Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 216

The Baths of Caracalla (reconstructive drawing from 1899)

Year 216 (CCXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sabinus and Anullinus (or, less frequently, year 969 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 216 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events[link]

By place[link]

Roman Empire[link]

• The Baths of Caracalla in Rome are completed with public baths (Thermae), reading rooms, auditoriums, running tracks, and public gardens that cover 20 acres.
• Emperor Caracalla tricks the Parthians by accepting a marriage proposal. He slaughters his bride and the wedding guests after the celebrations.
• Caracalla provokes a war with Artabanus IV of Parthia to imitate his idol Alexander the Great. He crosses the Tigris, destroyes towns and spoils the tombs of Arbela. The Roman army annexed Armenia.
• The basilica of Leptis Magna, ordered by Septimius Severus, is completed.

Asia[link]

• Cao Cao, Chinese warlord, established himself as king of the Kingdom of Wei.

By topic[link]

Religion[link]

• Mithraism, which had begun in Persia, is on course to be adopted by many Roman soldiers serving in Asia.

Births[link]

• Fu Qian, general of the Kingdom of Shu (d. 263)

Deaths[link]

• Saint Clement of Alexandria (approximate date)
• Saint Narcissus of Jerusalem (approximate date)
• Cui Yan (b. 163)
• Huo Jun
• Mao Jie, minister under Cao Cao
• Zhang Lu, general of Han Dynasty

References[link]

Hilary Hahn
Hilary Hahn in 2007
Background information
Born	(1979-11-27) November 27, 1979 (age 32) Lexington, Virginia, USA
Genres	Classical
Occupations	Violinist
Instruments	1864 J.B. Vuillaume (Il Cannone Guarneri reproduction)

Hilary Hahn (born November 27, 1979) is a Grammy-winning American violinist.

Hahn was born in Lexington, Virginia. Beginning her studies when she was three years old at Baltimore's Peabody Institute, she was admitted to the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia at age ten, and in 1991, made her major orchestral debut with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra. Hahn signed her first musical recording contract at age sixteen in 1996 with Sony Music. She graduated from the Curtis Institute in May 1999 with a Bachelor of Music degree.

Hahn plays on an 1864 copy of Paganini's Cannone made by Vuillaume. Her main interest is in solo performance; she also performs chamber music.

Early life and education[link]

Hahn began playing the violin one month before her fourth birthday in the Suzuki Program of Baltimore's Peabody Institute.^[1] She participated in a Suzuki class for a year. Between 1984 and 1989 Hahn studied in Baltimore under Klara Berkovich. In 1990, at ten, Hahn was admitted to the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia where she became a student of Jascha Brodsky. Hahn studied with Brodsky for seven years and learned the études of Kreutzer, Ševčík, Gaviniès, Rode, and the Paganini Caprices. She learned twenty-eight violin concertos, recital programs, and several other short pieces.^[2]

In 1991, Hahn made her major orchestral debut with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra. Soon thereafter, Hahn debuted with the Philadelphia Orchestra, Cleveland Orchestra, Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, and the New York Philharmonic. In 1995 Hahn made her international debut in Germany with a performance of the Beethoven Concerto for Violin with Lorin Maazel and the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra. The concert was broadcast on radio and television in Europe. A year later, Hahn debuted at Carnegie Hall in New York as a soloist with the Philadelphia Orchestra.

By sixteen, Hahn had completed the Curtis Institute's university requirements, but elected to remain for several years to pursue elective courses, until her graduation in May 1999 with a Bachelor of Music degree. During this time she coached violin with Jaime Laredo, and studied chamber music with Felix Galimir and Gary Graffman. In an interview with PBS in December 2001, Hahn stated that of all musical disciplines, she is most interested in performance.^[3]

Musical career[link]

In 1996 when she was sixteen years old, Sony Music signed Hahn to an exclusive recording contract.^[4] After Hahn completed her part of the contract with Sony, which was for five recordings over six years, she decided against renewing the contract as she and Sony did not agree on her future projects.^[4] Instead, Hahn signed with Deutsche Grammophon in 2003 after her contract with Sony expired in the year before.^[4]

Hahn has played with orchestras such as the London Symphony Orchestra, New York Philharmonic, Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra, and the Singapore Symphony Orchestra. She debuted with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in March 2007, and played in Vatican City as part of the celebrations for Pope Benedict XVI together with the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra and conductor Gustavo Dudamel, also in 2007.

She began performing and touring in a crossover duo with singer-songwriter Josh Ritter in 2007 and with singer-songwriter Tom Brosseau in 2005.^[5] According to Hahn, "Other musicians cross genres all the time. For me it's not crossover—I just enter their world. It frees you up to think in a different way from what you've been trained to do."^[6]

In addition to being a solo violinist, Hahn has also performed as a chamber musician. Since the summer of 1992 she has performed nearly every year with the Skaneateles Chamber Music Festival in Skaneateles, New York. Between 1995 and 2000 she performed and studied chamber music at the Marlboro Music Festival in Vermont, and in 1996 she served as an artist and a member of the chamber music mentoring program of The Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center.

In an 1999 interview with Strings Magazine, Hahn cited people influential on her development as a musician and a student, including David Zinman, the conductor of the Baltimore Symphony, and Hahn's mentor since she was ten, Lorin Maazel, with whom she worked in Europe with the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra.^[7]

Hahn sometimes feels that classical-music admirers "make it hard for people who are just coming in. I think that if people show up in jeans and chains, it's great that all parts of culture are interested in music. People forget sometimes that it's about the music, not how you act and dress."^[6]

During concerts she does hope for absolute quiet from the audience during the music. "Not out of snobbishness or holy respect for the music, but just so everyone (including the performers) can hear it. Great music can be quite comfortable and relaxing, and you can sleep—as long as you don't snore."^[6]

On January 14, 2010, Hahn appeared on The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien in support of her album, Bach: Violin & Voice.^[8] Shortly thereafter the album sold 1,000 copies, reaching #1 on a Billboard classical chart,^[9] officially peaking at #6 on the Billboard Classical Albums chart.^[10]

On playing Bach[link]

In 1999, Hahn said that she played Bach more than any other composer and that she had played solo Bach pieces every day since she was eight.^[2]

Bach is, for me, the touchstone that keeps my playing honest. Keeping the intonation pure in double stops, bringing out the various voices where the phrasing requires it, crossing the strings so that there are not inadvertent accents, presenting the structure in such a way that it's clear to the listener without being pedantic – one can't fake things in Bach, and if one gets all of them to work, the music sings in the most wonderful way.

—Hilary Hahn, Saint Paul Sunday^[11]

In a segment on NPR entitled "Musicians in Their Own Words", Hahn speaks about the surreal experience of playing the Bach Chaconne (from the Partita for Violin No. 2) alone on the concert stage. In the same segment, she discusses her experiences emulating a lark while playing The Lark Ascending by Ralph Vaughan Williams.^[12]

Instrument[link]

Hilary Hahn, violin, and Valentina Lisitsa, piano, Kuss Auditorium, Clark State Performing Arts Center, Springfield, Ohio, March 3, 2009

Her violin is an 1864 copy of Paganini's Cannone made by Vuillaume. Hahn uses bows by American bow maker Isaac Salchow and French bow makers Emile Ouchard^{[clarification needed Which one?]}, Paul Jombar, and Emil Miquel.^[2] As for her strings, she uses Dominants^[2] for the A (aluminum wound), D and G (silver wound) and uses a Pirastro Gold Label Steel E.

Journal[link]

Hahn's official website includes a section entitled "By Hilary". In the Strings Magazine interview, Hahn said that the idea for her "Postcards from the Road" feature originated during an outreach visit to a third-grade class in upstate New York. The class was doing a geography project in which the students asked everyone that they knew who was traveling to send postcards from the cities that they were visiting, in order to learn more about the world. Hahn decided to participate after receiving a positive reaction from her suggestion that she take part as well.^[2] Hahn enjoyed her first year's experience with the project so much that she decided to continue it on her new website.^[13] A few years later, she expanded the postcards to a journal format. Journal entries usually include photographs that Hahn takes while touring the city and during rehearsals.

Since September 2008 Hahn's violin case's own Twitter account exists,^[14] onto which messages are posted on the road.^[15]

Discography[link]

• Hilary Hahn Plays Bach (1997)

  Hilary Hahn, violin

• Beethoven Violin Concerto / Bernstein Serenade (1999)

  Hilary Hahn, violin

  Baltimore Symphony Orchestra

  David Zinman, conductor

  Grammy Nominee – Best Instrumental Soloist Performance with Orchestra

• Barber & Meyer Violin Concertos (2000)

  Hilary Hahn, violin

  Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra

  Hugh Wolff, conductor

• Brahms & Stravinsky Violin Concertos (2001)

  Hilary Hahn, violin

  Academy of St Martin in the Fields

  Sir Neville Marriner, conductor

  Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra)

• Mendelssohn & Shostakovich Concertos (2002)

  Hilary Hahn, violin

  Oslo Philharmonic

  Marek Janowski and Hugh Wolff, conductors

• Bach Concertos (2003)

  Hilary Hahn, violin

  Margaret Batjer, violin; Allan Vogel, oboe

  Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra

  Jeffrey Kahane, conductor

• The Village Motion Picture Soundtrack (2004)

  Hilary Hahn, featured violinist

  Music composed by James Newton Howard

• Elgar: Violin Concerto; Vaughan Williams: The Lark Ascending (2004)

  Hilary Hahn, violin

  London Symphony Orchestra

  Colin Davis, conductor

• Mozart: Violin Sonatas K. 301, K. 304, K. 376 & K. 526 (2005)

  Hilary Hahn, violin; Natalie Zhu, piano

  Entered the Billboard Classical Chart at number 7^[16]

• "To Russia My Homeland" from the album Worlds Apart by ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead (2005)
• Paganini: Violin Concerto No. 1 / Spohr: Violin Concerto No. 8 – Gesangsszene (2006)

  Hilary Hahn, violin

  Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra

  Eiji Oue, conductor

• "Witch's Web" from the album So Divided by ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead (2006)
• "Der Kleine Hörsaal – Die Geige mit Hilary Hahn" (2007)^[17]

  Hilary Hahn, narrator

• "Fork in the Road" and "Blue Part of the Windshield" from the album Grand Forks by Tom Brosseau (2007)
• Schoenberg: Violin Concerto; Sibelius: Violin Concerto (2008)

  Hilary Hahn, Violin

  Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra

  Esa-Pekka Salonen, Conductor

  Debuted at #1 on Classical Billboard chart for three straight weeks (the first Schoenberg recording to debut at #1).

  Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra)^[18]

  Grammy Nominee – Best Classical Album

  Ranked #6 by Newsweek on its list of the ten best albums of the decade.^[19]

• "Bach: Violin & Voice"^[20] (2010)

  Hilary Hahn, violin; Christine Schäfer, soprano; Matthias Goerne, baritone; Munich Chamber Orchestra

• Higdon & Tchaikovsky Violin Concertos (2010)

  Hilary Hahn, violin

  Royal Liverpool Philharmonic

  Vasily Petrenko, conductor

• Charles Ives: Four Sonatas (2011)

  Hilary Hahn, violin

  Valentina Lisitsa, piano

• Silfra (2012)

  Hilary Hahn, violin

  Hauschka (aka Volker Bertelmann), prepared piano

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hilary Hahn

• Official website
• Hilary Hahn on a Danish television show (English) (Danish)
• Hilary Hahn plays on YouTube Bach's Sonata for Violin Solo No. 2 in A minor, BWV 1003.
• Classical Archives Interview

Richard Rodriguez
Born	(1944-07-31) July 31, 1944 (age 67) San Francisco or Sacramento, California, United States
Residence	San Francisco, California
Nationality	United States
Ethnicity	Mestizo[1] or Indian[2]</ref>
Education	Stanford University, B.A. in English, 1967 Columbia University M.A. in philosophy, 1969 University of California, Berkeley, graduate study in English Renaissance literature 1969-72 Warburg Institute, London, dissertation research, 1972-73
Alma mater	Christian Brothers High School (Sacramento, California) Sacred Heart School in Sacramento
Occupation	journalist
Agent	Georges Borchardt, Inc., 136 East 57th St., New York, NY 10022
Known for	opposition to bilingual education and affirmative action
Notable work(s)	Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez (autobiography), David R. Godine (Boston, MA), 1982. Days of Obligation: An Argument with My Mexican Father (autobiography), Viking Penguin (New York, NY), 1992. Brown: The Last Discovery of America, Viking (New York, NY), 2002.
Home town	Sacramento, California
Television	PBS Newshour
Religion	Roman Catholic[3]
Partner	Jim
Parents	Leopoldo Rodriguez Victoria Moran Rodriguez
Awards	-Fulbright Fellowship, 1972-73 -National Endowment for the Humanities fellowship, 1976-77, and Frankel Medal -Commonwealth Club gold medal, 1982 -Christopher Award, 1982, for Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez -Anisfield-Wolf Award for Race Relations, 1982 -George Foster Peabody Award, 1997, for work on the MacNeil-Lehrer Newshour -International Journalism Award, 1990, from World Affairs Council of California. -Emmy Award, 1992
Notes [3][4][5]

Richard Rodriguez (born July 31, 1944) is an American writer who became famous as the author of Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez (1982), a narrative about his intellectual development.

Early life[link]

Richard Rodriguez was born on July 31, 1944, into a Mexican immigrant family in San Francisco, California. (Sources also say Sacramento, California.) Rodriguez spoke Spanish until he went to a Catholic school at age six. As a youth in Sacramento, California, he delivered newspapers and worked as a gardener. He graduated from Sacramento's Christian Brothers High School.

Career[link]

Rodriguez received a B.A. from Stanford University, an M.A. from Columbia University, was a Ph.D. candidate in English Renaissance literature at the University of California, Berkeley, and attended the Warburg Institute in London on a Fulbright fellowship.^[3] A noted prose stylist, Rodriguez has worked as a teacher, international journalist, and educational consultant and has appeared regularly^{[citation needed]} on PBS's show, NewsHour. A television documentary about Rodriguez's works earned Jim Lehrer a Peabody Award in 1997. Rodriguez’s books include Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez (1981), a collection of autobiographical essays; Mexico’s Children (1990); Days of Obligation: An Argument With My Mexican Father (1992), which was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize; and Brown: The Last Discovery of America. Rodriguez's works have also been published in Harper's Magazine, Mother Jones, and Time.^[6]

Instead of pursuing a career in academia, Rodriguez suddenly decided to write freelance and take other temporary jobs. His first book, Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez, was published in 1981. It was an account of his journey from being a "socially disadvantaged child" to becoming a fully assimilated American, from the Spanish-speaking world of his family to the wider, presumably freer, public world of English. But the journey was not without costs: his American identity was only achieved after a painful separation from his past, his family, and his culture. "Americans like to talk about the importance of family values," says Rodriguez. "But America isn't a country of family values; Mexico is a country of family values. This is a country of people who leave home." While the book received widespread critical acclaim and won several literary awards, it also stirred resentment because of Rodriguez's strong stands against bilingual education and affirmative action. Some Mexican Americans called him pocho—traitor—accusing him of betraying himself and his people. Others called him a "coconut"—brown on the outside, white on the inside. He calls himself "a comic victim of two cultures."^[2]

Personal life[link]

Rodriguez is a homosexual.^[2] He came out in his book of essays Days of Obligation.^[7] This caused some readers and critics, especially Latinos, to be less critical of his ideas.^[8]

Browning of America[link]

Rodriguez's original ideas are further explored in his 2002 collection of essays entitled Brown: The Last Discovery of America, which was a finalist for the National Book Critics Award.

The "browning of America", a phrase that Rodriguez uses in Brown, may seem like a new coinage, but the term predated his book and has been used regularly to describe an increase in the mixing of cultural, racial, and ethnic identities in the United States in the past century. For Rodriguez the phrase has to do more with the color brown as a symbol of mélange in the United States or specifically an increase in its "bi- or even tri-racial" subgroups. The phrase is commonly applied to the current demographic shift towards a higher proportion of minorities in the total population in the United States. It can be used neutrally as a name for the current demographic shift in the United States, but has also been appropriated by organized groups on both the left and the right. The far right evokes the phrase generally as a minority-based usurping of customary or assumed White privilege, while the far left hails it as a welcomed rethinking and/or accountability of deep-seated notions of White "normativity."^{[citation needed]}

Current Project[link]

At present, Rodriguez is writing a book on Judaism, Islam, Christianity, and the desert. Rodriguez reports that he is "interested in the fact that three great monotheistic religions were experienced within this ecology."^[9] A sample of this project appeared in Harper's Magazine (January 2008). In this essay, "The God of the Desert," Rodriguez portrays the desert as a paradoxical temple—its emptiness the requisite for God's elusive presence.

References[link]

1. ^ Louise Steinman, Charles C. Mann, Richard Rodriguez (2011). World History - "1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created" - Book TV. Event occurs at 11:32.  Interview first broadcast Sun October 2, 2011. Duration 01:13:32.
2. ^ ^{a b c} London, Scott (August 1997), "A View From the Melting Pot: An Interview with Richard Rodriguez", The Sun (Chapel Hill, North Carolina) (260), http://www.scottlondon.com/interviews/rodriguez.html, retrieved 2012-01-06  Originally titled Crossing Borders - An Interview With Richard Rodriguez.
3. ^ ^{a b c} "Richard Rodriguez" (fee, via Fairfax County Public Library). Dictionary of Hispanic Biography. Gale. November 6, 1996. GALE|K1611000359. http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/bic1/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&disableHighlighting=false&prodId=BIC1&action=e&windowstate=normal&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CK1611000359&mode=view&userGroupName=fairfax_main&jsid=bf60340992e4eefb0367c76c6b69ff88. Retrieved 2012-01-05.  Gale Biography In Context.
4. ^ "Richard Rodriguez" (fee, via Fairfax County Public Schools). Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale. 2003. GALE|H1000084032. http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/bic1/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&disableHighlighting=false&prodId=BIC1&action=e&windowstate=normal&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CH1000084032&mode=view&userGroupName=fairfax_main&jsid=e9557825029a3b2f2e024937ec3e86a1. Retrieved 2012-01-05.  Gale Biography In Context.
5. ^ "Participants". 64th Annual Conference on World Affairs. CU-Boulder. http://www.colorado.edu/cwa/bios.html?id=62&year=2001. Retrieved 2012-01-06. 
6. ^ Wyrick, Jean; Slaughter, Beverly J. (1999). The Rinehart Reader (third ed.). Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. pp. 309, 586. ISBN 0-15-505512-7.  (Thomson Heinle)
7. ^ Rodriguez, Richard (October 19, 1998), "My heterosexual dilemma", Salon.com, http://www.salon.com/news/1998/10/19news.html, retrieved 2007-10-26 
8. ^ García, Mario T. (2000), "Santa Barbara", Luis Leal: An Auto/Biography, University of Texas Press, p. 171, ISBN 0-292-72829-8 
9. ^ Rodriguez, Richard, "The God of the Desert" in The Best American Essays 2009, Ed. Mary Oliver (Mariner: Boston, 2009), 157

Further reading[link]

• America, May 22, 1982, pp. 403–404; September 23, 1995, p. 8.
• American Review, fall-winter, 1988, pp. 75–90.
• American Scholar, spring, 1983, pp. 278–285, winter, 1994, p. 145.
• Booklist, March 1, 2002, Bill Ott, review of Brown: The Last Discovery of America, p. 1184.
• Christian Science Monitor Monthly, March 12, 1982, pp. B1, B3.
• Commentary, July 1982, pp. 82–84.
• Diacritics, fall, 1985, pp. 25–34.
• Melus, spring, 1987, pp. 3–15.
• New York Times Book Review, November 22, 1992, p. 42; April 7, 2002, Anthony Walton, "Greater than All the Parts, " p. 7.
• Reason, August–September 1994, p. 35.
• Time, January 25, 1993, p. 70.
• Tribune Books (Chicago, IL), December 13, 1992, p. 1.
• Washington Post Book World, November 15, 1992, p. 3.*

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Richard Rodriguez

• Profile at NNDB
• Works by or about Richard Rodriguez in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Profile at Perspectives in American Literature
• Essays at NewsHour Online (PBS)
• Melcher Book Award acceptance speech (2003) in RealPlayer video or audio formats.
• Richard Rodriguez, The Browning of America, February 18, 1998
• A View From the Melting Pot - An interview with Richard Rodriguez by Scott London
• Richard Rodriguez - An interview by Jo Scott-Coe in Narrative Magazine, Winter 2008
• Video (and audio) conversation with Rodriguez and Kerry Howley on Bloggingheads.tv

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009)

Betty Moore (born 21 November 1934 in New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian athlete who ran for Great Britain.

Moore set hurdles records for New South Wales during the 1950s while completing her MSc in chemistry with Arthur Birch at the University of Sydney. She travelled to Manchester with Birch in 1957 to study for a PhD, but became disillusioned with the career prospects available for female chemists. She left her studies to work full-time and started training with the British athletics team, winning the British hurdles championship.

Moore was selected to represent Great Britain in the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome, but was disqualified from competing because she had resided in Britain for only 22 months instead of the required 24. She ran for Britain in the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth, Western Australia where she broke nine British records, one Commonwealth record and equalled the world record for the 80 metre hurdles. She won two silver medals in the 80 meter hurdles and the 4 x 110 yard relay.

She later returned to Australia to resume her career in chemistry and retired in 1999. Moore was an accredited coach and official and served as a technical official at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney where she also serves as a board member at Athletics New South Wales.

References[link]

• Letter from Melbourne. Ian Rae (2005)

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