Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V., operating under the name KLM Royal Dutch Airlines (Dutch: Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij, pronounced [ˈkɔnɪŋkləkə ˈlʏxtvaːrt maːtsxɑˈpɛi], literally "Royal Aviation Company"; usual English translation: Royal Dutch Airlines), is the flag carrier airline of the Netherlands and is part of Air France-KLM. KLM's headquarters is in Amstelveen near its hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. KLM operates worldwide scheduled passenger and cargo services to more than 90 destinations.It is the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name. As of 31 March 2010 (2010 -03-31)[update], it has 31,787 employees.[1]
The merger of KLM with Air France in May 2004 created Air France-KLM, which is incorporated under French law with headquarters at Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. Both Air France and KLM continue to fly under their distinct brand names. Air France-KLM is part of the SkyTeam alliance.
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KLM was founded on 7 October 1919,by Albert Plesman making it the oldest carrier in the world still operating under its original name, though the company stopped operating during the Second World War—apart from the operations in the Dutch Antilles in the Caribbean. The first KLM flight was on 17 May 1920, from Croydon Airport, London to Amsterdam carrying two British journalists and a number of newspapers. It was flown by an Aircraft Transport and Travel Airco DH.16, callsign G-EALU, piloted by Jerry Shaw. In 1920 KLM carried 440 passengers and 22 tons of freight. In 1921 KLM started scheduled services.
By 1926 it was offering flights to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Brussels, Paris, London, Bremen, Copenhagen and Malmö, using primarily Fokker F2 & Fokker F.III.[2]
Intercontinental service to the Netherlands East Indies (today's Republic of Indonesia) started in 1929. This was for several years the world's longest scheduled air route. The service used Fokker F.VIIb, although the first non-scheduled KLM flight had been in 1924 by Fokker F7 registration H-NACC piloted by Van der Hoop. In 1930 KLM carried 15,143 passengers. The Douglas DC-2 was introduced on the Batavia service in 1934.
The first transatlantic KLM test flight was between Amsterdam and Curaçao in December 1934 using the Fokker F-XVIII "Snip." The first of the airline's Douglas DC-3 aircraft were delivered in 1936 and these replaced the DC-2s on the service via Batavia to Sydney. KLM were the first airline to serve Manchester's new Ringway airport from June 1938. KLM was the only civilian airline to operate the Douglas DC-5, using four examples in the Dutch East and West Indies between May 1940 and late 1941.
When the Germans invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940 a number of KLM aircraft (mostly DC-3's and a few DC-2's) were en route to or from the Far East. Five DC-3s and one DC-2 managed to escape to England. During the entire war these KLM planes and KLM crew would fly the infamous Bristol-Lisbon scheduled passenger flights under BOAC registration. The PH-ALI 'Ibis', then registered as G-AGBB, was attacked three times by the Luftwaffe: on 15 November 1942 and 19 April 1943 and finally on 1 June 1943 (fatal to passengers and crew, see BOAC Flight 777). Some KLM aircraft with crew ended up in the Australia-Indonesia region, where they aided in transporting people who were escaping the Japanese aggression in that area.
On 21 May 1946, KLM was the first continental European airline to launch scheduled service to New York.
In 1950 KLM carried 356,069 passengers. On 25 July 1957, the airline introduced its first flight simulator for the Douglas DC-7C - the last KLM aircraft with piston engines - which opened the first trans-polar route from Amsterdam via Anchorage to Tokyo on 1 November 1958. Each crew flying the transpolar route over the Arctic was equipped with a winter survival kit, including a 7.62 mm selective-fire AR-10 carbine for use against polar bears in the event the plane was forced down onto the polar ice.[3]
Beginning in September 1959, the airline introduced the four-engined turboprop Lockheed Electra onto some of its European and Middle Eastern routes. In March 1960, KLM introduced the first Douglas DC-8 jet into its fleet. In 1966, KLM introduced the Douglas DC-9 on European and Middle East routes.
The new terminal buildings at Schiphol Airport opened in April 1967 and in 1968, the stretched Douglas DC-8-63 entered service. With 244 seats it was the largest airliner of the time. KLM was the first airline to put the higher gross-weight Boeing 747-200B into service, starting in February 1971, powered by Pratt & Whitney JT9D engines, thus beginning the airline's era of widebody jets.
In 1980, KLM carried 9,715,069 passengers. In 1983, it reached agreement with Boeing to convert some of its Boeing 747-200s to stretched upper deck configuration. The work started in 1984 at the Boeing factory in Everett, Washington and finished in 1986. The converted aircraft were called Boeing 747-200SUD, which the airline operated in addition to Boeing 747-300s. In June 1989, KLM introduced the Boeing 747-400. Later that year, in July, KLM acquired 20 per cent of Northwest Airlines, starting an alliance between the two airlines. In 1990, KLM carried 16,000,000 passengers. In March 1994, KLM and Northwest Airlines introduced World Business Class on intercontinental routes, and, in July 1995, KLM introduced its Boeing 767-300ER.
In March and June 2002, KLM announced it would renew its intercontinental fleets by replacing the Boeing 767s, Boeing 747-300s and eventually the McDonnell Douglas MD-11 with Boeing 777-200ERs and Airbus A330-200s. Some 747s will be first to retire. The MD-11s will remain in service until 2014. The first Boeing 777 was received on 25 October 2003, entering commercial service on the Amsterdam–Toronto route, while the first Airbus A330-200 was introduced on 25 August 2005 and entered commercial service on the Amsterdam–Washington Dulles route.
In March 2007 KLM started using the Amadeus reservation system, along with partner Kenya Airways.
In September 2010 KLM announced that the passenger division of Martinair would be integrated within KLM. All personnel and routes will be transferred to KLM. By November 2011 Martinair will only consist of the cargo division and the maintenance division.
In March 2011 KLM and InselAir International InselAir have reached an agreement for mutual interline cooperation on Insel Air destinations, thus expanding their services to their passengers. As of March 27, 2011, passengers carrying a KLM ticket can now also fly to all Insel Air destinations. Passengers will be transported 'comfortably and quickly' on one ticket and with automatic baggage transfer via InselAirs hubs in Curacao and Saint Maarten. Due to this agreement, KLM passengers can now connect seamlessly and continue their flights to more and to different destinations via InselAir’s flights. Cities include Kingston (Jamaica), San Juan (Puerto Rico), Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic, Port-au-Prince (Haiti) and Las Piedras (Venezuela).
On 11 November 2011, KLM announced that it will no longer operate non-stop flights from Amsterdam to Manila, Philippines from April 2012; the flights to Manila will continue to operate but with a stopover in Hong Kong.[4] The airline ended its nonstop route from Amsterdam to Manila on 24 March 2012 and now operates the route with a stopover in Taipei.[5]
KLM's head office is in Amstelveen,[6][7] on a 16-acre (6.5 ha) site near Schiphol Airport. By 1968 KLM decided that its new head office would be located there and began plans to construct the building, scheduled to be completed at the end of 1970.[8] Previously the airline's head office was on the property of Schiphol Airport in Haarlemmermeer.[9]
KLM Asia (荷蘭亞洲航空公司 Hanyu Pinyin: Hélán Yàzhōu Hángkōng Gōngsī) is a wholly KLM owned subsidiary, registered in Taiwan, Republic of China. The airline was established in 1995 in order to operate flights to Taipei, without compromising the traffic rights held by KLM for destinations in the People's Republic of China. KLM Asia was one of a number of airline subsidiaries flying under the "Asia" name with the same purpose of flying to Taiwan; these also included Japan Asia Airways (a Japan Airlines subsidiary), Air France Asie, British Asia Airways, Swissair Asia and Australia Asia Airlines (a Qantas subsidiary).
The livery of KLM Asia does not feature Dutch national symbols, such as the flag of the Netherlands, nor does it use KLM's stylised Dutch Crown logo, instead featuring a special KLM Asia logo. KLM Asia has 7 Boeing 747-400 Combi aircraft (included in the KLM fleet as 747-400M) and 1 Boeing 777-200ER. By summer 2012 another 6 Boeing 777-200ER will receive the Asia livery, replacing the 747 on the route.
On 30 September 2003, Air France and KLM announced that they would in future be known as Air France-KLM. This entity was offered on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange on 5 May 2004. The merge with Air France marked the end of the oldest independent airline in the world. The Royal adjective was retained, and KLM's independent identity guaranteed to 2008, after which date its operations may be merged with those of the French company. As of November 2010, KLMs operations continued under its own titles. In the interim, it did not appear that KLM's longstanding joint venture with Northwest Airlines (since merged with Delta Air Lines), would be affected. Both KLM and Northwest joined the SkyTeam alliance in September 2004. Prior to the merger, KLM was listed on the stock exchanges of Amsterdam, New York, and Paris.
Selection of KLM Delft Blue Houses
Since 1952, KLM has presented its long-haul first-class passengers with small Delftware, blue-and-white porcelain reproductions of old Dutch canal houses, filled with jenever.[10] In 1993, amidst the change-over from three to two cabins on its long-haul service, these canal houses (in Dutch, "huisjes") were made available to its "WorldBusiness Class" passengers.
Initially, these houses, ranging in size from 5 to 11 cm. (about 2 to 4 inches) were filled with Rynbende jenever (a Dutch liquor and precursor to gin made from juniper berries); once Rynbende (Simon Rynbende & Sons) was acquired by Henkes, the houses were filled with Henkes jenever, and, when that company was acquired by Bols, they became filled with Bols jenever.[11]
The impetus for these houses was a rule aimed at curtailing a previously widespread practice of offering significant incentives to passengers by limiting the value of gifts given by airlines to 75 US cents; however, no limit was placed on the provisions of duty-free liquor, so KLM was able to provide this more-valuable gift, camouflaged as liquor.[12] Prior to giving out these Delft-blue liquor-filled houses, KLM gave Delft-blue tiles as gifts, but these tiles broke the 75 cent limits.
There are 93 different houses as of late 2011, with an additional house added every year on the 7th of October; this being the anniversary of KLM's founding, each numbered and representing the number of years KLM has been in operation. Each year, a new house receives the next sequential number. All houses are reproductions of historic houses in the Netherlands or its overseas dependencies, although the specific location of every archetype of some of the first ten huisjes was not recorded.
In addition to the 93 standard houses, sealed and filled with jenever (with numerous variations on the wording on the bottom or back of the houses in different manufacturing batches and with different jenever manufacturer names), there are variants that are not filled with gin, which are distributed to passengers on certain long-haul flights to Islamic countries who forbid import or export of liquor. In 2006 when, in response to terrorist activities, liquids were banned or restricted on various flights, KLM's trans-Atlantic flights to the United States briefly also offered the same liquor-free huisjes. Until the early 1980s, the houses distributed on those routes were packaged as "ashtrays" with an open chimney and a semi-circular hole cut into the rear of the house, ostensibly for a cigarette.
Additional, larger, special Delftware have periodically been offered to VIPs and honeymoon couples; for most of the 1980s and 1990s, this was a model of the Royal Palace; since 2003, this was the "Waag". These are particularly prized by collectors.
In addition to its main logo, which was designed in 1961 by F.H.K. Henrion and further revised in 1991 by Chris Ludlow of Henrion, Ludlow & Schmidt,[13] KLM has shown its alliance status in its branding, including the SkyTeam alliance (2004–present) and "Worldwide Reliability" with Northwest Airlines (1993–2002).
KLM Meet&Seat is a social network service utilized by the airline. It allows passengers to meet others who share their interests before their flight so that seating may be pre-arranged. [14]
KLM is the only carrier on 66 of the routes it operates. On 43 routes it faces competition from one other airline, whereas on 14 routes it faces competition from two other airlines. Finally, on 3 routes it faces competition from three airlines and competition from four and five other airlines is faced by 1 route each. For many years, KLM flew to Sydney in Australia. However, in March 2001, KLM stopped all services to Sydney.
As of Feb 29th 2012, the KLM fleet consists of the following aircraft with an average age of 9.0 years:[15][16]
KLM is currently in the midst of a major fleet renewal programme. The complete narrow-body fleet has been replaced by next-generation aircraft. In the near future, KLM will start to renew the wide-body fleet. The new Boeing 787-9 and Airbus A350-900 have been ordered by the Air France-KLM group. First deliveries are expected to enter service with KLM in 2016.[18] The Boeing customer code for KLM is 06. The Boeing 737 Next Generation aircraft are delivered with Boeing customer code K2, used for Transavia.
Over the years, KLM operated the following aircraft types:[19]
KLM offers business class and economy class on all of its aircraft. On longhaul aircraft, a third class called 'economy comfort class' is offered. On shorthaul aircraft, Business Class is called Europe Business Class, while on longhaul aircraft Business Class is called World Business Class.
World Business Class offers a 60-inch (1.5 m) pitch on all longhaul aircraft. All aircraft offer a 176 degree angled lie-flat seat with a 10.4-inch (26 cm) TV monitor with AVOD (Audio Video on Demand), email/text messaging, a privacy canopy, a massage function and laptop power ports. KLM's newest addition to the fleet, the Boeing 777-300ER features the new Business Class seats based on the Business seats of merger partner Air France. All WBC seats offer personal reading lamps, leg/foot rests and personal telephones (at the back of the controller)
Pre-departure facilities include a fully flexible reservation (except WBC Holiday Fare which may have restrictions)[20] check-in desks, lounge access, priority boarding and 125% to 175% Flying Blue miles.[21] Onboard, passengers are given a three course meal with menus, pre-departure beverages and snacks, which are available throughout the flight.
Europe Business Class replaced Europe Select on 27 March 2011. It is KLM's new premium product on shorter sectors. It offers lounge access, a 33-inch (84 cm) pitch with more recline, in-seat power output on all Boeing 737-700, -800, -900, newspapers, a meal service on board (hot or cold meals depend on the length of the flight), more personal space (free middle seat), priority boarding, extra baggage allowance, 250% Flying Blue miles and fully flexible booking.
Economy Class offers a 31" pitch on all long haul aircraft except the Airbus A330-200, which offers a 32" pitch.
On short haul European flights on KLM and KLM Cityhopper, aircraft have no in flight entertainment and contains a 31" seatpitch. Passengers flying Economy Class long-haul routes outside of Europe receive a hot meal service (often more than one depending on the flight duration), with real metal cutlery. Passengers flying within Europe in KLM Economy Class receive a snack to suit the time of day. Freshly prepared sandwiches made the day of flight are served on most morning flights. Drinks (including alcohol) are free on KLM for all passengers, with the exception of champagne.[22]
In 2010, KLM has completed the interior refurbishment of its Boeing 747-400 fleet. This update includes AVOD/PTV in Economy Class with a private screen for each seat and inflight information. KLM's Boeing 747-400s and 777-300ERs economy seating are ten-abreast (3-4-3), the 777-200ERs and MD-11s are nine-abreast (3-3-3), while the A330s are eight abreast (2-4-2).
Economy Comfort is offered on all intercontinental flights. It provides a greater seat pitch at up to 35", and greater recline, up to 7", than regular economy seats, but the same luggage allowance and in-flight service applies. There is no priority (dis-)embarking, but since the Economy Comfort zone is located in the front of Economy section of the aircraft, KLM does advertise quick disembarkation as an advantage of Economy Comfort.
On intracontinental flights, Economy Comfort is not offered as such. Instead, some seats with extra legroom such as exit-row seats are sold at a premium. This would cost between EUR 20 to 70 per flight.
Both intercontinental and intracontinental seats can be reserved by any passenger holding any economy class ticket. The full Economy Comfort service is free for passengers with a full-fare ticket or members of Flying Blue at the Platinum or higher level. For Flying Blue Silver and SkyTeam Elite Plus members, a discount applies. The seats with extra legroom on intracontinental flights are free for Flying Blue members with Gold or higher status.[23] This service is also available for free for Delta SkyMiles members at the Platinum or higher level if the booking was made with a Delta (DL) flight number.
It should be noted that some aircraft with a flexible European Business Class cabin size (which can be changed using a movable curtain divider), the first few rows also offer a small amount of extra legroom due to their double use as EBC seats. No extra charge applies for these seats.
As of December 2011, KLM has codeshare agreements with the following airlines, beside SkyTeam members:[24]
KLM
MD-11 at Amsterdam Airport
For sourcing and full list of accidents from 1943 see:Aviation safety database
This list does not include KLM cityhopper, which had two accidents: NLM CityHopper Flight 431 in 1981 and KLM Cityhopper Flight 433 in 1994.
The most notable accident in which a KLM flight has been involved was the 1977 Tenerife disaster. After this accident KLM flights have not led to fatalities.
Accidents involving fatalities
- On 24 April 1923, Fokker F.III H-NABS departed Lympne for Rotterdam and Amsterdam. The aircraft was not heard of again. It was presumed to have crashed into the sea, killing the pilot and both passengers.[27]
- On 22 August 1927, Fokker F.VIII H-NADU crashed near Sevenoaks, England. One crewmember was killed.[28]
- On 20 December 1934, KLM Douglas DC-2, PH-AJU "Uiver" crashed at Rutbah Wells, Iraq, killing all occupants. It participated in the Mac Robertson Air Race in October 1934 and won the handicap division. It had returned to the Netherlands in November and the crew were heroes. It was on its first flight after return from the race and was enroute to the Netherlands Indies carrying the Christmas mail.[29]
- On 14 July 1935, KLM Fokker F.XXII PH-AJQ "Kwikstaart" crashed and burned just outside Schiphol, killing four crew and two passengers - 14 other occupants survived.[2]
- On 20 July 1935, KLM Douglas DC-2, PH-AKG "Gaai" crashed in an Alpine pass in the San Bernardino Pass near Pian San Giacomo, killing all three crew and all ten passengers.[2]
- On 28 December 1941, KNILM Douglas DC-3, PK-ALN (formerly KLM PH-ALN) "Nandoe" was destroyed on the ground by Japanese fighters at Medan, North Sumatra, Dutch East Indies, killing all crew members and passengers.
- On 1 June 1943, the BOAC Douglas DC-3 (formerly KLM PH-ALI) "Ibis" was shot down by eight German Junkers Ju-88 fighters over the Gulf of Biskay while on the scheduled route Lisbon-Bristol. All thirteen passengers and four KLM crewmembers perished. For more information see: BOAC Flight 777.
- On 14 November 1946 - A KLM Douglas C-47 crashed at Schiphol Airport, caused by a failed landing in bad weather. All 21 passengers and the 5 crew were killed. One passenger was the Dutch writer Herman de Man.
- On 26 January 1947, KLM Douglas Dakota PH-TCR crashed after takeoff from Copenhagen, killing all 22 onboard, including Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden.[30]
- On 20 October 1948, KLM Lockheed Constellation PH-TEN "Nijmegen" crashed near Prestwick, Scotland, killing all 40 aboard.
- On 23 June 1949, KLM Lockheed Constellation PH-TER "Roermond", piloted by Hans Plesman (the son of CEO Albert Plesman) crashed into the sea off Bari, killing 33 occupants.[31]
- On 12 July 1949, KLM Lockheed Constellation PH-TDF "Franeker" crashed into a 674 ft Ghatkopar hill near Bombay, India, killing all 45 aboard. Thirteen of the dead were American news correspondents.[32]
- On 22 March 1952, a KLM Douglas DC-6 PH-TBJ "Koningin Juliana", crashed in Frankfurt, killing 42 of 47 occupants[33]
- On 23 August 1954; a KLM Douglas DC-6B, PH-DFO "Willem Bontekoe", crashed between Shannon and Schiphol in the North Sea, 40 km from IJmuiden - all 21 passengers and crew died.
- On 5 September 1954, Flight 633, a Lockheed Super Constellation, PH-LKY "Triton" ditched in the River Shannon after takeoff from Shannon Airport, Ireland. 28 out of 56 people on board (46 passengers and 10 crew) were killed.
- On 14 July 1957, KLM Super Constellation PH-LKT "Neutron" crashed in the sea near Biak, after takeoff from Mokmer airport at Biak on its way to Manila. The pilot made a low farewell flypass over the island, but the aircraft lost altitude, crashed into the sea and exploded. Nine crew and 49 passengers died; there were 10 survivors. See KLM Flight 844.
- On 14 August 1958, KLM Flight 607-E, a Lockheed Super Constellation, PH-LKM "Hugo de Groot" en route from Amsterdam to New York, via Shannon Airport, crashed into the ocean 180 km off the coast of Co. Galway, Ireland. 91 passengers and 8 crew members perished.
- On 25 October 1968, Douglas C-47A PH-DAA of KLM Aerocarto flew into Tafelberg Mountain, Suriname, following an engine failure whilst on a survey flight. The aircraft collided with the mountain in cloud, killing three of the five people on board.[34]
- On 27 March 1977, Flight 4805, a Boeing 747-206B, PH-BUF, and Pan Am Flight 1736, a Boeing 747-121, N736PA, collided at Tenerife North Airport, Canary Islands, killing 583 people. The incident has the highest number of on-board fatalities of any single accident in aviation history.
Notable incidents without fatalities
- On 17 July 1935, KLM DC-2 PH-AKM "Maraboe" crashed near Bushehr, Iran. All occupants were rescued.[35]
- On 15 November 1942, the escaped KLM DC-3 PH-ALI "Ibis", flying with a Dutch crew under BOAC's flag (G-AGBB) and later destroyed in the downing of Flight 777-A, was attacked by a single Messerschmitt Bf 110 fighter, but she was able to limp on to Lisbon where repairs were carried out. The damage sustained by cannon and machine gun fire included the port wing, engine nacelle and fuselage.
- On 19 April 1943, the Ibis was again attacked at coordinates 46 North, 9 West, by a schwarm of six Bf 110 fighters. Captain Koene Dirk Parmentier evaded the attackers by dropping to 50 feet above the ocean and then climbing steeply into the clouds. The "Ibis" again sustained damage to the port aileron, shrapnel to the fuselage and a holed fuel tank. A new wingtip was flown to Lisbon to complete repairs. Despite these attacks, BOAC continued to fly the Lisbon–Whitchurch route.
- On 6 November 1946, KLM Douglas DC-3 PH-TBO crashed near Shere as the flight was on approach to Croydon Airport after a flight from Amsterdam. None of the 20 passengers and crew were killed in the accident.[36][37]
- On 23 March 1952, a KLM Lockheed Constellation, PH-TFF "Venlo", suffered a propeller failure and subsequent engine fire during landing in Bangkok. All 44 passengers and crew escaped shortly before the fire completely consumed the plane. A Thai ground crewman ran into the burning aircraft and returned with an infant who had been left behind.[38]
- On 25 November 1973, KLM Flight 861, a Boeing 747-206B, PH-BUA "Mississippi" was hijacked over Iraq by Palestinian terrorists. The plane took off in Amsterdam and was bound for Tokyo. After 70 hours the plane made its final landing in Dubai. The passengers were released earlier in Malta. Everyone survived the hijack.
- On 15 December 1989, KLM Flight 867, a Boeing 747-400, PH-BFC flew through a volcanic plume causing nearly million worth of damage to the then brand-new aircraft. The plane landed in Anchorage, Alaska, with no reported injuries or fatalities.[39][40]
- On 28 November 2004, KLM Flight 1673, a Boeing 737-400, PH-BTC had a birdstrike upon rotation from Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. The plane continued onwards to Barcelona International Airport, where the nose gear collapsed. No injuries or casualties; the aircraft was written off.
KLM has been accused of helping Nazi war criminals to escape from Europe at the end of the Second World War. Suspected war criminals were forbidden by the Allies to leave Germany but historical research done by Dutch journalists show that KLM asked the Swiss authorities to allow some former Nazi to cross the borders without proper documents so that they could then escape to South America. [41][42] KLM has always denied that it played such a role.[43]
KLM started KLM AirCares in 1999. KLM AirCares is a programme that aids underprivileged children in developing countries that KLM flies to.[44]
- ^ "About KLM – Facts & Figures". KLM. http://www.klm.com/corporate/en/about-klm/facts-and-figures/index.html. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- ^ a b c (Dutch) Albert Heijn, ed (1969) KL-50 - logboek van vijftig jaar vliegen. Meijer, Amsterdam.
- ^ Pikula, Sam (Major), The ArmaLite AR-10, Regnum Publications (1998), p. 73
- ^ http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/insideNation.htm?f=2011/november/11/nation2.isx&d=2011/november/11
- ^ http://news.yahoo.com/air-france-klm-cuts-last-direct-manila-eu-014954942.html
- ^ "Contact" KLM Corporate. Retrieved 28 September 2009. "Visiting address Amsterdamseweg 55 1182 GP Amstelveen The Netherlands"
- ^ "Fact Sheet" SkyTeam, June 2010
- ^ "KLM's New Head Office." Flight International. 6 June 1968. 855. Retrieved on 25 October 2010.
- ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. 10 April 1969. 578. "Head Office: Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam, Netherlands."
- ^ "See". A Taste of the House of Bols. Lucas Bols, B.V.. http://www.houseofbols.com/atasteof.asp. Retrieved 17 September 2007.
- ^ Rynbende KLM Houses
- ^ Michaels, Daniel (31 May 2008). "The Ultimate Dutch Status Symbol: House-Shaped Booze Bottles; Jet-Setters Hoard, but Avoid Drinking, KLM's Freebies; The Cheese Building". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article_email/SB121217604543933443-lMyQjAxMDI4MTAyMjEwNzI2Wj.html. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
- ^ "KLM Logo: Design and History". FamousLogos.us. http://www.famouslogos.us/klm-logo. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
- ^ USA today feb 27, 2012 page 6B "Airlines connect social flyers"
- ^ "KLM fleet list". planespotters.net. http://www.planespotters.net/Airline/KLM-Royal-Dutch-Airlines. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "KLM Plane Facts". KLM. http://corporate.klm.com/assets/files/about-klm/fleet_nov10.pdf. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
- ^ http://www.klm.com/corporate/en/newsroom/press-releases/archive-2012/The_Air_France_KLM_Groups_summer_schedule.htmlretirement starting from 2015
- ^ http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/air-france-klm-confirms-order-for-25-787-9s-plus-25-options-366749
- ^ KLM fleet Airfleets. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
- ^ Service Class – Help (Dutch language) KLM - World Business Class Holiday Fare
- ^ Partner Details[dead link] KLM - Flying Blue miles earned depends on booking class
- ^ "Travel Classes". KLM. http://www.klm.com/travel/gb_en/travel_information/on_board/travel_classes/index.htm#3.
- ^ Choose more comfort KLM - Economy Comfort Class
- ^ "KLM Codeshare Agreements". KLM. http://corporate.klm.com/en/about-klm/klm-partners.
- ^ Corporate.klm.com
- ^ "Our airline partners". WestJet. http://www.westjet.com/guest/en/about/airline-partners/index.shtml.
- ^ "Lost Aeroplane. Unavailing Search For Dutch Machine" The Times (London). Saturday, 26 April 1923. Issue 43636, col F, p. 10.
- ^ "The Fokker Disaster". Flight (25 August 1927): p599. http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200653.html.
- ^ "Uiver verbrand, inzittenden gedood". De Telegraaf 42 (15920): p. 1. 21 December 1934
- ^ "DC-3 PH-TCR bij start in Copenhagen verongelukt". Aviacrash.nl. http://www.aviacrash.nl/paginas/ph-tcr.htm. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
- ^ De Tijd (Netherlands) 24 June 1949, cited in Heijn (1969)
- ^ "Constellation "Franeker" stort neer bij Bombay". 15 December 2005. http://www.aviacrash.nl/paginas/franeker.htm. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
- ^ Accident Synopsis: 03221952 AirDisaster.Com Accident Database
- ^ "PH-DAA Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19681025-0. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
- ^ De Telegraaf 17 July 1935, cited in Heijn (1969)
- ^ Aviation-safety.net
- ^ BAAA-acro.com
- ^ KLM PH-TFF Bangkok Crash Ralph M. Pettersen's Constellation Survivors Website, March 2006
- ^ Aircraft accident Boeing-747-406 PH-BFC Anchorage, AK Aviation Safety Network
- ^ ANC90FA020[dead link] NTSB
- ^ 'KLM hielp nazi's bij vlucht naar Argentinië’ de Volkskrant, 1 May 2007
- ^ "KLM accused of helping Nazis flee". BBC News. 8 May 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6635677.stm.
- ^ Charter, David (8 May 2007). "Airline accused of helping Nazis to flee". Times Online (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article1760116.ece. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ Corporate.klm.com "KLM AirCares" KLM Website. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
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North America regional office
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Russia and the CIS regional office
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![[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121008053446/http://cdn8.wn.com/pd/25/c8/73fbe81c803d927d9d19ed67f4fb_medium.jpg "[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.")
![[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121008053446/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/73/91/4144b3195ebedd573bcee386d655_medium.jpg "[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.")
![[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121008053446/http://cdn6.wn.com/pd/de/30/4fe50ab9b6453bee7efd1545c090_medium.jpg "[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.")
![[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121008053446/http://cdn1.wn.com/pd/db/0e/849b69c63bf8babefd6a53d283bb_medium.jpg "[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.")
![[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121008053446/http://cdn6.wn.com/pd/9e/d6/19e14384784ec669660f5106302a_medium.jpg "[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.")
![[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121008053446/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/5e/ca/e0b03823709fd90d1e43b184e6c2_medium.jpg "[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.")
![[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121008053446/http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/fc/6a/8c51219a31d9d7a698d7f8f81daa_medium.jpg "[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.")
![[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121008053446/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/5d/a5/d14544197b72fb918cf2e2e6d946_medium.jpg "[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.")
![[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121008053446/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/d0/e2/1fc48e5f1d055bdfd70f140e42ec_medium.jpg "[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.")
![[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121008053446/http://cdn2.wn.com/pd/29/84/04ac2d07212705262b9ebcccbb08_medium.jpg "[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.")
![[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121008053446/http://cdn4.wn.com/pd/ff/0b/26f6b0f151c8e221e032d2ff2324_medium.jpg "[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.")
![[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121008053446/http://cdn2.wn.com/pd/50/32/c2aaa1f2b379244e2d8566edb8fb_medium.jpg "[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.")
![[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121008053446/http://cdn0.wn.com/pd/23/2d/d24582e4157bce2c59df71f9aafb_medium.jpg "[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.")
![[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121008053446/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/e0/ad/c8b5b85522574c4b4ee63e9693dd_medium.jpg "[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.")
![[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121008053446/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/de/1d/a64fede9ca1c1a2e086421f08c18_medium.jpg "[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.")
![[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121008053446/http://cdn2.wn.com/pd/16/9c/8fa227dc304eb70e5ef13dafdf03_medium.jpg "[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.")
![[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121008053446/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/1c/fa/cc76f0326a3abcb2e6ff3d341a8a_medium.jpg "[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.")
![[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121008053446/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/85/f4/2ddb6f7932c13519fcd1785680d7_medium.jpg "[ KLM Annual Charity Tulip Sale] Sungei Wang Plaza K L , Malaysia.")
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