Saturday, 27 August 2011

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Buwayhid

'Adud al-Daula
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Arabs
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Daylaman
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Fakhr al-Daula
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Kurdish people
The Kurds () are an Iranian-speaking ethnolinguistic group mostly inhabiting a region known as Kurdistan, which includes adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey. Substantial Kurdish communities also exist in the cities of western Turkey, and they can also be found in Armenia, Georgia, Israel, Azerbaijan, Russia, Lebanon and, in recent decades, some European countries and the United States (see Kurdish diaspora). Most speak Kurdish, an Indo-European language of the Iranian branch. The Kurds are classified as an Iranian people.Bois, Th.; Minorsky, V.; Bois, Th.; Bois, Th.; MacKenzie, D.N.; Bois, Th. "Kurds, Kurdistan." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2009. Brill Online. Excerpt 1:"The Kurds, an Iranian people of the Near East, live at the junction of more or less laicised Turkey"..Excerpt 2: "The classification of the Kurds among the Iranian nations is based mainly on linguistic and historical data and does not prejudice the fact there is a complexity of ethnical elements incorporated in them" Excerpt 3:"We thus find that about the period of the Arab conquest a single ethnic term Kurd (plur. Akrād ) was beginning to be applied to an amalgamation of Iranian or iranicised tribes. Among the latter, some were autochthonous (the Ḳardū; the Tmorik̲h̲/Ṭamurāyē in the district of which Alḳī = Elk was the capital; the Χοθα̑ίται [= al-Ḵh̲uwayt̲h̲iyya] in the canton of Ḵh̲oyt of Sāsūn, the Orṭāyē [= al-Arṭān] in the bend of the Euphrates); some were Semites (cf. the popular genealogies of the Kurd tribes) and some probably Armenian (it is said that the Mamakān tribe is of Mamikonian origin). " Excerpt 4: "In the 20th century, the existence of an Iranian non-Kurdish element among the Kurds has been definitely established (the Gūrān-Zāzā group)."
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Majd al-Daula
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Persian people
Ethnic group|group = Persian Speakers
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Sama' al-Daula
'''Sama' al-Daula''' was the Buyid ruler of Hamadan (1021-1023 or 1024). He was the son of Shams al-Daula.
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Seljuks
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Seljuq
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Turkic peoples
The Turks (or Turkics) are peoples residing in northern, central and western Asia, Mongolia, southern Siberia and northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds. The term Turkic represents a broad ethno-linguistic group of people including existing societies such as the Chuvashes, Kazakhs, Tatars, Kyrgyzs, Turkish, Turkmen, Uyghur, Uzbeks, Bashkirs, Qashqai, Gagauzs, Yakuts, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Karakalpaks, Karachays, Krymchaks, Nogais and as well as past civilizations such as the Kumans, Kipchaks, Avars, Turgeshs, Seljuks, Khazars, Ottomans, Mamluks, Timurids, and possibly the Xiongnu and Huns.
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Yaqut
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Baghdad
Baghdad (, , ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is coterminous. Having a population estimated between 7 and 7.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq and the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt).
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Fars Province
Fārs (pronounced (Persian: Fārs, Pārs) (Originally Pars) is one of the 30 provinces and known as Cultural Capital of Iran. It is in the south of the country and its center is Shiraz. It has an area of 122,400 km². In 2006, this province had a population of 4.34 million people, of which 61.2% were registered as urban dwellers, 38.1% villagers, and 0.7% nomad tribes.
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Gilan
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Gurgan
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
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Isfahan
Isfahan or Esfahan ( Esfahān), historically also rendered in English as Ispahan or Hispahan, is located about 340 km south of Tehran and is the capital of Isfahan Province and Iran's second largest city (after Tehran). Isfahan city had a population of 1,583,609 and the Isfahan metropolitan area had a population of 3,430,353 in the 2006 Census, the third most populous metropolitan area in Iran after Tehran.
http://wn.com/Isfahan
Kerman
Kerman () is a city in Iran. It is the center of Kerman province. Located in a large and flat plain, this city is located 1,076 km (669 mi) south of Tehran, capital of Iran.
http://wn.com/Kerman
Mosul
Mosul ( al-Mawṣil, Maṣlawī Arabic: al-Mōṣul, Assyrian: ܢܝܢܘܐ or Ninaweh, Kurdish: Mûsil/Nînewe, Turkish: Musul) is a city in northern Iraq and the capital of the Ninawa Governorate, some 400 km (250 miles) northwest of Baghdad. The original city stands on the west bank of the Tigris River, opposite the ancient city of Nineveh on the east bank, but the metropolitan area has now grown to encompass substantial areas on both banks, with five bridges linking the two sides. Although for many years it was considered to be a Kurdish city, the majority of its population is now Arab and it does not form part of the area controlled by the Kurdistan Regional Government. It is Iraq's second largest city after Baghdad.
http://wn.com/Mosul
Oman
Oman (pronounced ; '), officially the Sultanate of Oman''' ( ), is an Arab country in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders the United Arab Emirates on the northwest, Saudi Arabia on the west and Yemen on the southwest. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast. The country also contains Madha and Musandam, two exclaves on the Gulf of Oman, south of the Strait of Hormuz and surrounded by the United Arab Emirates on the land side.
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Persian Empire
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Ray, Iran
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Shiraz
Shiraz ( ) is the sixth most populous city in Iran and is the capital of Fars Province. Shiraz is located in the southwest of Iran on the Rudkhaneye Khoshk seasonal river. Shiraz has a moderate climate and has been a regional trade center for more than one thousand years.
http://wn.com/Shiraz

Buyid dynasty

Native name	آل بویه Āl-e Buye
Conventional long name	Buyid Empire
Common name	Buyid Dynasty
\|continent	Asia
Country	Iraq, Iran
Era	Middle Ages
Government type	Hereditary monarchy
Year start	934
Year end	1055
Event1	'Imad al-Daula proclaimed himself Emir
Event2	'Adud al-Daula proclaimed himself Shāhanshāh
P1	Samanid Empire
Flag p1	Samanid dynasty (819–999).GIF
S1	Ghaznavid Empire
Flag s1	Ghaznavid Empire 975 - 1187 (AD).PNG
Image map caption	The Buyid dynasty in 970
\|capital	Shirāz
Common languages	Persian Arabic
Religion	Shī‘ah Islam
Leader1	'Imad al-Daula
Year leader1	934-949
Leader2	Al-Malik al-Rahim
Year leader2	1048-1055
Title leader	Emir/Shāhanshāh

Buyid dynasty, also known as the Buyid Empire or the Buyids ( Āl-e Buye), also known as Buwaihids, Buyahids, or Buyyids, were a Shī‘ah Persian dynasty that originated from Daylaman in Gilan. They founded a confederation that controlled most of modern-day Iran and Iraq in the 10th and 11th centuries.

History

of Shirāz was originally built during the Būyid era, possibly during the rule of 'Adud al-Daula.]] The founders of the Būyid confederation were ‘Alī ibn Būyah and his two younger brothers, al-Hassan and Aḥmad. Originally a soldier in the service of the Ziyārīds of Ṭabaristān, ‘Alī was able to recruit an army to defeat a Turkish general from Baghdad named Yāqūt in 934. Over the next nine years the three brothers gained control of the remainder of the 'Abbāsid Caliphate. While they accepted the titular authority of the caliph in Baghdad, the Būyid rulers assumed effective control of the state.

The first several decades of the Būyid confederation were characterized by large territorial gains. In addition to Fars and Jibal, which were conquered in the 930s, and central Iraq, which submitted in 945, the Būyids took Kermān (967), Oman (967), the Jazīra (979), Ṭabaristān (980), and Gurgān (981). After this, however, the Būyids went into a slow decline, with pieces of the confederation gradually breaking off and local dynasties under their rule becoming de facto independent.

The approximate century of Būyid rule, coupled with the rise of other Iranian dynasties in the region, represents a period in Iranian history sometimes called the 'Iranian Intermezzo' since it was an interlude between the rule of the 'Abbāsid Arabs and the Saljuq Turks. Indeed, as Dailamite Iranians the Būyids consciously revived symbols and practices of Persia's Sassānid dynasty. In fact, beginning with 'Adud al-Daula they used the ancient Sassānid title Shāhanshāh (), literally king of kings.

The Buyid confederation was split between and governed by multiple members of the dynasty. They nominally recognized the suzerainty of caliphs of Baghdad, who in reality had no temporal power within the state. The title used by the Buyid rulers was amīr, meaning governor or prince. Generally one of the amīrs would be recognized as having seniority over the others; this individual would use the title of amīr al-umarā' To compensate their soldiers the Būyid amīrs often distributed iqtā's, or the rights to a percentage of tax revenues from a province, although the practice of payment in kind was also frequently used.

Like most Daylamites at the time, the Būyids were originally Zaydī or Fiver Shī'as. After taking power in Iran and Iraq, however, they began to lean closer to Twelver Shī'ism, possibly due to political considerations. In fact, the Būyids rarely attempted to enforce a particular religious view upon their subjects except when in matters where it would be politically expedient. The Sunnī 'Abbāsids retained the caliphate, although they were deprived of all secular power. In addition, in order to prevent tensions between the Shī'a and Sunni from spreading to government agencies, the Būyid amirs occasionally appointed Christians to high offices instead of Muslims from either sect.

The Fall

During the mid-11th century, the Buyid amirates gradually fell to the Ghaznavid and Saljuq Turks. In 1055, Tughrul conquered Baghdad, the seat of the caliphate, and ousted the last of the Buyid rulers. Like the Buyids, the Seljuks kept the Abbasid caliphate as the titular ruler.

Buyid Rulers

Major Rulers

Generally, the three most powerful Buyid amirs at any given time were those in control of Fars, Jibal and Iraq. Sometimes a ruler would come to rule more than one region, but no Buyid rulers ever exercised direct control of all three regions. Daylamids of Fars

Ali b. Buya ('Imad ad-Dawla) 934-949

Fana Khusraw ('Adud ad-Dawla) 949-983

Shirzil b. Fana Khusraw (Sharaf ad-Dawla) 983-989

Marzuban b. Fana Khusraw (Samsam ad-Dawla) 989-998

Firuz b. Fana Khusraw (Baha' ad-Dawla) 998-1012

Abu Shuja' b. Firuz (Sultan ad-Dawla) 1012-1024

Abu Kalijar Marzuban b. Abu Shuja' (Imad al-Din) 1024-1048

Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun 1048-1062

''Power in Fars seized by the Shabankara Kurdish Chief Fadluya . New York Metropolitan Museum of Art.]] Daylamids of Rey

Rukn ad-Dawla 935-976

Fakhr ad-Dawla 976-980

Mu'ayyed ad-Dawla 980-983

Fakhr ad-Dawla (restored) 984-997

Majd ad-Dawla 997-1029

To the Ghaznavids.

Daylamids of Iraq

Mu'izz ad-Dawla 945-967

'Izz ad-Dawla 966-978

'Adud ad-Dawla 978-983

Samsam ad-Dawla 983-987

Sharaf ad-Dawla 987-989

Baha' ad-Dawla 989-1012

Sultan ad-Dawla 1012-1021

Musharrif ad-Dawla 1021-1025

Jalal ad-Dawla 1025-1044

Abu Kalijar 1044-1048

al-Malik ar-Rahim 1048-1055

To the Seljuks.

Minor Rulers

It was not uncommon for younger sons to found collateral lines, or for individual Buyid members to take control of a province and begin ruling there. Note: the following list is incomplete.

Buyids of Basra

Diya' al-Daula 980s

To the Buyids of Fars.

Buyids of Hamadan

Mu'ayyad al-Daula 976-983

Shams al-Daula 997-1021

Sama' al-Daula 1021-1024

To the Kakuyids.

Buyids of Kerman

Qawam al-Daula 1012-1028

To the Buyids of Fars.

Buyids of Khuzistan

Taj al-Daula 980s

To the Buyids of Fars.

Family tree

References

Another excellent discussion of the Buyids is Harvard professor Roy Mottahedeh's Loyalty and Leadership in an Early Islamic Society

External links

Encyclopedia Iranica "Buyids" Tilman Nagel

Encyclopedia Iranica: DEYLAMITES

The Buyid Domination as the Historical Background for the Flourishing of Muslim Scholarship During the 4th/10th Century by Dr. M. Ismail Marcinkowski

The Buwaihids in Iran and Iraq

Category:History of Iran Category:Shi'a Muslim dynasties Category:1055 disestablishments Category:Persian history Category:Iranian peoples Category:Mercenary units and formations Category:Muslim dynasties Category:States and territories established in 934 Category:Abbasid Caliphate

This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.

Buyid dynasty

History

The Fall

Buyid Rulers

Major Rulers

Minor Rulers

Family tree

See also

References

External links