examiner
Related topics Red Sox Advertisement Boston Red Sox legend Johnny Pesky was laid to rest this past Monday. In attendance to give their final farewells to "Mr. Red Sox" were plenty of dignitaries and former players, but only four current Red Sox players. The 2012 season for the Red Sox has been a...(size: 10.4Kb)
The Examiner
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The Examiner
Related topics Washington WizardsBradley BealFloridaNBA2012 NBA Draft Advertisement NBA.com released their annual peer survey results of 39 incoming NBA rookies Thursday, including Washington Wizards shooting guard Bradley Beal. The third overall pick in the 2012 NBA Draft found himself with votes...(size: 7.9Kb)
BBC Four announces raft of new commissions
24 Aug 2012
noodls
Richard Klein says: "This, the tenth birthday year for BBC Four, has been a great one for the channel: we've taken a Scrapheap Orchestra to the Proms and left a model house to rot in Edinburgh Zoo; explored the rich cultural heritage of 20th century America in the Art of America season; shined a...(size: 15.2Kb)
For other uses, see Monarch (disambiguation).
"King" redirects here. For other uses, see King (disambiguation).
.svg)
A monarch is the person who leads a monarchy. This is a form of government in which a state or polity is ruled or controlled by an individual who typically inherits the throne by birth and rules for life or until abdication. Monarchs may be autocrats (absolute monarchy) or ceremonial heads of state who exercise little or no power or only reserve power, with actual authority vested in a parliament or other body (constitutional monarchy).
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The word monarch is derived from the Greek μονάρχης (from μόνος, "one/singular," and ἄρχων, "leader/ruler/chief") through the Latin: monarcha (mono: "one" + arch "chief") which referred to a single, at least nominally, absolute ruler. In current usage the word monarchy generally refers to a traditional system of hereditary rule, as elective monarchies are rare in the modern period (though they do still exist in Vatican City, Andorra and Malaysia).
Characteristics[link]
Most states have at most one monarch at any given time, although a regent may rule when the monarch is a minor, not present, or otherwise incapable of ruling. Two monarchs have ruled simultaneously in some countries, as in the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta or the joint sovereignty of spouses or relatives (e.g. William and Mary of Kingdom of England and Scotland, Peter and Ivan of Russia, Charles and Joanna of Castile, etc.).
Monarchs have various titles — king or queen, prince or princess (e.g. Sovereign Prince of Monaco), Malik or Malikah (e.g. Maliks of Middle eastern Mamlakahs), emperor or empress (e.g. Emperor of Japan, Emperor of India), Shah of Iran, archduke, duke or grand duke (e.g. Grand Duke of Luxembourg). Prince is sometimes used as a generic term to describe any monarch regardless of title, especially in older texts.
Many monarchs are distinguished by titles and styles. They often take part in certain ceremonies, such as a coronation.
Monarchy is associated with political or sociocultural in nature hereditary rule; most monarchs, both historically and in the modern day, have been born and brought up within a royal family (over a period of time called a dynasty) and trained for future duties. Different systems of succession have been used, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, and agnatic seniority (Salic law). While traditionally most monarchs have been male, female monarchs have also ruled in history; the term queen regnant refers to a ruling monarch, as distinct from a queen consort, the wife of a reigning king.
Some monarchies are non-hereditary. In an elective monarchy, the monarch is elected but otherwise serves as any other monarch. Historical examples of elective monarchy include the Holy Roman Emperors (chosen by prince-electors but often coming from the same dynasty) and the free election of kings of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Modern examples include the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia and the pope of the Roman Catholic Church, who serves as Sovereign of the Vatican City State and is elected to a life term by the College of Cardinals.
Monarchies have existed throughout the world, although in recent centuries many states have abolished the monarchy and become republics. Advocacy of republics is called republicanism, while advocacy of monarchies is called monarchism. The principal advantage of hereditary monarchy is the immediate continuity of leadership, with a usually short interregnum (as illustrated in the classic phrase "The [old] King is dead. Long live the [new] King!"). However, this only applies in the case of autocratic rule. In cases where the monarch serves mostly as a ceremonial figure (e.g. most modern constitutional monarchies) real leadership does not depend on the monarch.
A form of government may in fact be hereditary without being considered monarchy, such as family dictatorship or political families present in some nominally democratic countries.
Classification[link]
A particular case is the French co-prince of Andorra, a position held by the elected President of France. Nonetheless, he is still generally considered a monarch because of the traditional use of a monarchical title (even though Andorra is, strictly speaking, a diarchy.) Similarly, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia is considered a monarch despite only holding the office for five years at a time. On the other hand, several life-time dictators around the world have not been formally classified as monarchs, even if succeeded by their children, but that may be more to do with international political sensitivities than with semantics.
Succession[link]
Hereditary succession within one family has been most common. The usual hereditary succession is based on some cognatic principles and on seniority, though sometimes merit has played a part. Thus, the most common hereditary system in feudal Europe was based on cognatic primogeniture where a lord was succeeded by his eldest son or, if he had no son, by either his brother, his daughters or sons of daughters. The system of tanistry was semi-elective and gave weight also to merits and capability.
The Quasi-Salic succession provided firstly for male members of the family to succeed, and secondarily males descended from female lines. In most feudal fiefs, females (such as daughters and sisters) were allowed to succeed, should the male line fail, but usually the husband of the heiress became the real lord and most often also received the title, jure uxoris. Great Britain and Spain today continue this model of succession law, in the form of cognatic primogeniture. In more complex medieval cases, the sometimes conflicting principles of proximity and primogeniture battled, and outcomes were often idiosyncratic.
As the average life span among the nobility increased (thanks to lords limiting their personal participation in dangerous battles, and generally improved sustenance and living conditions among the wealthy), an eldest son was more likely to reach majority age before the death of his father, and primogeniture became increasingly favoured over proximity, tanistry, seniority and election.
Later, when lands were strictly divided among noble families and tended to remain fixed, agnatic primogeniture (practically the same as Salic Law) became more usual: the succession would go to the eldest son of the monarch, or, if the monarch had no sons, the throne would pass to the nearest male relative through the male line, to the total exclusion of females.
In some countries however, inheritance through the female line was never wholly abandoned, so that if the monarch had no sons, the throne would pass to the eldest daughter and to her posterity. (This, cognatic primogeniture, was the rule that let Elizabeth II become Queen.)
In 1980, Sweden became the first monarchy to declare equal primogeniture or full cognatic primogeniture, meaning that the eldest child of the monarch, whether female or male, ascends to the throne.[1] Other kingdoms (Netherlands in 1983, Norway in 1990, Belgium in 1991 and Denmark in 2009) have since followed suit.
In some monarchies, such as Saudi Arabia, succession to the throne usually first passes to the monarch's next eldest brother, and only after that to the monarch's children (agnatic seniority). In some other monarchies (e.g. Jordan), the monarch chooses who will be his successor, who need not necessarily be his eldest son.
Whatever the rules of succession, there have been many cases of a monarch being overthrown and replaced by a usurper who would then often install his own family as the ruling monarchy.
History[link]
Further information: Monarchy
Monarchs in Africa[link]
Further information: Monarchies in Africa
Further information: History of Africa
A series of Pharaohs ruled Ancient Egypt over the course of three millennia (circa 3150 BC to 31 BC) until it was conquered by the Roman Empire. In the same time period several kingdoms flourished in the nearby Nubia region, with at least one of them, that of the so-called A-Group culture, apparently influencing the customs of Egypt itself.
West Africa hosted the Kanem Empire (700 - 1376) and its successor, the Bornu principality which survives to the present day as a part of the Federation of Nigeria.
In East Africa, the Aksumite Empire and later the Ethiopian Empire (1270–1974) were ruled by a series of monarchs. Haile Selassie, the last Emperor of Ethiopia, was deposed in a communist coup.
Central and Southern Africa were largely isolated from other regions until the modern era, but they did later feature kingdoms like the Kingdom of Kongo (1400–1914).
As part of the Scramble for Africa, Europeans conquered, bought, or established African kingdoms and styled themselves as monarchs.
Currently the African nations of Morocco, Lesotho and Swaziland are sovereign monarchies under dynasties that are native to the continent. Places like St. Helena, Ceuta, Melilla and the Canary Islands are ruled by the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the King of Spain, while so-called sub-national monarchies of varying sizes can be found all over the rest of the continent e.g. the Yoruba city-state of Akure in south-western Nigeria is something of an elective monarchy, with its reigning Oba having to be chosen by an electoral college of nobles from amongst a finite collection of royal princes and princesses of the realm.
Monarchs in Europe[link]
Further information: Monarchies in Europe
Prince was a common title within the Holy Roman Empire, along with a number of higher titles listed below. Such titles were granted by the Emperor, while the titulation of rulers of sovereign states was generally left to their own discretion, most often choosing King or Queen. Such titulations could cause diplomatic problems, and especially the elevation to Emperor or Empress was seen as an offensive action.
During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries most small monarchies in Europe disappeared, merging to form larger entities, and so King is the most common title for male rulers and Queen has become the most common title today for female rulers.
As of 2010[update] in Europe there are twelve monarchies: seven kingdoms, one grand duchy, one papacy, and two principalities, as well as the diarchy of Andorra.
Monarchs in Asia[link]
Further information: Monarchies in Asia
In China, before the abolition of the monarchy in 1912, the Emperor of China was traditionally regarded as the ruler of "All under heaven". "King" is the usual translation for the term wang 王, the sovereign before the Qin dynasty and during the Ten Kingdoms period. During the early Han dynasty, China had a number of small kingdoms, each about the size of a county and subordinate to the Empress or Emperor of China.
The Japanese monarchy is now the only monarchy to still use the title of Emperor. Between 1925 and 1979, Iran was ruled by an Emperor that used the title of "Shahanshah" (or "King of Kings" in Gelf). Thailand and Bhutan are like the UK in that they are constitutional monarchies ruled by a King. Saudi Arabia and many other Middle Eastern monarchies are ruled by a Malik and parts of the United Arab Emirates, such as Dubai, are still ruled by monarchs.
Oman is led by Monarch Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said. The Kingdom of Jordan is one of the Middle East's more modern monarchies is also ruled by a Malik. In Arab and arabized countries, Malik (absolute King) is absolute word to render a monarch and is superior to all other titles. Nepal abolished their monarchy in 2008. Sri Lanka had a complex system of monarchies from 543BC to 1815. Between 47BC-42BC Anula of Sri Lanka became the country's first female head of state as well as Asia's first head of state.[dubious – discuss]
In Malaysia's constitutional monarchy, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (The Supreme Lord of the Federation) is de facto rotated every five years among the nine Rulers of the Malay states of Malaysia (those nine of the thirteen states of Malaysia that have hereditary royal rulers), elected by Majlis Raja-Raja (Conference of Rulers). Under Brunei Darussalam's 1959 constitution, His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda, Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah is the head of state with full executive authority, including emergency powers, since 1962. The Prime Minister of Brunei is a title held by the Sultan of Brunei. As the prime minister, the Sultan presides over the cabinet.
Monarchs in the Americas[link]
Further information: Monarchies in the Americas
The concept of monarchy existed in the Americas long before the arrival of European colonialists.[2][3] When the Europeans arrived they referred to these tracts of land within territories of different aboriginal groups to be kingdoms, and the leaders of these groups were often referred to by the Europeans as Kings, particularly hereditary leaders.[4]
Pre-colonial titles that were used included:
- Cacique – Aboriginal Hispaniola and Borinquen
- Tlatoani – Nahuas
- Ajaw – Maya
- Qhapaq Inka – Tawuantin Suyu (Inca Empire)
- Morubixaba – Tupi tribes
- Sha-quan – King of the world used in some America Indian tribes
The first local monarch to emerge in North America after colonization was Augustin I, who declared himself Emperor of Mexico in 1822. Mexico again had an emperor, Maximilian I from 1863 to 1867. In South America, Brazil had a Portuguese royal house ruling as emperor between 1822 and 1889, under Emperors Pedro I and Pedro II.
Monarchs in Tonga[link]
Tonga was ruled by a chief and the chief is in charge of one village. The cities were governed by the Prime Minister of Tonga. Tonga was falling apart because the chiefs would start war with other villages and Tonga would fall apart. Tonga did not know what to do and then the chiefs thought that a Monarch would bring balance to the Kingdom of Tonga and peace. The following day was the day that Tonga received a Monarch, so Tonga celebrated with games, dancing and singing.
Between 1931 and 1983 nine other previous British colonies attained independence as kingdoms, all, including Canada, in a personal union relationship under a shared monarch. Therefore, though today there are legally ten American monarchs, one person occupies each distinct position.
| Male Title | Female Title | Realm | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor | Empress | Empire | Brazil, Mexico, Sapa Inca, Japan |
| King | Queen | Kingdom | Canada, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Saint Kitts and Nevis |
Titles and precedence[link]
For commonly used names for specific monarchs, see List of monarchs by nickname.
The normal monarch title in Europe — i.e., the one used if the monarch has no higher title — is prince or princess, by convention. As an absolute ruler, a monarch can choose a title. However, titles are usually defined by tradition and diplomatic considerations.
Note that some of these titles have several meanings and do not necessarily designate a monarch. A Prince may be a person of royal blood (some languages uphold this distinction, see Fürst). A Duke may be a British peer. In Imperial Russia, a Grand Duke was a son or grandson of the Tsar or Tsarina. Holders of titles in these alternative meanings did not enjoy the same status as the monarchs of the same title.
Within the Holy Roman Empire, there were even more titles that were used occasionally for monarchs although they were normally noble; Margrave, Count Palatine, and Landgrave. A monarch with such a low title was still regarded as more important than a noble Duke.[citation needed]
The table below lists titles in order of precedence. According to protocol any holder of a title of monarchy took precedence over all holders of a lower title. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom was arguably the most powerful monarch of her time, but at banquets was seated below all the Emperors until she took the title of Empress of India.
| Male version | Female version | Realm | Adjective | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor | Empress | Empire | Imperial | Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Ottoman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Russia, Mongol Empire, Imperial China, First and Second French Empire, Austria, Mexico, Brazil, German Empire (none left in Europe after 1918), Empress of India (ceased to be used after 1947 when India was granted independence from the British Empire), Japan (the only remaining enthroned emperor in the world). |
| King | Queen | Kingdom | Royal | Common in larger sovereign states |
| Viceroy | Vicereine | Viceroyalty | Viceregal | Historical: Spanish Empire (Peru, New Spain, Rio de la Plata, New Granada), Portuguese Empire, (India, Brazil), British Empire |
| Grand Duke | Grand Duchess | Grand Duchy | Grand Ducal | Today: Luxembourg; historical: Lithuania, Baden, Finland, Tuscany et al. |
| Archduke | Archduchess | Archduchy | Archducal | Historical: Unique only in Austria, Archduchy of Austria; title used for member of the Habsburg dynasty |
| Prince | Princess | Principality, Princely state | Princely | Today: Monaco, Liechtenstein; Andorra (Co-Princes). Historical: Principality of Albania, Serbia |
| Duke | Duchess | Duchy, Dukedom | Ducal | There are none left currently. Though historical examples include Normandy. |
| Count | Countess | County | Countly, comital | Most common in the Holy Roman Empire, translated in German as Graf; historical: Barcelona, Brandenburg, Baden, numerous others |
| Baron | Baroness | Barony | Baronial | There are normal baronies and sovereign baronies, a sovereign barony can be compared with a principality, however, this is an historical exception; sovereign barons no longer have a sovereign barony, but only the title and style |
| Pope | Females cannot hold the office of Pope | Papacy | Papal | Monarch of the Papal States and later Sovereign of the State of Vatican City |
The pope is the Bishop of Rome (a celibate office always forbidden to women), in English however, reports of female popes such as (Pope Joan) refer to them as pope and Popess is used, among other things, for the second trump in the Tarot deck; some European languages also have a feminine form of the word pope, such as the Italian papessa, the French papesse, and the German Päpstin.
Titles by region[link]
 |
This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
When a difference exists below, male titles are placed to the left and female titles are placed to the right of the slash.
| Region | Title | Description and use |
|---|---|---|
| Africa | Almami | Fulani people of west Africa |
| Asantehene | Ashanti, title of the king of the Ashanti people in Ghana | |
| Chieftain | Leader of a people | |
| Eze | Igbo people of Nigeria | |
| Kabaka | Baganda people of Buganda in Uganda | |
| Malik | King of Morocco | |
| Mwami | In both Rwanda and Burundi during the Tutsi domination of these countries, now the acknowledged ruling sections of only their fellow Tutsis | |
| Oba | Yoruba and Bini peoples of Nigeria | |
| Omukama | Bunyoro, title of some kings in Uganda | |
| Pharaoh | Emperor of Ancient Egypt | |
| Sarki | King of the Hausa people | |
| Asia | Arasan/Arasi | Tamil Nadu (India), Sri Lanka |
| Chakrawarti Raja | India Sri Lanka | |
| Chogyal | "Divine Ruler"; ruled Sikkim until 1975 | |
| Datu | title of leaders of small kingdoms during Ancient Philippines | |
| Druk Gyalpo | Hereditary title given to the king of Bhutan | |
| Emperor of China | Also known as Huángdì, rule the Imperial China with supreme power. | |
| Engku or Ungku | Malaysia, to denote particular family lineage akin to royalty | |
| Gat | Honorary title of the leaders in the Philippines | |
| Hang | Limbu King of East Nepal Limbuwan | |
| Hari | Filipino title for king | |
| Huángdì | 皇帝 as in Chinese, the Imperial China Emperor | |
| Hwangje | States that unified Korea | |
| Maha Raja | Used in India and Sri Lanka | |
| Maha Raju | Used in Andhra Pradesh (India) | |
| Meurah | Title used in Aceh before Islam | |
| Lakan | title used by the rulers of the Kingdom of Tondo (now part of the Philippines) | |
| Padshah Shahinshah Shah |
Emperor of Iran or Hindustan (India) | |
| Preah Karuna Preah Bat Sâmdech Preah Bâromneath | King of Cambodia Khmer, the title literally means "The feet of the Greatest Lord who is on the heads (of his subjects)" (This royal title does not refer directly to the king himself but to his feet, according to traditions).[citation needed] | |
| Patabenda | Sub- king Sri lanka | |
| Phrabat Somdej Phrachaoyuhua | King of Thailand (Siam), the title literally means "The feet of the Greatest Lord who is on the heads (of his subjects)" (This royal title does not refer directly to the king himself but to his feet, according to traditions.)[citation needed] | |
| Qaghan | Central Asian Tribes | |
| Racha | Thailand same meaning as Raja | |
| Raja | Malaysia, Raja denotes royalty in Perak and certain Selangor royal family lineages, is roughly equivalent to Prince or Princess. | |
| Raja | Nepal King | |
| Raja | pre-colonial Philippines | |
| Rani | Nepali Queen | |
| Rao or Maharao | Used in Indian states | |
| Rawal or Maharawal | Used in northern and western India, Yaduvanshis. | |
| Susuhunan or Sunan | The Indonesian princely state of Surakarta. | |
| Saopha | Shan, king of Shan, today as a part of Myanmar | |
| Sayyid | Honorific title given throughout the Islamic regions. Title given to males accepted as descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Syed/Sharifah in Perlis if suffixed by the royal clan name, is roughly equivalent to Prince or Princess. | |
| Shogun | Japanese military dictator, always a Samurai | |
| Sultan | Aceh, Brunei Darussalam, Java, Oman, Malaysia, Sultan is the title of seven (Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor, and Terengganu) of the nine rulers of the Malay states. | |
| Sumeramikoto,Okimi | Japan, king | |
| Tengku | Malaysia, Tengku (also spelled Tunku in Johor), Negeri Sembilan and Kedah is roughly equivalent to Prince or Princess | |
| Tennō or Mikado | Japan | |
| Veyndhan, ko/Arasi | Tamil Nadu (India) | |
| Wang | Pre-Imperial China. "King" is the usual translation for the Chinese term wang 王. | |
| Wang | The king of Korea that control over all of Korea. It is called 'Im-Geum-nym' or 'Im-Geum' | |
| Yang di-Pertuan Agong | Monarch of Malaysia who is elected every five years by the reigning kings of the Malaysian constituent states, all of whom also serve as the only electoral candidates in each of the elections | |
| Europe | ||
| Autocrator | Greek term for the Byzantine Emperor | |
| Ban |
Croatia, medieval Romania (Wallachia, Oltenia), medieval Bosnia | |
| Basileus | Greek King | |
| Brenin/Brenhines, | Welsh for king and queen; used in Wales by the petty kinglets during the Early Middle Ages. During the High Middle Ages, the kinglets mediatised into principalities and employed the title 'prince/princess' (tywysog/tywysoges). Brenhines is the title used in Welsh for Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. | |
| Despot | Medieval Romania, Serbia (originating from Byzantium) | |
| Domn |
Medieval Romania (Moldova, Wallachia) | |
| Fejedelem | Ancient/Medieval Hungarian | |
| Germanic king | ||
| Giray | Crimean King | |
| Imperator | The Ruler of Imperial Russia | |
| Jupan | Romania | |
| Kung | Sweden | |
| Konge | Norway | |
| Koning | Netherlands | |
| Kaiser | Imperial Germany | |
| Knyaz, Knez | Kievan Rus', Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Generally translated as "prince" or "duke". | |
| Kralj | Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia | |
| Kunigaikshtis (Kunigaikštis) | duke as in Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In official Old Belarusian language documentation the title has been Knyaz (Belarusian: Князь) or grand duke, Vialiki kniaz (Belarusian: Вялікі князь) | |
| Mbret | Albanian King | |
| Mepe/Dedopali | Georgian King, Queen | |
| Rí | Gaelic king. Also Ruiri (regional overking), Rí ruirech (provincial king of overkings), and Ard Rí (pre-eminent Rí ruirech) | |
| Tsar/Tsaritsa/Czar | Bulgaria, pre-imperial Russia, Serbia | |
| Vezér | Ancient Hungarian | |
| Voivode, Voievod | Serbian/Hungarian/Romanian Title | |
| Župan | Serbia, Croatia | |
| Middle-East | ||
| Shah | Persian/Iranian and Afghanistan King
Padishah(Ottoman Empire) Han {Version of Central Asian{Khan} Used by the Ottoman Turks |
|
| Shahenshah | Persian/Iranian "King of Kings" or Emperor | |
| Sheikh | Arabic leader, King or Prince (Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE) | |
| Malik | Arabic King, (Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Jordan) | |
| Emir | Arabic Prince, (Kuwait, Qatar, UAE) | |
| Sultan/Sultana | Arabic King (Oman and Ottoman Empire) | |
| Oceania | ||
| Chieftain | Leader of a tribe or clan. | |
| Houʻeiki, matai, aliʻi, tūlafale, tavana, ariki, Patu-iki | Usually translated as "chief" in various Polynesian countries. | |
| Mo'i | Normally translated as King, a title used by Hawaiian monarchs since unification in 1810. The last person to hold that title was Queen Lili'uokalani. | |
| Tuʻi or Tui | Kings in Oceania: Tonga, Wallis and Futuna, Nauru | |
| South America | Imperador | Emperor of Brazil. |
Current monarchs[link]
Main articles: List of current sovereign monarchs and List of current constituent monarchs
Use of titles by non-sovereigns[link]
It is not uncommon that people who are not generally seen as monarchs nevertheless use monarchical titles. There are at least five cases of this:
- Claiming an existing title, challenging the current holder. This has been very common historically. For centuries, the British monarch used, among his other titles, the title King of France, despite the fact that he had had no authority over French territory since the fifteenth century. Such as any one of the numerous antipopes who have claimed the Holy See.
- Retaining the title of an extinct monarchy. This can be coupled with a claim that the monarchy was in fact never, or should never have been, extinct. An example of the first case is the Prince of Seborga. Examples of the second case are several deposed monarchs or otherwise pretenders to thrones of abolished monarchies, e.g., Leka, Crown Prince of Albania who is styled by some as the "King of The Albanians." Retaining the title of an extinct monarchy can, however, be totally free of claims of sovereignty, for example it was customary of numerous European Monarchies to include "King of Jerusalem" in their full titles. When it comes to deposed monarchs, it is customary to continue the usage of their monarchical title (e.g., Constantine II, King of the Hellenes) as a courtesy title, not a constitutional office, for the duration of their lifetime. However the title then dies with them and cannot be used by anyone else unless the crown is restored constitutionally. Monarchs who have freely abdicated lose their right to use their former title. However where a monarch abdicated under duress (e.g., Michael I of Romania), it is customary to see the abdication as invalid and to treat them as deposed monarchs entitled to use their monarchical style for their lifetime.
- Inventing a new title. This is common by founders of micronations, and also may or may not come with a claim of sovereignty. When it does, it is disregarded by state leaders. A notable example is Paddy Roy Bates, styling himself the "Prince of Sealand," but not recognized as such by any national government, thus failing at least the constitutive condition for statehood (see Sealand for a fuller discussion of his claims). Another known example is that of Norton I, who invented the title "Emperor of the United States of America" and later declared himself "Protector of Mexico."
- Usage of a monarchical title by a fictional character. This is common in fairy tales and other works geared to children, as well as works of fantasy. Examples include Princess Leia and Princess Summerfall Winterspring.
- Honorific nicknames in popular music and other aspects of popular culture, such as "King of Rock and Roll".
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ SOU 1977:5 Kvinnlig tronföljd, p. 16.
- ^ Canada: History
- ^ Ferguson, Will; The Lost Kingdom; Macleans, October 27, 2003
- ^ The Four Indian Kings
External links[link]
 |
Look up monarch or kingship in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
http://wn.com/Monarch
Related pages:
http://itwn.com/Monarca
http://cswn.com/Panovník
http://idwn.com/Penguasa monarki
http://eswn.com/Monarca
http://ruwn.com/Монарх
http://nlwn.com/Monarch (staatshoofd)
http://ptwn.com/Monarca
http://plwn.com/Monarcha
http://frwn.com/Monarque
http://dewn.com/Herrschertitel
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Alicia Keys | |
|---|---|
 Keys in South Africa for the 2010 FIFA World Cup kick-off concert. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Alicia Augello Cook |
| Also known as | Lellow |
| Born | (1981-01-25) January 25, 1981 (age 31) |
| Origin | New York City, United States |
| Genres | Soul, R&B, blues, hip hop, jazz, neo soul, electronic |
| Occupations | singer-songwriter, record producer, actress |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano, keyboards, cello, synthesizer, vocoder, guitar, bass guitar |
| Years active | 1997–present |
| Labels | RCA, J, Arista, Columbia |
| Website | aliciakeys.com |
Alicia Augello Cook (born January 25, 1981), better known by her stage name Alicia Keys, is an American R&B singer-songwriter, record producer, and actress. Keys was raised by a single mother in the Hell's Kitchen area of Manhattan in New York City. At age seven, Keys began playing the piano. She attended Professional Performing Arts School and graduated at 16 as valedictorian. Keys released her debut album with J Records, having had previous record deals first with Columbia and then Arista Records.
Keys' debut album, Songs in A Minor, was a commercial success, selling over 12 million copies worldwide.[1] She became the best-selling new artist and best-selling R&B artist of 2001.[2] The album earned Keys five Grammy Awards in 2002, including Best New Artist and Song of the Year for "Fallin'".[3] Her second studio album, The Diary of Alicia Keys, was released in 2003 and was also another success worldwide, selling eight million copies.[4] The album garnered her an additional four Grammy Awards in 2005.[5] Later that year, she released her first live album, Unplugged, which debuted at number one in the United States.[6] She became the first female to have an MTV Unplugged album to debut at number one and the highest since Nirvana in 1994.[2]
Keys made guest appearances on several television series in the following years, beginning with Charmed. She made her film debut in Smokin' Aces and went on to appear in The Nanny Diaries in 2007. Her third studio album, As I Am, was released in the same year and sold six million copies worldwide, earning Keys an additional three Grammy Awards. The following year, she appeared in The Secret Life of Bees, which earned her a nomination at the NAACP Image Awards. She released her fourth album, The Element of Freedom, in December 2009, which became Keys' first chart-topping album in the United Kingdom. Throughout her career, Keys has won numerous awards and has sold over 30 million albums worldwide and 25 million singles, which makes her one of the best selling artists of all time. Billboard magazine named her the top R&B artist of the 2000–2009 decade, establishing herself as one of the best-selling artists of her time. In 2010, VH1 included Keys on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[7] Billboard magazine placed her number ten on their list of Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years.[8] As of January 2012, Keys has sold 60 million records worldwide.
Contents |
Life and career[link]
1981–2001: Early life and Career Beginnings[link]
Keys was born Alicia Augello Cook on January 25, 1981, in the Hell's Kitchen area of Manhattan, in New York City.[9][10][11] She is the only child of Teresa Augello, a paralegal and part-time actress, and Craig Cook, a flight attendant.[12][13][14][15] Keys' mother is of Italian, Scottish, and Irish descent, and her father is African American;[16] Keys has expressed that she was comfortable with her biracial heritage because she felt she was able to "relate to different cultures".[10][17] Her parents separated when she was two and she was subsequently raised by her mother during her formative years in Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan.[18] In 1985, Keys made an appearance on The Cosby Show at the age of four, where she and a group of girls played the parts of Rudy Huxtable's sleepover guests in the episode "Slumber Party".[19][20] Throughout her childhood, Keys was sent to music and dance classes by her mother.[21] She began playing the piano when she was seven and learned classical music by composers such as Beethoven, Mozart and Chopin.[12] Keys enrolled in the Professional Performing Arts School at the age of 12, where she majored in choir and began writing songs at the age of 14.[13][22] She graduated in four years as valedictorian at the age of 16.[23]
In 1994 Keys met long-term manager Jeff Robinson after she enrolled in his brother's after-school program.[24] The following year Robinson introduced Keys to her future A&R at Arista Records, Peter Edge, who later described his first impressions to HitQuarters: "I had never met a young R&B artist with that level of musicianship. So many people were just singing on top of loops and tracks, but she had the ability, not only to be part of hip-hop, but also to go way beyond that."[25] Edge helped Robinson create a showcase for Keys and also got involved in developing her demo material. He was keen to sign Keys himself but was unable to do so at that time due to being on the verge of leaving his present record company. Keys signed to Columbia Records soon after.[25] At the same time as signing a recording contract with Columbia Records, Keys was accepted into Columbia University. At first, Keys attempted to manage both but after four weeks dropped out of college to pursue her musical career fulltime.[23][26]
Keys signed a demo deal with Jermaine Dupri and So So Def Recordings, where she appeared on the label's Christmas album performing "The Little Drummer Girl". She also co-wrote and recorded a song entitled "Dah Dee Dah (Sexy Thing)", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 1997 film, Men in Black.[26] The song was Keys' first professional recording; however, it was never released as a single and her record contract with Columbia ended after a dispute with the label. Keys was unhappy with the label because her career had stalled during her two years under contract at Columbia due to executive indecision over her direction and major changes within the company.[25] Keys called Clive Davis, who sensed a "special, unique" artist from her performance and signed her to Arista Records, which later disbanded.[9][10] Keys almost chose Wilde as her stage name until her manager suggested the name Keys after a dream he had. Keys felt that name represented her both as a performer and person.[27] Following Davis to his newly formed J Records label, she worked with Kerry "Krucial" Brothers and recorded the songs "Rock wit U" and "Rear View Mirror", which were featured on the soundtracks to the films Shaft (2000) and Dr. Dolittle 2 (2001), respectively.[28][29]
[edit] 2001–2002: Songs in A Minor
 |
"Fallin'" is a gospel-influenced piano ballad.[30] Often considered her signature song, it describes the "ins and outs" of being in a relationship.[31]
|
| Problems listening to this file? See media help. | |
Keys released her first studio album, Songs in A Minor, in June 2001. It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 236,000 copies in its first week.[32] The album sold over 6.2 million copies in the United States,[33] where it was certified six times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[34] It went on to sell over 12 million copies worldwide,[35] establishing Keys' popularity both inside and outside the United States, where she became the best-selling new artist and best-selling R&B artist of 2001.[2] The album's lead single, "Fallin'", spent six weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.[36] The album's second single, "A Woman's Worth", was released in February 2002 and peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number three on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, as her second Top 10 single in both charts.[37] The album's third single, "How Come You Don't Call Me", was released in June 2002 and peaked at number 59 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 30 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The album's fourth single, "Girlfriend", was released in November 2002 in UK and peaked at number 82 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The following year, the album was reissued as Remixed & Unplugged in A Minor, which included eight remixes and seven unplugged versions of the songs from the original.
Songs in A Minor led Keys to win five awards at the 2002 Grammy Awards: Song of the Year, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, and Best R&B Song for "Fallin'", Best New Artist, and Best R&B Album; "Fallin'" was also nominated for Record of the Year. Keys became the second female solo artist to win five Grammy Awards in a single night, following Lauryn Hill at the 41st Grammy Awards.[38] That same year, she collaborated with Christina Aguilera for the latter's upcoming album Stripped on a song entitled "Impossible", which Keys wrote, co-produced, and provided with background vocals.[39] During the early 2000s, Keys also made small cameos in television series Charmed and American Dreams.[12]
[edit] 2003–2005: The Diary of Alicia Keys and Unplugged
Keys followed up her debut with The Diary of Alicia Keys, which was released in December 2003. The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling over 618,000 copies its first week of release, becoming the largest first-week sales for a female artist in 2003.[40] It sold 4.4 million copies in the United States and was certified four times Platinum by the RIAA.[34][41] It sold eight million copies worldwide,[42] becoming the sixth biggest-selling album by a female artist and the second biggest-selling album by a female R&B artist.[43] The album's lead single, "You Don't Know My Name", peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for eight consecutive weeks, her first Top 10 single in both charts since 2002's "A Woman's Worth ". The album's second single, "If I Ain't Got You", was released in February 2004 and peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for six weeks. The album's third single, "Diary", peaked at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, being their third consecutive Top 10 single in both charts. The album's fourth and final single, "Karma", which peaked at number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 17 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, first release to fail to achieve top ten status on both charts. "If I Ain't Got You" became the first single by a female artist to remain on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for over a year.[44][45][46][47][48] Keys also collaborated with recording artist Usher on the song "My Boo" from his 2004 album, Confessions (Special Edition). The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 for six weeks and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for three weeks, became her first number-one single in Hot 100 since 2001's "Fallin'".
Keys won Best R&B Video for "If I Ain't Got You" at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards; she performed the song and "Higher Ground" with Lenny Kravitz and Stevie Wonder.[49][50] Later that year, Keys released her novel Tears for Water: Songbook of Poems and Lyrics, a collection of unreleased poems from her journals and lyrics. The title derived from one of her poems, "Love and Chains" from the line: "I don't mind drinking my tears for water."[51] She said the title is the foundation of her writing because "everything I have ever written has stemmed from my tears of joy, of pain, of sorrow, of depression, even of question".[52] The book sold over US$500,000 and Keys made The New York Times bestseller list in 2005.[53][54] The following year, she won a second consecutive award for Best R&B Video at the MTV Video Music Awards for the video "Karma".[55] Keys performed "If I Ain't Got You" and then joined Jamie Foxx and Quincy Jones in a rendition of "Georgia on My Mind", the Hoagy Carmichael song made famous by Ray Charles in 1960 at the 2005 Grammy Awards.[56] That evening, she won four Grammy Awards: Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for "If I Ain't Got You", Best R&B Song for "You Don't Know My Name", Best R&B Album for The Diary of Alicia Keys, and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals" for "My Boo" with Usher.[57]
Keys performed and taped her installment of the MTV Unplugged series in July 2005 at the Brooklyn Academy of Music.[58] During this session, Keys added new arrangements to her original songs and performed a few choice covers.[59] The session was released on CD and DVD in October 2005. Simply titled Unplugged, the album debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart with 196,000 units sold in its first week of release.[60] The album sold one million copies in the United States, where it was certified Platinum by the RIAA, and two million copies worldwide.[12][34][61] The debut of Keys' Unplugged was the highest for an MTV Unplugged album since Nirvana's 1994 MTV Unplugged in New York and the first Unplugged by a female artist to debut at number one.[2] The album's first single, "Unbreakable", peaked at number 34 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number four on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.[62] It remained at number one on the Billboard Hot Adult R&B Airplay for 11 weeks.[63] The album's second and final single, "Every Little Bit Hurts", was released in January 2006, it failed to enter the U.S. charts.
Keys opened a recording studio in Long Island, New York, called The Oven Studios, which she co-owns with her production and songwriting partner Kerry "Krucial" Brothers.[64] The studio was designed by renowned studio architect John Storyk of WSDG, designer of Jimi Hendrix' Electric Lady Studios. Keys and Brothers are the co-founders of KrucialKeys Enterprises, a production and songwriting team who assisted Keys in creating her albums as well as create music for other artists.[65]
[edit] 2006–2008: Film debut and As I Am
In 2006, Keys won three NAACP Image Awards, including Outstanding Female Artist and Outstanding Song for "Unbreakable".[66] She also received the Starlight Award by the Songwriters Hall of Fame.[67] In October 2006, she played the voice of Mommy Martian in the "Mission to Mars" episode of the children's television series The Backyardigans, in which she sang an original song, "Almost Everything Is Boinga Here".[68] That same year, Keys nearly suffered a mental breakdown. Her grandmother had died and her family was heavily dependent on her. She felt she needed to "escape" and went to Egypt for three weeks. She explained: "That trip was definitely the most crucial thing I've ever done for myself in my life to date. It was a very difficult time that I was dealing with, and it just came to the point where I really needed to—basically, I just needed to run away, honestly. And I needed to get as far away as possible."[69][70]
Keys made her film debut in early 2007 in the crime film Smokin' Aces, co-starring as an assassin named Georgia Sykes opposite Ben Affleck and Andy García. Keys received much praise from her co-stars in the film; Reynolds said that Keys was "so natural" and that she would "blow everybody away". Smokin' Aces had a hit moderate performance at the box office, earning only $57,103,895 worldwide during its theatrical run.[71][72] In the same year, Keys earned further praise for her second film, The Nanny Diaries, based on the 2002 novel of the same name, where she co-starred alongside Scarlett Johansson and Chris Evans. The Nanny Diaries had a hit moderate performance at the box office, earning only $44,638,886 worldwide during its theatrical run.[73] She also guest starred as herself in the "One Man Is an Island" episode of the drama series Cane.[74]
Keys released her third studio album, As I Am, in November 2007; it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 742,000 copies in its first week. It gained Keys her largest first week sales of her career and became her fourth consecutive number one album, tying her with Britney Spears for the most consecutive number-one debuts on the Billboard 200 by a female artist.[75][76] The week became the second largest sales week of 2007 and the largest sales week for a female solo artist since singer Norah Jones' album Feels like Home in 2004.[77] The album has sold nearly four million copies in the United States and has been certified three times Platinum by the RIAA.[78][79] It has sold nearly six million copies worldwide.[80] Keys received five nominations for As I Am at the 2008 American Music Award and ultimately won two.[81] The album's lead single, "No One", peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for five consecutive weeks and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for ten consecutive weeks, became her first number-one single in Hot 100 since 2004's "My Boo" and becoming Keys' third and fifth number-one single on each chart, respectively.[82] The album's second single, "Like You'll Never See Me Again", was released in late 2007 and peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for seven consecutive weeks. From October 27, 2007, when "No One" reached No. 1, through February 16, 2008, the last week "Like You'll Never See Me Again" was at No. 1, the Keys was on top of the chart for 17 weeks, more consecutive weeks than any other artist in Hot R&B/Hip/Hop Songs chart.[83] The album's third single, "Teenage Love Affair", which peaked at number 54 on the 'Billboard Hot 100 and number three on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.[83] The album's fourth and final single, "Superwoman", which peaked at number 82 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 12 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.[83][84]
"No One" earned Keys the awards for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song at the 2008 Grammy Awards.[85] Keys opened the ceremony singing Frank Sinatra's 1950s song "Learnin' the Blues" as a "duet" with archival footage of Sinatra in video and "No One" with John Mayer later in the show.[86] Keys also won Best Female R&B Artist during the show.[87] She starred in "Fresh Takes", a commercial micro-series created by Dove Go Fresh, which premiered during The Hills on MTV from March to April 2008. The premiere celebrated the launch of new Dove Go Fresh.[88] She also signed a deal as spokesperson with Glacéau's VitaminWater to endorse the product,[89] and was in an American Express commercial for the "Are you a Cardmember?" campaign.[90] Keys, along with The White Stripes' guitarist and lead vocalist Jack White, recorded the theme song to Quantum of Solace, the first duet in Bond soundtrack history.[91] In 2008, Keys was ranked in at number 80 the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists.[92] She also starred in The Secret Life of Bees, a film adaptation of Sue Monk Kidd's acclaimed 2003 bestseller novel of the same name alongside Jennifer Hudson, Dakota Fanning, Paul Bettany and Queen Latifah, released in October 2008 via Fox Searchlight. The Secret Life of Bees had a hit moderate performance at the box office, earning only $39,947,322 worldwide during its theatrical run.[93] Her role earned her a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture at the NAACP Image Awards.[94] She also received three nominations at the 2009 Grammy Awards and won Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for "Superwoman".[95]
In an interview with Blender magazine, Keys allegedly said "'Gangsta rap' was a ploy to convince black people to kill each other, 'gangsta rap' didn't exist" and went on to say that it was created by "the government". The magazine also claimed she said that Tupac Shakur and The Notorious B.I.G. were "essentially assassinated, their beefs stoked by the government and the media, to stop another great black leader from existing".[22] Keys later wrote a statement clarifying the issues and saying her words were misinterpreted.[96] Later that year, Keys was criticized by anti-smoking campaigners after billboard posters for her forthcoming concerts in Indonesia featured a logo for the A Mild cigarette brand sponsored by tobacco firm Philip Morris. She apologized after discovering that the concert was sponsored by the firm and asked for "corrective actions". In response, the company withdrew its sponsorship.[97]
[edit] 2009–2010 : The Element of Freedom, marriage and motherhood
Keys and manager Jeff Robinson signed a film production deal to develop live-action and animated projects with Disney. Their first film will be a remake of the 1958 comedy Bell, Book and Candle and will star Keys as a witch who casts a love spell to lure a rival's fiancé.[98] Keys and Robinson also formed a television production company called Big Pita.[99] Keys and Robinson will develop live-action and animated projects from their company, Big Pita and Little Pita, with Keys as producer, thespian, banner spearheading soundtrack and music supervision.[100]
Keys collaborated with the record producer Swizz Beatz to write and produce "Million Dollar Bill" for Whitney Houston's seventh studio album, I Look to You. Keys had approached Clive Davis for permission to submit a song for the album.[101] Keys also collaborated with the recording artist Jay-Z on the song "Empire State of Mind" from his 2009 album, The Blueprint 3. The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 and became her fourth number-one single on that chart.[102] At the 53rd Grammy Awards ceremony, "Empire State of Mind" won Best Rap/Sung Collaboration and Best Rap Song. It had also been one of the five nominees for Record of the Year.[103]
The following month, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers honored Keys with the Golden Note Award, an award given to artists "who have achieved extraordinary career milestones".[104] She collaborated with Spanish recording artist Alejandro Sanz for "Looking for Paradise", which topped the Hot Latin Songs chart, this was Keys' first number one on all three charts, which also made her the first African-American of non-Hispanic origin to reach #1 on the Hot Latin Tracks.[105] Keys released her fourth studio album, The Element of Freedom, in December 2009.[106] It debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 417,000 copies in its first week.[107] As part of the promotional drive for the album, she performed at the Cayman Island Jazz Festival on December 5, the final night of the three day festival which will be broadcast on Black Entertainment Television (BET).[108] The album's lead single, "Doesn't Mean Anything", has peaked at number 60 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 14 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.[106] Keys was ranked as the top R&B recording artist of the 2000–2009 decade by Billboard magazine and ranked at number five as artist of the decade, while her song, "No One", was ranked at number six on the magazine's songs of the decade.[109][110][111] In the United Kingdom, The Element of Freedom became Keys' first album to top the UK Albums Chart.[112] The album's second single, "Try Sleeping with a Broken Heart", was released in November 2009 and peaked at number 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The album's third single, "Put It in a Love Song", featuring Grammy-winner Beyoncé, peaked at number 60 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The music video for the single, which was filmed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has been postponed several times, and later it was confirmed that Alicia Keys' team made a decision not to release the video. The album's fourth single, "Empire State of Mind (Part II) Broken Down", was released in February 2010 and peaked at number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 76 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The album's fifth single, "Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready)", was released in May 2010 and peaked at number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, for twelve consecutive weeks and became the album's most successful single, becoming Keys' eighth number-one single on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The album's sixth and final single, "Wait Til You See My Smile", was released in December 2010 in the U.K only.
In May 2009, Swizz Beatz announced that he and Keys were romantically involved, while he was still married to his first wife[113] and in May 2010, a representative for Keys and Swizz Beatz confirmed that they were engaged and expecting a child together.[114] During the time of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the couple took part of a union and had the unborn child blessed in a Zulu ceremony, which took place in the Illovo suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa.[115] Keys and Beatz were married on the French island of Corsica on July 31, 2010.[116][117] On October 14, 2010, Keys gave birth to a son, Egypt Daoud Ibarr Dean, in New York City.[118]
2011–present: Other ventures and upcoming album[link]
In June 2011, Songs in A Minor was re-released as deluxe and collector's editions in commemoration of its 10th anniversary.[119] To support the release, Keys embarked on a four-city promotional tour, entitled Piano & I: A One Night Only Event With Alicia Keys, featuring only her piano. Keys is also set to co-produce the Broadway premiere of Stick Fly, which will open in December 2011.[120] On September 26, 2011, was the premiere of Project 5 known as Five, short film that marks the debut of Alicia Keys as a director. It is a documentary of five episodes that tell stories of five women who were victims of breast cancer and how it affected their lives. The production also has co-direction of the actresses Jennifer Aniston, Demi Moore and film director Patty Jenkins.[121]
on September 23, she performed at iHeart Music Festival and sang her new song "A Place Of My Own", which is present in her fifth studio album.[122][123] On October 7, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding J Records along with Arista Records and Jive Records. With the shutdown, Keys (and all other artists previously signed to these three labels) will release her future material on RCA Records.[124][125] On Saturday February 18, 2012, Alicia performed "Send Me an Angel" at Whitney Houston's memorial at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey.[126]
Artistry[link]
Musical style[link]
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An accomplished pianist, Keys incorporates piano into a majority of her songs and often writes about love, heartbreak and female empowerment.[10][53] She has cited several musicians as her inspirations, including Prince, Nina Simone, Barbra Streisand, Marvin Gaye, Quincy Jones, Donny Hathaway and Stevie Wonder.[127][128][129] Keys' style is rooted in gospel and vintage soul music, supplemented by bass and programmed drumbeats.[130] She heavily incorporates classical piano with R&B, soul and jazz into her music.[131][132] She began experimenting with other genres, including pop and rock, in her third studio album, As I Am,[130][133][134] transitioning from neo soul to a 1980s and 1990s R&B sound with her fourth album, The Element of Freedom.[135][136] Patrick Huguenin of the New York Daily News stated that her incorporation of classical piano riffs contributed to her breakout success.[44] Jet magazine states she "thrives" by touching her fans with "piano mastery, words and melodious voice".[137] The Independent described her style as consisting of "crawling blues coupled with a hip-hop backbeat", noting that her lyrics "rarely stray from matters of the heart".[138] Blender magazine referred to her as "the first new pop artist of the millennium who was capable of changing music."[139]
Songwriting, voice and achievements[link]
Keys has a vocal range of a contralto, which spans three octaves.[44][140] She can sing from B flat over an octave below middle C (B♭2) to B below soprano C (B5). Often referred to as the "Princess of Soul",[30][138] Keys has been commended as having a strong, raw and impassioned voice;[141][142] others feel that her voice is "emotionally manufactured" at times and that she pushes her voice out of its natural range.[141][142] Keys' songwriting is often criticized for lack of depth, which has led to her writing abilities being called limited.[141] Her lyrics have been called generic, clichéd and that her songs revolve around generalities.[130][141] Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune feels that she "[pokes] around for multi-format hits rather than trying to project any sort of artistic vision".[142] Diversely, Jon Pareles of Blender magazine stated that the musical composition of her songs makes up for their lyrical weakness,[133] while Gregory Stephen Tate of The Village Voice compared Keys' writing and production to 1970s music.[143]
Throughout her career, Keys has won numerous awards and is listed on the Recording Industry Association of America's best-selling artists in the United States, with 15 million certified albums.[144] She has sold over 30 million albums worldwide and has established herself as one of the best-selling artists of her time.[19][143][145]
Philanthropy[link]
Keys is the co-founder and Global Ambassador of Keep a Child Alive, a non-profit organization that provides medicine to families with HIV and AIDS in Africa.[146] Keys and U2 lead singer Bono recorded a cover version of Peter Gabriel and Kate Bush's "Don't Give Up", in recognition of World AIDS Day 2005. Keys and Bono's version of the song was retitled "Don't Give Up (Africa)" to reflect the nature of the charity it was benefiting.[147][148] She visited African countries such as Uganda, Kenya and South Africa to promote care for children affected by AIDS.[149][150][151] Her work in Africa was documented in the documentary Alicia in Africa: Journey to the Motherland and was available in April 2008.[152]
Keys has also donated to Frum tha Ground Up, a non-profit organization that aids children and teenagers with scholarships.[153][154] She performed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as part of the worldwide Live 8 concerts to raise awareness of the poverty in Africa and to pressure the G8 leaders to take action.[155] In 2005, Keys performed on ReAct Now: Music & Relief and Shelter from the Storm: A Concert for the Gulf Coast, two benefit programs that raised money for those affected by Hurricane Katrina.[156][157] In July 2007, Keys and Keith Urban performed The Rolling Stones' 1969 song "Gimme Shelter" at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey at the American leg of the Live Earth concerts.[158][159]
Keys performed Donny Hathaway's 1973 song "Someday We'll All Be Free" at the America: A Tribute to Heroes televised benefit concert following the September 11 attacks.[160] She participated in the Nobel Peace Prize Concert which took place at the Oslo Spektrum in Oslo, Norway, on December 11, 2007, along with other various artists.[161] She recorded a theme song for Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama. She joined Joss Stone and Jay-Z on the effort, which served as a theme song for Obama's campaign.[162] For her work, Keys was honored at the 2009 BET Awards with the Humanitarian Award.[163] Keys performed the song "Prelude to a Kiss", retitled "Send Me an Angel", from her 2007 album As I Am for the "Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief" telethon in response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[164]
Discography[link]
Main article: Alicia Keys discography
- Songs in A Minor (2001)
- The Diary of Alicia Keys (2003)
- As I Am (2007)
- The Element of Freedom (2009)
- TBA (2013)
- Live albums
- Unplugged (2005)
Tours[link]
Main article: List of Alicia Keys tours
| Year | Title | Number of performances |
|---|---|---|
| 2001/2002 | Songs in A Minor Tour |
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| 2004 | Verizon Ladies First Tour |
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| 2005 | The Diary Tour |
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| 2008 | As I Am Tour |
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| 2010 | The Freedom Tour |
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| 2011 | Piano & I: A One Night Only Event With Alicia Keys |
|
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1985 | The Cosby Show | Maria | "Slumber Party" (Season 1, Episode 22) |
| 2001 | Charmed | P3 VIP Patron (uncredited) | "Size Matters" (Season 4, Episode 5) |
| 2001—2010 | Saturday Night Live | Herself / Musical Guest | "Reese Witherspoon/Alicia Keys" (Season 27, Episode 1) "Charles Barkley/Alicia Keys" (Season 35, Episode 11) |
| 2003 | American Dreams | Fontella Bass | "Rescue Me" (Season 2, Episode 6) |
| 2003 | The Proud Family | Herself (voice) | "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly" (Season 3, Episode 46) |
| 2005 | Sesame Street | Herself | Episode #36.26 (Season 36, Episode 26) |
| 2006 | The Backyardigans | Mommy Martian (voice) | "Mission to Mars" (Season 2, Episode 1) |
| 2007 | Cane | Herself | "One Man Is an Island" (Season 1, Episode 7) |
| 2007 | Elmo's Christmas Countdown | Herself | Christmas television special |
| 2007 | Smokin' Aces | Georgia Sykes | Debut film |
| 2007 | The Nanny Diaries | Lynette | |
| 2008 | Dove: Fresh Takes | Alex | Lead role |
| 2008 | The Secret Life of Bees | June Boatwright | Nominated - NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture |
| 2011 | Five | Director | Nominated - Directors Guild of America Award |
| 2012 | Firelight | Executive Producer |
See also[link]
- List of artists who reached number one in the United States
- List of awards and nominations received by Alicia Keys
- List of honorific titles in popular music
References[link]
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- ^ a b c d Anitai, Tamar (2007-11-12). "MTV Artist of the Week: Alicia Keys". MTV News. http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2007/11/12/mtv-artist-of-the-week-alicia-keys/. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
- ^ "Yes, America, Amy Winehouse Is a Star". BBC America. 2008-02-11. http://www.bbcamerica.com/content/23/anglophenia.jsp?bc_id=899. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
- ^ Batey, Angus (2007-11-10). "The ascent of Alicia Keys". The Times (London: News Corporation). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article2819353.ece. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
- ^ "2005 Grammy Award Winners". CBS News. 2005-02-13. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/14/in_depth_showbiz/main673822.shtml. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
- ^ Whitmire, Margo (2005-10-19). "Keys 'Unplugs' For 3rd Straight No. 1 Disc". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/keys-unplugs-for-3rd-straight-no-1-disc-1001347290.story. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
- ^ Who Will Come Out On Top Of VH1’s 100 Greatest Artists Of All Time?
- ^ "Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years". Nielsen Business Media, Inc.. November 18, 2010. http://www.billboard.com/#/column/the-juice/the-top-50-r-b-hip-hop-artists-of-the-past-1004127916.story?page=5. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
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- ^ a b c d "Interview: Alicia Keys". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). November 2, 2001. http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2001/nov/02/shopping.artsfeatures9. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
- ^ Mervis, Scott (April 17, 2008). "Music Preview: Through her first several records, Alicia Keys has a golden touch". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Block Communications). http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08108/873962-42.stm. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
- ^ a b c d "Alicia Keys: Biography". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/alicia-keys/news/artists/8828/53132/53164. Retrieved November 2, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Alicia Keys". China Daily. China Daily Group. September 7, 2004. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-09/07/content_372259.htm. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ Iley, Chrissy (February 24, 2008). "Alicia Keys, the girl who made Bob Dylan weep". The Times (London: News Corporation). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3403940.ece. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ Vineyard, Jennifer (January 12, 2006). "Alicia Keys' Early Years To Be Made Into A TV Series". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1520667/20060112/keys_alicia.jhtml. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
- ^ "A lot of people believe I'm part Jamaican, though I'm not. I'm definitely black and Italian and a little Irish or Scottish" (European American) – Bream, Jon (April 28, 2008). "More Keys to Alicia's Life". StarTribune.com. http://www.startribune.com/entertainment/music/18138354.html?elr=KArksD:aDyaEP:kD:aUt:aDyaEP:kD:aUiacyKUUr. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
- ^ "Alicia Keys – Keys Avoids Mixed Race Abuse". Keys first appeared at a Talent show on "Jenny Jones" where she preformed along side "three little women" who were also an unknown group at the time. Both were signed to a record deal after the performance.Contactmusic.com. December 1, 2004. http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/story/keys-avoids-mixed-race-abuse. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
- ^ Ojumu, Akin (November 16, 2003). "Soul sister". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2003/nov/16/aliciakeys. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
- ^ a b Sams, Christine (February 23, 2009). "The secret life of Alicia Keys". The Age (Melbourne: Fairfax Media): pp. 1–3. http://www.theage.com.au/news/entertainment/film/the-secret-life-of-keys/2009/02/23/1235237496952.html. Retrieved March 8, 2009.
- ^ "Slumber Party". The Cosby Show. episode 22. season 1. March 28, 1985.
- ^ "Music and dance kept Alicia Keys out of trouble during childhood". Thaindian News. Thaindian.com Company Limited. July 15, 2008. http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/sports/music-and-dance-kept-alicia-keys-out-of-trouble-during-childhood_10071626.html. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
- ^ a b Weiner, Jonah (March 19, 2008). "Alicia Keys: Unlocked". Blender. Alpha Media Group. pp. 1–4. http://www.blender.com/guide/61246/aliciakeysunlocked.html. Retrieved November 16, 2008. [dead link]
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- ^ "New York's Rising Stars". Crain's New York Business. 2003. http://mycrains.crainsnewyork.com/40under40/profiles/2003/32. Retrieved Nov 15, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Interview with Peter Edge". HitQuarters. Oct 13, 2004. http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Peter_Edge_Inter.html. Retrieved Nov 15, 2010.
- ^ a b "New Singer Alicia Keys Sitting Pretty with Smash Debut Album 'Songs In A Minor'". Jet (Johnson Publishing Company) 100 (9): 60–61. 2004. http://books.google.com/?id=IbUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58&dq=alicia+keys+songs+in+a+minor#PPA60,M1. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ^ Vineyard, Jennifer (January 18, 2006). "Alicia Keys Nearly Spills Secrets To Jane". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1521106/20060118/keys_alicia.jhtml. Retrieved March 7, 2008.
- ^ Brasor, Philip (October 3, 2001). "Alicia Keys: 'Songs in A Minor'". The Japan Times. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fm20011003a2.html. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
- ^ Birchmeier, Jason. "Dr. Dolittle 2 – Overview". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r536187. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
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- ^ a b c d Freedom du Lac, J. (November 13, 2007). "Alicia Keys, Still Warming Up". The Washington Post (The Washington Post Company). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/12/AR2007111201967.html. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
- ^ a b c Kot, Greg (November 11, 2007). "Drab production keeps Alicia Keys' promise unfulfilled". Chicago Tribune (Tribune Company). http://leisureblogs.chicagotribune.com/turn_it_up/2007/11/drab-production.html. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
- ^ a b Tate, Gregory Stephen (November 20, 2007). "Extensions of a Woman". The Village Voice. New Times Media. pp. 1–2. http://www.villagevoice.com/2007-11-20/music/extensions-of-a-woman/. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
- ^ "RIAA – Gold & Platinum – Top Selling Artists". RIAA. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=2&table=tblTopArt&action=. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
- ^ Orf, Chris Hansen (July 22, 2008). "R&B queen Alicia Keys to play Dodge Theatre". East Valley Tribune. Archived from the original on October 14, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081014112443/http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/story/121327. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
- ^ "Green Family Foundation Sponsors Alicia Keys' Keep a Child Alive College Student...". Reuters (Thomson Reuters). November 20, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUS145550+20-Nov-2008+PRN20081120. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ "Alicia Keys And Bono Team Up For Charity Track". Vibe. Vibe Media Group. December 1, 2005. http://www.vibe.com/news/news_headlines/2005/12/alicia_keys_bono_dont_give_up_africa/. Retrieved December 16, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Bono and Keys duet on Africa song". BBC. December 4, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4497232.stm. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ "For The Record: Quick News On Gwyneth Paltrow, Chris Martin, Obie Trice, Notorious B.I.G., Jessica Simpson & More". MTV News. April 10, 2006. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1528266/20060410/coldplay.jhtml. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ "Alicia Keys and 'Keep a Child Alive' Visit AHF's Ithembalabantu Clinic, Free AIDS Clinic in Durban, South Africa Run by AIDS Healthcare Foundation". PR Newswire. April 16, 2006. http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=168584. Retrieved December 4, 2006.
- ^ "Alicia Keys in Kenya for HIV Project". USA Today (Gannett Company). April 6, 2006. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-04-06-alicia-keys_x.htm. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
- ^ "Alicia Keys' Documentary "Alicia in Africa: Journey to the Motherland" Available...". Reuters (Thomson Reuters). April 7, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUS189864+07-Apr-2008+BW20080407. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ "Keys lends support to mentoring group". USA Today (Gannett Company). June 24, 2005. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2005-06-24-alicia-keys_x.htm. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ "Frum Tha Ground Up Story Page". USA Today (Gannett Company). January 22, 2007. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-01-21-alicia-keys_x.htm. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ Wolinsky, David (June 27, 2005). "Keys, Peas Join Live 8". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/7425214/keys_peas_join_live_8. Retrieved December 16, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Moss, Corey (September 2, 2005). "Kelly, Stones, Kanye Added To Massive Disaster-Relief Special". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1508922/20050902/clarkson_kelly.jhtml. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ "Celebrity-Studded Benefit Raises Funds for Hurricane Katrina Survivors; Shelter From the Storm: A Concert for the Gulf Coast". FindArticles (CBS Corporation). December 6, 2005. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2005_Dec_6/ai_n15896288/. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
- ^ Dolan, Jon; Lynskey, Dorian (July 7, 2007). "Live Earth". Blender. Alpha Media Group. http://www.blender.com/guide/live/54717/hot-in-herre-giants-stadium-east-rutherford-nj.html. Retrieved December 16, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Live Earth New York Rocks Giants Stadium". Spin. Spin Media. July 9, 2007. http://www.spin.com/articles/live-earth-new-york-rocks-giants-stadium. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ Samuels, Allison (December 31, 2001). "Alicia Keys". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/2001/12/30/alicia-keys.html. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ "Nobel Peace Prize Concert". Nobel Peace Prize. http://nobelpeaceprize.org/concert/history/index.php. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ Watson, Roland; Costello, Miles; Fleming, Sam (August 12, 2008). "Joss Stone to record song for Barack Obama". The Times (London: News Corporation). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article4511270.ece. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
- ^ Ditzian, Eric (June 29, 2009). "BET Awards Salute Michael Jackson With Heartfelt Tributes". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1614877/20090629/story.jhtml. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
- ^ Reid, Shaheem (January 22, 2010). "Alicia Keys Performs 'Prelude to a Kiss' During 'Hope for Haiti Now'". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1630327/20100122/keys_alicia.jhtml. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
Further reading[link]
 |
Book: Alicia Keys |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Keys, Alicia (2001). Songs in A Minor. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0-634-03776-5.
- Keys, Alicia (2004). The Diary of Alicia Keys. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0-634-07764-3.
- Keys, Alicia (2004). Tears for Water: Songbook of Poems and Lyrics. G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-425-20560-6.
- Keys, Alicia (2006). Unplugged. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 1-4234-0822-5.
- Keys, Alicia (2006). How Can I Keep from Singing?: Transforming the Lives of African Children and Families Affected by AIDS. Umbrage. ISBN 1-884167-60-8.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Alicia Keys |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alicia Keys |
- Official website
- Alicia Keys at the Internet Movie Database
- Alicia Keys at Billboard.com
- Alicia Keys at Discogs
- Alicia Keys at Metacritic
| Awards and achievements | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Macy Gray |
MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist 2001 |
Succeeded by Avril Lavigne |
| Preceded by Nelly |
BET Award for Best New Artist 2002 |
Succeeded by 50 Cent |
| Preceded by Carl Thomas |
NAACP Image Award for Outstanding New Artist 2002 |
Succeeded by Ashanti |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Keys, Alicia |
| Alternative names | Augello Cook, Alicia |
| Short description | American singer-songwriter, pianist, and actress |
| Date of birth | January 25, 1981 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Alicia_Keys
Related pages:
http://cswn.com/Alicia Keys
http://idwn.com/Alicia Keys
http://eswn.com/Alicia Keys
http://ruwn.com/Киз, Алиша
http://nlwn.com/Alicia Keys
http://itwn.com/Alicia Keys
http://plwn.com/Alicia Keys
http://frwn.com/Alicia Keys
http://dewn.com/Alicia Keys
http://hiwn.com/अलिसिया कीज़
http://ptwn.com/Alicia Keys
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Keys
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Jerry Lawler | |
|---|---|
 Lawler at the New York Comic Con in Manhattan, October 9, 2010. |
|
| Ring name(s) | Jerry Lawler Jerry "The King" Lawler |
| Billed height | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)[1] |
| Billed weight | 243 lb (110 kg)[1] |
| Born | (1949-11-29) November 29, 1949 (age 62) Memphis, Tennessee[2] |
| Resides | Memphis, Tennessee |
| Billed from | Memphis, Tennessee[3] |
| Trained by | Jackie Fargo[4] |
| Debut | 1970[2] |
Jerry O'Neil Lawler (born November 29, 1949) is an American semi-retired professional wrestler, wrestling commentator, musician, businessman, commercial artist and film actor, known throughout the wrestling world as Jerry "The King" Lawler. He is currently signed to WWE, working on its Raw brand as the color commentator and occasional wrestler. He also wrestles and occasionally commentates for the Memphis Wrestling promotion.
Lawler has held 168 championships throughout his career. Overall, Lawler has held more championships than any other current WWE performer, though he has never won any WWE championships since joining the company.
Contents
|
Professional wrestling career[link]
Early career (1970-1992)[link]
While working in Memphis, Tennessee as a disc jockey, Lawler's artistic ability attracted the attention of local wrestling promoter Aubrey Griffith.[2] The two made an agreement in which Lawler would give Griffith free publicity in exchange for free wrestling training.[2] Lawler debuted as a wrestler in 1970 and won his first championship in September 1971 by winning a battle royal.[2] He soon won the NWA Southern Tag Team Championship under the managerial service of Sam Bass with partner Jim White.[2] In 1974, Lawler began feuding with Jackie Fargo, who had been his trainer and mentor. This led to a match for the NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship. On July 24, 1974, Lawler was booked to win the belt and the title of "King of Wrestling."[2][4] While Lawler began his career as a heel, he became a face after splitting from Bass at the end of 1974.[2] On November 12, 1979, while working in the Continental Wrestling Association (CWA), Lawler defeated Billy Graham to become the CWA World Champion.[2] In 1980, his career was put on hold due to a broken leg, but he returned to the ring after several months.[2]
In 1982, Lawler began a notorious feud with comedian Andy Kaufman.[2] At the time, Kaufman wrestled women as part of his skits and had declared himself the Intergender Heavyweight Champion.[2] On April 5, Lawler, who had taken exception to the skits, wrestled Kaufman in Memphis.[2] During the course of the match, Lawler delivered two piledrivers to his opponent, sending him to the hospital.[2] On July 29, Lawler slapped Kaufman in the face on an episode of Late Night with David Letterman.[2][5] Kaufman responded by throwing his coffee on Lawler.[2]
Years later, Lawler appeared as himself in the Kaufman biopic Man on the Moon; the movie revealed that Lawler's feud with Kaufman had been kayfabe (staged). Lawler later claimed that not only was his entire feud with Kaufman staged, but the two were actually very good friends.[citation needed]
On March 7, 1983, Lawler won the AWA International Championship by defeating Austin Idol.[2] He defeated Ken Patera on July 25 to begin his second reign as the International Champion.[2] Lawler became the NWA Mid America Champion on April 12, 1984 when he was booked to defeat Randy Savage for the title.[2] In 1985, Lawler traveled to Japan, where he won the Polynesian Pacific title on January 25, 1986.[2] He later returned to the United States, where he defeated Bill Dundee on July 29, 1986 to begin a new reign as the AWA International Champion.[2] Lawler feuded with Tommy Rich, Austin Idol, and Paul E. Dangerously throughout early 1987.[2] The animosity began after controversy over an AWA World Championship title shot involving Nick Bockwinkel.[2] During the feud, the trio defeated Lawler in a steel cage match and cut his hair, which caused a riot in the Mid-South Coliseum.[2]
Lawler won the AWA World Heavyweight Championship from Curt Hennig.[2] During his reign, Lawler feuded with World Class Championship Wrestling's Champion Kerry Von Erich.[2] He defeated Von Erich on December 15, 1988 at Superclash III to unify the two titles.[2] Soon after, Lawler's issues with Verne Gagne led to his departure from the AWA.[2] In 1991 and 1992, while working in the United States Wrestling Association (USWA), Lawler teamed with Jeff Jarrett in a match against The Moondogs over the USWA World Tag Team Championship.[2]
World Wrestling Federation (1992–2001)[link]
Lawler began his WWF career in December 1992 as an announcer on WWF Superstars of Wrestling.[2][6] From 1993 to 1995, he feuded with Bret Hart and the rest of the Hart family. The feud began at King of the Ring when Lawler interrupted Hart's victory ceremony and attacked Bret.[2][7] Lawler claimed that he was the only true king in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), and the two were scheduled to wrestle at SummerSlam to settle the dispute. At the event, however, Lawler came to the ring on crutches and claimed that he could not wrestle because of injuries suffered in a car accident.[8] Hart faced Lawler's "court jester", Doink the Clown instead, and beat him by submission. Lawler then attacked Hart, revealing that he was not injured.[8] Hart defeated Lawler by submission but refused to release the Sharpshooter. As a result, the referee reversed the decision and awarded the title of "Undisputed King of the World Wrestling Federation" to Lawler.[9]
Simultaneously, in a form of cross-promotion, Lawler engaged in a bitter feud with Vince McMahon (who at the time was never acknowledged as the actual owner of the World Wrestling Federation) back in the USWA. There Lawler played the babyface to his hometown Memphis audience, whereas McMahon (who had always played face in the WWF) was being portrayed as a smug heel intent on dethroning Lawler as the king of professional wrestling. As part of the cross-promotion, McMahon, Bret and Owen Hart, Giant González, Tatanka, and "Macho Man" Randy Savage would begin appearing on USWA television to further the feud. While the program continued in the USWA, the feud between Lawler and McMahon would not be acknowledged on WWF television.
The Hart Family (Bret, Owen, Bruce, and Keith) were scheduled to face a team captained by Lawler in an elimination match at Survivor Series. However, Shawn Michaels had to take Lawler's place because Lawler was facing legal troubles.[2][10] As a result, the feud between Lawler and Vince McMahon back in the USWA was also abruptly discontinued. Lawler did not face Bret Hart at another pay-per-view until the first In Your House, when he beat Hart after Hakushi and his manager Shinja interfered.[11] This set up a "Kiss My Foot" match at King of the Ring 1995, which Bret won.[7] As a result, Lawler was forced to kiss Bret's feet. The feud took one final turn when Lawler introduced his "dentist" Isaac Yankem, D.D.S.. After Hart defeated Yankem by disqualification,[12] however, the feud quickly disappeared.
Following the end of his legal troubles which kept him out of Survivor Series 1993, Lawler eventually returned to the WWF at WrestleMania X, which was also the first WWF pay-per-view he ever commentated at. During the main event of the night, "Rowdy" Roddy Piper served as special guest referee for the second WWF championship match. During this Lawler began making disparaging remarks about him. Lawler would continue to berate Piper on later episodes of Monday Night Raw, including bringing a skinny kid into the ring dressed as Piper and forcing him to kiss his feet. This ultimately led to a match between the two at King of the Ring 1994 which Lawler lost.
In the fall of 1994, Lawler initiated a feud with Doink the Clown. Lawler popped the balloons carried by Doink's midget sidekick, Dink.[13] After Doink and Dink retaliated, Lawler introduced a midget sidekick of his own, who he named Queasy.[13] In the following weeks, Doink added two more sidekicks, Wink and Pink, while Lawler introduced Sleazy and Cheesy.[13] This led to an elimination match at Survivor Series 1994, which Lawler's team won.[14] After the match, however, Lawler's team turned on him, joining with Doink's team to attack Lawler.[15]
In late 1994 and early 1995, Lawler wrestled briefly in Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW) while still continuing to commentate sporadically for the WWF.[2] During his absences, Shawn Michaels filled in for him as color commentator on Monday Night Raw. He defeated Tony Anthony for the promotion's top title in January 1995.[2] By 1996, Lawler wrestled occasionally on WWF Superstars where he would take on jobbers while holding a microphone in the ring to, essentially, "do the commentary on (his) very own matches" while occasionally serving as the official cornerman for Isaac Yankem D.D.S. After a brief feud with the Ultimate Warrior, Lawler began feuding with Jake Roberts after making fun of Roberts' drug and alcohol problems.[2] The two met in a match at SummerSlam 1996, which Lawler won. After the match, Lawler poured Jim Beam whiskey down Roberts' throat.[16]
In 1997, Lawler became heavily involved in the working relationship between the WWF and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). In interviews and commentary, he referred to the promotion as "Extremely Crappy Wrestling".[2] His frequent insults toward ECW eventually led to the promotion "invading" Monday Night Raw in February 1997 and ultimately to a match with ECW wrestler Tommy Dreamer at ECW's Hardcore Heaven pay-per-view in August, which Dreamer won.[17]
In mid-1997, Lawler entered the King of the Ring tournament for the first time and advanced to the semi-final round where he was defeated by Mankind. By the fall, the WWF introduced a new "light-heavyweight division" to compete with World Championship Wrestling's cruiserweight division. Lawler's son, Brian Christopher, was one of the major superstars in the division, although the WWF played up an angle where both Lawler and Christopher would deny their family relationship, even though the two would aide each other in matches and so on.
By 1998, Lawler rarely wrestled in the WWF and focused on commentary. Despite their feud in the USWA in 1993, by 1998, Vince McMahon had turned heel in the WWF for the first time and left the announce position, to which Lawler began praising McMahon's name on commentary as part of his own heel persona, much to the chagrin of Jim Ross. It was McMahon's departure from the commentary team which led to the strong on-screen chemistry between Lawler and Ross in subsequent years. This played a key role in a change of Lawler's character; although he still supported the heels, he showed a sense of right and wrong, and would condemn actions of heels when they went too far. This began when Lawler surprisingly attacked Tazz when he started bullying Ross. At SummerSlam, The King wrestled Tazz in defense of Ross.[2] With the creation of the XFL in 2001, Lawler was given the job as an announcer for the new football league.[18] Lawler claims that he never wanted to announce for the XFL, but that he agreed to it after McMahon and Kevin Dunn asked him.[18]
In February 2001, Lawler's then-wife Stacy "The Kat" Carter was released by the WWF, and Lawler quit the company in protest.[18][19] In his account, there was no clear notice as to why she was fired; when Jim Ross broke the news to him, he stated that the Creative Team simply said that Stacy had "an attitude problem."
Independent circuit (2001)[link]
During his absence from the WWF, Lawler made appearances on the independent circuit in both Australia and North America,[2][20] as well as joining the fledgling Xcitement Wrestling Federation promotion alongside WCW veteran Tony Schiavone as a color commentator.[2]
Memphis Wrestling (2007)[link]
In 2007 it was announced that Lawler would be participating in a 'dream match' with Hulk Hogan which had been set to take place in the Memphis Wrestling promotion on April 27. The match had been heavily-hyped by promoter Corey Maclin as Hogan had competed in the Memphis territory early in his career.[21] On April 12, however, Lawler pulled out of the event citing his contractual obligations to WWE rendering him unable to appear on a show that was due to be filmed by VH1 for the television show Hogan Knows Best.[22] On January 11, 2008, Maclin revealed that he filed a lawsuit against WWE, claiming that pressure on Lawler (and others) to withdraw from the event violated section two of the Sherman Antitrust Act.[23]
Jerry Lawler's Memphis Wrestling (2010)[link]
In May 2010, Jerry announced a new TV wrestling show called, "Jerry Lawler's Memphis Wrestling." The show is set to debut on Ion Network Channel 50 in Memphis on June 5 at the classic 11AM timespot. 3 episodes were taped May 20, 2010 at the Vine in Memphis. On September 11, 2010, Jerry announced that there would no longer be any new shows, but that the talent was still available for fundraisers.
Return to World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (2001-present)[link]
Commentator and part-time wrestler (2001–2010)[link]
On November 19, 2001, Lawler returned to the WWF. He was reintroduced by Vince McMahon on Raw as the replacement for color commentator (and Alliance member) Paul Heyman, who had been (kayfabe) fired in the aftermath of the Alliance's loss at the previous night's Survivor Series. As he had been before his departure, Lawler once again became color commentator on Raw and pay-per-view events alongside Jim Ross and SmackDown! with Michael Cole, until the brands were separated and Lawler became exclusive to Raw. Lawler stated that his well-worked chemistry with Jim Ross has been a result of their different styles; according to Lawler, Jim Ross is a fine storyteller and keeps fans well-versed with current storylines, whereas he provides reaction and emotion to liven the commentary.[24]
In 2003, Raw's announce team of Lawler and Jim Ross feuded with Sunday Night Heat's team of Jonathan Coachman and Al Snow.[2] At Unforgiven, Lawler and Ross lost a match against Coachman and Snow, thus losing their right to do commentary on Raw.[2] In a rematch, however, Ross defeated Coachman, winning Lawler and Ross their position back.[2]
In June 2006, Extreme Championship Wrestling was re-launched and began a small invasion within WWE again. ECW and WWE went head to head for several weeks on Raw, which spanned to include the SmackDown! superstars. This created tension between the Raw and SmackDown! announce teams, as Tazz, an ECW alumnus, insulted and criticized Jim Ross until Lawler came to Ross' defense, reigniting their feud from 2000. The feud concluded when Tazz and Lawler faced each other in a match at One Night Stand, which Tazz won in only 30 seconds by making Lawler pass out to the Tazzmission after a distraction from Joey Styles, who Lawler had slapped just prior to the match.[25]
In July 2006, Randy Orton began a feud with Hulk Hogan. Lawler attacked Orton in defense of Hogan,[26] which set up a match between them on Raw.[27] Orton defeated Lawler after a low blow and an RKO.[28]
On March 31, 2007, Lawler was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by William Shatner,[3] whom Lawler had a memorable altercation with on a January 1995 episode of Raw. In August, King Booker claimed to be the only one entitled to be known as "King".[29] After being beaten by Booker in the ring,[30] Lawler was supposed to be forced to crown his opponent at an August 13 show in Madison Square Garden.[31] During the ceremony, however, Lawler announced another king as a new opponent for Booker, "The King of Kings" Triple H. This led to a worked brawl between Lawler and Booker.[31]
On the July 7, 2008 edition of Raw, Lawler was attacked by Kane after saving Michael Cole from a similar attack, in which Kane repeatedly asked "Is he alive or is he dead?"[32] Later that summer, he teamed with "Hacksaw" Jim Duggan to face Ted DiBiase and Cody Rhodes for the World Tag Team Championship but lost.
On the March 23, 2009 edition of Raw, Lawler challenged Chris Jericho to a match because of his disrespect and erratic behavior to WWE Hall of Famers, which Jericho accepted. The following week, Lawler lost to Jericho after submitting to the Walls of Jericho. After the match, Jericho outlined how he would remain supreme against WWE Hall of Famers at WrestleMania XXV.
On the July 20 episode of Raw, Lawler announced himself as the opponent against The Brian Kendrick. He went on to defeat Kendrick. On the November 16 edition of Raw, after recent acquisition Sheamus attacked the timekeeper in frustration for not receiving an opponent, Lawler left the announce table to confront Sheamus and check on the victim, only to receive a kick to the head for his troubles. On June 7, 2010, during a Viewer's Choice edition of Raw, Lawler lost his crown to the IRS because he had apparently not paid his taxes, but it was regained by Quinton Jackson later on. At the end of the night, Lawler was one of the many employees at ringside that were brutally attacked by the season 1 NXT rookies. Lawler however, was the only person at ringside that fought back, as he used punches and chops to attack the NXT rookies assaulting him until it was a 3-on-1 assault. The following week on Raw, Lawler and the Raw roster fought off the now-called "The Nexus" when they attempted to ambush John Cena a second time. On June 28, Lawler, Ricky Steamboat, Michael Hayes, Arn Anderson, Mike Rotunda, and Dean Malenko were severely attacked by the Nexus, just as they were celebrating Steamboat's career. Josh Mathews replaced Lawler on color commentator for the remainder of the show.
On the July 26, 2010 episode of Raw, Lawler teamed with Mark Henry, Goldust, Yoshi Tatsu, Evan Bourne and The Hart Dynasty in a tag team elimination match versus the Nexus. Lawler was eliminated by Heath Slater.
Feuds with The Miz and Michael Cole (2010–2011)[link]
On the November 29 episode of the King of the Ring special of Raw, Lawler, who was celebrating his 61st birthday, would challenge The Miz for his WWE Championship, to which Miz would decline. Miz's decision would be reversed by the anonymous Raw General Manager, who made the match the main event of the night, making it Lawler's first shot at the title, with the match type being a Tables, Ladders and Chairs match. Miz would retain his title from Lawler after interference by Alex Riley and Michael Cole.[33]
Cole's interference would cause tension between the two. On the December 6 episode of Raw, Cole would first apologize to Lawler, only for him to take it back and demand an apology from Lawler to himself. After Lawler threatened to attack Cole, the anonymous Raw General Manager would then issue a "cease and desist" order, which barred any physicality between them and that if either of them violated the order, that individual would have their contract terminated immediately.[34]
Lawler would then continue his feud with The Miz, where on the December 20 episode of Raw, Lawler would team with Randy Orton and John Morrison to take on Miz, Riley and Sheamus in a 6-man Tag match with Lawler picking up the win by pinning Miz.[35] This would lead to a rematch between Miz and Lawler the following week, with Lawler once again getting the victory, this time by count-out after Morrison got involved. Later on that night, Miz would attack Lawler from behind as Lawler was sitting at the announce table.[36] Lawler would once again team with Orton on the January 10, 2011 episode of Raw to take on Miz and Riley. Lawler was once again successful in getting the victory, this time pinning Riley.[37] On the January 31 episode of Raw, Lawler was placed in a 7-man Raw Rumble match, where the winner would receive a WWE Championship match against The Miz at WWE Elimination Chamber. Lawler would win the match by last eliminating Sheamus.[38] At the pay-per-view, Lawler was unsuccessful in winning the title, ending the feud.[39]
The following night on Raw, Lawler, after having enough of Cole's attitude, which included the mocking of Lawler's mother's recent death, would challenge him to a match at WrestleMania XXVII. Cole would respond by throwing water into Lawler's face, with Lawler chasing Cole off to the backstage area.[40] On the February 28 episode of Raw, Cole would accept Lawler's challenge to a match at WrestleMania and announce that he would be trained in the coming weeks by Jack Swagger for the upcoming match. The following week, Stone Cold Steve Austin was announced as the guest referee for the match.[41] On the March 14 episode of Raw, Lawler was confronted by his son Brian Lawler, who was invited to Raw by Michael Cole, to "expose" his father's character. Brian, in storyline, claimed his dad was never there for him, mentioned that Lawler never mentioned that Brian was his son on commentary, boasted that he competed at WrestleMania before his father, and stated that he was ashamed of him. Brian then slapped Lawler and left. Michael Cole continued to harass Lawler, who still couldn't physically harm him, but was interrupted by a returning Jim Ross. Before JR could attack Cole, Swagger attacked Lawler from behind, and then preceeded to attack and lock in the ankle lock on JR, while Cole harassed him. Lawler tried to stop the attack, but fell victim to the ankle lock as well.[42]
At WrestleMania, Lawler originally won the match by submission, but while he was celebrating his win with Stone Cold, the anonymous Raw General Manager would reverse the decision, due to Stone Cold physically getting involved in the match by pushing Cole, thus, making Cole the winner by disqualification. Lawler would announce on the April 11 episode of Raw that he and Jim Ross will go against Cole and Swagger at Extreme Rules in a Country Whipping match, which they were unsuccessful. Lawler challenged Cole to one last match at Over the Limit, putting his Hall of Fame ring on the line and would personally induct Cole into the Hall of Fame itself if Cole would win. Cole would decline the challenge at first, but Swagger would accept for him later on when Lawler would attack Cole and he saved him. During their contract signing, Cole announced the match would be a "Kiss My Foot" match. At the pay-per-view, Lawler would defeat Cole. After the match, Jim Ross, Eve Torres and even Bret Hart helped ensure that Cole lived up to the match's stipulations and kissed Lawler's foot (Hart, himself, had previously forced Lawler to kiss his own foot after losing a similar match sixteen years earlier at the 1995 King of the Ring). After Over the Limit, Michael Cole apologized to Lawler, but, continued his antagonistic attitude much to the chagrin of the King.
Raw commentating and occasional wrestler (2011-present)[link]
Lawler competed in the Royal Rumble (2012) main event he entered at No. 12 he eliminated Michael Cole and was eliminated by Cody Rhodes after 43 seconds[43]. On April 30 edition of "Raw" Lawler competed in a Beat the Clock challenge to determine the No. 1 Contender for the WWE Championship match at Over the Limit (2012) he lost to Daniel Bryan who earned the spot[44].
Other endeavors[link]
Lawler has created some musical recordings. Among these are two late-70s singles: "Cadillac Man/Memphis", and "Bad News". During his feud with manager Jimmy Hart (Lawler is a factor for "The Mouth of the South" Jimmy Hart entering professional wrestling; Lawler wanted to record a wrestling album with him singing and, since they had gone to school together, he called Hart and asked him to be a part of it) in the mid-80s, Hart became known as "The Wimp", a nickname given to him by Lawler and chanted by fans. Hart was the subject of the song "Wimpbusters", which was sung by Lawler to the tune of the popular hit Ghostbusters by Ray Parker, Jr.. A music video was also made, featuring Lawler, legendary announcer Lance Russell, and wrestlers such as Randy Savage, Jimmy Valiant, Dutch Mantel, Tommy Rich, and Rufus R. Jones, along with footage of "The King" beating Hart and his "First Family." A very young Brian Christopher also made an appearance as a young child being bullied, and another child is seen wearing a replica of Tully Blanchard's West Texas State jersey. He also recorded a CD titled "Memphis' Other King".[45]
In 1998, Lawler appeared in the movie Man on the Moon, starring Jim Carrey.[2] According to Lawler's autobiography, It's Good To Be The King... Sometimes, an incident involving Jim Carrey forgetting a line led to animosity between the two actors during filming. Between scenes Jim Carrey often remained in character as Andy Kaufman and at one point spit on Jerry, just as Kaufman had done in 1982. A 'stunned' Lawler reacted by grabbing Carrey by the hair and locked him in a sleeper hold and jerking his neck—supposedly sending Carrey to the hospital.
In 1999, Lawler ran for mayor of Memphis, Tennessee.[5] His platform focused on making the streets safer for residents, beautifying the city, and improving the quality of education.[46] In addition, he vowed to attract businesses to Memphis, improve the flow of traffic, create more parks, and decrease property taxes.[46] Lawler ended up with 11.7% of ballots, beating twelve of the fifteen candidates.[47] Ultimately, however, Mayor Willie Herenton was easily reelected.[47]
In 2000, Lawler made a very brief cameo appearance in the music video of I Can't Lie To Me By Clay Davidson. In 2002, he released an autobiography titled It's Good To Be The King... Sometimes. On July 8, 2009, Lawler again ran for the position of Mayor of Memphis in a special mayoral election on October 15, 2009. He was in 5th with 4% of the vote.
Lawler is also an accomplished commercial artist, designing a lot of graphics for various companies, including WWE. In 2007, he painted the cover of the wrestling comic book, Headlocked.[48]
Personal life[link]
Lawler has been married three times. He has three children, Brian, Kevin, and his daughter Kendall Lawler from his marriage to his first wife, Kay.[49] His son Brian, who has previously wrestled in WWE as "Brian Christopher" and "Grandmaster Sexay," is now wrestling in independent promotions. His other son, Kevin, has dabbled in professional wrestling as both a referee and wrestler under the names "Kevin Christian" and "Freddie Gilbert," the latter of which was used during a stint as the "brother" of Eddie Gilbert.[citation needed] In his book It's Good To Be The King ... Sometimes, Lawler says he believes Kevin's short physical stature has prevented him from reaching success similar to Brian.[citation needed] In August 2008, Kevin was arrested on charges of trespassing and aggravated burglary.[50] After divorcing Kay, Lawler was later married to Paula from February 14, 1982 to October 2, 1991.[49]
He met his third wife, Stacy "The Kat" Carter, at a charity softball game in Memphis, Tennessee on July 23, 1989.[51] They married in September 2000.[2] In mid-February 2001, Carter (who was a valet and has also made in-ring appearances) was released by the World Wrestling Federation.[52] Lawler then left the company in protest.[52] Carter decided to leave Lawler in July, 2001 and they separated shortly before Lawler rejoined the WWF in November, 2001.[20] Their divorce was finalized on October 15, 2003.[53]
Lawler is the cousin of professional wrestler The Honky Tonk Man.[54]
In 1993, Lawler was indicted for raping and sodomizing a 15-year old girl, which caused him to miss Survivor Series 1993.[55] The charges were later dropped, after the girl admitted she fabricated some of the story. Lawler was arrested on March 16, 1999 after throwing a ticket at a police officer and running over the officer's foot.[56]
Though he has spent most of his life in Memphis, Lawler did spend a part of his childhood in Ohio after his father was transferred to a job in the state.[citation needed] Though this stay was brief, it would have an influence on Lawler throughout his life thereafter. He often cites Cleveland as his second-favorite city behind only Memphis and is a die-hard fan of both the Cleveland Indians and the Cleveland Browns. When WWE comes to Cleveland, Lawler will usually wear a Browns jersey or an Indians jersey, and during baseball season, he will throw out the first pitch at an Indians game.[citation needed]
Lawler is a collector of Coca-Cola merchandise[57] On February 12, 2011, Lawler's mother died following a long battle with cancer.
Lawler has provided his voice for numerous WWE Video Games in which he has appeared as a commentator. He is also a playable character in a number of WWE Games, most recently WWE All Stars and WWE 12.
In wrestling[link]
- Finishing moves
- Diving fist drop from the second rope, with theatrics[1]
- Fireball[17]
- Piledriver[1][3]
- Signature moves
- Entrance Theme Music
- The Great Gate At Kiev by Modest Mussorgsky (WWE, 1993-2011; 2012-Present)
- Kingdom Come by Jim Johnston (WWE, 2011)
Championships and accomplishments[link]
|
|
1These title changes took place during an AWA hosted card as part of an interpromotional relationship between the American Wrestling Association, World Class Wrestling Association, and Continental Wrestling Association. Lawler also won the championship during a CWA hosted card.
2Lawler won the championship while wrestling on a CWA card in Memphis, Tennessee during the time when the AWA and CWA had a working partnership. It was the same situation during both of Lawler and Dundee's AWA World Tag Team Championship reigns.
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- ^ "WWE Hall of Fame page". WWE. http://www.wwe.com/superstars/halloffame/. Retrieved 2007-05-28.
- ^ "Wrestling Observer Hall of Fame". Pro Wrestling Illustrated. http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/hallofame.html. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
Further reading[link]
- Lawler, Jerry (2002). It's Good to Be the King...Sometimes. World Wrestling Entertainment. ISBN 978-0-7434-5768-2.
External links[link]
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"Heart attack" redirects here. For other uses, see Heart attack (disambiguation).
| Myocardial infarction | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
 Diagram of a myocardial infarction (2) of the tip of the anterior wall of the heart (an apical infarct) after occlusion (1) of a branch of the left coronary artery (LCA), right coronary artery = RCA |
|
| ICD-10 | I21-I22 |
| ICD-9 | 410 |
| DiseasesDB | 8664 |
| MedlinePlus | 000195 |
| eMedicine | med/1567 emerg/327 ped/2520 |
| MeSH | D009203 |
Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, results from the interruption of blood supply to a part of the heart, causing heart cells to die. This is most commonly due to occlusion (blockage) of a coronary artery following the rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, which is an unstable collection of lipids (cholesterol and fatty acids) and white blood cells (especially macrophages) in the wall of an artery. The resulting ischemia (restriction in blood supply) and ensuing oxygen shortage, if left untreated for a sufficient period of time, can cause damage or death (infarction) of heart muscle tissue (myocardium).
Classical symptoms of acute myocardial infarction include sudden chest pain (typically radiating to the left arm or left side of the neck), shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, sweating, and anxiety (often described as a sense of impending doom).[1] Women may experience fewer typical symptoms than men, most commonly shortness of breath, weakness, a feeling of indigestion, and fatigue.[2] A sizeable proportion of myocardial infarctions (22–64%)[3] are "silent", that is without chest pain or other symptoms.
Among the diagnostic tests available to detect heart muscle damage are an electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, cardiac MRI and various blood tests. The most often used blood markers are the creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) fraction and the troponin levels. Immediate treatment for suspected acute myocardial infarction includes oxygen, aspirin, and sublingual nitroglycerin.[4]
Most cases of myocardial infarction with ST elevation on ECG (STEMI) are treated with reperfusion therapy, such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or thrombolysis.[5] Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) may be managed with medication, although PCI may be required if the patient's risk warrants it.[6] People who have multiple blockages of their coronary arteries, particularly if they also have diabetes mellitus, may benefit from bypass surgery (CABG),[7][8]. The European Society of Cardiology guidelines in 2011 proposed treating the blockage causing the myocardial infarction by PCI and performing CABG later when the patient is more stable.[7] Rarely CABG may be preferred in the acute phase of myocardial infarction, for example when PCI has failed or is contraindicated.[7]
Ischemic heart disease (which includes myocardial infarction, angina pectoris and heart failure when preceded by myocardial infarction) was the leading cause of death for both men and women worldwide in 2004.[9] Important risk factors are previous cardiovascular disease, older age, tobacco smoking, high blood levels of certain lipids (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides) and low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, diabetes, high blood pressure, lack of physical activity and obesity, chronic kidney disease, excessive alcohol consumption, the abuse of illicit drugs (such as cocaine and amphetamines), and chronic high stress levels.[10][11][12]
Contents |
Classification[link]
There are two basic types of acute myocardial infarction based on pathology:
- Transmural: associated with atherosclerosis involving a major coronary artery. It can be subclassified into anterior, posterior, inferior, lateral or septal. Transmural infarcts extend through the whole thickness of the heart muscle and are usually a result of complete occlusion of the area's blood supply.[13]
- Subendocardial: involving a small area in the subendocardial wall of the left ventricle, ventricular septum, or papillary muscles. The subendocardial area is particularly susceptible to ischemia.[13]
In the clinical context, a myocardial infarction can be further subclassified into a ST elevation MI (STEMI) versus a non-ST elevation MI (non-STEMI) based on ECG changes.[14]
The phrase heart attack is sometimes used incorrectly to describe sudden cardiac death, which may or may not be the result of acute myocardial infarction. A heart attack is different from, but can be the cause of cardiac arrest, which is the stopping of the heartbeat, and cardiac arrhythmia, an abnormal heartbeat. It is also distinct from heart failure, in which the pumping action of the heart is impaired; however severe myocardial infarction may lead to heart failure.[7]
A 2007 consensus document classifies myocardial infarction into five main types:[15]
- Type 1 – Spontaneous myocardial infarction related to ischaemia due to a primary coronary event such as plaque erosion and/or rupture, fissuring, or dissection
- Type 2 – Myocardial infarction secondary to ischaemia due to either increased oxygen demand or decreased supply, e.g. coronary artery spasm, coronary embolism, anaemia, arrhythmias, hypertension, or hypotension
- Type 3 – Sudden unexpected cardiac death, including cardiac arrest, often with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischaemia, accompanied by new ST elevation, or new LBBB, or evidence of fresh thrombus in a coronary artery by angiography and/or at autopsy, but death occurring before blood samples could be obtained, or at a time before the appearance of cardiac biomarkers in the blood
- Type 4 – Associated with coronary angioplasty or stents:
- Type 4a – Myocardial infarction associated with PCI
- Type 4b – Myocardial infarction associated with stent thrombosis as documented by angiography or at autopsy
- Type 5 – Myocardial infarction associated with CABG
Signs and symptoms[link]
The onset of symptoms in myocardial infarction (MI) is usually gradual, over several minutes, and rarely instantaneous.[16] Chest pain is the most common symptom of acute myocardial infarction and is often described as a sensation of tightness, pressure, or squeezing. Chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle is termed angina pectoris. Pain radiates most often to the left arm, but may also radiate to the lower jaw, neck, right arm, back, and epigastrium,[7][17] where it may mimic heartburn. Levine's sign, in which the patient localizes the chest pain by clenching their fist over the sternum, has classically been thought to be predictive of cardiac chest pain, although a prospective observational study showed that it had a poor positive predictive value.[18]
Shortness of breath (dyspnea) occurs when the damage to the heart limits the output of the left ventricle, causing left ventricular failure and consequent pulmonary edema. Other symptoms include diaphoresis (an excessive form of sweating),[1] weakness, light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, and palpitations. These symptoms are likely induced by a massive surge of catecholamines from the sympathetic nervous system[19] which occurs in response to pain and the hemodynamic abnormalities that result from cardiac dysfunction. Loss of consciousness (due to inadequate cerebral perfusion and cardiogenic shock) and sudden death (frequently due to the development of ventricular fibrillation) can occur in myocardial infarctions.[7]
Women and older patients report atypical symptoms more frequently than their male and younger counterparts.[20] Women also report more numerous symptoms compared with men (2.6 on average vs 1.8 symptoms in men).[20] The most common symptoms of MI in women include dyspnea (shortness of breath), weakness, and fatigue. Fatigue, sleep disturbances, and dyspnea have been reported as frequently occurring symptoms that may manifest as long as one month before the actual clinically manifested ischemic event. In women, chest pain may be less predictive of coronary ischemia than in men.[21]
At least one-fourth of all myocardial infarctions are silent, without chest pain or other symptoms, [22][3] with silent myocardial infarcations being more common in younger people. These cases can be discovered later on electrocardiograms, using blood enzyme tests or at autopsy without a prior history of related complaints. Estimates of the prevalence of silent myocardial infarctions vary between 22 and 64% [3]. A silent course is more common in the elderly[3], in patients with diabetes mellitus[23] and after heart transplantation, probably because the donor heart is not fully innervated by the nervous system of the recipient.[24] In people with diabetes, differences in pain threshold, autonomic neuropathy, and psychological factors have been cited as possible explanations for the lack of symptoms.[23]
Any group of symptoms compatible with a sudden interruption of the blood flow to the heart are called an acute coronary syndrome.[25]
The differential diagnosis includes other catastrophic causes of chest pain, such as pulmonary embolism, aortic dissection, pericardial effusion causing cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, and esophageal rupture. Other non-catastrophic differentials include gastroesophageal reflux and Tietze's syndrome.[26]
Causes[link]
Heart attack rates are higher in association with intense exertion, be it psychological stress or physical exertion, especially if the exertion is more intense than the individual usually performs.[27] The period of intense exercise and subsequent recovery is associated with about a 6-fold higher myocardial infarction rate (compared with other more relaxed time frames) for people who are physically very fit.[27] For those in poor physical condition, the rate differential is over 35-fold higher.[27] One observed mechanism for this phenomenon is the increased arterial pulse pressure stretching and relaxation of arteries with each heart beat, which, as has been observed with intravascular ultrasound, increases mechanical "shear stress" on atheromas and the likelihood of plaque rupture.[27]
Acute severe infection, such as pneumonia, can trigger myocardial infarction. A more controversial link is that between Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection and atherosclerosis.[28] While this intracellular organism has been demonstrated in atherosclerotic plaques, evidence is inconclusive as to whether it can be considered a causative factor.[28] Treatment with antibiotics in patients with proven atherosclerosis has not demonstrated a decreased risk of heart attacks or other coronary vascular diseases.[29]
There is an association of an increased incidence of a heart attack in the morning hours, more specifically around 9 a.m.[30][31][32] Some investigators have noticed that the ability of platelets to aggregate varies according to a circadian rhythm, although they have not proven causation.[33]
Risk factors[link]
Myocardial infarction results from atherosclerosis.[7] Risk factors for myocardial infarction include:
- Age[10]
- Gender: At any given age men are more at risk than women, particularly before the menopause,[27] but because in general women live longer than men ischemic heart disease causes slightly more total deaths in women.[10]
- Diabetes mellitus type 1 or Diabetes mellitus type 2 [34]
- High blood pressure[35]
- Dyslipidemia/hypercholesterolemia (abnormal levels of lipoproteins in the blood), particularly high low-density lipoprotein, low high-density lipoprotein and high triglycerides[35]
- Tobacco smoking, including secondhand smoke[35]
- Short term exposure to air pollution including: carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide but not ozone.[36]
- Family history of ischaemic heart disease or myocardial infarction particularly if one has a first-degree relative (father, brother, mother, sister) who suffered a 'premature' myocardial infarction (defined as occurring at or younger than age 55 years (men) or 65 (women).[10]
- Obesity[37] (defined by a body mass index of more than 30 kg/m², or alternatively by waist circumference or waist-hip ratio).
- Lack of physical activity.[10]
- Psychosocial factors including, low socio-economic status, social isolation, negative emotions and stress increase the risk of myocardial infarction and are associated with worse outcomes after myocardial infarction. Socioeconomic factors such as a shorter education and lower income (particularly in women), and unmarried cohabitation are also correlated with a higher risk of MI.[38]
- Alcohol — Studies show that prolonged exposure to high quantities of alcohol can increase the risk of heart attack.
- Oral contraceptive pill – women who use combined oral contraceptive pills have a modestly increased risk of myocardial infarction, especially in the presence of other risk factors, such as smoking.[39]
- Hyperhomocysteinemia (high homocysteine)in homocysteinuria is associated with premature atherosclerosis[40], whether elevated homocysteine in the normal range is causal is contentious.[41]
Inflammation is known to be an important step in the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation.[42] C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive but non-specific marker for inflammation. Elevated CRP blood levels, especially measured with high-sensitivity assays, can predict the risk of MI, as well as stroke and development of diabetes.[42] Moreover, some drugs for MI might also reduce CRP levels.[42] The use of high-sensitivity CRP assays as a means of screening the general population is advised against, but it may be used optionally at the physician's discretion in patients who already present with other risk factors or known coronary artery disease.[43] Whether CRP plays a direct role in atherosclerosis remains uncertain.[42] Inflammation in periodontal disease may be linked to coronary heart disease, and, since periodontitis is very common, this could have great consequences for public health.[44] Serological studies measuring antibody levels against typical periodontitis-causing bacteria found that such antibodies were more present in subjects with coronary heart disease.[45] Periodontitis tends to increase blood levels of CRP, fibrinogen and cytokines;[46] thus, periodontitis may mediate its effect on MI risk via other risk factors.[47] Preclinical research suggests that periodontal bacteria can promote aggregation of platelets and promote the formation of foam cells.[48][49] A role for specific periodontal bacteria has been suggested but remains to be established.[50] There is some evidence that influenza may trigger an acute myocardial infarction.[51]
Baldness, hair greying, a diagonal earlobe crease (Frank's sign[52]) and possibly other skin features have been suggested as independent risk factors for MI.[53] Their role remains controversial; a common denominator of these signs and the risk of MI is supposed, possibly genetic.[54]
Calcium deposition is another part of atherosclerotic plaque formation. Calcium deposits in the coronary arteries can be detected with CT scans. Several studies have shown that coronary calcium can provide predictive information beyond that of classical risk factors.[55][56][57]
Many of these risk factors are modifiable, so many heart attacks can be prevented by maintaining a healthier lifestyle. Physical activity, for example, is associated with a lower risk profile.[58] Non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history of an early heart attack, which is thought of as reflecting a genetic predisposition.[27] To understand epidemiological study results, it is important to note that many factors associated with MI mediate their risk via other factors. For example, the effect of education is partially based on its effect on income and marital status.[38]
The European Society of Cardiology and the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation have developed an interactive tool for prediction and managing the risk of heart attack and stroke in Europe. HeartScore is aimed at supporting clinicians in optimising individual cardiovascular risk reduction. The Heartscore Programme is available in 12 languages and offers web-based or PC version.[59]
Pathophysiology[link]
See also: Acute coronary syndrome
Acute myocardial infarction refers to two subtypes of acute coronary syndrome, namely non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction and ST-elevated myocardial infarction, which are most frequently (but not always) a manifestation of coronary artery disease.[14] The most common triggering event is the disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque in an epicardial coronary artery, which leads to a clotting cascade, sometimes resulting in total occlusion of the artery.[60][61] Atherosclerosis is the gradual buildup of cholesterol and fibrous tissue in plaques in the wall of arteries (in this case, the coronary arteries), typically over decades.[62] Blood stream column irregularities visible on angiography reflect artery lumen narrowing as a result of decades of advancing atherosclerosis.[63] Plaques can become unstable, rupture, and additionally promote a thrombus (blood clot) that occludes the artery; this can occur in minutes. When a severe enough plaque rupture occurs in the coronary vasculature, it leads to myocardial infarction (necrosis of downstream myocardium).[60][61]
If impaired blood flow to the heart lasts long enough, it triggers a process called the ischemic cascade; the heart cells in the territory of the occluded coronary artery die (chiefly through necrosis) and do not grow back. A collagen scar forms in its place. Recent studies indicate that another form of cell death called apoptosis also plays a role in the process of tissue damage subsequent to myocardial infarction.[64] As a result, the patient's heart will be permanently damaged. This myocardial scarring also puts the patient at risk for potentially life threatening arrhythmias, and may result in the formation of a ventricular aneurysm that can rupture with catastrophic consequences.
Injured heart tissue conducts electrical impulses more slowly than normal heart tissue. The difference in conduction velocity between injured and uninjured tissue can trigger re-entry or a feedback loop that is believed to be the cause of many lethal arrhythmias. The most serious of these arrhythmias is ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib/VF), an extremely fast and chaotic heart rhythm that is the leading cause of sudden cardiac death. Another life-threatening arrhythmia is ventricular tachycardia (V-Tach/VT), which may or may not cause sudden cardiac death. However, ventricular tachycardia usually results in rapid heart rates that prevent the heart from pumping blood effectively. Cardiac output and blood pressure may fall to dangerous levels, which can lead to further coronary ischemia and extension of the infarct.
The cardiac defibrillator is a device that was specifically designed to terminate these potentially fatal arrhythmias. The device works by delivering an electrical shock to the patient in order to depolarize a critical mass of the heart muscle, in effect "rebooting" the heart. This therapy is time dependent, and the odds of successful defibrillation decline rapidly after the onset of cardiopulmonary arrest.
Diagnosis[link]
Main article: Myocardial infarction diagnosis
The diagnosis of myocardial infarction can be made after assessing patient's complaints and physical status. ECG changes, coronary angiogram and levels of cardiac markers help to confirm the diagnosis. ECG gives valuable clues to identify the site of myocardial damage while coronary angiogram allows visualization of narrowing or obstructions in the heart vessels.[65] At autopsy, a pathologist can diagnose a myocardial infarction based on anatomopathological findings.
A chest radiograph and routine blood tests may indicate complications or precipitating causes and are often performed upon arrival to an emergency department. New regional wall motion abnormalities on an echocardiogram are also suggestive of a myocardial infarction. Echo may be performed in equivocal cases by the on-call cardiologist.[66] In stable patients whose symptoms have resolved by the time of evaluation, Technetium (99mTc) sestamibi (i.e. a "MIBI scan") or thallium-201 chloride can be used in nuclear medicine to visualize areas of reduced blood flow in conjunction with physiologic or pharmacologic stress.[66][67] Thallium may also be used to determine viability of tissue, distinguishing whether non-functional myocardium is actually dead or merely in a state of hibernation or of being stunned.[68]
WHO criteria[69] formulated in 1979 have classically been used to diagnose MI; a patient is diagnosed with myocardial infarction if two (probable) or three (definite) of the following criteria are satisfied:
- Clinical history of ischaemic type chest pain lasting for more than 20 minutes
- Changes in serial ECG tracings
- Rise and fall of serum cardiac biomarkers such as creatine kinase-MB fraction and troponin
The WHO criteria were refined in 2000 to give more prominence to cardiac biomarkers.[70] According to the new guidelines, a cardiac troponin rise accompanied by either typical symptoms, pathological Q waves, ST elevation or depression, or coronary intervention is diagnostic of MI.
Prevention[link]
The risk of a recurrent myocardial infarction decreases with strict blood pressure management and lifestyle changes, chiefly smoking cessation, regular exercise, a sensible diet for those with heart disease, and limitation of alcohol intake. People are usually commenced on several long-term medications post-MI, with the aim of preventing secondary cardiovascular events such as further myocardial infarctions, congestive heart failure or cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Unless contraindicated, such medications may include:[71][72]
- Antiplatelet drug therapy such as aspirin and/or clopidogrel should be continued to reduce the risk of plaque rupture and recurrent myocardial infarction. Aspirin is first-line, owing to its low cost and comparable efficacy, with clopidogrel reserved for patients intolerant of aspirin. The combination of clopidogrel and aspirin may further reduce risk of cardiovascular events, however the risk of hemorrhage is increased.[73]
- Beta blocker therapy such as metoprolol or carvedilol should be commenced.[74] These have been particularly beneficial in high-risk patients such as those with left ventricular dysfunction and/or continuing cardiac ischaemia.[75] β-Blockers decrease mortality and morbidity. They also improve symptoms of cardiac ischemia in NSTEMI.
- ACE inhibitor therapy should be commenced 24–48 hours post-MI in hemodynamically stable patients, particularly in patients with a history of MI, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, anterior location of infarct (as assessed by ECG), and/or evidence of left ventricular dysfunction. ACE inhibitors reduce mortality, the development of heart failure, and decrease ventricular remodelling post-MI.[76]
- Statin therapy has been shown to reduce mortality and morbidity post-MI.[77][78] The effects of statins may be more than their LDL lowering effects. The general consensus is that statins have plaque stabilization and multiple other ("pleiotropic") effects that may prevent myocardial infarction in addition to their effects on blood lipids.[79]
- The aldosterone antagonist agent eplerenone has been shown to further reduce risk of cardiovascular death post-MI in patients with heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction, when used in conjunction with standard therapies above.[80] Spironolactone is another option that is sometimes preferable to eplerenone due to cost.
- Evidence supports the consumption of polyunsaturated fats instead of saturated fats as a measure of decreasing coronary heart disease.[81] Omega-3 fatty acids, commonly found in fish, have been shown to reduce mortality post-MI.[82] While the mechanism by which these fatty acids decrease mortality is unknown, it has been postulated that the survival benefit is due to electrical stabilization and the prevention of ventricular fibrillation.[83] However, further studies in a high-risk subset have not shown a clear-cut decrease in potentially fatal arrhythmias due to omega-3 fatty acids.[84][85]
Blood donation may reduce the risk of heart disease for men,[86] but the link has not been firmly established.
A Cochrane review found that giving heparin to people with heart conditions like unstable angina and some forms of heart attacks reduces the risk of having another heart attack. However, heparin also increases the chance of suffering from minor bleeding.[87]
Management[link]
Main article: Myocardial infarction management
An MI requires immediate medical attention. Treatment attempts to salvage as much myocardium as possible and to prevent further complications, hence the phrase "time is muscle".[88] Oxygen, aspirin, and nitroglycerin may be administered. Morphine was classically used if nitroglycerin was not effective; however, it may increase mortality in the setting of NSTEMI.[89] A 2009 and 2010 review of high flow oxygen in myocardial infarction found increased mortality and infarct size, calling into question the recommendation about its routine use.[90][91] Other analgesics such as nitrous oxide are of unknown benefit.[6] Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or fibrinolysis are recommended in those with an STEMI.
Prognosis[link]
The prognosis post myocardial infarction varies greatly, depending on a person's health, the extent of the heart damage and the treatment given. For the period 2005–2008 in the United States, the median mortality at 30 days was 16.6% with a range from 10.9% to 24.9% depending on the hospital.[92] Using variables available in the emergency room, people with a higher risk of adverse outcome can be identified. One study found that 0.4% of patients with a low-risk profile died after 90 days, whereas in high-risk people it was 21.1%.[93]
Some of the more reproduced risk-stratifying factors include: age, hemodynamic parameters (such as heart failure, cardiac arrest on admission, systolic blood pressure, or Killip class of two or greater), ST-segment deviation, diabetes, serum creatinine, peripheral vascular disease and elevation of cardiac markers.[93][94][95] Assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction may increase the predictive power.[96] The prognostic importance of Q-waves is debated.[97] Prognosis is significantly worsened if a mechanical complication such as papillary muscle or myocardial free wall rupture occurs.[98] Morbidity and mortality from myocardial infarction has improved over the years due to better treatment.[99]
Complications[link]
Main article: Myocardial infarction complications
Complications may occur immediately following the heart attack (in the acute phase), or may need time to develop (a chronic problem). Acute complications may include heart failure if the damaged heart is no longer able to adequately pump blood around the body; aneurysm or rupture of the myocardium; mitral regurgitation, in particular if the infarction causes dysfunction of the papillary muscle; and arrhythmias, such as ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation and heart block. Longer-term complications include heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and the increased risk of a second myocardial infarction.
Epidemiology[link]
Myocardial infarction is a common presentation of ischemic heart disease/coronary artery disease. The World Health Organization estimated in 2004, that 12.2% of worldwide deaths were from ischemic heart disease;[9] with it being the leading cause of death in high or middle income countries and second only to lower respiratory infections in lower income countries.[9] Worldwide more than 3 million people have STEMIs and 4 million have NSTEMIs a year.[100]
Rates of death from ischemic heart disease have slowed or declined in most high income countries, although cardiovascular disease still accounted for 1 in 3 of all deaths in the USA in 2008.[101] In contrast, ischemic heart disease is becoming a more common cause of death in the developing world. For example in India, ischemic heart disease had become the leading cause of death by 2004 accounting for 1.46 million deaths (14% of total deaths) and deaths due to ischemic heart disease were expected to double during 1985–2015.[102] Globally it is predicted that disability adjusted life years (DALYs) lost to ischemic heart disease will account for 5.5% of total DALYs in 2030, making it the second most important cause of disability (after unipolar depressive disorder), as well as the leading cause of death by this date.[9]
Legal implications[link]
At common law, in general a myocardial infarction is a disease, but may sometimes be an injury. This has implications for no-fault insurance schemes such as workers' compensation. In general, a heart attack is not covered;[103] however, it may be a work-related injury if it results, for example, from unusual emotional stress or unusual exertion.[104] In addition, in some jurisdictions, heart attacks suffered by persons in particular occupations such as police officers may be classified as line-of-duty injuries by statute or policy. In some countries or states, a person having suffered from a myocardial infarction may be prevented from participating in activity that puts other people's lives at risk, for example driving a car or flying an airplane.[105]
Research[link]
Patients who receive stem cell treatment by coronary artery injections of stem cells derived from their own bone marrow after a myocardial infarction (MI) show improvements in left ventricular ejection fraction and end-diastolic volume not seen with placebo. The larger the initial infarct size, the greater the effect of the infusion. Clinical trials of progenitor cell infusion as a treatment approach to ST elevation MI are proceeding.[106]
There are currently 3 biomaterial and tissue engineering approaches for the treatment of MI, but these are in an even earlier stage of medical research, so many questions and issues must be addressed before they can be applied to patients. The first involves polymeric left ventricular restraints in the prevention of heart failure. The second utilizes in vitro engineered cardiac tissue, which is subsequently implanted in vivo. The final approach entails injecting cells and/or a scaffold into the myocardium to create in situ engineered cardiac tissue.[107]
References[link]
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- ^ Schachinger V, Erbs S, Elsasser A, Haberbosch W, Hambrecht R, Holschermann H, Yu J, Corti R, Mathey DG, Hamm CW, Suselbeck T, Assmus B, Tonn T, Dimmeler S, Zeiher AM; REPAIR-AMI Investigators (2006). "Intracoronary bone marrow-derived progenitor cells in acute myocardial infarction". N Engl J Med 2006 355 (12): 1210–21. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa060186. PMID 16990384.
- ^ Christman KL, Lee RJ (September 2006). "Biomaterials for the Treatment of Myocardial Infarction". J Am Coll Cardiol". 2006; 48 (5): 907–13. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.06.005. PMID 16949479.
External links[link]
| Find more about Myocardial infarction on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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- American Heart Association's Heart Attack web site – Information and resources for preventing, recognizing and treating heart attack.
- Heart Attack – overview of resources from MedlinePlus
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http://wn.com/Myocardial_infarction
Related pages:
http://cswn.com/Infarkt myokardu
http://idwn.com/Serangan jantung
http://eswn.com/Infarto agudo de miocardio
http://ruwn.com/Острый инфаркт миокарда
http://nlwn.com/Hartinfarct
http://itwn.com/Infarto miocardico acuto
http://plwn.com/Zawał mięśnia sercowego
http://frwn.com/Infarctus du myocarde
http://dewn.com/Myokardinfarkt
http://hiwn.com/हृदयाघात
http://ptwn.com/Infarto agudo do miocárdio
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named Michael Cole, see Michael Cole (disambiguation).
| Michael Cole | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Ring name(s) | Michael Cole Sir Michael Cole |
| Billed height | 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)[1] |
| Billed weight | 200 pounds |
| Born | (1968-12-08) December 8, 1968 (age 43)[1] Syracuse, New York[1] |
| Resides | McAllen, Texas[2] |
| Billed from | Amenia, New York |
| Debut | 1997 |
Michael Sean Coulthard (born December 8, 1968) better known by his ring name Michael Cole, is an American professional wrestling commentator and occasional wrestler currently signed to WWE where he serves as a commentator. He is also a former news journalist.
Contents |
Journalist career[link]
Coulthard began his career in the media as a journalist, working for CBS Radio. His first high-profile assignment was to cover the failed 1988 US presidential campaign of Democratic Party nominee Michael Dukakis.[3] In 1992, he reported on the presidential campaign of Bill Clinton.[3] Coulthard covered the 51-day siege at the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, Texas, in 1993. The following year, he spent nine months covering the Yugoslavian civil war.[3] In 1995 he was also selected to cover the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing.[3] He returned to the presidential campaign trail in 1996 to cover the failed campaigns of Steve Forbes and Sen. Bob Dole.[3]
World Wrestling Federation/ Entertainment (1997-present)[link]
Backstage interviewer and Raw (1997–1999)[link]
Cole came to the World Wrestling Federation in mid-1997 and started using the stage name "Michael Cole." He provided voice-overs for promotional videos and later became the host of LiveWire show alongside Jim Cornette. Coulthard first appeared on screen at SummerSlam, and replaced Todd Pettengill as a backstage interviewer, who left the WWF after the event. In late 1997, Cole became one of the three announcers for the first hour of Monday Night Raw, alongside Jim Ross and Kevin Kelly. Eventually Cole was permanently replaced by Jerry Lawler later in the year. In 1999, Cole became the regular play-by-play announcer for Monday Night Raw subbing for Jim Ross when Ross was devastated by Bell's palsy.
SmackDown! (1999–2008)[link]
When the promotion's new SmackDown! television program debuted later that year, Cole was chosen to be the show's play-by-play announcer. Originally his broadcast partner was Jerry "The King" Lawler, but when Lawler briefly left the WWF, he was replaced by Cole's Heat broadcast partner Tazz shortly before the WWF vs. WCW/ECW invasion storyline. Cole also had a stint doing commentary on SmackDown!'s former sister show WWE Velocity. As an announcer, Cole was rarely involved in storylines; however, he has had minor roles in storylines involving Stone Cold Steve Austin, John Cena, Heidenreich, Stephanie McMahon, Vito, and D-Generation X (Triple H, Shawn Michaels, Chyna, and Rick Rude). His 2004 angle with Heidenreich became infamous due to an implied scene where Heidenreich "Heidenraped" him in the arena restroom. In a 2008 interview, Heidenreich explained that the Cole rape angle was McMahon's idea, and that Pulp Fiction came to mind when Stephanie McMahon approached him with the idea. He also appeared in the Taxi Driver parody trailer in promotion of WrestleMania 21.
Cole called play-by-play at the 2006 Royal Rumble match because Ross, who had commentated the last three Royal Rumble matches with Tazz, had been "fired" in the storylines and replaced by former ECW play-by-play man Joey Styles, reuniting the original SmackDown! team of Cole and Lawler. On February 3, 2006, it was announced that he and Tazz were starting a radio show on Howard Stern's "Howard 101" radio station on Sirius, airing Thursday through Sunday at 8 pm, but the show was a trial run that only lasted a couple of weeks.
On April 26, 2006, WWE announced that Cole would become the Managing Editor of WWE.com. Shortly after, WWE Chairman Vince McMahon told shareholders in a meeting held on September 14 that he believes that the website "sucks". In response, Cole replied on WWE.com about updated content for the website: a broadband network with original web-only shows have been scheduled for October, with a new mobile offering, a re-vamped subscription site and more exclusive videos and photos. Cole went on to say, "So in summary, the web site does suck, compared to where we are going to take it, but it won’t suck for long. Wish I could say the same for the boss."
On the June 9 edition of SmackDown!, Cole's broadcast partner Tazz left from SmackDown to ECW on SciFi, leaving Cole at that moment without a broadcast partner. At ECW One Night Stand 2006, John "Bradshaw" Layfield announced he would replace Tazz as color commentator. This proved true five days later when he appeared on that week's edition of SmackDown! as Cole's new broadcast partner. After JBL left the broadcast booth and returned to wrestling action on Raw, Jonathan Coachman became Cole's new partner on January 4, 2008.Coachman was then replaced by Mick Foley beginning at Backlash on April 27, 2008.
Raw (2008–2010)[link]
As a part of the 2008 WWE Draft, Cole was drafted to the Raw brand as Jim Ross was drafted to the SmackDown brand. This effectively ended Cole's near 10 year run as play-by-play commentator on Smackdown in which he called every episode except for two. (The two episodes were the series premiere and the 9/11 Tribute show, both of which were called by Ross.) On the July 7, 2008 edition of Raw, Cole was attacked by Kane. He repeatedly asked Cole "Is he alive or dead?" before Cole was saved by Jerry Lawler. Cole made his in-ring debut as Lawler's partner against the tag team of Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase; a match for the World Tag Team Championship. Cole and Lawler lost after Cole inadvertently tagged himself in, and was quickly pinned by Rhodes after a lariat. On the December 14, 2009 episode of Raw, which was the 2009 Slammy Awards, Cole won The "Oh My" Moment of the Year award for vomiting on Chris Jericho at SmackDown's 10th Anniversary show on October 2.
Raw, WWE NXT and Heel Turn (2010-2011)[link]
Cole became the color commentator for WWE NXT when the show debuted on February 23, 2010. Cole started to show early signs of a heel turn when he began to belittle certain rookies on the show, mainly Daniel Bryan. Cole began showing a liking to The Miz, who was Bryan's pro on that season, and who was becoming a significant heel on Raw. On the May 18 episode of WWE NXT, Bryan attacked Cole as a result of Cole's comments to him over the preceding weeks. The following week, Cole called Bryan out and demanded an apology from him, or else he would sue him for the assault. Bryan insulted Cole instead. Cole retaliated by calling Bryan a "loser" and slapping him, which caused Bryan to be restrained by security as Cole left the ring.
After his rivalry ended with Bryan, Cole would begin to belittle on other rookies from other seasons of the show. In the second season of WWE NXT, Cole would do this to Kaval and in the third season with A.J., calling them all "internet darlings". During third season of WWE NXT, Cole would criticize the who competition after a challenge, which required him to ring a gong, where he then walked out, "quitting" the show. The following week, Cole would return half way through the show, returning to the show. In the fourth season of WWE NXT, Cole would be replaced by Todd Grisham, but would make an appearance on the December 28 episode of WWE NXT, helping Brodus Clay in a talent competition.
On the June 21, 2010 episode of Raw, Cole was made the official spokesman for the Anonymous Raw General Manager, where he had to address the crowd what he had sent to him by e-mail. Cole would then debut his new catchphrase, "and I quote....", before reading each e-mail. On the October 1 edition of SmackDown, Cole returned to the show to join Matt Striker and Todd Grisham on commentary. On that same episode, Cole told Striker and Grisham that the reason he was on the show was that he was the new "Voice of the WWE" and that he should be on all WWE shows.
Raw, return to SmackDown and feud with Jerry Lawler (2010-present)[link]
On the November 29, 2010 episode of Raw, Cole interfered in a Tables, Ladders & Chairs match for the WWE Championship between Lawler and The Miz, costing Lawler the match and helping Miz retain his title. A week later, Cole apologized, only to take it back and demand one from Lawler. After Lawler threatened to attack Cole, the anonymous Raw General Manager issued a "cease and desist" order, which barred any physicality between them and that if either of them violated the order, that individual would have their contract terminated immediately.
Cole continued to argue with Lawler on commentary, telling him he was "stealing the spotlight" and to "stop putting his nose in other people's business". After Lawler unsuccessfully challenged for the WWE Championship again at Elimination Chamber, Cole interviewed him about his match on the following Raw. When Cole mentioned Lawler's recently deceased mother, Lawler stole the microphone from Cole and challenged him to a match at WrestleMania XXVII. Cole responded by throwing water into Lawler's face and then running backstage.
A week later, Cole accepted Lawler's challenge to a match at WrestleMania, on the conditions that he could have his own personal trainer at ringside with him and if he could choose the special guest referee for the match. Cole then revealed his trainer to be Jack Swagger. On the March 7, 2011 episode of Raw, Cole announced that he had chosen John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) as the referee for the match, but before he could sign the contract, Stone Cold Steve Austin interrupted and delivered a Stone Cold Stunner to JBL, and then signed the contract himself. Beginning on the March 14, 2011 episode of Raw, Cole began announcing both Raw and SmackDown inside a glass booth which he called the "Cole Mine". Later that night, Cole invited Brian Christopher, Lawler's son, to the ring to reveal some dirt about Lawler. Christopher confronted his father and told him he was ashamed to use the name "Lawler" and accused him of being absent from most of his life. Jim Ross then interrupted and confronted Cole and called him a "rat bastard". Jack Swagger attacked Ross and put him in an Ankle Lock. Cole followed suit with an Ankle Lock of his own. During following weeks he criticized the divas saying they should not be in WWE.
At WrestleMania, Lawler won the match using the Ankle Lock submission hold. While celebrating his victory with Stone Cold, the anonymous Raw General Manager reversed the decision, due to Stone Cold physically getting involved in the match by pushing Cole, making Cole the winner by disqualification.[4] A month later at Extreme Rules, Cole teamed with Swagger to defeat Jim Ross and Lawler in a Country Whipping match.[5] Lawler challenged Cole to one last match at Over The Limit. Cole initially declined, but Swagger was provoked into agreeing to the match on Cole's behalf.
A week later, Cole announced that the match would be a "Kiss My Foot" match. During the signing, Cole and Swagger's alliance ended when Cole insulted Swagger, causing him to walk out on Cole, who then tried to beg Lawler for forgiveness. At Over The Limit the pay-per-view, Lawler defeated Cole. After the match, Eve and Jim Ross would come out and get their retribution on Cole. Eve delivered her signature moonsault to Cole and Jim Ross covered his face in barbecue sauce. Bret "The Hitman" Hart would then return and put Cole in his signature submission move, the Sharpshooter, to help Lawler make Cole kiss his foot.[6]
The following night on Raw, Cole would make an apology to the fans and Lawler, which Lawler accepted. Cole would continue to favor most villains and question the actions of the fan favorites to regain control in matches.
On the May 30, 2011 episode of Raw, during an in-ring interview with Alex Riley, Cole would insult him, which resulted in Riley pushing Cole, leading The Miz to attack Riley from behind, with the two then beginning to brawl. On the June 20 episode of Raw, Cole was voted as the opponent for Vickie Guerrero in a dance-off, hosted by Matt Striker, with Cole winning the contest from receiving the most boos from the crowd. On the July 25 episode of Raw, after Triple H announced the return of Jim Ross to commentary, Cole would protest to Triple H about it, where Triple H gave Cole the choice to stay or quit. After Cole decided to stay, Triple H would place Cole in a match against Zack Ryder; a match which Cole lost quickly.
On the October 17, 2011 episode of Raw, Cole and Alberto Del Rio lost a tag team match to John Cena and longtime Raw announcer Jim Ross.[7] This prompted Cole to challenge Ross to the "Michael Cole Challenge" (a series of three contests) the following week; Cole said that if Ross won each challenge, Cole would quit his job.[8] The two met on November 14 -- the "challenge" had been postponed twice due to Ross being (legit) ill[9][10] -- and after Ross won the first two challenges (arm wrestling and dancing), Cole then declared the third contest was who weighed less, which Cole won. After Ross was "fired," CM Punk came out and attacked Cole, putting him in the Anaconda Vice submission hold and injuring his arm; Cole vowed revenge and said he would sue Punk for injuring him.[11]
Cole reignited his NXT rivalry with Daniel Bryan on the November 25, 2011 episode of Smackdown, in response to Bryan cashing in his "Money in the Bank" contract and pinning an incapacitated The Big Show to win the World Heavyweight Championship; Cole called Bryan a "hypocrite" who wouldn't stay true to his beliefs. Several weeks later, Cole began taunting Bryan over his feud with Henry; when Bryan went to confront Cole, Cody Rhodes (who was providing color commentary) attacked Bryan.[12]
On January 29, 2012, Cole was a surprise entry in the 2012 Royal Rumble match. He was eliminated by Lawler and Booker T and the returning Kharma.[13]. Around this time, during Bryan's heel turn, he began to praise Bryan, impressed by his actions against various Superstars.
In other media[link]
Cole has appeared as a commentator in numerous WWE video games, providing his own voice. He has also appeared as a non-playable character in several and is a playable character in WWE '12 via downloadable content.
In Wrestling[link]
- Entrance themes
- Burn It To The Ground" by Nickelback (2011-2012)
- "Never Thought My Life Could Be This Good" by Jim Johnston (May 20, 2012 – present)
Championships and accomplishments[link]
- World Wrestling Entertainment
- Slammy Award for the "Oh My" Moment of the Year (2009) Vomiting on Chris Jericho at SmackDown's 10th Anniversary
- Slammy Award for the "And I Quote..." Line of the Year (2010)
- Slammy Award for the Most Regrettable Attire of the Year (2011) Dressing as Triple H
- Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
- Worst Gimmick (2011)[14]
- Worst Television Announcer (2001, 2009-2011)[14]
References[link]
- ^ a b c Michael Coulthard - Biography
- ^ "Weekend ramblings from the "Baron of Bar-B-Q"". J.R.'s Bar-B-Q. 2008-06-27. http://www.jrsbarbq.com/blog/weekend-ramblings-baron-bar-b-q-ed-mcmahon-and-many-wrestlers-have-same-woes-hot-dvds. Retrieved 2008-07-27.
- ^ a b c d e "Michael Cole bio on USA Network". USA Network. http://www.usanetwork.com/sports/wwe/theshow/characterprofiles/cole/index.html. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
- ^ Ring Posts: Live blog from WrestleMania XXVII: Michael Cole vs. Jerry Lawler – WWE Raw, Smackdown and TNA pro wrestling news, analysis from Kevin Eck – baltimoresun.com. Weblogs.baltimoresun.com (2011-04-03). Retrieved on 2011-04-17.
- ^ "Michael Cole & Jack Swagger def. Jim Ross & Jerry Lawler (Country Whipping Match)". WWE. http://www.wwe.com/shows/extremerules/2011/lawler-ross-cole-swagger. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
- ^ Caldwell, James (2011-05-22). "Caldwell's WWE Over the Limit PPV Results 5/22: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of live PPV - Cena vs. Miz I Quit, Orton vs. Christian, Cole vs. Lawler". PWTorch. http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_50259.shtml. Retrieved 2011-06-19.
- ^ "WWE RAW 10/17/11". http://expertscolumn.com/content/wwe-raw-101711.
- ^ "WWE RAW 10/24/11". http://expertscolumn.com/content/wwe-raw-102411.
- ^ "WWE RAW 10/31/11". http://expertscolumn.com/content/wwe-raw-103111.
- ^ "WWE RAW 11/7/11". http://expertscolumn.com/content/wwe-raw-11711-0.
- ^ "WWE RAW 11/14/11". http://expertscolumn.com/content/wwe-raw-111411.
- ^ "WWE Smackdown Spoilers 12/9/11". http://expertscolumn.com/content/wwe-smackdown-spoilers-12911.
- ^ Caldwell, James. "Caldwell's WWE Royal Rumble report 1/29: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of live PPV - Rumble match, Punk-Ziggler, Cena-Kane, steel cage". Pro Wrestling Torch. http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_57526.shtml. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ a b Meltzer, Dave (January 30, 2012). "Jan 30 Wrestling Observer Newsletter: Gigantic year-end awards issue, best and worst in all categories plus UFC on FX 1, death of Savannah Jack, ratings, tons and tons of news". Wrestling Observer Newsletter (Campbell, CA). ISSN 10839593.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Michael Cole |
| Preceded by Jim Ross |
Monday Night Raw Lead Announcer 1998 - 1999 |
Succeeded by Jim Ross |
| Preceded by Inaugural |
Friday Night SmackDown Lead Announcer 1999 - 2008 |
Succeeded by |
| Preceded by Jim Ross |
Monday Night Raw Lead Announcer 2008 - |
Succeeded by Current |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cole, Michael |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | December 8, 1968 |
| Place of birth | Syracuse, New York |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Michael_Cole
Related pages:
http://frwn.com/Michael Coulthard
http://nlwn.com/Michael Sean Coulthard
http://ptwn.com/Michael Cole
http://ruwn.com/Коул, Майкл (комментатор)
http://dewn.com/Michael Cole
http://itwn.com/Michael Sean Coulthard
http://eswn.com/Michael Cole
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cole
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
