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- 182 BC
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Achaean League
The Achaean League (Greek: ) was a Hellenistic era confederation of Greek city states on the northern and central Peloponnese, named after the region of Achaea.
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Acropolis of Athens
The Acropolis of Athens or Citadel of Athens is the best known acropolis (Gr. akros, akron, edge, extremity + polis, city, pl. acropoleis) in the world. Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as The Acropolis without qualification. The Acropolis was formally proclaimed as the pre-eminent monument on the European Cultural Heritage list of monuments on 26 March 2007. The Acropolis is a flat-topped rock that rises above sea level in the city of Athens, with a surface area of about 3 hectares. It was also known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man, Cecrops, the first Athenian king.
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Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea (, Egeo Pelagos ; ) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey respectively. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus. The Aegean Islands are within the sea and some bound it on its southern periphery, including Crete and Rhodes. The Aegean Region consists of nine provinces in southwestern Turkey, in part bordering on the Aegean sea.
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Alexandria
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Antioch
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Arcadia
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Areopagus
:This article concerns the place where a classical judicial body met. It is also the term for the judicial body which met there. For the 16th century literary movement, see Areopagus (poetry). For the regional government during the Greek War of Independence, see Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece. For the modern Greek Supreme Court, see Court of Cassation (Greece).
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Attalid dynasty
The Attalid dynasty was a Hellenistic dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great. The Attalid kingdom was the rump state left after the collapse of the Lysimachian Empire. One of Lysimachus' officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city in 282 BC. The later Attalids were descended from his father, and they expanded the city into a kingdom. Attalus I proclaimed himself King in the 230s BC, following his victories over the Galatians. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis.
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Battle of the Trebia
The Battle of the Trebia (or Trebbia) was the first major battle of the Second Punic War, fought between the Carthaginian forces of Hannibal and the Roman Republic in December of 218 BC, on or around the winter solstice. It was a resounding Roman defeat with heavy losses, and yet some 10,000 and more Romans, over 2.5 legions, were victorious on their part of battlefield and retreated with honor to Piacenza. In this battle Hannibal got the better of the Romans by exercising the careful and innovative planning for which he was famous. The impetuous and short-sighted opposing general, the consul Tiberius Sempronius Longus, allowed himself to be provoked into a frontal assault under physically difficult circumstances and failed to see that he was being led into a trap.
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Battle of Ticinus
The Battle of Ticinus was a battle of the Second Punic War fought between the Carthaginian forces of Hannibal and the Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio in November 218 BC. The battle took place in the flat country of Pavia county on the right bank of the Ticino River not far north from its confluence (from the north) with the Po River. The battle is named from the river, not the contemporaneous settlement of Ticinum (today's Pavia) nearby. Although the precise location is not known, it is generally accepted that a settlement known today as Vigevano is mentioned in the text of Livy and that Scipio's camp was at Gambolo to the south, whose coordinates are given on the map. The conflict would have been west of there. It was the first battle of the war against Romans on Italian soil and the first battle of the war to employ legion-sized forces. Its loss by the Romans and temporary disablement of Scipio's command set the stage for the Roman disaster at the Battle of Trebbia in December.
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Carthage
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Carthaginians
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Classical Athens
The city of Athens during the classical period of Ancient Greece (508-322 BC) was a notable polis (city-state) of Attica, Greece, leading the Delian League in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta and the Peloponnesian League. Athenian democracy was established in 508 BC under Cleisthenes following the tyranny of Hippias. This system remained remarkably stable, and with a few brief interruptions remained in place for 180 years, until 322 BC (aftermath of Lamian War) . The peak of Athenian hegemony was achieved in the 440s to 430s BC, known as the Age of Pericles.
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Crete
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Cyprus
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Dardanelles
The Dardanelles (, ), formerly known as the Hellespont
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Ephesus
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Florence
Florence ( , ; alternative obsolete spelling: Fiorenza, Latin: Florentia) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with 367,569 inhabitants (1,500,000 in the metropolitan area).
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Ionian Sea
The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. It is bounded by southern Italy including Calabria, Sicily and the Salento peninsula to the west, and by southwestern Albania, including Saranda and Himara, and a large number of Greek islands, including Corfu, Zante, Kephalonia, Ithaka, and Lefkas to the east. The islands are collectively referred to as the Ionian Islands, and other islands include the Strophades, Sphagia, Schiza, Sapientza and Kythira. The sea is one of the most seismic areas in the world.
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Italy
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Miletus
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Parthenon
The Parthenon (Ancient Greek: ) is a temple in the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their protector. Its construction began in 447 BCE and was completed in 438 BCE, although decorations of the Parthenon continued until 431 BCE. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying out a programme of selective restoration and reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure.
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Peloponnese
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Pergamon
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Rome
Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
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Sparta
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Temple of Hephaestus
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Temple of Zeus
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, was an ancient Greek temple in Olympia, Greece, dedicated to the chief of the gods, Zeus. It was the very model of the fully-developed classical Greek temple of the Doric order. The temple, built between 472 and 456 BC, stood in the most famous sanctuary of Greece, which had been dedicated to local and Pan-Hellenic deities and had probably been established towards the end of the Mycenaean period. The Altis, the enclosure with its sacred grove, open-air altars and the tumulus of Pelops, was first formed during the tenth and ninth centuries BCE, when the cult of Zeus was joined the already establish cult here of Hera.
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Thermopylae
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Troy
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Adrian Goldsworthy
Adrian Keith Goldsworthy (born 1969) is a British historian and author who writes mostly about ancient Roman history.
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Aeschylus
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Aesop
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Alcaeus of Mytilene
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Alcibiades
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Alexander the Great
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Anaxagoras
Anaxagoras (, "lord of the assembly"; c. 500 BC – 428 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Born in Clazomenae in Asia Minor, Anaxagoras was the first philosopher to bring philosophy from Ionia to Athens. He attempted to give a scientific account of eclipses, meteors, rainbows, and the sun, which he described as a fiery mass larger than the Peloponnese. He was accused of contravening the established religion and was forced to flee to Lampsacus.
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Anaximander
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Antisthenes
Antisthenes (; c. 445-c. 365 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and a pupil of Socrates. Antisthenes first learned rhetoric under Gorgias before becoming an ardent disciple of Socrates. He adopted and developed the ethical side of Socrates' teachings, advocating an ascetic life lived in accordance with virtue. Later writers regarded him as the founder of Cynic philosophy.
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Archilochus
:For the hummingbird genus, see ''Archilochus.
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Archimedes
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Aristophanes
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Aristotle
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Arnaldo Momigliano
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Arrian
:For others with this name, see Arrianus (disambiguation).
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Aspasia
Aspasia (ca. 470 BC–ca. 400 BC, Greek: ) was a Milesian woman who was famous for her involvement with the Athenian statesman Pericles. Very little is known about the details of her life. She spent most of her adult life in Athens, and she may have influenced Pericles and Athenian politics. She is mentioned in the writings of Plato, Aristophanes, Xenophon, and other authors of the day.
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Bacchylides
Bacchylides () (5th century BC) was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. Later Greeks included him in the canonical list of nine lyric poets which included his uncle Simonides. The elegance and polished style of his lyrics have been a commonplace of Bacchylidean scholarship since at least Longinus (De Sublimitate 33,5). Some scholars however have associated these qualities with superficial charm. He has often been compared unfavourably with his contemporary, Pindar, as "a kind of Boccherini to Pindar's Haydn", yet the differences in their styles doesn't allow for easy comparison and "to blame Bacchylides for not being Pindar is as childish a judgement as to condemn...Marvel for missing the grandeur of Milton." His career coincided with the ascendency of dramatic styles of poetry, as embodied in the works of Aeschylus or Sophocles, and he is in fact one of the last poets of major significance within the more ancient tradition of purely lyric poetry. The most notable features of his lyrics are their clarity in expression and simplicity of thought, making them an ideal introduction to the study of Greek lyric poetry in general and to Pindar's verse in particular.
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Cato the Elder
Marcus Porcius Cato (234 BC, Tusculum – 149 BC) was a Roman statesman, commonly surnamed Censorius (the Censor), Sapiens (the Wise), Priscus (the Ancient), or Major (the Elder), or Cato the Censor, to distinguish him from his great-grandson, Cato the Younger.
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Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero (; Classical Latin: ; January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC; sometimes anglicized as "Tully"), was a Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and Roman constitutionalist. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the equestrian order, and is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.
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Democritus
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Demosthenes
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Diodorus
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Diogenes of Sinope
Diogenes of Sinope ( Diogenes ho Sinopeus), was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy. Also known as Diogenes the Cynic, he was born in Sinope (modern-day Sinop, Turkey) in 412 or 404 BCE
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Edward Tufte
Edward Rolf Tufte () (born 1942) is an American statistician and professor emeritus of political science, statistics, and computer science at Yale University. He is noted for his writings on information design.
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Empedocles
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Epaminondas
Epaminondas (Greek: ) (ca. 410 BC – 362 BC) or Epameinondas was a Theban general and statesman of the 4th century BC who transformed the Ancient Greek city-state of Thebes, leading it out of Spartan subjugation into a preeminent position in Greek politics. In the process he broke Spartan military power with his victory at Leuctra and liberated the Messenian helots, a group of Peloponnesian Greeks who had been enslaved under Spartan rule for some 230 years, having been defeated in the Messenian War ending in 600 BC. Epaminondas reshaped the political map of Greece, fragmented old alliances, created new ones, and supervised the construction of entire cities. He was militarily influential as well, inventing and implementing several major battlefield tactics.
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Epicurus
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Eratosthenes
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Euclid
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Euripides
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Gorgias
Gorgias (, ca. 485-c.380 BCE) "the Nihilist", Greek sophist, pre-socratic philosopher and rhetorician, was a native of Leontini in Sicily. Along with Protagoras, he forms the first generation of Sophists. Several doxographers report that he was a pupil of Empedocles, although he would only have been a few years younger. "Like other Sophists he was an itinerant, practicing in various cities and giving public exhibitions of his skill at the great pan-Hellenic centers of Olympia and Delphi, and charged fees for his instruction and performances. A special feature of his displays was to invite miscellaneous questions from the audience and give impromptu replies."
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Greeks
Ethnic group
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Hannibal
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Heraclitus
Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: — ; c. 535–c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure," and the "Weeping Philosopher."
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Herodotus
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Hesiod
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Hipparchus
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Hippocrates
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Hipponax
Hipponax of Ephesus was an Ancient Greek iambic poet.
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Homer
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Hypatia
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Ibycus
Ibycus (Ancient Greek: ) (6th century BC), was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. He was included in the canonical list of nine lyric poets by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria. The extant fragments of his work contain the earliest-known example of the triadic choral lyric and epinician poetry.
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Isaac Casaubon
Isaac Casaubon (18 February 1559 – 1 July 1614) was a classical scholar and philologist, first in France and then later in England, regarded by many of his time as the most learned in Europe.
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Jose Ortega y Gasset
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Leonidas I
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Leucippus
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Livy
Titus Livius (59 BC – AD 17), known as Livy in English, was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, Ab Urbe Condita Libri, "Chapters from the Foundation of the City," covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome well before the traditional foundation in 753 BC through the reign of Augustus in Livy's own time. He was on familiar terms with the Julio-Claudian family, advising Augustus' grandnephew, the future emperor Claudius, as a young man not long before 14 AD in a letter to take up the writing of history. Livy and Augustus' wife, Livia, were from the same clan in different locations, although not related by blood.
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Lycortas
Lycortas of Megalopolis was a politician of the Achaean League active in the first half of the 2nd century BC. He is now primarily known as the father of the historian Polybius. A political ally of Philopoemen, he shared the latter's view that the Romans should be dealt with according to the strict letter of their treaty with the League, and that no more assistance should be given to them than was absolutely necessary. In this way they hoped to delay the inevitable increase of Rome's power over Greece. Lycortas' son Polybius shared his father's views, and for this reason was one of the thousand Greeks deported to Italy in the aftermath of the Roman victory at Pydna in 168 BC. Lycortas' own fate is unknown, owing to the fragmentary nature of our sources at this point.
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Lycurgus of Sparta
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Lysander
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Milo of Croton
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Montesquieu
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Niccolò Machiavelli
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Paolo Sarpi
Paolo Sarpi (August 14, 1552 – January 15, 1623) was a Venetian patriot, scholar, scientist and church reformer. His most important roles were as a canon lawyer and historian active on behalf of the Venetian Republic.
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Parmenides
Parmenides of Elea (Greek: ; fl. early 5th century BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Italy. He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. The single known work of Parmenides is a poem which has survived only in fragmentary form. In this poem, Parmenides describes two views of reality. In The Way of Truth (a part of the poem), he explains how reality is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, and unchanging. In The Way of Opinion, he explains the world of appearances, which is false and deceitful. These thoughts strongly influenced Plato, and through him, the whole of Western philosophy.
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Pausanias (general)
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Pericles
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Perseus of Macedonia
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Philip II of Macedon
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Philopoemen
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Pindar
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Plato
:For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
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Plutarch
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Polybius
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Protagoras
Protagoras (Greek: ) (ca. 490– 420 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. In his dialogue Protagoras, Plato credits him with having invented the role of the professional sophist or teacher of virtue. He is also believed to have created a major controversy during ancient times through his statement that man is the measure of all things. This idea was very revolutionary for the time and contrasting to other philosophical doctrines that claimed the universe was based on something objective, outside the human influence.
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Ptolemy
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Pyrrhus of Epirus
Pyrrhus or Pyrrhos (, Pyrros; 319-272 BC) was a Greek general of the Hellenistic era. He was king of the Greek tribe of Molossians, of the royal Aeacid house (from ca. 297 BC), and later he became King of Epirus (306-302, 297-272 BC) and Macedon (288-284, 273-272 BC). He was one of the strongest opponents of early Rome. Some of his battles, though successful, cost him heavy losses, from which the term "Pyrrhic victory" was coined. He is the subject of one of Plutarch's Parallel Lives.
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Pythagoras
Pythagoras of Samos (, O Pythagoras o Samios, "Pythagoras the Samian", or simply ; c. 570-c. 495 BC) was an Ionian Greek philosopher and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. Most of our information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived, thus very little reliable information is known about him. He was born on the island of Samos, and may have travelled widely in his youth, visiting Egypt and other places seeking knowledge. Around 530 BC, he moved to Croton, a Greek colony in southern Italy, and there set up a religious sect. His followers pursued the religious rites and practices developed by Pythagoras, and studied his philosophical theories. The society took an active role in the politics of Croton, but this eventually led to their downfall. The Pythagorean meeting-places were burned, and Pythagoras was forced to flee the city. He is said to have ended his days in Metapontum.
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Robert Pashley
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Sappho
Sappho ( in English; Attic Greek ' , Aeolic Greek ' ) was an Ancient Greek poet, born on the island of Lesbos. Later Greeks included her in the list of nine lyric poets. Her birth was sometime between 630 and 612 BC, and it is said that she died around 570 BC, but little is known for certain about her life. The bulk of her poetry, which was well-known and greatly admired throughout antiquity, has been lost, but her immense reputation has endured through surviving fragments.
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Scipio Aemilianus
Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Numantinus (185 - 129 BC), also known as Scipio Aemilianus or Scipio Africanus the Younger, was a leading general and politician of the ancient Roman Republic. As consul he commanded at the final siege and destruction of Carthage in 146 BC, and was a leader of the senators opposed to the Gracchi in 133 BC.
http://wn.com/Scipio_Aemilianus -
Simonides of Ceos
http://wn.com/Simonides_of_Ceos -
Socrates
http://wn.com/Socrates -
Solon
Solon (ancient Greek: , c. 638 BC–558 BC) was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in archaic Athens. His reforms failed in the short term yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy.
http://wn.com/Solon -
Sophocles
http://wn.com/Sophocles -
Stesichorus
Stesichorus (Ancient Greek: , circa 640 - 555 BC) was the first great poet of the Greek West. He is best known for telling epic stories in lyric metres but he is also famous for some ancient traditions about his life, such as his opposition to the tyrant Phalaris, and the blindness he is said to have incurred and cured by composing verses first insulting and then flattering to Helen of Troy. He was ranked among the nine lyric poets esteemed by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria and yet his work attracted relatively little interest among ancient commentators, which in turn left a disproportionate number of gaps in the modern record as one scholar observed in 1967: "Time has dealt more harshly with Stesichorus than with any other major lyric poet." Recent discoveries, recorded on Egyptian papyrus (notably and controversially, the Lille papyrus, in 1974), have enhanced modern understanding of his work, confirming his role as a link between Homer's epic narrative and the lyric narrative of poets like Pindar.
http://wn.com/Stesichorus -
Strabo
http://wn.com/Strabo -
Thales of Miletus
http://wn.com/Thales_of_Miletus -
Themistocles
Themistocles (Greek: ; "Glory of the Law"); c. 524–459 BC, was an Athenian politician and general. He was one of a new breed of politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the Athenian democracy, along with his great rival Aristides. As a politician, Themistocles was a populist, having the support of lower class Athenians, and generally being at odds with the Athenian nobility. Elected archon in 493 BC, he took steps to increase the naval power of Athens, which would be a recurring theme in his political career. During the first Persian invasion of Greece, he fought at the Battle of Marathon, and was possibly one of the 10 Athenian strategoi (generals) in that battle.
http://wn.com/Themistocles -
Theopompus
Theopompus () was a Greek historian and rhetorician, born on Chios about 380 BC.
http://wn.com/Theopompus -
Thucydides
http://wn.com/Thucydides -
Timocreon
Timocreon, of Ialysus in Rhodes, was a Greek lyric poet who flourished about 480 BC.
http://wn.com/Timocreon -
William Camden
http://wn.com/William_Camden -
Xenophon
http://wn.com/Xenophon -
Zeno of Citium
http://wn.com/Zeno_of_Citium
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Polybius
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:47
- Published: 01 Apr 2009
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
Polybius is an urban legend among arcade games. Allegedly released in several Oregon Suburbs in 1981 it caused traumatic side-effects for people who played it. Polybius and the company that might have made it, Sinnesloschen, are steeped in mystery. The legend is always surrounded by mind control, men in black, and a vague fear and loathing with a side of paranoia. This is a remake based around the various stories about Polybius and while this mythical game might never have existed its still great fun and in the end isn't that what mind control video games are all about? For the version seen here, go to this link: www.sinnesloschen.com Bunch of other links: www.sinnesloschen.com en.wikipedia.org www.freewebs.com polybius.ytmnd.com Yes.
http://wn.com/Polybius
The Polybius Theory
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:14
- Published: 08 Dec 2011
- Updated: 22 Jun 2012
The Gamer from Mars will uncover the truth about the Polybius Arcade Cabinet Rumor.
http://wn.com/The_Polybius_Theory
Polybius Gameplay
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Published: 04 Jun 2011
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
Download at batchgames.webs.com
http://wn.com/Polybius_Gameplay
Polybius Gameplay
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:49
- Published: 04 Aug 2009
- Updated: 20 Jun 2012
Ow, my brain :(
http://wn.com/Polybius_Gameplay
Polybius found
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Published: 06 Jul 2007
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
I was recently informed of a real Polybius cab through a post on www.caltrops.com. It was in eastern Colorado, near the Kansas border. I investigated with a friend and we shot this video.
http://wn.com/Polybius_found
POLYBIUS - Urban legend game- Read Description
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:35
- Published: 13 Dec 2007
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ ส็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็็ Me Playing this old arcade game, Polybius. It's like an urban legend. This game had a very limited release, one or two backwater arcades in a suburb of Portland. The history of this game is cloudy, there were all kinds of strange stories about how kids who played it got amnesia afterwards, couldn't remember their name or where they lived, etc. You see full articles here: ---------------ATTENTION:----------------- THIS IS JUST A REMAKE OF WHAT THE GAME SHOULD LOOK LIKE, NOT THE REAL AND ORIGINAL GAME WHICH IS LOST SOMEWHERE ------------------------------------------ IN ITALIANO: www.oldgamesitalia <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/POLYBIUS_Urban_legend_game_Read_Description
(Fake) Polybius movie trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:07
- Published: 19 Feb 2012
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
EPILEPSY WARNING: Lots of flashing in this video -- Based on the arcade game/urban myth. -- I've made several trailers based on existing video games. What about one no can prove ever exited at all? -- The music and sound effects are taken from the fan made recreation of Polybius. -- Polybius may be the world's first creepypasta story: a legend of an arcade machine that caused nightmares, hallucinations, brainwashing and suicides because of its hypnotic colors, whirling shapes and subliminal messages. This was in an era rife with fear of secret government experiments on civilians as well as the enduring speculations about Area 51 and Polybius was assumed to be another inscrutable black ops device that was monitoring, or influencing, anyone who played it. Supposedly during the boss battle words like 'Obey Authority' and 'No Ideas' who flash on screen for a second before fading. Men in dark suits were said to have come by the machines to collect information from them only, leaving the quarters behind. Some people still look for the stark black arcade machines although no real one has ever been found. But it makes a great story at least! Imagine a suspense/horror film about some kind of sub rosa government agency using a video game to test how susceptible children could become, ordering them through the flickering images to do unthinkable deeds to satisfy the dark experiment.
http://wn.com/Fake_Polybius_movie_trailer
Extranormal Polybius El videojuego maldito
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:13
- Published: 22 Dec 2009
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
Extranormal Polybius El videojuego maldito . . Follow me: twitter.com
http://wn.com/Extranormal_Polybius_El_videojuego_maldito
Let's Play - Polybius, The Urban Legend (Do not watch if prone to seizures)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:42
- Published: 27 Jul 2011
- Updated: 12 Jun 2012
I play Polybius, the game that supposedly causes people to go insane and was created by the military. The edges in the video are not a render glitch, that is actually the game. For more information on Polybius, read the wiki: tinyurl.com Download to the game: www.sinnesloschen.com
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Polybius,_The_Urban_Legend_Do_not_watch_if_prone_to_seizures
Haunted Gaming - Polybius
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:51
- Published: 14 Apr 2012
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
Welcome back to another episode of Haunted Gaming where i'll be covering Polybius. Thanks for Watching. Like. Comment and Subscribe! Helps out a lot. Links: Creepypasta link: creepypasta.wikia.com "Sense Deletion" Website with game download: www.sinnesloschen.com "All Your Base" Song: www.youtube.com Intro Music: Halo 3 Theme
http://wn.com/Haunted_Gaming_Polybius
POLYBIUS GAMEPLAY
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:31
- Published: 10 Aug 2008
- Updated: 18 May 2012
This a polybius gameplay that I recorded. If you pay attention, you'll see a poltergeist coming to the screen. THIS IS NOT A SCREAMER, I'M NOT AN IDIOT- Sorry for the quality, I have a bad camera x_x
http://wn.com/POLYBIUS_GAMEPLAY
Polybius, legendary arcade game found
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:47
- Published: 06 Aug 2011
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
More like this in my channel This is the legendary arcade video game first appeared in 1981 and was made by the German company Sinneslöschen (German for "Sense Deletion") and was a puzzle/shoot-'em-up somewhat like Tempest. It was only released in a few suburbs of Portland, Oregon. It was supposedly very popular, with people forming long lines to play it. However, players reported strange things about the game, such as hearing a woman crying and seeing grotesque faces out of the corner of their eyes. Players would also have nightmares or even develop amnesia. Some even committed suicide. Others stopped playing video games altogether and at least one became an anti-video game activist. According to one owner of an arcade, men wearing black suits would often come to collect "records" from the game. They did not take any money, simply data on gameplay. Because of this, the leading theory is that it was some sort of government experiment using subliminal messages. The game remains in obscurity as around one month after its release, all of the cabinets suddenly disappeared. One cabinet reappeared in an arcade 1998, but quickly disappeared again. While some have tried to recreate the game, no one has ever found the original ROM... until now.
http://wn.com/Polybius,_legendary_arcade_game_found
EP2 Polybius
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:04
- Published: 21 Apr 2012
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
Un misterioso gioco arcade del 1981, come può essere entrato nella mente e nella vita di molti giocatori dell'Oregon? GRUPPO FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com Si ringrazia per la pubblicità "Le Assurdità dei Videogiochi" www.facebook.com www.youtube.com E "I Love Videogames" www.facebook.com www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/EP2_Polybius
Polybius: All options Unlocked!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Published: 20 Nov 2008
- Updated: 06 Jun 2012
*With all the features activated *Con todas las opciones activadas POLYBIUS UNLOCKED: www.mediafire.com
http://wn.com/Polybius_All_options_Unlocked!
Relaxation Music - Arcticology - Polybius
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:00
- Published: 18 Aug 2011
- Updated: 03 Apr 2012
Arcticology - Polybius Album "Music for Daydreamers". You can download all six albums for free. I highly recommend to check them out and donate few dollars. Totally worth it. www.arcticology.com
http://wn.com/Relaxation_Music_Arcticology_Polybius
Arkayen plays...Polybius
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:15
- Published: 18 Dec 2011
- Updated: 21 May 2012
The legendary Polybius. WARNING: THIS GAME HAS STROBE LIGHTS AND SEIZURE INDUCING EFFECTS. DO NOT WATCH IF YOU HAVE EPILEPTIC PROBLEMS
http://wn.com/Arkayen_playsPolybius
Dross juega Polybius
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:28
- Published: 04 Sep 2009
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
Las historias de pesadillas, de epilepsia y de agentes secretos en las salas recreativas. Dross se envalentona y juega el juego tras la leyenda. Haz click en apps.facebook.com y selecciona la opción que te permita ver una pequeña actualización en tu muro cada vez que yo suba un video!
http://wn.com/Dross_juega_Polybius
yo jugando polybius
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:13
- Published: 28 Oct 2009
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
yo jugando polybius
http://wn.com/yo_jugando_polybius
![l[LpH]l|polybius| vz kpx joselito](http://web.archive.org./web/20120724135621im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/YUYD9PDAI_g/0.jpg "l[LpH]l|polybius| vz kpx joselito")
l[LpH]l|polybius| vz kpx joselito
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:55
- Published: 27 Apr 2012
- Updated: 08 Jun 2012
Comenten, puntúen y suscribansen :D
http://wn.com/l_LpH_l|polybius|_vz_kpx_joselito
Have You Heard Of Polybius?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:30
- Published: 15 Apr 2009
- Updated: 24 May 2012
The subject of perhaps one of the coolest urban legends in history is the arcade game known as Polybius. If you are familiar with the legend, pat yourself on the back. If you are not, head over to en.wikipedia.org and smarten up. For a game that supposedly never existed, there is a surprising amount of information available about the gameplay. Based on these descriptions, some wonderful folks put together this Windows version of what they think the game would have been like. It can best be described as Tempest with math problems and a little bit of that brown acid they talked about at Woodstock. The end result is one of the most bizarre games I have ever seen. In addition to the creepy sound effects and hypnotic visuals, it also features some ultra-surreal effects like mysterious voices whispering in your ear, numerous subliminal messages that flash across the screen and a 'ghost face' that floats 'out of the monitor'. It is truly every bit as cool as it sounds and no, I am not making any of this up. Download it here: www.sinnesloschen.com but remember, you were warned. For even more information on the legend of Polybius, check out www.joltcountry.com
http://wn.com/Have_You_Heard_Of_Polybius?
Polybius 2.0 - Raquel Meyers & Goto80
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Published: 25 Mar 2010
- Updated: 20 Mar 2012
+++ EPILEPSY WARNING for the visual content +++ +++ EPILEPSY WARNING for the visual content +++ +++ EPILEPSY WARNING for the visual content +++ Raquel Meyers & Goto80 - Polybius 2.0
http://wn.com/Polybius_20_Raquel_Meyers_Goto80
Brian McGing introduces Polybius: The Histories
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Published: 29 Mar 2012
- Updated: 29 Mar 2012
In this short film, Brian McGing of Trinity College, Dublin, introduces the work of the ancient Greek historian, Polybius. His edition of Polybius's Histories, translated by Robin Waterfield, is available as an Oxford World's Classic. ukcatalogue.oup.com
http://wn.com/Brian_McGing_introduces_Polybius_The_Histories
Lucky Wander Boy (& Polybius Video Game Urban Myth)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Published: 18 Feb 2010
- Updated: 12 Feb 2012
Shawn reviews "Lucky Wander Boy," a novel by DB Weiss about a man's obsession with a rare arcade game which had mystic qualities. Shawn also discusses the "Polybius" arcade myth about a real-life arcade game which was said to put it's player in a trance- the game mysteriously appeared from arcades shortly after it's release.
http://wn.com/Lucky_Wander_Boy_Polybius_Video_Game_Urban_Myth
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For other uses, see Polybius (disambiguation).
Polybius[pronunciation?] (ca. 200–118 BC), Greek Πολύβιος) was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic Period noted for his work, The Histories, which covered the period of 220–146 BC in detail. The work describes in part the rise of the Roman Republic and its gradual domination over Greece. Polybius is also renowned for his ideas concerning the separation of powers in government, later used in Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws and in the drafting of the United States Constitution.
Polybius was born in Arcadia around 200 BC. He was the son of Lycortas, a Greek politician who became Cavalry Commander of the Achaean League. His father's opposition to Roman control of Macedonia resulted in his imprisonment. Polybius was then deported to Rome, where Lucius Aemilius Paulus employed him to tutor his two sons.
Polybius had the opportunity to return to Macedonia in 152 BC; he elected to stay, however, in Rome, as by that time he had placed his allegiance in the Roman Republic. He became a close friend of the Roman military commander Scipio Aemilianus, accompanying the general to Hispania and Africa. Polybius's The Histories provides a detailed account of Rome's ascent to empire and included his eyewitness accounts of the Roman victory over Hannibal and the Sack of Carthage in 146 BC. Polybius held that historians should only chronicle events whose participants the historian was able to interview, and was among the first to champion the notion of having factual integrity in historical writing, while avoiding bias.
Contents |
Origins[link]
Polybius was born around 200 BC in Megalopolis, Arcadia, at which time was an active member of the Achaean League. His father, Lycortas, was a prominent, land-owning politician and member of the governing class. Consequently, Polybius was able to observe first hand the political and military affairs of Megalopolis. He developed an interest in horse riding and hunting, diversions that later commended him to his Roman captors. In 182 BC, he was given quite an honor when he was chosen to carry the funeral urn of Philopoemen, one of the most eminent Achaean politicians of his generation. In either 169 BC or 170 BC, Polybius was elected hipparchus, or cavalry leader, election to which often presaged election to the annual strategia or post of chief general. His early political career was devoted largely towards maintaining the independence of Megalopolis.
Personal experiences[link]
Polybius’ father, Lycortas, was a prominent advocate of neutrality during the Roman war against Perseus of Macedonia. Lycortas attracted the suspicion of the Romans, and Polybius subsequently was one of the 1,000 Achaean nobles who were transported to Rome as hostages in 167 BC, and was detained there for 17 years. In Rome, by virtue of his high culture, Polybius was admitted to the most distinguished houses, in particular to that of Aemilius Paulus, the conqueror in the Third Macedonian War, who entrusted Polybius with the education of his sons, Fabius and Scipio Aemilianus (who had been adopted by the eldest son of Scipio Africanus). As the former tutor of Scipio Aemilianus, Polybius remained on cordial terms with his former pupil and remained a counselor to vanquisher of the Carthaginians in the Third Punic War. The younger Scipio eventually destroyed Carthage in 146 BC. When the Achaean hostages were released in 150 BC, Polybius was granted leave to return home, but the next year he went on campaign with Scipio Aemilianus to Africa, and was present at the capture of Carthage, which he later described. Following the destruction of Carthage, Polybius likely journeyed along the Atlantic coast of Africa, as well as Spain.
Following the destruction of Corinth in the same year, Polybius returned to Greece, making use of his Roman connections to lighten the conditions there. Polybius was charged with the difficult task of organizing the new form of government in the Greek cities, and in this office he gained great recognition.
Rome[link]
In the succeeding years, Polybius resided in Rome, completing his historical work while occasionally undertaking long journeys through the Mediterranean countries in the furtherance of his history, in particular with the aim of obtaining firsthand knowledge of historical sites. He apparently interviewed veterans to clarify details of the events he was recording and was similarly given access to archival material. Little is known of Polybius' later life; he most likely accompanied Scipio to Spain, acting as his military advisor during the Numantine War. He later wrote about this war in a lost monograph. Polybius probably returned to Greece later in his life, as evidenced by the many existent inscriptions and statues of him in Greece. The last event mentioned in his Histories seems to be the construction of the Via Domitia in southern France in 118 BC, which suggests the writings of Pseudo-Lucian may have some grounding in fact when he states, "[Polybius] fell from his horse while riding up from the country, fell ill as a result and died at the age of eighty-two".
[edit] The Histories
The substance of Polybius’ work is based on historical information and conveys his role as a historian. His The Histories starts in 264 BC and finishes off in 146 BC. He mainly discusses the years in which Ancient Rome rose to superpower status from 220 BC to 167 BC, describing Rome's efforts in subduing its arch enemy, Carthage, and thereby becoming the dominant Mediterranean force. Books I through V of The Histories are the introduction for the years during his lifetime, describing the politics in each powerful nation, including ancient Greece and Egypt. In Book VI, Polybius describes the way of the Romans; he discusses the powers of the different parts of the republic, as well as the rights of the plebeian. He describes the First and Second Punic Wars. Polybius concludes the Romans are the pre-eminent power because they are a diverse society in which much of the public have a voice and contribute. Therefore, the society's thinking becomes more varied, sparking more individuality and creativity, and ultimately contributing to the greater good of Rome. Also chronicled are the conflicts between Hannibal and Cornelius Publius Scipio Africanus such as the Battle of Ticinus, the Battle of the Trebia, the Siege of Saguntum, the Battle of Lilybaeum,and the Battle of Rhone Crossing. In Book XII, Polybius discusses the worth of Timaeus’ account of the same period of history. He asserts Timaeus' point of view is inaccurate, invalid, and biased in favor of Rome. Therefore, Polybius's The Histories is also useful in analyzing the different Hellenistic versions of history and of use as a credible illustration of actual events during the Hellenistic period.
Sources[link]
In the seventh volume of his book The Histories, Polybius defines the historian's job as the analysis of documentation, the review of relevant geographical information, and political experience. In Polybius' time, the profession of a historian required political experience (which aided in differentiating between fact and fiction) and familiarity with the geography surrounding one's subject matter to supply an accurate version of events. Polybius himself exemplified these principles as he was traveled and possessed political and military experience. He did not neglect written sources that proved essential material for his histories from the period from 264 BC to 220 BC. When addressing events after 220 BC, he conferred with Greek and Roman historians to acquire credible sources of information, but rarely did he name those sources.
As historian[link]
Polybius wrote several works, the majority of which are lost. His earliest work was a biography of the Greek statesman Philopoemen; this work was later used as a source by Plutarch when composing his Parallel Lives, however the original Polybian text is lost. In addition, Polybius wrote an extensive treatise entitled Tactics, which may have detailed Roman and Greek military tactics. Small parts of this work may survive in his major Histories, but the work itself is lost, as well. Another missing work was a historical monograph on the events of the Numantine War. The largest Polybian work was, of course, his Histories, of which only the first five books survive entirely intact, along with a large portion of the sixth book and fragments of the rest. Along with Cato the Elder (234-149 BC), he can be considered one of the founding fathers of Roman historiography.
Livy made reference to and uses Polybius' The Histories as source material in his own narrative. Polybius was among the first historians to attempt to present history as a sequence of causes and effects, based upon a careful examination and criticism of tradition. He narrated his history based upon first-hand knowledge. The Histories capture the varied elements of the story of human behavior: nationalism, xenophobia, duplicitous politics, war, brutality, loyalty, valour, intelligence, reason, and resourcefulness.
Aside from the narrative of the historical events Polybius chose to examine, he also included three books of digressions. Book 34 was entirely devoted to questions of geography and included some trenchant criticisms of Eratosthenes, whom he accused of passing on popular preconceptions or laodogmatika. Book 12 was a disquisition on the writing of history, citing extensive passages of lost historians, such as Callisthenes and Theopompus. Most influential was Book 6, which describes the military and political organization of Rome; it presented Rome as a state in which monarchical, aristocratic, and popular elements were in a stable equilibrium. This enabled Rome to escape the cycle of eternal revolutions (anacyclosis). While Polybius was not the first to promote this ideal; it was his account that provided the most vivid, cogent illustration of this ideal for later political theorists.
A key theme of The Histories is the good statesman is virtuous and composed. The character of the Polybian statesman exemplified in that of Philip II. His beliefs as to the character of a good statesman led Polybius to reject historian Theopompus' description of Philip's private, drunken debauchery. For Polybius, it was inconceivable that such an able and effective statesman could have had an immoral and unrestrained private life as described by Theopompus.[1]
Other important themes running through The Histories are the role of Fortune in the affairs of nations, his insistence that history should be demonstratory, or apodeiktike, providing lessons for statesmen, and that historians should be "men of action" (pragmatikoi).
Polybius is considered by some to be the successor of Thucydides in terms of objectivity and critical reasoning, and the forefather of scholarly, painstaking historical research in the modern scientific sense. According to this view, his work sets forth the course of history's occurrences with clearness, penetration, sound judgment, and among the circumstances affecting the outcomes, lays especial emphasis on the geographical conditions. Modern historians are especially impressed with the manner in which Polybius used his sources, and in particular documents, his citation and quotation of his sources. Furthermore, there is some admiration of Polybius's meditation on the nature of historiography in Book 12. His work belongs, therefore, amongst the greatest productions of ancient historical writing. The writer of the Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (1937) praises him for his "earnest devotion to truth" and for his systematic pursuit of causation.
It has long been acknowledged that Polybius's writings are prone to a certain hagiographic tone when writing of his friends, such as Scipio, and subject to a vindictive tone when detailing the exploits of his enemies, such as Callicrates, the Achaean statesman responsible for his Roman exile.[2]
He — first as a hostage in Rome, then as client to the Scipios, and finally as a collaborator with Roman rule after 146 BC — was in a position to freely to express his opinions if they were negative towards Rome. Peter Green suggests it would be well to remember Polybius was chronicling Rome's history for a Greek audience with the aim of convincing them of the necessity of accepting Roman rule – which he believed was inevitable. Nonetheless, for Green, Polybius's Histories remain invaluable and the best source for the era it covers. Ron Mellor also sees Polybius as partisan who, out of loyalty to Scipio, vilified Scipio's opponents.[3] The British author Adrian Goldsworthy also constantly mentions Polybius' connections with Scipio when calling upon Polybius as a source for the latter's time as a general.
Polybius has been noted to be hostile to some of his subject material. H Ormerod considers that Polybius cannot be regarded as an 'altogether unprejudiced witness' in relation to his betes noirs, the Aetolians, the Carthaginians, and the Cretans.[4] Other historians agree Polybius' treatment of Crete is biased in a negative sense.[5] On the other hand, Hansen notes that Polybius' exposition of Crete supplied an extremely detailed account of ancient Crete. In fact, observations made by Polybius, in conjunction with passages from Strabo and Scylax,[6] allowed the discovery of the location of the lost city of Kydonia on Crete.[7]
Cryptography[link]
Polybius was responsible for a useful tool in telegraphy that allowed letters to be easily signaled using a numerical system (mentioned in Hist. X.45.6 ff.). This idea also lends itself to cryptographic manipulation and steganography.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | B | C | D | E |
| 2 | F | G | H | I/J | K |
| 3 | L | M | N | O | P |
| 4 | Q | R | S | T | U |
| 5 | V | W | X | Y | Z |
This was known as the "Polybius square", where the letters of the alphabet were arranged left to right, top to bottom in a 5 x 5 square, (when used with the modern 26 letter alphabet, the letters "I" and "J" are combined). Five numbers were then aligned on the outside top of the square, and five numbers on the left side of the square vertically. Usually these numbers were arranged 1 through 5. By cross-referencing the two numbers along the grid of the square, a letter could be deduced.
In the The Histories, he specifies how this cypher could be used in fire signals, where long-range messages could be sent by means of torches raised and lowered to signify the column and row of each letter. This was a great leap forward from previous fire signaling, which could send prearranged codes only (such as, 'if we light the fire, it means that the enemy has arrived').
Other writings of scientific interest include detailed discussions of the machines Archimedes created for the defense of Syracuse against the Romans, where he praises the 'old man' and his engineering in the highest terms, and an analysis of the usefulness of astronomy to generals (both in the Histories).
Influence[link]
Polybius was considered a poor stylist, even described by one author as impossible to finish. Nevertheless, clearly he was widely read by Romans and Greeks alike. He is quoted extensively by Strabo writing in the first century BC and Athenaeus in the third century AD. His emphasis on explaining causes of events rather than just recounting events, influenced the historian Sempronius Asellio. Polybius is mentioned by Cicero and mined for information by Diodorus, Livy, Plutarch and Arrian. Much of the text that survives today from the later books of The Histories was preserved in Byzantine anthologies.
His works reappeared in the West first in Renaissance Florence. Polybius gained a following in Italy, and although poor Latin translations hampered proper scholarship on his works, they contributed to the city's historical and political discourse. Niccolò Machiavelli in his Discourses on Livy evinces familiarity with Polybius. Vernacular translations in French, German, Italian and English first appeared during the 16th century.[8] Consequently in the late 16th century, Polybius's works found a greater reading audience among the learned public. Study of the correspondence of such men as Isaac Casaubon, Jacques Auguste de Thou, William Camden, and Paolo Sarpi reveals a growing interest in Polybius' works and thought during the period. Despite the existence of both printed editions in the vernacular and increased scholarly interest, however, Polybius remained an "historian's historian", not much read by the public at large.[9] Printings of his work in the vernacular remained few in number — seven in French, five in English, and five in Italian.[10]
Polybius' political beliefs have had a continuous appeal to republican thinkers from Cicero to Charles de Montesquieu to the Founding Fathers of the United States.[11] John Adams, for example, considered him one of the most important teachers of constitutional theory. Since the Enlightenment, Polybius has in general held appeal to those interested in Hellenistic Greece and early Republican Rome, while his political and military writings have lost influence in academia. More recently, thorough work on the Greek text of Polybius, and his historical technique, has increased the academic understanding and appreciation of him as a historian.
According to Edward Tufte, he was also a major source for Charles Joseph Minard's figurative map of Hannibal's overland journey into Italy during the Second Punic War.[12]
In his Meditations On Hunting, Spanish philosopher Jose Ortega y Gasset calls Polybius "one of the few great minds that the turbid human species has managed to produce", and says the damage to the Histories is "without question one of the gravest losses that we have suffered in our Greco-Roman heritage".
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ Hannibal at New Carthage: Polybius 3. 15 and the Power of Irrationality Author: A. M. Eckstein, Classical Philology, Vol. 84, No. 1 (Jan., 1989), pp. 3-4
- ^ Peter Green, Alexander to Actium
- ^ The Historians of Ancient Rome, Ron Mellor
- ^ Piracy in the Ancient World, p141 H Ormerod
- ^ Mogens Herman Hansen 1995, Sources for the Ancient Greek City-State: Symposium, August, 24-27 1994, Kgl. Danske, Videnskabernes Selskab, 376 pages ISBN 87-7304-267-6
- ^ Robert Pashley, Travels in Crete, 1837, J. Murray
- ^ "C. Michael Hogan, ''Cydonia'', Modern Antiquarian, January 23, 2008". Themodernantiquarian.com. http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/10881/cydonia.html#fieldnotes. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
- ^ Polybius; Frank W. Walbank, Ian Scott-Kilvert (1979). The Rise of the Roman Empire. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-044362-2.
- ^ Burke, Peter (1966). "A Survey of the Popularity of Ancient Historians, 1450-1700". History and Theory (History and Theory, Vol. 5, No. 2) 5 (2): 135–152. DOI:10.2307/2504511. JSTOR 2504511.
- ^ Burke, Peter (1966). "A Survey of the Popularity of Ancient Historians, 1450-1700". History and Theory (History and Theory, Vol. 5, No. 2) 5 (2): 135–152. DOI:10.2307/2504511. JSTOR 2504511.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Minard's figurative map of Hannibal's war". Edwardtufte.com. http://www.edwardtufte.com/tufte/minard-hannibal. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
References and external links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Polybius |
Editions & translations[link]
- GoogleBooks "The Histories"
- Loeb Classical Library, Polybius, The Histories, six volumes: Greek text with English translation by W. R. Paton
- I (L128) Books I-II (1922) ISBN 0-674-99142-7
- II (L137) Books III-IV (1922) ISBN 0-674-99152-4
- III (L138) Books V-VIII (1923) ISBN 0-674-99153-2
- IV (L159) Books IX-XV (1925) ISBN 0-674-99175-3
- V (L160) Books XVI-XXVII (1926) ISBN 0-674-99176-1
- VI (L161) Books XXVIII-XXXIX (1927) ISBN 0-674-99178-8
- At "LacusCurtius": Loeb edition translation by W. R. Paton
- The Histories or The Rise of the Roman Empire by Polybius:
- At "LacusCurtius": Short introduction to the life and work of Polybius
- 1670 edition of Polybius' works vol.1 at the Internet archive
- 1670 edition of Polybius' works vol.2 at the Internet archive
- Oscar Wilde, The Rise of Historical Criticism: (in CELT)
- Polybius and the Founding Fathers: the separation of powers
- Polybius: "The Rise Of The Roman Empire", Penguin, 1979.
Other Ancient sources[link]
- Titus Livius of Patavium (Livy), libri XXI — XLV
- Pseudo-Lucian Makrobioi
- Paulus Orosius libri VII of Histories against Pagans
Modern works[link]
- Davidson, James: 'Polybius' in Feldherr, Andrew ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Historians (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
- Walbank, Frank W:
-- Philip V of Macedon, the Hare Prize Essay 1939 (Cambridge University Press, 1940)
-- A Historical Commentary on Polybius (Oxford University Press)
Vol.I (1957) Commentary on Books I-VI
Vol.II (1967) Commentary on Books VII-XVIII
Vol.III (1979) Commentary on Books XIX-XL
-- Polybius (University of California Press, 1972)
-- Polybius, Rome and the Hellenistic World: Essays and Reflections (Cambridge University Press, 2002) ISBN 0-521-81208-9
- Momigliano, Arnaldo M.: Sesto Contributo alla Storia degli Studi Classici e del Mondo Antico (Rome, 1980)
-- V (1974) "The Historian's Skin”, 77-88 (Momigliano Bibliography no.531)
(Review of F W Walbank, Polybius 1972; in The New York Review of Books, 21.12, 18 July 1974, 33-35)
-- VI (1973) “Polibio, Posidonio e l'imperialismo Romano”, 89 (Momigliano Bibliography no.525)
(original publication: Atti della Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, 107, 1972–73, 693-707)
- Moore, John M: The Manuscript Tradition of Polybius (Cambridge University Press, 1965)
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9:28
Dross juega Polybius
DrossRotzank
Dross juega Polybius
Las historias de pesadillas, de epilepsia y de agentes secretos en las salas recreativas. Dross se envalentona y juega el juego tras la leyenda. Haz click en apps.facebook.com y selecciona la opción que te permita ver una pequeña actualización en tu muro cada vez que yo suba un video!
2:30
Have You Heard Of Polybius?
spidertron99
Have You Heard Of Polybius?
The subject of perhaps one of the coolest urban legends in history is the arcade game known as Polybius. If you are familiar with the legend, pat yourself on the back. If you are not, head over to en.wikipedia.org and smarten up. For a game that supposedly never existed, there is a surprising amount of information available about the gameplay. Based on these descriptions, some wonderful folks put together this Windows version of what they think the game would have been like. It can best be described as Tempest with math problems and a little bit of that brown acid they talked about at Woodstock. The end result is one of the most bizarre games I have ever seen. In addition to the creepy sound effects and hypnotic visuals, it also features some ultra-surreal effects like mysterious voices whispering in your ear, numerous subliminal messages that flash across the screen and a 'ghost face' that floats 'out of the monitor'. It is truly every bit as cool as it sounds and no, I am not making any of this up. Download it here: www.sinnesloschen.com but remember, you were warned. For even more information on the legend of Polybius, check out www.joltcountry.com
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