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Carib family (by John Gabriel Stedman)

Drawing of a Carib woman

Carib, Island Carib, or Kalinago people, after whom the Caribbean was named, are a group of people who live in the Lesser Antilles islands. They are an Amerindian people whose origins lie in the southern West Indies and the northern coast of South America.

The people spoke either a Carib language or a pidgin, but the Caribs' regular raids on other groups resulted in so many female Arawak captives that it was not uncommon for the women to speak Kalhíphona, a Maipurean language (Arawakan).^[1] In the southern Caribbean, they co-existed with a related Cariban-speaking group, the Galibi. They lived in separate villages in Grenada, Tobago, Dominica and St.Vincent.

History[link]

The Caribs are believed to have migrated from the Orinoco River area in South America to settle in the Caribbean islands about 1200 AD, according to carbon dating. Over the century leading up to Columbus' arrival in the Caribbean archipelago in 1492, the Caribs mostly displaced the Maipurean-speaking Taínos, who settled the island chains earlier in history, by warfare, extermination and assimilation.^[2]

Greenstone ceremonial axe. From shell midden, Mt Irvine Bay, Tobago, 1957.

Carib islanders traded with the Eastern Taíno of the Caribbean Islands. The Caribs produced the silver which Ponce de Leon found in Taíno communities. None of the insular Amerindians mined for gold, but obtained it by trade from the mainland. The Caribs were skilled boatbuilders and sailors. They appeared to have owed their dominance in the Caribbean basin to their mastery of warfare.

The Caribs were displaced by the Europeans with a great loss of life; most fatalities resulting from Eurasian infectious diseases to which they had no immunity, as well as warfare. Others were assimilated during the colonial period; a few retained areas such as in Dominica. Small populations survive, specifically in the Carib Territory in northeast Dominica.

The 'Black Caribs' (later known as Garifuna) of St. Vincent ( St.Vincent has some "Yellow caribs' as well) were descended from group of enslaved Africans who were marooned from shipwrecks of slave ships, as well as slaves who escaped here. They intermarried with the Carib and formed the last native culture to resist the British. It was not until 1795 that British colonists transported the Black Carib to Roatan Island, off Honduras. Their descendants continue to live there today and are known as the Garifuna ethnic group. Carib resistance delayed the settlement of Dominica by Europeans, and the Carib communities that remained in St. Vincent and Dominica retained a degree of autonomy well into the 19th century.

The last known speakers of Island Carib died in the 1920s, and the language is extinct.

People[link]

Audience Carib people with the Dutch Governor in Paramaribo, Suriname, 1880.

Because of Dominica's rugged area, Caribs were able to hide from European forces. The island's east coast includes a 3,700-acre (15 km²) territory known as the Carib Territory that was granted to the people by the British Crown in 1903. There are only 3000 Caribs remaining. They elect their own chief. In July 2003, Caribs observed 100 Years of Territory. In July 2004, Charles Williams was elected as Carib Chief,^[3] who was succeeded by Chief Garnette Joseph. It is said that they are the only remaining full-blood native Carib people, although some have intermarried with the non-Carib Dominican population.

Several hundred ethnic Carib descendants live in Trinidad, Grenada, St. Lucia, U. S. Virgin Islands, Antigua & Barbuda, Guadeloupe, Aruba as well as in St. Vincent, the size of which is not known. Some ethnic Carib communities remain on the South American mainland, in countries such as Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and in the country of Belize. The size of these communities varies widely.

Music[link]

Garifuna music from the Garifuna people, the descendants of Carib, Arawak and West African people and is quite different from the music created rest of Central America. The most famous form is punta. Its associated musical style, which has the dancers move their hips in a circular motion. An evolved form of traditional music, still usually played using traditional instruments, punta has seen some modernization and electrification in the 1970s; this is called punta rock. Traditional punta dancing is consciously competitive. Artists like Pen Cayetano helped innovate modern punta rock by adding guitars to the traditional music, and paved the way for later artists like Andy Palacio, Children of the Most High and Black Coral. Punta was popular across the region, especially in Belize, by the mid-1980s, culminating in the release of Punta Rockers in 1987, a compilation featuring many of the genre's biggest stars.

Other forms of Garifuna music and dance include: hungu-hungu, combination, wanaragua, abaimahani, matamuerte, laremuna wadaguman, gunjai, sambai, charikanari, eremuna egi, paranda, berusu, punta rock, teremuna ligilisi, arumahani, and Mali-amalihani. Punta is the most popular dance in Garifuna culture. It is performed around holidays and at parties and other social events. Punta lyrics are usually composed by the women. Chumba and hunguhungu are a circular dance in a three-beat rhythm, which is often combined with punta. There are other songs typical to each gender, women having eremwu eu and abaimajani, rhythmic a cappella songs, and laremuna wadaguman, men's work songs, chumba and hunguhungu, a circular dance in a three-beat rhythm, which is often combined with punta.

Drums play a very important role in Garifuna music. There are primarily two types of drums used: the primero (tenor drum) and the segunda (bass drum). These drums are typically made of hollowed-out hardwood such as mahogany or mayflower, with the skins coming from the peccary (wild bush pig), deer, or sheep.

Also used in combination with the drums are the sisera. These shakers are made from the dried fruit of the gourd tree, filled with seeds, then fitted with hardwood handles.

Paranda music developed soon after the Garifunas arrival in Central America. The music is instrumental and percussion-based. The music was barely recorded until the 1990s, when Ivan Duran of Stonetree Records began the Paranda Project.

In contemporary Belize there has been a resurgence of Garifuna music, popularized by musicians such as Andy Palacio, Mohobub Flores, & Adrian Martinez. These musicians have taken many aspects from traditional Garifuna music forms and fused them with more modern sounds. Described as a mixture of punta rock and paranda. One great example is Andy Palacio's album Watina, and Umalali: The Garifuna Women's Project, both released on the Belizean record label Stonetree Records.

In the Garifuna culture, there is another dance called Dugu. This dance is a ritual done for a death in the family to pay their respect to their loved ones. In 2001, Garifuna music was proclaimed one of the masterpieces of the oral and intangible heritage of humanity by UNESCO.

Religion[link]

Caribs are believed to have been polytheists. As the Spanish began to colonise the Caribbean area, they wanted to convert the natives to Catholicism.^[4]

The Kalingo religion practised by the Carib had elements similar to the ancestor worship of the Taíno. They believed in an evil spirit called Maybouya, who had to be placated for an individual to avoid harm. The chief function of their shamans, called buyeis, was to heal the sick with herbs and to cast spells (piai) which would keep Maybouya at bay. The buyeis were very important and underwent special training instead of becoming warriors. As they were held to be the only people who could avert evil, they were treated with great respect. Their ceremonies were accompanied with sacrifices. As with the Arawaks and other Native Americans, the Carib smoked tobacco in the rituals of their religion.

Patriarchy[link]

Early Carib culture was patriarchal. Women carried out the important domestic duties of rearing young children, processing and producing food and clothing, and cultivating the land for farming, including sowing and harvesting. In the 17th century, Europeans reported that the women, with their children, lived in separate houses from men, a custom recorded among other South American tribes.

The women were highly revered and held substantial socio-political power.^[5] Island Carib society was reputedly more socially egalitarian than Taíno society. Although there were village chiefs and war leaders, there were no large states or multi-tiered aristocracy. The local self-government unit may have been the longhouse dwellings populated by men or women, typically run by one or more chieftains reporting to an island council.

Cannibalism[link]

Carib Warrior (Mixed Media Sculpture by artist George S. Stuart)

The Carib word karibna meant "person". It became the origin of the English "cannibal". Although among the Carib, it was apparently associated with rituals related to the eating of war enemies, some Europeans believed the Carib practiced general cannibalism.

The Kalinago had a tradition of keeping bones of their ancestors in their houses. Missionaries such as Père Jean Baptiste Labat and Cesar de Rochefort described the practice as part of a belief that the ancestral spirits would always look after the bones and protect their descendants.

Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was killed and said to have been eaten by Carib natives on what is now Guadeloupe (French West Indies) in 1528 (before called "Karukera" by the Amerindian people which means: the island of beautiful waters), during his third voyage to North America, after exploring Florida, the Bahamas and the Lesser Antilles.

Historians^[6] have described the cannibalism as related to war rituals. Columbus and his people did not understand what they were seeing, and they were shocked at this cannibalism. In 1503, Queen Isabella ruled that only people who were better off under slavery (a definition which explicitly included cannibals) could legally be taken as slaves. This provided Spaniards an incentive and legalistic pretext for identifying various Amerindian groups as cannibals to enslave them and take their lands away.

To this day, the Kalinago people fight against what they regard as a misconception about their ancestors. The film Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest was criticised by the National Garifuna Council for portraying the Carib people as cannibals.

In Myths and realities of Caribbean history the author Basil A. Reid concluded that "No evidence, either archaeological or from firsthand observations by Europeans, conclusively proves that Island-Caribs ever consumed human flesh." ^[7]

See also[link]

• Carib Expulsion
• Santa Rosa Carib Community

References[link]

Additional reading[link]

• Patrick Leigh Fermor, The Traveller's Tree, 1950, pp 214–5

Resources[link]

• Allaire, Louis (1997). "The Caribs of the Lesser Antilles", in Samuel M. Wilson, The Indigenous People of the Caribbean, pp. 180–185. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1531-6.
• Steele, Beverley A. (2003). Grenada, A history of its people, New York: Macmillan Education, pp. 11–47
• Honeychurch, Lennox, The Dominica Story, MacMillan Education, 1995.
• Davis, D and Goodwin R.C. "Island Carib Origins: Evidence and non-evidence", American Antiquity, vol.55 no.1(1990).
• Eaden, John, The Memoirs of Père Labat, 1693–1705, Frank Cass, 1970.
• "Carib", Ethnologue
• "Kalinago", Name change announcement of November 15, 2010, by the Office of the Kalinago Council posted at Dominica News Online

External links[link]

• Mainland Carib artwork, National Museum of the American Indians

v t e Ethnic groups in Suriname Indigenous Arawak Carib Akurio Kali'na Sikiana Tiriyó Wayana Warao Non-Indigenous African Creoles Maroons Kwinti Ndyuka Paramaccan Brazilian Chinese Dutch Hindustani Javanese

The Santa Rosa Carib Community is the major organisation of indigenous people in Trinidad and Tobago. The Caribs of Arima are descended from the original Amerindian inhabitants of Trinidad; Amerindians from the former encomiendas of Tacarigua and Arauca (Arouca) were resettled to Arima between 1784 and 1786. The SRCC was incorporated in 1973 to preserve the culture of the Caribs of Arima and maintain their role in the annual Santa Rosa Festival (dedicated to Santa Rosa de Lima, the first Catholic saint canonised in the New World).

The SRCC is headed by its President Ricardo Bharath Hernandez and maintains a leadership role among indigenous organisations in Trinidad. The community is also the base for the Carib Queen (currently Jennifer Cassar).

The Amerindians were relocated to open their lands for settlement by the influx of French settlers brought in by the Cedula of Population and to separate the indigenous people from the newcomers (see: History of Trinidad and Tobago). The Mission was granted 1000 acres (4 km²) of land by Governor Chacón, and Governor Sir Ralph Woodford added 320 acres (1.3 km²). However, as the Mission gradually dissolved, these lands were seized by the state.

External links[link]

• Official Website of the Santa Rosa Carib Community

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (September 2008)

King Gordy
King Gordy in 2010.
Background information
Birth name	Waverly W. Alford III
Also known as	Cobain The Dead, The King Of Horrorcore, Dark Lord Vader
Born	(1977-08-18) August 18, 1977 (age 34)
Origin	Detroit, Michigan, United States
Genres	Hardcore hip hop, horrorcore
Years active	2000 – present
Labels	Web Entertainment, KLP Management, Morbid Music LLC
Associated acts	Fat Killahz, D12, Bizarre, Project: Deadman, Prozak, Krizz Kaliko, The R.O.C., The Davidians, Tech N9ne, Proof, Eminem, Swifty McVay, John Drama, Royce Da 5'9', Obie Trice
Website	www.kinggordy.com

Waverly W. Alford III (born August 18, 1977), better known by his stage name King Gordy, is an American rapper.^[1]

Biography[link]

King Gordy is a horrorcore rapper from Detroit, Michigan. He appeared on Bizarre's solo album. Gordy and Bizarre have been good friends since childhood.^[2] He is well known for having his hair braided into two horns on his head.^[3]

Film career[link]

Aside from his hip hop career, King Gordy has appeared in the film 8 Mile (film), starring Eminem, in which King Gordy played the fictional rapper, "Big O".^[4] It is his only credit to acting.

The Davidians[link]

Consisting of King Gordy and Bizarre of D-12, Davidians was featured on Esham's mixtape The Butcher Shop. The duo is currently seeking a record label.^[5]

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• 2003: The Entity
• 2006: King of Horrorcore
• 2007: Van Dyke and Harper Music
• 2007: Cobain's Diary
• 2008: The Great American Weed Smoker
• 2009: King of Horrorcore II
• 2010: Xerxes The God-King
• 2011: Sings the Blues

EP's[link]

• 2011: Jesus Christ's Mistress^[6]

Albums with Fat Killahz[link]

• 2004: WFKR 31.3 FKM: FK Radio The Mixtape
• 2005: Guess Who's Coming to Dinner?
• 2011: The EP

Guest appearances[link]

• 2002: Life (Promatic)
• 2004: Access Denied (Project Deadman, Tech N9ne)
• 2004: No Rest For The Wicked (Project Deadman)
• 2004: Rob U N Da Club (1st Born featuring Proof & D.U.)
• 2004: Run Up on Us (Proof featuring T-Flame, Banzi & Young Breed)
• 2005: Ghetto Music (Bizarre) featuring Swifty McVay & Stic Man
• 2005: No T. Lose (Proof)
• 2005: Cobain The Dead Intro (Devil's Nite 2005)
• 2005: Scream (Mr. Wrong a.k.a. Bareda featuring Swifty McVay
• 2005: Evil (Fatt Father)
• 2005: Dance (Fatt Father featuring Marv Won & Lovejoy)
• 2006: Oh Mary! (Bizarre featuring Livio & Gambino)
• 2006: Six Deaths (Fury) featuring Mattrix
• 2006: Antidote Medicine (Esham) featuring Lavel
• 2007: Don't Hate (D12)
• 2007: Put Your Hands Up For Detroit (Fedde Le Grand) featuring Bizarre
• 2007: Rock Out (Bizarre)
• 2007: Knock Em Out (Bizarre) featuring Tech N9ne
• 2007: Animal (Bizarre) featuring Razaaq
• 2007: Wicked (Bizarre) featuring Twiztid
• 2007: Cakin (Bizarre) featuring Dub, Gam, & Scarchild
• 2007: Fat Boy (Bizarre)
• 2007: Monster (Jehovah Jihad)
• 2007: 1980's (Bizarre)
• 2007: Stay Calm (Bizarre)
• 2007: Look Out below (Guilty Simpson featuring Bizarre)
• 2007: Squeez EZ (Guilty Simpson featuring Fatt Father)
• 2008: I Am Gone (D12)
• 2008: This Situation (D12)
• 2008: Cheating In The Bedroom (D12)
• 2008: Win Or Lose (Swifty McVay)
• 2008: You're Not Gangsta (D12)
• 2008: Mrs. Pitts (D12)
• 2008: Psycho, Psycho, Psycho (Prozak) featuring Bizarre
• 2008: Tyler Durden (on the Tunnel Runners album released on Hatchet House.)
• 2008: Dangerous (on DJ Clay's Let 'Em Bleed: The Mixxtape, Vol. 2) featuring The R.O.C.
• 2008: Mirror Mirror (Krizz Kaliko), originally released on the clean edition of Vitiligo, later released in explicit form on the Strange Noize Tour '08 tour exclusive album
• 2008: Mr. Christian Man (Kapital Punishment)
• 2008: Let It Rain (Spooky Z Tha Gravedigguh ft. King Gordy, DieNasty & D-Evil) (on the album "Poetry of Worms" Released on Head Hurtz Recordz)
• 2008: Everyday (Bizarre)
• 2008: Bitch You Think You Special (Bizarre)
• 2008: Your Face Is Fucked Up (Fury)
• 2008: Holocaust Interlude (Fury)
• 2008: Detroit Playaz (Fatt Father)
• 2009: The Only Ones featuring Prozak (on Mike E. Clark's Psychopathic Murder Mix Volume 1 released on Psychopathic Records)
• 2008: Oh X-mas Tree (Fatt Father featuring Guilty Simpson & Phat Kat)
• 2009: The Ultimate Villain (Hades)
• 2009: Horns (Tech N9ne) featuring Prozak
• 2009: In My Hood (Kamp Crystal Lake)
• 2009: Neverland (Bloodshot)
• 2009: Hey Haystak (Haystak Diss) (Bizarre)
• 2009: Ghetto World (Dogmatic)
• 2009: Welcome to Hell (Madecipha)
• 2010: Whatcha Smokin' On (Bizarre)
• 2010: Wild Like Us (Bizarre)
• 2010: Rock It Out (Bizarre)
• 2010: Kick The Door Down (RYM Crew)
• 2010: Welcome (Ninja Newman, Yung Rob)
• 2010: Untitled (Krazy Killaz)
• 2010: Until (Robert Illo featuring Scales Of Nappy Routes)
• 2010: Cold Hearted (Sodoma Gomora)
• 2010: Invincible (Nick Rage)
• 2010: I Ain't Crazy (Potluck, D12)
• 2010: Intro (Sinn)
• 2010: When You See Me (Whiteout, Kryptik, Grewsum)
• 2010: Fatal Masochist (T.O.N.E-z, Bad Dream)
• 2010: Wicked Minds (Three One Se7en)
• 2010: Kill Her (John Drama)
• 2011: Wicked Minds (Remix) (Three One Se7en featuring Bizzy Bone)
• 2011: Blood Sacrifice (Akvon)
• 2011: No Regrets (Dark Half, Bizarre)
• 2011: Alleywayz (Hoodu, Outsider)
• 2011: Thirteen (Kamp Crystal Lake)
• 2011: Lite That Shit Up(Potluck Ft. King Gordy)
• 2011: Fresh Meat (Cannibal Carib)
• 2011: Taking Lives (Fury ft. Bizarre & King Gordy)
• 2011: Welcome to Armageddon (Prophet the Revolution
• 2012: Fall from Grace (Jimmy Donn featuring Bizarre))
• 2012: Freedom (K.Daver ft. King Gordy)
• 2012: Nightmare (Soulja ft. King Gordy)
• 2012: Justin Bieber (Bizarre ft. King Gordy)
• 2012: Snatch Yo Carties (Bizarre ft. King Gordy)
• 2012: I Don't Know What I Did Last Night (Bizarre ft. Brotha Lynch Hung, Fury & King Gordy)

Music videos[link]

• 2003: "Nightmares"
• 2005: "Rockstar" (cameo appearance) (Bizarre)
• 2007: "Fat Boy" (Bizarre)
• 2007: "Where You From" (Bizarre, Kuniva)
• 2009: "1980's" (Bizarre)
• 2009: "RIP Gaystak" (Bizarre)
• 2010: "Watcha Smokin' On" (Bizarre)
• 2010: "Rap's Finest" (Cameo Appearance) (Bizarre & Royce da 5'9")
• 2010: "Wild Like Us" (Bizarre)
• 2010: "Sing For The Dead"
• 2011: "Taking Lives" (Fury ft. [[Bizarre (rapper)|Bizarre]] & King Gordy)
• 2012: "Justin Bieber" Bizarre feat. King Gordy

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Website
• King Gordy on Myspace
• King Gordy on Twitter