British American Tobacco p.l.c. (informally BAT) (LSE: BATS, AMEX: BTI, JSE: BTI) is a British multinational tobacco company headquartered in London, United Kingdom.^[3] It is the world’s second-largest quoted tobacco company by market share (after Philip Morris International), and has a leading position in over 50 countries and operations in more than 180 countries.^[2][4] Its brands include Dunhill, Kent, Lucky Strike and Pall Mall.^[5]

BAT has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. As of 26 December 2011 it had a market capitalisation of £59.2 billion, the sixth-largest of any company listed on the London Stock Exchange.^[6] It has a secondary listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.

History[link]

1902 to 2000[link]

James Buchanan Duke

The company was formed in 1902, when the United Kingdom's Imperial Tobacco Company and the American Tobacco Company of the USA agreed to form a joint venture, the British-American Tobacco Company Ltd.^[7] The parent companies agreed not to trade in each other's domestic territory and to assign trademarks, export businesses and overseas subsidiaries to the joint venture. James 'Buck' Duke became its chairman^[8] and the British American Tobacco business began life in countries as diverse as Canada, China, Germany, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia, but not in the United Kingdom or USA.

In China, BAT inherited a factory in the Pudong district of Shanghai from W.D. & H.O. Wills, one of the precursor companies of Imperial Tobacco^[9]. Under the management of James Augustus Thomas from Rockingham, North Carolina, USA, by 1919 the Shanghai factory was producing more than 243 million cigarettes per week^[10]. Thomas worked closely with the local Wing Tai Vo Tobacco Company, which developed into BAT's principal Chinese partner after its success with the "Ruby Queen" cigarette brand. ^[11].

In 1911 the American Tobacco Company sold its share of the company. Imperial Tobacco gradually reduced its shareholding, but it was not until 1980 that it divested its remaining interests in the company.^[8]

At its peak, in 1937 BAT manufactured and distributed 55 billion cigarettes in China. The company's assets were seized by the Japanese in 1941 following their 1937 invasion. In 1953 the company was ejected from China following the foundation of the People's Republic^[9].

In 1976 the group companies were reorganised under a new holding company, B.A.T Industries. In 1994 BAT acquired its former parent, American Tobacco Company (though reorganised after anti-trust proceedings). This brought the Lucky Strike and Pall Mall brands into BAT's portfolio.^[12]

In 1999 it merged with Rothmans International,^[13] which included a share in a factory in Burma. This made it the target of criticism from human rights groups. It sold its share of the factory on 6 November 2003 after an "exceptional request" from the British government.^[14]

2000 to present[link]

Globe House in London, BAT's current world headquarters

In 2003, BAT acquired Ente Tabacchi Italiani (ETI) S.p.A, Italy's state tobacco company. The important acquisition would elevate BAT to the number two position in Italy, the second largest tobacco market in the European Union. The scale of the enlarged operations would bring significant opportunities to compete and grow ETI's local brands and BAT's international brands.^[15]

In August 2003, BAT acquired a 67.8% holding in the Serbian tobacco company Duvanska Industrija Vranje (DIV), allowing local manufacture of its brands, freeing them from import duties. In the longer term, export opportunities are planned as neighbouring countries in south east Europe developed free trade agreements.

In January 2007, BAT closed its remaining UK production plant in Southampton with the loss of over 600 jobs. However, the global Research and Development operation and some financial functions will continue on the site.^[16]

In 2008 BAT acquired Turkey's state-owned cigarette maker Tekel. In July 2008, BAT acquired the cigarette and snus operations of the Scandinavian Tobacco Company.^[17]

In 2009 BAT acquired Indonesia's tobacco industry Bentoel Group. BAT acquires Bentoel with the 85% stake.^[18]

In 2010 a majority stake in Bentoel Group was acquired by BAT.^[19]

In May 2011 BAT acquired the Colombian company Productora Tabacalera de Tabacos S.A. (Protabaco)^[20].

Operations[link]

Current[link]

One of British American Tobacco's most popular products "Lucky Strike"

International Brands include Dunhill, Kent, Lucky Strike, Pall Mall, Vogue, Rothmans, Winfield, State Express 555, KOOL, and Viceroy. However, British American Tobacco does not necessarily own the rights to all of these brands in every nation they are marketed.

Local brands owned by British American Tobacco include: Benson & Hedges (Bangladesh), Belmont (Colombia, Chile and Venezuela), Jockey Club (Argentina), Stradbroke (Australia), Hollywood (Brazil), du Maurier (Canada), Prince (Denmark), North State (Finland), HB (Germany), Sopianae (Hungary), Wills (India), Ardath (Indonesia), Carrolls, Carrolls Kings, Grand Parade, Black Allen (Germany), Sweet Afton, Major (Ireland), Boots, Alas (Mexico), Gold Leaf (Bangladesh, Pakistan), Jan III Sobieski (Poland), Yava Gold (Russia), Courtleigh (South Africa), Parisienne (Switzerland), Maltepe (Turkey) and Xon (Uzbekistan), Marlboro (Bangladesh) Craven A (Vietnam and Jamaica) as well as BAT snus, Holiday, Freedom and Park Drive (New Zealand) Royals (UK), Embassy (Kenya), Viceroy, Newport, Lucky Strike in Dominican Republic and Delta in El Salvador.

On 11 June 2006, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company announced that it would be manufacturing Camel brand snus in Sweden in partnership with British American Tobacco; the product would be test-marketed in Portland, Oregon and Austin, Texas by the end of the month.^[21]

The Bentoel Group products include Sejati, Star Mild, X Mild, and unO Mild.

Former[link]

BAT has diversified into various fields at different times in its history. Its U.S. retail division, BATUS Retail Group, acquired Gimbels, Kohl's, and Saks Fifth Avenue in the 1970s and Marshall Field's and its divisions in 1982. The United Kingdom retail chain Argos was purchased in 1979. Kohl's grocery stores were sold to A&P in 1983. In 1986, BATUS sold the Kohl's department stores and two Marshall Field's divisions, The Crescent and Frederick & Nelson; BATUS closed Gimbels the same year, with many locations being absorbed by sister division Marshall Field's, as well as Allied Stores' Stern's and Pomeroy's divisions. In 1990 Marshall Field's was sold to Dayton Hudson Corporation (now Target Corporation), Ivey's (another Marshall Field's division) was sold to Dillard's, Saks Fifth Avenue was sold to Investcorp S.A., and Argos was demerged (Argos was acquired by previous parent company GUS plc in 1998).

The group was a major financial services company with the acquisitions of Eagle Star (1984),^[22] Allied Dunbar (1985) and the Farmers Group, Inc. (1988). Around 1996 British American Tobacco merged their financial operations into a single operating unit, British American Financial Services (BAFS). This division was merged with Zurich Insurance Company in 1998 to form the Zurich Financial Services Group.^[23] B.A.T still owns the minority interest in Zurich.

Senior management[link]

Nicandro Durante became the chief executive in March 2011.^[24]

Sponsorships[link]

BAT have found many imaginative ways over the years to keep its brands in the public eye. Imperial Tobacco Company, in which BAT holds a minority share, as recently as 1996 secured an arrangement to sponsor the Cricket World Cup which was branded the "Wills World Cup" and thereby achieved a high level of brand recognition for the Wills cigarette brand in India where young cricket fans were a key target market.^[25]

BAT also sponsor the London Symphony Orchestra.^[26]

Motorsport[link]

Jacques Villeneuve driving for BAR at the 1999 Canadian Grand Prix.

The success of Formula One motor racing has largely been built on tobacco sponsorship, including that of BAT. In 1997 BAT brought its participation in the sport to new levels with the purchase of the Tyrrell team for approximately £30 million. The team raced as Tyrrell for the 1998 season before being renamed as British American Racing (BAR).^[27] BAT used the team to advertise major brands, particularly Lucky Strike and State Express 555.

Although Formula One is an exceptionally expensive sport, for BAT the high cost of running an F1 team was justified as a promotional expense because there were few other opportunities for brand promotion. However in 2005 a European Union (EU) directive was brought into force which required national governments to legislate to prevent tobacco sponsorship.^[28] The livery of cars competing at circuits outside of EU jurisdiction can continue (in some cases) to promote tobacco brands but these opportunities are declining as anti-tobacco legislation begins to bite.

In 2004 BAR announced that technology partner Honda had purchased a 45% stake and in September 2005 it announced that Honda would be buying the remaining 55% stake. The team raced as Honda Racing F1 Team in 2006, the last year of the Lucky Strike sponsorship before leaving the sport. For the 2006 season, the team was renamed as Honda F1 Racing Team, with BAT only advertised at a couple of races. All links between the two companies were severed for 2007.^[29]

Controversies[link]

The Nigerian federal government filed a lawsuit against BAT and two other tobacco companies in 2007. Nigeria is seeking $42.4 billion, $34.4 billion of which the government seeks in anticipation of the future cost of treating Nigerians for tobacco-related illnesses. They are also seeking $1.04 billion as a fine for the companies' advertising and marketing campaign allegedly targeting Nigerian youth, and has asked the companies to fund an awareness campaign to educate young people about the dangers of their product. Several Nigerian state governments have filed similar petitions.^[30] In 2008 the company was the subject of a BBC2 documentary, in which Duncan Bannatyne investigated the marketing practices of the company in Africa and specifically the way the company targets younger Africans with branded music events, competitions and the sale of single cigarette sticks. Many of the practices uncovered by Bannatyne appeared to break BAT's own code of conduct and company standards. Towards the end of the programme, Bannatyne interviewed Dr Chris Proctor, Head of Science and Regulation, in which Proctor admitted that advertisements targeting children from three African countries were 'disappointing'. ^[31] In many of these undeveloped countries, the awareness of health risks from smoking is very low or nonexistent.^[32]

In 2001 September, BAT invested $7.1m in North Korean state-owned enterprise called the Korea Sogyong Trading Corporation, which employs 200 people in Pyongyang to produce up to two billion cigarettes a year. The operation is run by BAT's Singapore Division. Brands of cigarettes produced are Kumgansan, Craven A and Viceroy. BAT claims that the cigarettes are produced only for consumption in North Korea, although there are allegations that the cigarettes are smuggled for sale overseas.^[33]

British American Tobacco was declared the winner of the 2008 Roger Award, the award for the worst transnational corporation operating in New Zealand.^[34]

British American Tobacco spent more than €700,000 lobbying the EU in 2008, up to four times as much as the company declared on the EU's register of interest representatives, according to a report by Corporate Europe Observatory. The report argues that BAT's hidden lobbying activities, which are clearly not in the public interest, should be exposed to public scrutiny.^[35]

British American Tobacco, Phillip Morris, Imperial Tobacco and Japan Tobacco International are taking the Australian government to the High Court of Australia to try to stop the elected government of Australia from introducing plain packaging for tobacco products. The news article discussing this story appeared online on 17/4/2012 at http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-04-17/plain-packaging-heads-to-high-court/3954122

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: British American Tobacco

• British American Tobacco
  • Imperial Tobacco Canada (indirect subsidiary)
• Yahoo! – British American Tobacco plc Company Profile
• British American Tobacco plc historical stock chart
• BAT 'dragged out' of Burma; The Guardian; 7 November 2003
• George Monbiot, The Guardian, 23 August 2005, "Smoke and mirrors"
• World Health Organisation: WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008

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v t e British American Tobacco Subsidiaries Current Bentoel Group (60%) British American Tobacco Ghana House of Prince Pakistan Tobacco Company P.J. Carroll & Company Reynolds American (42%) Souza Cruz S/A Tekel WD & HO Wills Holdings Former Allied Dunbar2 Batus Inc.1 British American Racing2 Brown & Williamson1 The Crescent2 Cunliffe-Owen Aircraft2 Eagle Star Insurance2 Farmers Insurance Group2 Frederick & Nelson2 Gimbels2 Kohl's2 Marshall Field's2 Murray, Sons and Company1 Rothmans International1 Brands Current Benson & Hedges Carroll's Craven A du Maurier Dunhill HB Kent King's Kool Lucky Strike Pall Mall Parisienne Peter Stuyvesant Player's Prince Rothmans State Express 555 Sweet Afton Tekel Viceroy Vogue Winfield Former Elita People Hugo Cunliffe-Owen James Buchanan Duke Sir Joseph Hood, 1st Baronet Jan du Plessis Other Export House 1Now integrated into other British American Tobacco subsidiaries or business entities 2Sold Category Commons

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