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Look up in situ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

In situ (/ɪn ˈsɪtjuː/) is a Latin phrase which translates literally to 'In position'.^[1] It is used in many different contexts.

Aerospace[link]

In the aerospace industry, equipment on-board aircraft must be tested in situ, or in place, to confirm everything functions properly as a system. Individually, each piece may work but interference from nearby equipment may create unanticipated problems. Special test equipment is available for this in situ testing.

Archaeology[link]

In archaeology, in situ refers to an artifact that has not been moved from its original place of deposition. In other words, it is stationary, meaning "still." An artifact being in situ is critical to the interpretation of that artifact and, consequently, of the culture which formed it. Once an artifact's 'find-site' has been recorded, the artifact can then be moved for conservation, further interpretation and display. An artifact that is not discovered in situ is considered out of context and as not providing an accurate picture of the associated culture. However, the out of context artifact can provide scientists with an example of types and locations of in situ artifacts yet to be discovered.

The label In situ indicates only that the object has not been "newly" moved. Thus, an archaeological in-situ-find may be an object that was historically looted from another place, an item of "booty" of a past war, a traded item, or otherwise of foreign origin. Consequently, the in situ find site may still not reveal its provenance, but with further detective work may help uncover links that otherwise would remain unknown. It is also possible for archaeological layers to be reworked on purpose or by accident (by humans, natural forces or animals). For example, in a "tell-tell mound", where layers are not typically uniform or horizontal, or in land cleared or tilled for farming.

The term In situ is often used to describe ancient sculpture that was carved in place such as the Sphinx or Petra. This distinguishes it from statues that were carved and moved like the Colossi of Memnon, which was moved in ancient times.

Art[link]

In art, in situ refers to a work of art made specifically for a host site, or that a work of art takes into account the site in which it is installed or exhibited. For a more detailed account see: Site-specific art.

Astronomy[link]

A fraction of the globular star clusters in our Galaxy, as well as those in other massive galaxies, might have formed in situ. The rest might have been accreted from now defunct dwarf galaxies.

Biology[link]

Live individual of the sea snail Natica hebraea photographed in situ

In biology, in situ means to examine the phenomenon exactly in place where it occurs (i.e. without moving it to some special medium).

In the case of observations or photographs of living animals, it means that the organism was observed (and photographed) in the wild, exactly as it was found and exactly where it was found. The organism had not been moved to another (perhaps more convenient) location such as an aquarium.

This phrase in situ when used in laboratory science such as cell science can mean something intermediate between in vivo and in vitro. For example, examining a cell within a whole organ intact and under perfusion may be in situ investigation. This would not be in vivo as the donor is sacrificed before experimentation, but it would not be the same as working with the cell alone (a common scenario for in vitro experiments).

In vitro was among the first attempts to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze natural occurrences in the lab. Eventually, the limitation of in vitro experimentation was that they were not conducted in natural environments. To compensate for this problem, in vivo experimentation allowed testing to occur in the originate organism or environment. To bridge the dichotomy of benefits associated with both methodologies, in situ experimentation allowed the controlled aspects of in vitro to become coalesced with the natural environmental compositions of in vivo experimentation.

In conservation of genetic resources, "in situ conservation" (also "on-site conservation") is the process of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its natural habitat, as opposed to ex situ conservation (also "off-site conservation").

Chemistry and chemical engineering[link]

In chemistry, in situ typically means "in the reaction mixture."

There are numerous situations in which chemical intermediates are synthesized in situ in various processes. This may be done because the species is unstable, and cannot be isolated, or simply out of convenience. Examples of the former include the Corey-Chaykovsky reagent and adrenochrome.

In chemical engineering, in situ often refers to industrial plant "operations or procedures that are performed in place". For example, aged catalysts in industrial reactors may be regenerated in place (in situ) without being removed from the reactors.

Civil engineering[link]

In architecture and building, in situ refers to construction which is carried out at the building site using raw materials. Compare that with prefabricated construction, in which building components are made in a factory and then transported to the building site for assembly. For example, concrete slabs may be in situ or prefabricated.

In situ techniques are often more labour-intensive, and take longer, but the materials are cheaper, and the work is versatile and adaptable. Prefabricated techniques are usually much quicker, therefore saving money, but factory-made parts can be expensive. They are also inflexible, and must often be designed on a grid, with all details fully calculated in advance. Finished units may require special handling due to excessive dimensions.

The phrase may also refer to those assets which are present at or near a project site. In this case, it is used to designate the state of an unmodified sample taken from a given stockpile.

Computer science[link]

In computer science an in situ operation is one that occurs without interrupting the normal state of a system. For example, a file backup may be restored over a running system, without needing to take the system down to perform the restore. In the context of a database, a restore would allow the database system to continue to be available to users while a restore happened. An in situ upgrade would allow an operating system, firmware or application to be upgraded while the system was still running, perhaps without the need to reboot it, depending on the sophistication of the system.

An algorithm is said to be an in situ algorithm, or in-place algorithm, if the extra amount of memory required to execute the algorithm is O(1), that is, does not exceed a constant no matter how large the input. For example, heapsort is an in situ sorting algorithm.

In designing user interfaces, the term in situ means that a particular user action can be performed without going to another window, for example, if a word processor displays an image and allows you to edit the image without launching a separate image editor, this is called in situ editing.

Design & Advertising[link]

In design and advertising the term typically means the superimposing of theoretical design elements onto photographs of real world locations. This is a pre-visualization tool to aid in illustrating a proof of concept.

Earth and atmospheric sciences[link]

In physical geography and the Earth sciences, in situ typically describes natural material or processes prior to transport. For example, in situ is used in relation to the distinction between weathering and erosion, the difference being that erosion requires a transport medium (such as wind, ice, or water), whereas weathering occurs in situ. Geochemical processes are also often described as occurring to material in situ.

In the atmospheric sciences, in situ refers to obtained through direct contact with the respective subject, such as a radiosonde measuring a parcel of air or an anemometer measuring wind, as opposed to remote sensing such as weather radar or satellites.

Economics[link]

In economics, in situ is used when referring to the in place storage of a product, usually a natural resource. More generally, it refers to any situation where there is no out-of-pocket cost to store the product so that the only storage cost is the opportunity cost of waiting longer to get your money when the product is eventually sold. Examples of in situ storage would be oil and gas wells, all types of mineral and gem mines, stone quarries, timber that has reached an age where it could be harvested, and agricultural products that do not need a physical storage facility such as hay.

Electrochemistry[link]

In electrochemistry, the phrase in situ refers to performing electrochemical experiments under operating conditions of the electrochemical cell, i.e., under potential control. This is opposed to doing ex situ experiments that are performed under the absence of potential control. Potential control preserves the electrochemical environment essential to maintain the double layer structure intact and the electron transfer reactions occurring at that particular potential in the electrode/electrolyte interphasial region.

Environmental Remediation[link]

In situ can refer to where a clean up or remediation of a polluted site is performed using and simulating the natural processes in the soil, contrary to ex situ where contaminated soil is excavated and cleaned elsewhere, off site.

Experimental Physics[link]

In experimental physics "in situ" typically refers to a method of data collection or manipulation of a sample without exposure to an external environment. For example, the Si(111) 7x7 surface reconstruction is visible using a scanning tunneling microscope when it is prepared and analyzed in situ.

Experimental psychology[link]

In experiments, In situ typically refers to those experiments done in a field setting as opposed to a laboratory setting.

Gastronomy[link]

In Gastronomy, "In Situ" or "In Situs" refers to the art of cooking with the different resources that are available on the site of the event. Here you are not going to the restaurant, but the restaurant comes to your home.

Law[link]

In legal contexts, in situ is often used for its literal meaning. For example, in Hong Kong, "in situ land exchange" involves the government exchanging the original or expired lease of a piece of land with a new grant or re-grant with the same piece of land or a portion of that.

Linguistics[link]

In linguistics, specifically syntax, an element may be said to be in situ if it is pronounced in the position where it is interpreted. For example, questions in languages such as Chinese have in situ wh-elements, with structures comparable to "John bought what?" with what in the same position in the sentence as the grammatical object would be in its affirmative counterpart, for example, "John bought bread" while English wh-elements are not in situ (see wh-movement): "What did John buy?"

Literature[link]

In literature in situ is used to describe a condition. The Rosetta Stone, for example, was originally erected in a courtyard, for public viewing. Most pictures of the famous stone are not in situ pictures of it erected, as it would have been originally. The stone was uncovered as part of building material, within a wall. Its in situ condition today is that it is erected, vertically, on public display at the British Museum in London, England.

Medicine[link]

In oncology: for a carcinoma, in situ means that malignant cells are present as a tumor but has not metastasized, or invaded, beyond the original site where the tumor was discovered. This can happen anywhere in the body, such as the skin, breast tissue, or lung. This type of tumor can often, depending on where it is located, be removed by surgery.

In anatomy: in situ refers to viewing structures as they appear in normal healthy bodies. For example, one can open up a cadaver's abdominal cavity and view the liver in situ or one can look at an isolated liver that has been removed from the cadaver's body.

In medicine, in situ means that cancer cells have not passed through the basal lamina. Basically, it means the tumor has not invaded the lamina propria or the deeper portions of the tissue. Because metastasis generally requires a carcinoma to 'break through' the basement membrane, chances of metastasis are very low.

In nursing, "in situ" describes any devices or appliances on the patient's body that remain in their desired and optimal condition. The term is most often used in documenting intact dressings or well-positioned intravenous devices.

Mining[link]

In situ leaching or in situ recovery refers to the mining technique of injecting water underground to dissolve ore and bringing the uranium-impregnated water to the surface for extraction. ^[2]

Petroleum production[link]

In situ refers to recovery techniques which apply heat or solvents to heavy oil^{[disambiguation needed ]} or bitumen reservoirs beneath the earth's crust. There are several varieties of in situ techniques, but the ones which work best in the oil sands use heat (steam).

The most common type of In Situ petroleum production is referred to as SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) this is becoming very popular in the Alberta Oil Sands.

RF transmission[link]

In radio frequency (RF) transmission systems, in situ is often used to describe the location of various components while the system is in its standard transmission mode, rather than operation in a test mode. For example, if an in situ wattmeter is used in a commercial broadcast transmission system, the wattmeter can accurately measure power while the station is "on the air".

Space-related[link]

Future space exploration or terraforming may rely on obtaining supplies in situ, such as previous plans to power the Orion space vehicle with fuel minable on the moon. The Mars Direct mission concept is based primarily on the in situ fuel production using Sabatier reaction.

In the space sciences, in situ refers to measurements of the particle and field environment that the satellite is embedded in, such as the detection of energetic particles in the solar wind, or magnetic field measurements from a magnetometer.

See also[link]

• carcinoma in situ
• ex vivo
• in silico
• in utero
• in vitro
• in vivo
• In-situ conservation
• Ex-situ conservation
• List of Latin phrases
• List Of Colossal Sculpture In Situ

References[link]

Daniel Mateo Patau (Barcelona, Spain, on June 1, 1979) is a comedian, actor and Spanish presenter of radio and television, famous for his work in the program Sé lo que hicisteis... in La Sexta channel.

Licensed in journalism for the Autonomous University of Barcelona, he initiated his path in the local radio. Later there passed for several professional issuers of Cataluña such as: Catalunya Cultura, Onda Cero, Radio Gràcia, Onda Catalana, RAC 1 y Flaix FM.

It is from his friendship with Martin Piñol, whom he knows in the radio, when he gets squarely into the world of the monologues and Paramount Comedy begins to form a part of the humorists' staff of the television channel.

He has been employed at the Television of Cataluña (TV3),^[1] has been a collaborator in different radio stations and, from April, 2004 he presented the program Noche sin tregua in Paramount Comedy. He collaborated in the TV program Fenómenos^[2] and in the radio program Anda ya, of Los 40 Principales.

He was an actor of the television series La familia Mata. His character was at first secondary, but the abandon of Daniel Guzmán (the original protagonist) and other factors motivated that his role were climbing more positions up to managing to appear in the initial head-board.

On November 5, 2007 he joined to the program of La Sexta, Sé lo que hicisteis... as commentator of news and sports. In the program, to report of his section, he took part also in sketches of the program close to the rest of the staff, playing the role of characters such as Dani Güiza, Jordi (a fan of the Barça), Flipy or El Esmirriao (affectionate nickname on the part of the program to Isaac, Falete’s ex-boyfriend), and shared a small section dedicated to the current importance of the qualified television titled "¿Qué está pasando?" ("What is happening?") with Ángel Martín, his coworker and great friend whom he shared flat in Barcelona. He also make monologues in places of the whole Spain.^[3]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Dani Mateo at the Internet Movie Database

Berto Romero

Alberto Romero, better known as Berto Romero, is a Spanish humorist.

Biography[link]

Berto Romero was born on November 17, 1974 in Cardona (Catalonia, Spain). He is a member of the theatre company El Cansancio, a broadcaster on Ràdio Flaixbac and he has his own segment on Andreu Buenafuente’s late show on La Sexta (Channel 6). He substituted Buenafuente as host of the show during Summer 2008 (Buenafuente ha salido un momento), and resigned for the next season as sub-director of the programme. Later he got the chance to run his own prime-time weekly show (El programa de Berto) on the same channel, but the programme was cancelled after three weeks due to poor rating results.

Career on TV[link]

His first appearances took place in shows of the catalan TV3 channel, where he hosted a show called "El gran què". Later he appeared as a monologuist in a show by El Terrat for the private channel 8tv called "Que no surti d'aquí".

Since 2007, he works in the late night show "Buenafuente", first sporadically when the show was still on Antena 3 (where he sang some songs such as "Tunéame Doctor Juan", along with Iván Rodríguez "El lagarto" on guitar) and later on, when Buenafuente got signed up by LaSexta, as a main contributor and scriptwriter. He owned a section called "Bertovisión", where he would analyze all media, specially, written articles and where he would also comment the pictures, substituted later on for a news section, along with Andreu Buenafuente. Furthermore, he also participated in "Bertomansión", a project where the viewers would send whatever they did not want or used anymore so he could built a home. Later on, some comedy sketches would take place here. Unlike his radio and theatre appearances, his TV appearances have always been solo.

Taking advantage of his appearances on the media, in April 2008 he edited his first book along with Xavi Tribó, "Cero estrellas" ("Zero Stars"), starring a hypothetical critic, Antonín Fajardo, a character born in a radio collaboration on the show "La taverna del llop" in Ràdio 4. [3]

During the summer of 2008, the channel LaSexta decided that he would be in charge of hosting the show Buenafuente during the holidays of Andreu Buenafuente, giving him that way more responsibility as vicedirector on the show. During this period, the show was broadcast under the name "Buenafuente ha salido un momento" (Buenafuente will be right back), where he had some sections such as "Rompe el hielo con Berto" (Break the ice with Berto).

On March 15, 2009, he made his debut as the host of his own talk show, "El programa de Berto", produced by El Terrat. Nevertheless, the programme was suspended after only three shows, since the share was of 3.8%, a number way lower than the average of the channel (6.7% as of March 2009).[4]

On April 22, 2009, he participated briefly on the sketch "El caso del eslabón perdido" in the show Muchachada Nui.

During the season 2009/2010, he started collaborating for the magazine Divendres, broadcast by TV3, a job he combined with his role in Buenafuente.[5]

On October 27, 2009, the TV show "Zombis" aired on the YouTube channel of El Terrat, starring Berto Romero and Rafel Barceló, scriptwriter for Buenafuente. The show only counts on one season of 9 episodes and since January 28, 2011, it is broadcast by TNT (Spain).

In New Year's Eve 2009, he hosted, along with Ana Morgade, the New Year's Eve Celebration of LaSexta, entitled "Cómo superar el Fin de Año" (How to get over New Year's Eve).[6] In New Year's Eve 2010, they were again hosts of "El 2011 con Berto y Ana" (2011 with Berto and Ana).[7]

External links[link]

• Berto's blog (in Spanish)
• "El Cansancio" website (in Spanish)
• Ràdio Flaixbac website (in Catalan)
• Buenafuente TV show website (in Spanish)