Diego Luna
Luna at the Deauville American Films Festival, 2010
Born	Diego Luna Alexander (1979-12-29) December 29, 1979 (age 32) Mexico City, Mexico
Occupation	Actor
Years active	1982–present
Spouse	Camila Sodi (m. 2008) «start: (2008)»"Marriage: Camila Sodi to Diego Luna" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Diego_Luna)

Diego Luna (born December 29, 1979) is a Mexican actor known for his childhood telenovela work, a starring role in the film Y tu mamá también, and supporting roles in American films. He is also known for his roles in Rudo y Cursi and Milk. Together with Romola Garai, he starred the film Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights. Luna also had minor roles in Frida and Before Night Falls. He also provides Spanish language narration for the National Geographic Channel documentary Great Migrations.

Personal life[link]

Luna was born Diego Luna Alexander in Mexico City; the son of Fiona Alexander, an English costume designer,^[1] and Alejandro Luna, a Mexican set designer^[2] who is one of the most acclaimed living theatre, cinema, and opera set designers in Mexico. His mother died in a car accident when he was two years old.^[3] She had worked in the film industry and had made sure that this was a life Luna would be immersed in. His father also reinforced the importance of theater and the arts in his life. In Luna's youth, he would bring him to the sets and mentor him in all different aspects of his art, furthering his desire to become an actor and uphold a family tradition.

Luna wed Mexican actress Camila Sodi on February 5, 2008 and their son Jerónimo was born in Los Angeles on August 9, 2008.^[4] They welcomed daughter Fiona, named after Luna's late mother, on July 1, 2010 in Mexico City.^[5]

Luna co-founded the organization and film festival Ambulante A.C.^[6] along with his friend Gael Garcia Bernal. The organization works to bring documentary films to places where they are rarely shown. Ambulante was awarded the Washington Office on Latin America's prestigious Human Rights Award in 2011^[7].

Career[link]

Luna at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival.

From an early age, Luna began acting in television, film, and theatre. His first television role was in the 1991 movie El Último Fin de Año. His next role was in the telenovela El Abuelo y Yo (1992) alongside his childhood best friend, Gael García Bernal, in 1995 he played the role of Laura León' troubled son Quique in the Mexican soap opera El premio mayor. Luna had his big break in 2001 when he was cast in the critically acclaimed Y tu mamá también , once again alongside García Bernal.

He is currently making a name for himself in the United States market, having starred alongside Bon Jovi in Vampires: Los Muertos (2002) and the Academy Award-winning Frida (2002). He was also in the western Open Range, Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights, The Terminal, and Criminal. In 2008, he appeared in the Harvey Milk biopic Milk playing Milk's emotionally unstable lover Jack Lira.

Luna and Gael García Bernal own Canana Productions. The company recently joined with Golden Phoenix Productions owned by producer Tom Golden of Hot Springs, Arkansas, to jointly produce a number of television documentaries about the unsolved murders of more than 300 women in the border city of Ciudad Juárez.^{[citation needed]} For the fourth time Luna reunites with fellow friend Gael García Bernal, this time in the American Spanish-language comedy film Casa de Mi Padre opposite Will Ferrell.^[8] In 2011, Luna played the male lead in Katy Perry's music video, The One That Got Away.^[9]

Filmography[link]

Director[link]

• Abel (2010)
• J.C. Chávez (2007)

Films[link]

• Elysium (2013)
• Casa de Mi Padre (2012)
• Contraband (2012)
• In the Playground (2010)
• Sólo quiero caminar (2009)
• Milk (2008)
• Rudo y Cursi (2008)
• Mister Lonely (2007)
• El Búfalo de la Noche (2007)
• JC Chávez (directorial debut, 2007)
• Toto (2006)
• Fade to Black (2006)
• Sólo Dios Sabe (2005)
• Amapola (2005)
• Criminal (2004)
• The Terminal (2004)
• Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights (2004)
• Nicotina (2003)
• Open Range (2003)
• Carambola (2003)
• Soldados de Salamina (2003)
• Vampires: Los Muertos (2002)
• Frida (2002)
• Ciudades Oscuras (2002)
• Todos los Aviones del Mundo (2001)
• Atlético San Pancho (2001)
• Y tu mamá también (2001)
• Before Night Falls (2000)
• Todo el Poder (1999)
• Un Dulce Olor a Muerte (1999)
• El Cometa (1999)
• Un Hilito de Sangre (1995)
• Morena (1995)
• Ámbar (1994)
• El Último Fin de Año (1991)
• Antonieta (1982)

Soap operas[link]

• La Vida en el Espejo (1999)
• El Amor de mi Vida (1998)
• El Premio Mayor (1995)
• El Abuelo y Yo (1992)

Music Videos[link]

• The One That Got Away (Katy Perry song) (2011)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Diego Luna at the Internet Movie Database
• Diego Luna on Twitter
• Diego Luna on Myspace
• Diego Luna photo

Maria Shriver
at a Womens Conference book signing (October 2010)
First Lady of California
In office November 17, 2003 – January 3, 2011
Preceded by	Sharon Davis
Succeeded by	Anne Gust Brown
Personal details
Born	Maria Owings Shriver (1955-11-06) November 6, 1955 (age 56) Chicago, Illinois, US
Nationality	American
Political party	Democratic
Spouse(s)	Arnold Schwarzenegger (1986–2011)
Relations	Parents: Sargent Shriver and Eunice Kennedy Shriver Siblings: Anthony Shriver, Bobby Shriver, Mark Shriver, Timothy Shriver Grandparents: Rose Kennedy and Joseph P. Kennedy Aunts: Rosemary Kennedy, Kathleen Cavendish, Patricia Kennedy Lawford, Jean Kennedy Smith, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Joan Bennett Kennedy, Ethel Kennedy Uncles: Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. US President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, Senator Ted Kennedy see Kennedy family
Children	Katherine, Christina, Patrick, Christopher
Residence	Brentwood, Los Angeles, California
Alma mater	Georgetown University
Profession	Journalist, author
Religion	Christian (Catholicism)

Maria Owings Shriver ( /ˈʃraɪvər/; born November 6, 1955)^[1] is an American journalist and author of six best-selling books. She has received a Peabody Award, and was co-anchor for NBC's Emmy-winning coverage of the 1988 Summer Olympics. As executive producer of The Alzheimer's Project, Shriver earned two Emmy Awards and an Academy of Television Arts & Sciences award for developing a "television show with a conscience".^[2] She was formerly First Lady of California as the wife of actor and then-California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, from whom she is now separated. She is a member of the Kennedy family (her mother, Eunice Kennedy Shriver was a sister of John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, and Edward Kennedy).

Early life and family[link]

Shriver was born in Chicago, Illinois. A Roman Catholic^[3] of German descent through her father and Irish descent through her mother, she is the second child and only daughter of the politician Sargent Shriver and Eunice Kennedy Shriver. Maria is the niece of United States President John F. Kennedy, U.S. Attorney General and U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy, U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy and five other siblings. Shriver attended Westland Middle School in Bethesda, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, D.C., and graduated in 1973 from Stone Ridge School of the Sacred Heart in Bethesda. She attended Manhattanville College for two years and then transferred and went on to receive a bachelor of arts degree in American studies from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., in June 1977.^[4][5]

Career[link]

Media career and advocacy[link]

In her book Ten Things I Wish I'd Known Before I Went Out Into The Real World (2000), Shriver says that she became passionate about broadcast journalism after being sent to the back of the campaign plane with the press corps while volunteering for her father's 1972 U.S. vice presidential race, calling these orders "the best thing that ever happened to me." After her journalism career began with KYW-TV in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, she co-anchored The CBS Morning News with Forrest Sawyer from August 1985 until August 1986, co-anchored NBC News's Sunday Today from 1987 until 1990 and weekend editions of NBC Nightly News from 1989 until 1993, and was a contributing anchor on Dateline NBC from 1992 until 2004. In August 2003, Shriver took an unpaid leave of absence from NBC News when her husband became a candidate in the 2003 California gubernatorial recall election.

Following her husband's November 17, 2003, inauguration as the 38th Governor of California, she became the First Lady of California. She then returned to reporting, making two more appearances for Dateline NBC.

On February 3, 2004, Shriver asked to be "relieved of [her] duties at NBC News," citing concerns the network had over the conflict of interest between her role as a journalist and her status as the First Lady of California and her increasing role as an advocate of her husband's administration.^[6]

She appeared as herself in the film Last Action Hero (1993). She also played a minor role as herself in "Be Prepared", a 2006 episode of the television series That's So Raven promoting a "Preparedness Plan". On March 23, 2007, Shriver returned to television news as substitute host of panel-discussion talk show Larry King Live on CNN with musician Sheryl Crow and other guests.

Shriver announced that she will not return to the news media after the excessive media coverage of the death of Anna Nicole Smith.^[7][8]

In 2008, Shriver executive-produced American Idealist: The Story of Sargent Shriver.^[9] The documentary originally aired on PBS on January 21, 2008.^[10] The film chronicled the life, accomplishments and vision of her father, Sargent Shriver. Shriver also serves on the advisory board of the Sargent Shriver Peace Institute, which raises public awareness of her father’s legacy as a peacebuilder and offers educational and training programs grounded in the principles of public service that motivate the many programs he created, including the Peace Corps, Job Corps, Head Start, and Legal Services for the Poor.^[11]

Shriver has been a lifelong advocate for people with intellectual disabilities. She is a member of the International Board of Special Olympics, the organization her mother founded in 1968.^[12] She is also on the advisory board of Best Buddies, a one-to-one friendship and jobs program for people with intellectual disabilities.^[13] In addition, Shriver serves as Chair of the Audi Best Buddies Challenge: Hearst Castle, a bike ride that raises millions of dollars for programs supporting people with intellectual disabilities. As First Lady, Shriver has been instrumental in the hiring of individuals with intellectual disabilities in the capitol and in various state offices through her WE Include program.^[14] In February 2008, Shriver launched an ice cream company called Lovin' Scoopful with her brother, Tim Shriver. Twenty-five percent of the proceeds from Lovin' Scoopful benefits the Special Olympics.^[15]

Shriver executive-produced The Alzheimer's Project, a four-part documentary series that premiered on HBO in May 2009^[16] and later earned two Emmy Awards.^[17] It was described by the Los Angeles Times as "ambitious, disturbing, emotionally fraught and carefully optimistic".^[18] The series took a close look at cutting-edge research being done in the country's leading Alzheimer's laboratories. The documentary also examined the effects of this disease on patients and families. One of the Emmy Award-winning films, Grandpa, Do you Know Who I Am? is based on Shriver's best-selling children's book dealing with Alzheimer's.^[19]

In October 2009, Shriver launched "The Shriver Report: A Woman's Nation Changes Everything," a national study and comprehensive report conducted in partnership with the Center for American Progress, USC's Annenberg Center on Communication, Leadership and Policy, and the Rockefeller Foundation. The Shriver Report revealed that American women, for the first time, make up half of the United States workforce and studied how that fact is impacting major institutions like family, business, government and faith organizations.^[20] The report was released last year in partnership with TIME^[21] and NBC News.^[22] According to The New York Times, the report "was modeled on a study undertaken almost 50 years ago during the administration of John F. Kennedy, Shriver's uncle, and led by Eleanor Roosevelt."^[23]

First Lady of California[link]

After Governor Schwarzenegger took office, Shriver took on several key initiatives as first lady, which include raising awareness of the contributions of women to the state, working on practical solutions to end cycles of poverty, and encouraging all Californians to engage in acts of service to their communities. Once Schwarzenegger was elected, Shriver had to cut back on her news reporting in order to avoid conflicts of interest.^[24]

Shriver with her husband Arnold Schwarzenegger at the 2007 Special Olympics in Shanghai, China

Shriver led the California Governor & First Lady's Conference on Women from when Schwarzenegger took office in 2003. Under her leadership, The Women's Conference event grew into the nation's premier forum for women and in 2010 attracted more than 30,000 attendees and 150 world opinion leaders over three full days. Each year, the event was held at the Long Beach Convention Center in October.^[25] The event aims to inspire, empower and educate women to be Architects of Change.^[26] Hundreds of luminaries have spoken at the conference including Oprah Winfrey, Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, Secretaries of State Condoleezza Rice and Madeleine Albright, Barbara Walters, Warren Buffett, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, former Prime Minister Tony Blair, Richard Branson, Bono, Billie Jean King, Gloria Steinem, and His Holiness the Dalai Lama.^[27][28]

In 2004, Shriver created The Minerva Awards to honor and reward "remarkable California women" who have changed their communities, their state, their country and the world with their courage, wisdom and strength.^[29] The Minerva Awards are named after Minerva, the Roman goddess who adorns the California State Seal and "who symbolizes the dual nature of women as warriors and peacemakers".^[30] The Minerva Awards are presented annually at The Women's Conference in Long Beach during a special ceremony. Recipients of the award also receive a grant to continue their work.^[31] Past Minerva Awards recipients include former first lady Betty Ford, Nancy Pelosi, Gloria Steinem, Billie Jean King, astronaut Sally Ride and the late Eunice Kennedy Shriver, Shriver's mother.The achievements of The Minerva Award winners are chronicled in a permanent exhibit at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts in Sacramento and have become part of California’s official state archive.^[32]

In 2005, Shriver launched her WE Connect Program, which connects working families in need with money-saving programs and support services. WE Connect brings together community organizations and businesses, government agencies and state leaders, congregations and schools as partners in responding to the needs for the millions of individuals and families who are struggling to make ends meet. Through a partnership with La Opinion, the nation’s largest Spanish-speaking newspaper, WE Connect has developed three editions of a 24-page, full-color, bilingual supplement that has been circulated to over 20 million Californians in need. In December 2009, Shriver, in partnership with The Women's Conference, created the WE Connect–Million Meals Initiative.^[33] Through this initiative, The Women's Conference made a donation to The California Association of Food Banks to provide more than one million meals to California families in need.^[34] The donation was allocated to the food bank's 44 member organizations who then distributed the food to California families through its more than 5,000 community-based organizations.^[35] In March 2010, Shriver held a three-day Community Resources Fair in Fresno and Los Angeles through WE Connect. The fairs provided vital programs and free support services such as tax preparation, housing and home foreclosure assistance, job assistance, flu shots, healthy food distribution and more.^[36] Event organizers estimated that over 40,000 individuals took advantage of free services during the course of the two weekends and hundreds of thousands pounds of food were distributed.^[37]

As First Lady, Shriver has worked to promote service and volunteerism. As Honorary Chair of CaliforniaVolunteers, Shriver conceived of and launched the largest statewide volunteer matching network at CaliforniaVolunteers.org. Shriver was instrumental in inspiring Governor Schwarzenegger to establish the nation’s first state cabinet-level Department of Service and Volunteering.^[38] She also pioneered and promoted a statewide disaster preparedness program called WE Prepare that encourages and educates Californians to be ready for an emergency or natural disaster. In addition, Shriver established WE Build and WE Garden, a children’s playground and community garden-building initiative. Through CaliforniaVolunteers, Shriver has built 31 playgrounds with gardens in lower-income communities around the state in partnership with KaBOOM!.^[39]

In 2008, Shriver launched her WE Invest Program, which provides training, mentoring, support networks, microloans and other resources to help women launch or grow their businesses. In June 2009, she expanded WE Invest nationally through a partnership with Kiva, creating the first-ever online peer-to-peer microlending program in the U.S.^[40] Shriver is credited with coming up with the idea to bring Kiva's international micro-lending model to the United States^[40][41]

Shriver is Co-Chair of The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts^[42] and she has been credited with revitalizing the state museum during her tenure. Shriver created the California Hall of Fame in 2006^[43] at the Museum to honor legendary Californians such as Cesar Chavez, Clint Eastwood, Walt Disney, Amelia Earhart, Ronald Reagan, John Steinbeck, Rita Moreno, Earl Warren, Julia Morgan, Leland Stanford, Dorothea Lange and others.^[44] In November 2008, Shriver launched the California Legacy Trails, a first-of-its-kind web-based multimedia learning tool designed to help students learn California history.^[45][46]

On February 3, 2008, Shriver endorsed Senator Barack Obama for the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination. The endorsement was given at a UCLA rally featuring her cousin Caroline Kennedy, Oprah Winfrey, Stevie Wonder, and the candidate's spouse, Michelle Obama.^[47][48] Governor Schwarzenegger had previously endorsed Senator John McCain for the Republican presidential nomination a few days earlier on January 31, 2008.^[47]

In May 2009, Shriver planted the first edible garden at a state capitol in what once was a flower bed. She teamed up with Alice Waters on the project.^[49] The food grown in the organic garden is distributed to local food banks.^[50] Shriver has been an advocate for edible gardens and chairs the California School Garden Network that has doubled the number of gardens in state schools from 3,000 to 6,000 since 2004.^[51]

Personal life[link]

In 1977, Tom Brokaw introduced Maria to Austrian bodybuilder and actor Arnold Schwarzenegger at a charity tennis tournament being held at her mother's home. She married Schwarzenegger on April 26, 1986, in Hyannis, Massachusetts, at St. Francis Xavier Roman Catholic Church.^[52] They have four children: Katherine, Christina, Patrick and Christopher.

On May 9, 2011, Schwarzenegger and Shriver announced their separation after 25 years of marriage, with Shriver moving out of the couple's Brentwood mansion.^[53][54][55] In a message for her Twitter followers posted on May 13, 2011, Shriver said: "Thank you all for the kindness, support and compassion. I am humbled by the love. Thank you."^[56]

On May 17, 2011, Schwarzenegger publicly admitted to fathering a child with a long-time member of their household staff, Mildred Patricia Baena, 14 years earlier, and before his election as Governor of California.^[57] What Schwarzenegger failed to mention was that he confessed to Shriver only after she confronted him with the information, after confirming what she had suspected about the child, in an earlier confrontation with the housekeeper.^[58] Shriver described Schwarzenegger's admission as "painful and heartbreaking." She declined to speak further on the issue, saying: "As a mother, my concern is for the children. I ask for compassion, respect and privacy as my children and I try to rebuild our lives and heal."^[59]

Shriver hired a divorce lawyer, Laura Wasser, whose previous clients include Angelina Jolie, Christina Aguilera, and Britney Spears, and officially filed for divorce on July 1, 2011,^[60] citing "irreconcilable differences".^[61] Wasser was hired before the news of the affair went public, a source close to Shriver told US publication People,^[62] Shriver had been meeting with her financial advisor for some months before the decision to file the divorce petition. Shriver has also hired a private investigator to investigate Schwarzenegger's financial history and his personal life, including whether or not he has fathered more than one child out of wedlock.^[63]

Shriver has purchased a new $10 million house only three miles away from her former home with Schwarzenegger in Brentwood. Although she has requested custody of the couple's two minor children, 18-year old Patrick and 13-year old Christopher, the mansions' proximity will make it easier for the boys to travel between their parents' houses. ^[64]

Shriver's 14-year-old son Christopher Schwarzenegger was seriously injured in a boogie-boarding accident in Malibu, on July 17, 2011. In a joint statement, Shriver and estranged husband Schwarzenegger described it as "scary," and that "he is expected to make a full recovery." Christopher has been in intensive care since suffering a collapsed lung and broken bones in the accident.^[65]

Honors[link]

A hybrid rose was named after Shriver in October 2004. The Maria Shriver rose contains starchy-white blooms and a powerful citrus fragrance.^[66]

As executive producer of The Alzheimer's Project, Shriver earned two Emmy Awards and an Academy of Television Arts & Sciences award for developing a "television show with a conscience".^[67]

In 2009, Shriver was honored with the Shinnyo-en Foundation’s 2009 Pathfinders to Peace Award, which is bestowed annually to a person who exemplifies the ideals of compassion, harmony and peace.^[68] At the presentation ceremony honoring Shriver, the foundation’s chief executive said, “Maria Shriver sees the best in other people – their innate goodness – and inspires them to become their own 'Architects of Change'. In a world that glorifies ambition at any cost, Maria instead teaches character. She is a woman of quiet strength who role-models kindness and charity, and has used her celebrity to help create peace in the world.”^[69]

She has won Peabody and Emmy awards for her television journalism.^[70]

The Saint John's Health Center has a nursery named after Shriver.^[71][72]

Books[link]

• Shriver, Maria (2000-04-04). Ten Things I Wish I'd Known Before I Went Out Into The Real World. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-0-446-52612-8. 
• Shriver, Maria; Sandra Speidel (2001-10-16). What's Wrong With Timmy?. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-23337-8. 
• Shriver, Maria; Sandra Speidel (2004-04-28). What's Happening to Grandpa?. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-00101-4. 
• Shriver, Maria (2005-04-05). And One More Thing Before You Go.... The Free Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-8101-0. 
• Shriver, Maria; Sandra Speidel (2007-10-30). What's Heaven?. Golden Books Adult Publishing. ISBN 978-0-312-38241-4. 
• Shriver, Maria (2008-04-15). Just Who Will You Be?: Big Question, Little Book, Answer Within. Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-2318-9. 

See also[link]

Children's literature portal

• Kennedy family

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Maria Shriver

• Maria Shriver official site
• Maria Shriver on Twitter
• Maria Shriver blog at The Huffington Post
• After School All Stars Board of Directors
• Maria Shriver at the Internet Movie Database
• Maria Shriver at Yahoo! Movies
• Works by or about Maria Shriver in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Maria Shriver collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• Maria Shriver at the Notable Names Database
• Maria Shriver's campaign contributions at Newsmeat

Manuel Castells in 2009

Manuel Castells (Spanish name: Manuel Castells Oliván, born in Hellín, Albacete, Spain, in 1942) is a sociologist especially associated with information society and communication research.

The 2000–09 research survey of the Social Sciences Citation Index ranks him as the world’s fifth most-cited social science scholar, and the foremost-cited communication scholar.^[1]

Life[link]

Manuel Castells was raised primarily in Barcelona. Although from a conservative family, he was politically active in the student anti-Franco movement, an adolescent political activism that forced him to flee Spain for France. In Paris, at the age of twenty, he completed his degree studies, then progressed to the University of Paris, where he earned a doctorate in sociology. At the age of twenty-four, Dr Castells became an instructor at the University of Paris, from 1967 to 1979; first at the Paris X University Nanterre, who fired him because of the 1968 student protests, then at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, from 1970 to 1979.

Subsequently in 1979, in the US, the University of California, Berkeley appointed him to two professorships; Professor of Sociology, and Professor of City and Regional Planning. In 2001, he was a research professor at the Open University of Catalonia (UOC), Barcelona. In 2003, he joined the University of Southern California (USC) Annenberg School for Communication, as a Professor of Communication and the first Wallis Annenberg-endowed Chair of Communication and Technology^[2]. Castells is a founding member of the USC Center on Public Diplomacy, and a senior member of the diplomacy center's Faculty Advisory Council; and is a member of the Annenberg Research Network on International Communication. Castells divides his residence between Spain and the US; he is married to Emma Kiselyova. Since 2008 he has been a member of the governing board of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology.

Theory[link]

The sociological work of Manuel Castells Oliván synthesises empirical research literature with combinations of urban sociology, organization studies, internet studies, social movements, sociology of culture, and political economy. About the origins of the network society, he posits that changes to the network form of enterprise predate the electronic internet technologies (usually) associated with network organization forms (cf. Castells and Organization Theory). Moreover, he coined the (academic) term “The Fourth World”, denoting the sub-population(s) socially excluded from the global society; usual usage denotes the nomadic, pastoral, and hunter-gatherer ways of life beyond the contemporary industrial society norm.

In the 1970s, following the path of Alain Touraine (his intellectual father),^[3] Castells was a key developer of the variety of Marxist urban sociology that emphasises the role of social movements in the conflictive transformation of the city, (cf. post-industrial society).^[4] He introduced the concept of "collective consumption" (public transport, public housing, etc) comprehending a wide range of social struggles — displaced from the economic stratum to the political stratum via state intervention. Transcending Marxist strictures in the early 1980s, he concentrated upon the role of new technologies in the restructuring of an economy. In 1989, he introduced the concept of the "space of flows", the material and immaterial components of global information networks used for the real-time, long-distance co-ordination of the economy. In the 1990s, he combined his two research strands in The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, published as a trilogy, The Rise of the Network Society (1996), The Power of Identity (1997), and End of Millennium (1998); two years later, its worldwide, favourable critical acceptance in university seminars, prompted publication of a second (2000) edition that is 40 per cent different from the first (1996) edition.^[5]

The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture comprehends three sociological dimensions — production, power, and experience — stressing that the organisation of the economy, of the state and its institutions, and the ways that people create meaning in their lives through collective action, are irreducible sources of social dynamics — that must be understood as both discrete and inter-related entities. Moreover, he became an established cybernetic culture theoretician with his Internet development analysis stressing the roles of the state (military and academic), social movements (computer hackers and social activists), and business, in shaping the economic infrastructure according to their (conflicting) interests. The Information Age trilogy is his précis: "Our societies are increasingly structured around the bipolar opposition of the Net and the Self";^[6] the “Net” denotes the network organisations replacing vertically integrated hierarchies as the dominant form of social organization, the Self denotes the practices a person uses in reaffirming social identity and meaning in a continually changing cultural landscape.

Publications[link]

Manuel Castells Oliván is one of the world's most often-cited social science and communications scholars;^[7][8] he has written more than twenty books, including:

• The Urban Question. A Marxist Approach (Alan Sheridan, translator). London, Edward Arnold (1977) (Original publication in French, 1972)
• City, Class and Power. London; New York, MacMillan; St. Martins Press (1978)
• The Economic Crisis and American Society. Princeton, NJ, Princeton UP (1980)
• The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements. Berkeley: University of California Press (1983)
• The Informational City: Information Technology, Economic Restructuring, and the Urban Regional Process. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, MA: Blackwell (1989)
• The Information Age trilogy:

1. Castells, Manuel (1996, second edition, 2000). The Rise of the Network Society, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture Vol. I. Cambridge, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-22140-1. 
2. Castells, Manuel (1997, second edition, 2004). The Power of Identity, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture Vol. II. Cambridge, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-0713-6. 
3. Castells, Manuel (1998, second edition, 2000). End of Millennium, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture Vol. III. Cambridge, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-22139-5. 

• The Internet Galaxy, Reflections on the Internet, Business and Society. Oxford, Oxford University Press (2001)
• The Information Society and the Welfare State: The Finnish Model. Oxford UP, Oxford (2002) (co-author, Pekka Himanen )
• The Network Society: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar (2004), (editor and co-author), ISBN 978-1-84542-435-0.
• The Network Society: From Knowledge to Policy. Washington, DC, Center for Transatlantic Relations (2006) (co-editor)
• Mobile Communication and Society: A Global Perspective. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press (2006) (co-author)
• Epilogue of Pekka Himanen's The Hacker Ethic.
• Castells, Manuel (2009,). Communication power. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 608. ISBN 978-0-19-956704-1. 

Recent Journal Articles

• Arsenault, A & Castells, M. (2008) Switching power: Rupert Murdoch and the global business of media politics: A sociological analysis. International Sociology 23(4): 488.
• Arsenault, A, and Castells, M. 2008. The structure and dynamics of global multimedia business networks. International Journal of Communication 2707-48.
• Castells, M (2007) Communication, power and counter-power in the network society. International Journal of Communication 1(1): 238-66.

Pertinent papers

• Social Uses of Wireless Communications: The Mobile Information Society, co-author of the paper for the International Workshop on Wireless Communication Policies and Prospects: A Global Perspective, USC, 8–9 October 2004.

Books about Manuel Castells

• Susser, Ida. The Castells Reader on Cities and Social Theory. Oxford, Blackwell (2002)
• Castells, Manuel; Ince, Martin. Conversations with Manuel Castells. Oxford, Polity Press (2003)
• Stalder, Felix. Manuel Castells and the Theory of the Network Society. Oxford, Polity Press (2006)

References[link]

External resources[link]

• Webpage of Castells at USC Annenberg
• Webpage of Castells at UC Berkeley (Professor Emeritus listing)
• Website devoted to his work, made by Open University of Catalonia

• A scholarly review of the Information Age trilogy
• Video stream of an hour long interview with Castells, conducted in 2001
• International Journal of Communication Academic journal co-edited by Castells, established in 2007
• Manuel Castells' World of Communication, a Manuel Castells exclusive monthly article in Media Coolhunting.
• Audio: Manuel Castells in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion programme The Forum
• Video Stream: Manuel Castells October 2009 keynote at University of Oxford Internet Institute for the release of his new book, "Communication Power"
• Video Stream: Manuel Castells March 2010 at USC Annenberg, International Seminar on Network Theory

Henry Jenkins
Born	(1958-06-04) June 4, 1958 (age 54) Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Education	MA, Communication Studies; Ph.D., Communication Arts
Alma mater	University of Iowa, University of Wisconsin–Madison
Occupation	University Professor
Years active	1992-
Employer	University of Southern California
Known for	Theories of "world-making" and "media convergence"
Title	Provost's Professor of Communication, Journalism and Cinematic Arts

Henry Jenkins III (born June 4, 1958 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American media scholar and currently a Provost Professor of Communication, Journalism, and Cinematic Arts, a joint professorship at the USC Annenberg School for Communication and the USC School of Cinematic Arts.^[1] Previously, he was the Peter de Florez Professor of Humanities and Co-Director of the MIT Comparative Media Studies program with William Uricchio. He is also author of several books, including Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide, Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture and What Made Pistachio Nuts?: Early Sound Comedy and the Vaudeville Aesthetic.

Personal life and education[link]

Jenkins did his undergraduate work at Georgia State University, where he majored in Political Science and Journalism. He earned his MA in Communication Studies from the University of Iowa and his PhD in Communication Arts from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He and his wife Cynthia Jenkins were housemasters of the Senior House dorm at MIT before their relocation to the University of Southern California in July 2009. They have one son, Henry Jenkins IV.^{[citation needed]}

Research fields[link]

Jenkins' research explores the boundary between text and reader, the growth of fan cultures and world-making, "the process of designing a fictional universe that will sustain franchise development, one that is sufficiently detailed to enable many different stories to emerge but coherent enough so that each story feels like it fits with the others".^[2]

More recently, Jenkins' research has focused on how individuals in contemporary culture themselves tap into and combine numerous different media sources. He suggests that media convergence be understood as a cultural process, rather than a technological end-point. Jenkins discussed media convergence in his 2006 book Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide and the founding of the Convergence Culture Consortium research group at the Comparative Media Studies program at MIT.

Jenkins' research also includes the field of video game critical studies. In his article, "Complete freedom of Movement": Video Games as "Gendered Play Spaces," he discusses the cultural geography of video game spaces. More importantly, he investigates as to what draws boys to video games and whether girls should feel the same attraction. Inspired by such cultural critics as Gilbert Seldes who believed that Cinema was unfairly victimized during his time for being a rising new medium.^[3][4]

He has also written extensively about the effects of interactivity, particularly computer games, and "games for learning", and in this capacity was called to testify before Congress in 1999. This work ultimately led to the founding of the Education Arcade group, also at the MIT Comparative Media Studies program.^{[citation needed]}

Jenkin's forms of participatory culture:
Affiliations — memberships, formal and informal, in online communities centered around various forms of media, such as Friendster, Facebook, message boards, metagaming, game clans, or MySpace).
Expressions — producing new creative forms, such as digital sampling, skinning and modding, fan videomaking, fan fiction writing, zines, mash-ups).
Collaborative Problem-solving — working together in teams, formal and informal, to complete tasks and develop new knowledge (such as through Wikipedia, alternative reality gaming, spoiling).
Circulations — Shaping the flow of media (such as podcasting, blogging).^[5]

Recognition[link]

He was featured in both Electronic Gaming Monthly and Game Informer magazines, where he was asked about the effects of violence in video games. He offered a very different perspective from Jack Thompson's.

On May 12, 2009, a socially networked artwork called Will Henry Jenkins Hear About It? was underway. It features bottles in the sea with the message "Will Henry Jenkins hear about it?" and posting the same message through different social networks to see if Henry Jenkins will come across the message.

Works[link]

• Jenkins, Henry (1992). What Made Pistachio Nuts?: Early Sound Comedy and the Vaudeville Aesthetic. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 416. ISBN 0-231-07855-2. 
• Jenkins, Henry (1992). Textual Poachers: Television Fans & Participatory Culture. Studies in culture and communication. New York: Routledge. p. 343. ISBN 0-415-90571-0. 
• Jenkins, Henry (1995). Classical Hollywood Comedy. AFI film readers. New York: Routledge. p. 430. ISBN 0-415-90639-3. 
• Jenkins, Henry (1998). From Barbie to Mortal Kombat: Gender and Computer Games. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. p. 360. ISBN 0-262-03258-9. 
• Jenkins, Henry (1998). The Children's Culture Reader. New York: New York University Press. p. 532. ISBN 0-8147-4231-9. 
• Jenkins, Henry (2002). Hop on Pop: The Politics and Pleasures of Popular Culture. Duke University Press. p. 748. ISBN 0-8223-2737-6. 
• Jenkins, Henry (2003). Rethinking Media Change: The Aesthetics of Transition. Media in transition. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. p. 404. ISBN 0-262-20146-1. 
• Jenkins, Henry (ed. with David Thorburn) (2003). Democracy and New Media. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. p. 385. ISBN 0-262-10101-7. 
• Jenkins, Henry (2006). Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York: New York University Press. p. 308. ISBN 0-8147-4281-5. 
• Jenkins, Henry (2006). Fans, Bloggers, and Gamers: Exploring Participatory Culture. New York: New York University Press. p. 279. ISBN 0-8147-4284-X. 
• Jenkins, Henry (2007). The Wow Climax: Tracing the Emotional Impact of Popular Culture. New York: New York University Press. p. 285. ISBN 0-8147-4282-3. 
• 2006 White Paper Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture: Media Education for the 21st Century.

See also[link]

• Critical theory
• Media influence
• Digitality
• New media
• Digital art
• Transmedia storytelling
• Participatory culture

References[link]

1. ^ http://www.annenbergonlinecommunities.com/jenkinsAPOC
2. ^ Jenkins, Henry Convergence Culture: Where old and new media collide. New York: New York University Press, 2006
3. ^ http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/July96/KAMMEN.jkg.html
4. ^ Egenfeldt-Nielsen, Smith, ToscaUnderstanding Video Games: The Essential Introduction.New York and London: Taylor and Francis Group, 2008
5. ^ Jenkins, Henry. "Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture: Media Education For the 21st Century". Building the Field of Digital Media and Learning. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Henry Jenkins

• Official website and blog
• Comparative Media Studies, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Foreword to the Italian Edition of Convergence Culture (English translation)
• Henry Jenkins Playlist Appearance on WMBR's Dinnertime Sampler radio show January 15, 2003
• Henry Jenkins Complete Freedom of Movement: Video Games as Gendered Play Spaces
• MacArthur Foundation profile
• Henry Jenkins Frontline interview on schools and technology
• Discussions at WGBH Studios, from the web-only interview series WGBH One Guest
  • Video games as art
  • Participatory media
  • Citizen journalism

Jaron Lanier
Lanier performing at the Garden of Memory Solstice Concert in June, 2009
Born	(1960-05-03) May 3, 1960 (age 52) New York City
Occupation	Computer scientist, composer, visual artist, author.
Employer	Microsoft Research[1]
Known for	Virtual reality
Website
www.jaronlanier.com

Jaron Zepel Lanier (/ˈdʒɛərɨn lɨˈnɪər/, born 3 May 1960 in New York City) is an American computer scientist, best known for popularizing the term virtual reality (VR).

A pioneer in the field of VR, Lanier and Thomas G. Zimmerman left Atari in 1985 to found VPL Research, Inc., the first company to sell VR goggles and gloves. In the late 1990s, Lanier worked on applications for Internet2, and in the 2000s, he was a visiting scholar at Silicon Graphics and various universities. More recently, he has acted as an advisor to Linden Lab on their virtual world product Second Life, and as "scholar-at-large" at Microsoft Research where he has worked on the Kinect device for Xbox 360.

Lanier is also known as a composer of classical music and a collector of rare instruments; his acoustic album, Instruments of Change (1994) features Asian wind and string instruments such as the khene mouth organ, the suling flute, and the sitar-like esraj. Lanier was the director of an experimental short film, and teamed with Mario Grigorov to compose the soundtrack to the documentary film, The Third Wave (2007). As an author, Lanier has written a column for Discover magazine; his book, You Are Not a Gadget (2010), is a critique of Web 2.0.

In 2010, Lanier was nominated in the TIME 100 list of most influential people.

Early life and education (1960–1982)[link]

Born Jaron Zepel Lanier^[2] in New York City, Lanier was raised in Mesilla, New Mexico.^[3][4] Lanier's mother and father were Jewish immigrants from Europe; his mother was a survivor from a Vienna concentration camp and his father's family had emigrated from Ukraine to escape the pogroms.^[5] When he was nine years old, his mother was killed in a car accident. He lived in tents for an extended period with his father before embarking on a seven year project to build a geodesic dome home that he helped design.^[6] At the age of 13, Lanier convinced New Mexico State University to let him enroll. At NMSU, Lanier met Marvin Minsky and Clyde Tombaugh, and took graduate-level courses; he received a grant from the National Science Foundation to study mathematical notation, which led him to learn computer programming.^[7] From 1979 to 1980, the NSF-funded project at NMSU focused on "digital graphical simulations for learning". Lanier also attended art school in Manhattan during this time, but returned to New Mexico and worked as a midwife. The father of a baby he helped deliver gave him a car as a gift; Lanier drove the car to Los Angeles to visit a girl whose father happened to work in the physics department at the California Institute of Technology, where Lanier met and conversed with Richard Feynman and Murray Gell-Mann.^[8]

Atari Labs, VPL Research (1983–1990)[link]

In California, Lanier worked for Atari, where he met Thomas Zimmerman, inventor of the data glove. After Atari Inc. was split into two companies in 1984, Lanier became unemployed. The free time enabled him to concentrate on his own projects, including VPL, a “post-symbolic” visual programming language. Along with Zimmerman, Lanier founded VPL Research, focusing on commercializing virtual reality technologies; the company prospered for a while, but filed for bankruptcy in 1990.^[4] In 1999, Sun Microsystems bought VPL's virtual reality and graphics-related patents.

Internet2, visiting scholar (1997–2001)[link]

From 1997 to 2001, Lanier was the Chief Scientist of Advanced Network and Services, which contained the Engineering Office of Internet2, and served as the Lead Scientist of the National Tele-immersion Initiative, a coalition of research universities studying advanced applications for Internet2. The Initiative demonstrated the first prototypes of tele-immersion in 2000 after a three-year development period. From 2001 to 2004, he was Visiting Scientist at Silicon Graphics Inc., where he developed solutions to core problems in telepresence and tele-immersion. He was also visiting scholar with the Department of Computer Science at Columbia University (1997–2001), a visiting artist with New York University's Interactive Telecommunications Program, and a founding member of the International Institute for Evolution and the Brain.^[9]

Philosophy, criticism of Web 2.0[link]

"One-Half of a Manifesto" (2000)[link]

In what is probably his most famous paper, "One-Half of a Manifesto" (Wired, 2000), Lanier opposes the prospect of so called "cybernetic totalism", which is "a cataclysm brought on when computers become ultra-intelligent masters of matter and life." Lanier's position is that humans may not be considered to be biological computers, i.e., they may not be compared to digital computers in any proper sense, and it is very unlikely that humans could be generally replaced by computers easily in few decades, even economically. While transistor count increases according to Moore's law, overall performance rises only very slowly. This is because our productivity in developing software increases only slightly, and software becomes more bloated and remains as error-prone as it ever was. Also, the computational complexity of computer simulation of the real world increases even more rapidly when the scale gets more precise.

At the end he warns that the biggest problem of any theory (esp. ideology) is not that it is false, "but when it claims to be the sole and utterly complete path to understanding life and reality." The impression of objective necessity paralyzes the ability of humans to walk out of or to fight the paradigm and causes the self-fulfilling destiny which spoils people.

Post-symbolic communication (2006)[link]

Some of Lanier's speculation involves what he calls "post-symbolic communication." In his April 2006 Discover magazine column, he writes about cephalopods (i.e., the various species of octopus, squid, and related molluscs), many of which are able to morph their bodies, including changing the pigmentation and texture of their skin, as well as forming complex shape imitations with their limbs. Lanier sees this behavior, especially as exchanged between two octopodes, as a direct behavioral expression of thought.^[10]

"Digital Maoism" (2006)[link]

In his online essay "Digital Maoism: The Hazards of the New Online Collectivism", in Edge magazine in May 2006, Lanier criticized the sometimes-claimed omniscience of collective wisdom (including examples such as the Wikipedia article about himself), describing it as "digital Maoism".^[11] He writes "If we start to believe that the Internet itself is an entity that has something to say, we're devaluing those people [creating the content] and making ourselves into idiots."^[11]

His criticism aims at several targets which are at different levels of abstraction:

• any attempt to create one final authoritative bottleneck which channels the knowledge onto society is wrong, regardless whether it is a Wikipedia or any algorithmically created system producing meta information,
• sterile style of wiki writing is undesirable because:
  • it removes the touch with the real author of original information, it filters the subtlety of his opinions, essential information (for example, the graphical context of original sources) is lost,
  • it creates the false sense of authority behind the information,
• collective authorship tends to produce or align to mainstream or organizational beliefs,
• he worries that collectively created works may be manipulated behind the scene by anonymous groups of editors who bear no visible responsibility,
  • and that this kind of activity might create future totalitarian systems as these are basically grounded on misbehaved collectives which oppress individuals.

This critique is further explored in an interview with him on The Philosopher's Zone radio program where he is critical of the denatured effect which "removes the scent of people".^[12]

In December 2006 Lanier followed up his critique of the collective wisdom with an article in Edge titled "Beware the Online Collective".^[13] Lanier writes:

I wonder if some aspect of human nature evolved in the context of competing packs. We might be genetically wired to be vulnerable to the lure of the mob.

and that:

What's to stop an online mass of anonymous but connected people from suddenly turning into a mean mob, just like masses of people have time and time again in the history of every human culture? It's amazing that details in the design of online software can bring out such varied potentials in human behavior. It's time to think about that power on a moral basis.

Lanier argues that the search for deeper information in any area sooner or later requires that you find information that has been produced by a single person, or a few devoted individuals: "You have to have a chance to sense personality in order for language to have its full meaning."^[11] That is, he sees limitations in the utility of an encyclopedia produced by only partially interested third parties as a form of communication.

[edit] You Are Not a Gadget (2010)

In his book You Are Not a Gadget (2010), Lanier criticizes the hive mind of Web 2.0 (wisdom of the crowd) and describes the open source and open content expropriation of intellectual production as a form of "Digital Maoism".^[14] Lanier argues that Web 2.0 developments have retarded progress and innovation and glorified the collective at the expense of the individual. He criticizes Wikipedia and Linux as examples of this problem; Wikipedia for its "mob rule" by anonymous editors, the weakness of its non-scientific content, and its bullying of experts. Lanier also argues that there are limitations to certain aspects of the open source and content movement in that they lack the ability to create anything truly new and innovative. For example, Lanier makes the observation that the open source movement didn't create the iPhone. In another example, Lanier claims that Web 2.0 makes search engines lazy, destroys the potential of innovative websites like Thinkquest, and hampers the communication of ideas like mathematics to a wider audience. Lanier further argues that the open source approach has destroyed opportunities for the middle class to finance content creation, and results in the concentration of wealth in a few individuals—"the lords of the clouds"—people who, more by virtue of luck rather than true innovation, manage to insert themselves as content concentrators at strategic times and locations in the cloud.

Music[link]

As a musician, Lanier has been active in the world of new classical music since the late 1970s. He is a pianist and a specialist in many unusual musical instruments, especially the wind and string instruments of Asia. He maintains one of the largest and most varied collections of actively played rare instruments in the world. Lanier has performed with artists as diverse as Philip Glass, Ornette Coleman, George Clinton, Vernon Reid, Terry Riley, Duncan Sheik, Pauline Oliveros, and Stanley Jordan. Recording projects include his acoustic techno duet with Sean Lennon and an album of duets with flautist Robert Dick.

Lanier also writes chamber and orchestral music. Current commissions include an opera that will premiere in Busan, South Korea, and a symphony, Symphony for Amelia, to be premiered by the Bach Festival Society Orchestra and Choir in Winter Park, Florida, in October 2010.^[15] Recent commissions include “Earthquake!” a ballet that premiered at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco in April 2006; “Little Shimmers” for the TroMetrik ensemble, which premiered at ODC in San Francisco in April 2006; “Daredevil” for the ArrayMusic chamber ensemble, which premiered in Toronto in 2006; A concert-length sequence of works for orchestra and virtual worlds (including "Canons for Wroclaw," "Khaenoncerto," "The Egg," and others) celebrating the 1000th birthday of the city of Wroclaw, Poland, premiered in 2000; A triple concerto, "The Navigator Tree," commissioned by the National Endowment for the Arts and the American Composers Forum, premiered in 2000; and "Mirror/Storm," a symphony commissioned by the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra, which premiered in 1998. Continental Harmony was a PBS special that documented the development and premiere of “The Navigator Tree”^[16] won a CINE Golden Eagle Award.^[17]

In 1994, he released the classical music album Instruments of Change on POINT Music/Philips/PolyGram Records.^[18] The album has been described as a Western exploration of Asian musical traditions by Stephen Hill on "The Crane Flies West 2" (episode 357) of Hearts of Space.^[19] Lanier is currently working on a book Technology and the Future of the Human Soul,^[20] and a music album Proof of Consciousness, in collaboration with Mark Deutsch.^[21]

Lanier's work with Asian instruments can be heard extensively on the soundtrack of Three Seasons (1999), which was the first film ever to win both the Audience and Grand Jury awards at the Sundance Film Festival. He and Mario Grigorov are currently scoring a new film called The Third Wave, which premiered at Sundance in 2007. He is working with Terry Riley on a collaborative opera to be titled Bastard, the First.

Lanier has also pioneered the use of Virtual Reality in musical stage performance with his band Chromatophoria, which has toured around the world as a headline act in venues such as the Montreux Jazz Festival. He plays virtual instruments and uses real instruments to guide events in virtual worlds. In October 2010, Lanier collaborated with Rollins College and John V. Sinclair's Bach Festival Choir and Orchestra^[22] for his Worldwide Premiere of “Symphony for Amelia.”

Lanier contributed the afterword to Sound Unbound: Sampling Digital Music and Culture (The MIT Press, 2008) edited by Paul D. Miller a.k.a. DJ Spooky.

Memberships[link]

Lanier has served on numerous advisory boards, including the Board of Councilors of the University of Southern California, Medical Media Systems (a medical visualization spin-off company associated with Dartmouth College), Microdisplay Corporation, and NY3D (developers of auto stereo displays).^[23]

In mid-1997, he was a founding member of the National Tele-Immersion Initiative,^[24] an effort devoted to utilizing computer technology to give people who are separated by great distances the illusion that they are physically together. Lanier is a member of the Global Business Network,^[25] part of the Monitor Group.

In the media[link]

He has appeared in several documentaries, including the 1992 Danish television documentary Computerbilleder - udfordring til virkeligheden,^[26] the 1995 documentary Synthetic Pleasures,^[26] and the 2004 television documentary Rage Against the Machines.^[26] Lanier was credited as one of the miscellaneous crew for the 2002 film Minority Report.^[26] Lanier stated that his role was to help make up the gadgets and scenarios.^[20][27]

Awards[link]

• Carnegie Mellon University's Watson award in 2001
• Finalist for the first Edge of Computation Award in 2005.^[20]
• Honorary doctorate from New Jersey Institute of Technology in 2006
• IEEE Virtual Reality Career Award in 2009.
• Named one of TIME's 100 most influential people in 2010 (nominated by Microsoft VP Dan Reed).^[27]

Works[link]

Western classical music[link]

• Instruments of Change (1994),^[28] POINT Music/Philips/PolyGram Records

Video games[link]

• Moondust (C64, 1983)
• Alien Garden (Atari 800, 1982, with designer Bernie DeKoven^[29] )

Significant papers[link]

• "One Half of a Manifesto", Edge, 11.11.00
• "Digital Maoism: The Hazards of the New Online Collectivism", Edge, 5.30.06
• "Beware the Online Collective", Edge, 12.25.06

Books[link]

• Information Is an Alienated Experience, Basic Books, 2006. ISBN 0-465-03282-6
• You Are Not a Gadget: A Manifesto, New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84614-341-0

Speeches[link]

• 'Finding Humanity in the Interface: Capacity Atrophy or Augmentation?' A debate between Jaron Lanier and Will Wright from the Accelerating Change 2004 conference.
• Video of Jaron Lanier speaking at a Film Festival
• Video of Jaron Lanier's "McLuhan Ramp" Lecture
• Video of Jaron Lanier with Neal Stephenson, Neil Gershenfeld, Raymond Laflamme, and Tara Hunt, on The Agenda with Steve Paikin at the Quantum to Cosmos festival.
• Video of panel discussion with Jaron Lanier, Neal Stephenson and Lee Smolin, "Seeing Science Through Fiction" at the Quantum to Cosmos festival
• Podcast of Science in the Pub panel discussion with Jaron Lanier, Hod Lipson, Wilson da Silva and Eliezer Yudkowsky: "So We're All Gonna be Robots, Now?"
• Video of Jaron Lanier giving a talk titled: 'Staying Human in a Tech-Driven World' at Zócalo public square, on January 28, 2010
• Audio of Jaron Lanier speaking at the London School of Economics

Musical performances[link]

• The Sound of One Hand. July 28–30, 1992. SIGGRAPH '92 Electronic Theater. Live improvisational performance using several virtual musical instruments (including the "CyberSax") within a virtual reality environment. Instruments were played with a dataglove using a gestural interface.

Interviews[link]

• Interview with Jaron Lanier on Music
• Coding from Scratch (Dead link, Archive.org copy): A Conversation with Jaron Lanier, Part 1
• The Future of Virtual Reality (Dead link, Archive.org copy): A Conversation with Jaron Lanier, Part 2
• Brown, David Jay; Novick, Rebecca McClen (1995). Voices from the edge: Conversations with Jerry Garcia, Ram Dass, Annie Sprinkle, Matthew Fox, Jaron Lanier, & others. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. ISBN 0-89594-732-3. 
• Interview by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Counterpoint program; Lanier strongly criticises both Wikipedia and singularitarianism
• A Conversation with Jaron Lanier
• "You Are Not a Gadget" author Jaron Lanier on Media Matters with Bob McChesney, Sunday, March 28, 2010, hosted by Robert W. McChesney.

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Cave, Damien (2000-10-04). "Artificial stupidity". salon.com. http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2000/10/04/lanier/index.html. 
• Chesher, Chris (Fall 1994). Colonizing Virtual Reality. 1. Cultronix. http://cultronix.eserver.org/chesher/. 
• Garreau, Joel (2005). Radical Evolution: The promise and peril of enhancing our minds, our bodies -- and what it means to be human. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-50965-0.  [Lanier and his theories are prominently featured in the section Prevail]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jaron Lanier

• Jaron Lanier's Website
• Jaron Lanier's profile at MobyGames
• Jaron Lanier at the Internet Movie Database
• Video discussion with Lanier involving intelligence (and AI) with Eliezer Yudkowsky on Bloggingheads.tv.