Gipuzkoa
—  Province  —
Historical Territory of Gipuzkoa1
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Fidelissima Bardulia Numquam Superata
Coordinates: 43°10′N 2°10′W / 43.167°N 2.167°W / 43.167; -2.167Coordinates: 43°10′N 2°10′W / 43.167°N 2.167°W / 43.167; -2.167
Country	Spain
Autonomous Community	Basque Country
Capital	Donostia-San Sebastián
Government
• Deputy General	Martin Garitano (Bildu)
Area(0.38% of Spain; Ranked 50th)
• Total	1,909 km2 (737 sq mi)
Population (2009)
• Total	705,698
• Density	370/km2 (960/sq mi)
• Ranked	19th
ISO 3166-2	20
Official languages	Basque, Spanish
Parliament	Cortes Generales
Congress seats	6 (of 350)
Senate seats	4 (of 264)
General Assembly of Gipuzkoa	51
Website	Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia
:1.^ Complete official names: Gipuzkoako Lurralde Historikoa (Basque) and Territorio Histórico de Gipuzkoa (Spanish)

Basque portal

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Gipuzkoa (in Basque and officially, in Spanish Guipúzcoa but since 2011 also officially written Gipuzkoa) is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country. Its capital city is Donostia-San Sebastián. It limits with the French department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques at the northeast, with the province and autonomous community of Navarre at east, Biscay at west, Álava at southwest and the Bay of Biscay at north. It is located at the easternmost extreme of the Cantabric Sea, in the Bay of Biscay. It has 66 km of coast land.

Its total area of 1.909 km2 makes it the smallest province of Spain. The province has 88 municipalities and a population of 705.698 inhabitants, from which more than half live in the Donostia-San Sebastián metropolian area. Apart from the capital, other important cities are Irun, Errenteria, Zarautz, Mondragón, Eibar, Hondarribia, Oñati, Tolosa, Beasain and Pasaia.

Its oceanic climate gives the province an intense green color with little thermic oscilation. Guipuscoa is the province of the Basque Country where the Basque language is the most extended.

Etymology[link]

The first recorded name of the province was Ipuscoa from a document of the year 1025.^[1] During the following years, and on different documents, several similar names appear, as Ipuzcoa, Ipuçcha, Ipuzka, among others.

The full etymology the word Gipuzkoa has not been fully ascertained but links have been made with the Basque word Giputz,^[1] containing the root ip- which is related to the word ipar (north), ipurdi (back) and ipuin (tale). According to this, ipuzko (one of the several first known denominations) might refer of something "to the north" or "in the north".^[1]

Denominations[link]

Gipuzkoa[link]

Gipuzkoa is the Basque denomination recommended by the Royal Academy of the Basque language, and it is commonly used on official documents on that language. It is also used on documents in Spanish, and it is the most used denomination by the media in Spanish in the Basque Country. It is also the denomination used in the Basque version of the Spanish constitution and in the Basque version of the Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country.

Gipuzkoa is also the only official denomination approved for the historical territory by the Juntas Generales of the province.

Guipúzcoa[link]

Guipúzcoa is the denomination in Spanish, recommended by the Royal Spanish Academy. It is used in non-official documents and, in general, by Spanish speakers. It is also the Spanish denomination used in the Spanish version of the Constitution and in the Spanish version of the Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country.

Demography and urban landscape[link]

Its area of 1,980 km² (764 sq mi) makes it the smallest province in Spain. The province numbers 88 municipalities and a population of 705,698 inhabitants (2009), of whom about a quarter live in the capital, San Sebastián. Other important towns are Irun, Errenteria, Zarautz, Arrasate, Oñati (with an old university), Eibar, Tolosa (during a short time capital of the province), Beasain, Pasaia (the main port), Hondarribia (an old fort town opposite to France).

Physical geography[link]

Gipuzkoa stands out as a region of hilly and green landscape linking mountain and sea, besides being heavily populated with numerous urban nuclei that dot the whole territory. The conspicuous presence of hills and rugged terrain has added to a special leaning towards hiking, nature and mountains on the part of Gipuzkoans. Some mountains steeped in tradition hold an iconic and emblematic significance, their summits being often topped with crosses, memorials and mountaineer postboxes. In addition, pilgrimages (which have gradually lost their former religious zeal and taken on a more secular slant) are sometimes held to their summits. Some renowned and iconic mountains to mention but a few are Aiako Harria, Hernio, Txindoki, Aizkorri, Izarraitz, etc.

The rivers of Gipuzkoa show a string of distinctive features differing from other Bay of Biscay rivers. These rivers, rising in the hilly Basque inland landscape (Basque Mountains), flow in a south to north disposition, shaping narrow close valleys stretching in this direction before joining the ocean. The rivers extend for a short length with a small fluctuation in the volume of water thanks to the stable rainfall all year round, besides showing an abrupt drop between rise and mouth if the length of the river is considered. The rivers, ordered from west to east, are the following: Deba, Urola, Oria, Urumea, Oiartzun and Bidasoa. But for a narrow strip extending east from the hamlet Otzaurte (Zegama) and the tunnel of San Adrian, the province drains its waters to the Atlantic basin.

Infrastructure[link]

Bay of Biscay, San Sebastian and Hernani in Gipuzkoa

San Sebastian and Pasaia flanked at either side by Mounts Jaizkibel and Larrun

View to the SW from Ganbo Txiki in Aralar, with Aratz and the Aizkorri ridge in the background

The region shows a communication layout well in step with its geographical features, with the main communication axes following the North to South direction up to recent times along the rivers heading to the ocean. So it was with the Way of St. James penetrating in the province via Irun and turning south-west along the Oria River towards the province limits at the tunnel of San Adrian. This stretch was in operation up to 1765 when the King's Highway moved to the western Gipuzkoan Deba Valley. A minor St. James route crossed Gipuzkoa east to west along the coast.

Currently, the main road cutting through Gipuzkoa sticks largely to that pattern, i.e. the N-1 E-5 from Irun to Donostia and on to Altsasu all along the Oria for the most part (gateway to Navarre through the pass of Etxegarate). Also, the major Irun-Madrid railway runs closely clinging to this river up to its very rise on the slopes of Aizkorri (train stop Otzaurte in Zegama). By 1973 engineering works for the Bilbao-Behobia A-8 E-70 motorway had come to an end, with the new road cutting across the valleys east to west and turning into the main axis between Donostia and Bilbao, besides enabling heavy load traffic to access the west and south of Spain (toll applies). Regional railway network Euskotren winds down along the coast from east to west too, while this transport proves impractical for long distance on the grounds of its tortuous layout and its serving small towns. The railway network reaches the border town Hendaia (change to SNCF).

The stretch of the A-15 motorway serving Gipuzkoa and Pamplona opened in 1995 shrouded in controversy after a protest and attack campaign led by ecologists, Basque leftist nationalists and eventually ETA. Troubles came to a halt after a deal was struck about the definitive layout. Later on, in January 2010, following a scheme drawn up by the regional government of Gipuzkoa to improve provisions for the ever increasing road traffic, the Maltzaga-Urbina AP-1 motorway stretch leading to Gasteiz was placed into operation, providing likewise access to the industrial areas of Arrasate and Bergara (gateway to Álava by village Landa). Works for connection between AP-1 and N-1 E-5 are due to conclude in 2010 by means of the highway linking east to west Bergara and Beasain. Arrangements for the road network of Donostia's metropolitan area (2nd ring road and Urnieta's bypass) are well under way and due operational by mid-2010.

A scheme exists for a high-speed rail with an X-type layout and links to the SNCF network in Hendaia (NE), Vitoria (SE), Bilbao (W) and Pamplona (S) (works due finished by 2016). The appointment of works were made, works are in place despite overdue, while the scheme faces opposition from conservationist, leftist and anti-system groups.

The only airport in Gipuzkoa serving just domestic flights is the San Sebastian Airport located in Hondarribia, while the air transportation needs are usually served by the nearby Bilbao and Biarritz airports.

Cultural traits[link]

Gipuzkera is a dialect of the Basque language spoken in most of the region as well as neighbouring areas of Navarre, which shows a considerable vitality and holds a prominent position among other dialects. The province's patron saints are Ignatius of Loyola, who was born in the neighborhood of Loyola in the town of Azpeitia, and Our Lady of Arantzazu.

The region has produced many famous Basque football players including José Ángel Iribar, Joseba Etxeberria, Xabi Alonso and Mikel Arteta.

See List of municipalities in Gipuzkoa.

Notable natives and residents[link]

• Juan de Amézqueta, ambassador to the king in the sixteenth century^{[citation needed]}
• José María Aristrain, steel industrialist^{[citation needed]}
• Jose Miguel Barandiaran, anthropologist, paleontologist
• Juan Sebastián de Elcano, 1st circumnavigator of the globe in 1522
• Pello Errota, famed bertsolari of the late 19th century
• Cándida María de Jesús, saint and foundress of the Congregation of the Hijas de Jesús (Daughters of Jesus)
• Blas de Lezo, admiral famed for the Battle of Cartagena de Indias
• Ignacio de Loyola, saint and founder of the Society of Jesus
• Iker Martínez de Lizarduy Lizarribar, Olympic sailor
• José María Olazábal, golfer and winner of Masters tournament
• Juan de Tolosa, founder of the state of Zacatecas in Mexico^{[citation needed]}
• Andrés de Urdaneta, explorer and circumnavigator
• Iñaki Urdangarín, former professional handball player and husband of Infanta Cristina, Duchess of Palma de Mallorca
• Ignacio Zuloaga, painter
• Baltasar de Echave Orio, painter

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gipuzkoa

• Official site (Information in Basque, Spanish, French and English)

v t e Regions in Gipuzkoa Bidasoa-Txingudi Debabarrena Debagoiena Donostialdea Goierri Oarsoaldea Tolosaldea Urola Erdia Urola Garaia Urola Kosta

v t e Provinces of Spain A Coruña Álava Albacete Alicante Almería Asturias Ávila Badajoz Balearic Islands Barcelona Biscay Burgos Cáceres Cádiz Cantabria Castellón Ciudad Real Córdoba Cuenca Girona Granada Guadalajara Gipuzkoa Huelva Huesca Jaén Las Palmas León Lleida Lugo Madrid Málaga Murcia Navarre Ourense Palencia Pontevedra La Rioja Salamanca Segovia Seville Soria Tarragona Santa Cruz de Tenerife Teruel Toledo Valencia Valladolid Zamora Zaragoza

v t e Traditional provinces of the Basque Country Southern Basque Country Basque Autonomous Community Gipuzkoa Álava Biscay Navarre Northern Basque Country Labourd Lower Navarre Soule

Zygmunt Bauman

Born	(1925-11-19) November 19, 1925 (age 86) Poznań, Poland
Era	20th / 21st-century philosophy
Region	Western Philosophy
School	Continental philosophy · Marxism · Postmodernism
Main interests	Ethics · Political philosophy · Sociology
Notable ideas	Modernity's struggle with ambiguity, resulting in the Holocaust, postmodern ethics, "liquid" modernity
Influenced by Karl Marx · Max Weber · Georg Simmel · Antonio Gramsci · Hannah Arendt · Theodor Adorno · Stanisław Ossowski · Jacques Derrida

Zygmunt Bauman (born 19 November 1925 in Poznań) is a Polish sociologist. Since 1971, he has resided in England after being driven out of Poland by an anti-Semitic campaign, engineered by the Communist government which he had previously supported. Professor of sociology at the University of Leeds (and since 1990 emeritus professor), Bauman has become best known for his analyses of the links between modernity and the Holocaust, and of postmodern consumerism.

Biography[link]

Zygmunt Bauman was born to non-practising Polish-Jewish parents in Poznań, Poland, in 1925. When Poland was invaded by the Nazis in 1939 his family escaped eastwards into the Soviet Union. Bauman went on to serve in the Soviet-controlled Polish First Army, working as a political education instructor. He took part in the battles of Kolberg (now Kołobrzeg) and Berlin. In May 1945 he was awarded the Military Cross of Valour.

According to semi-official statements of a historian with the Polish Institute of National Remembrance made in the conservative magazine Ozon in May 2006, from 1945 to 1953 Bauman held a similar function in the Internal Security Corps (KBW), a military unit formed to combat Ukrainian nationalist insurgents and part of the remnants of the Polish Home Army.

Bauman, the magazine states, distinguished himself as the leader of a unit that captured a large number of underground combatants. Further, the author cites evidence that Bauman worked as an informer for the Military Intelligence from 1945 to 1948. However, the nature and extent of his collaboration remain unknown, as well as the exact circumstances under which it was terminated.^[1]

In an interview in The Guardian, Bauman confirmed that he had been a committed communist during and after World War II and had never made a secret of it. He admitted, however, that joining the military intelligence service at age 19 was a mistake even though he had a "dull" desk-job and did not remember informing on anyone.^[2]

While serving in the KBW, Bauman first studied sociology at the Warsaw Academy of Social Sciences. He went on to study philosophy at the University of Warsaw — sociology had temporarily been cancelled from the Polish curriculum as a "bourgeois" discipline — and his teachers at Warsaw included Stanisław Ossowski and Julian Hochfeld.

In the KBW, Bauman had risen to the rank of major when he was suddenly dishonourably discharged in 1953, after his father approached the Israeli embassy in Warsaw with a view to emigrating to Israel. As Bauman did not share his father's Zionist tendencies and was indeed strongly anti-Zionist, his dismissal caused a severe, though temporary estrangement from his father. During the period of unemployment that followed, he completed his M.A. and in 1954 became a lecturer at the University of Warsaw, where he remained until 1968.

During a stay at the London School of Economics, where his supervisor was Robert McKenzie, he prepared a comprehensive study on the British socialist movement, his first major book. Published in Polish in 1959, a translated and revised edition appeared in English in 1972.

Bauman went on to publish other books, including Socjologia na co dzień ("Sociology for everyday life", 1964), which reached a large popular audience in Poland and later formed the foundation for the English-language text-book Thinking Sociologically (1990).

Initially, Bauman remained close to orthodox Marxist doctrine, but influenced by Antonio Gramsci and Georg Simmel, he became increasingly critical of Poland's communist government. Because of this he was never awarded a professorship even after he completed his habilitation but, after his former teacher Julian Hochfeld was made vice-director of UNESCO's Department for Social Sciences in Paris in 1962, Bauman de facto inherited Hochfeld's chair.

Faced with increasing political pressure and the anti-Semitic campaign led by Mieczysław Moczar, the Chief of the Polish Communist Secret Police, Bauman renounced his membership in the governing Polish United Workers' Party in January 1968. With the March 1968 events, the anti-Semitic campaign culminated in a purge, which drove most remaining Poles of Jewish descent out of the country, including many intellectuals who had fallen from grace with the communist government. Bauman, who had lost his chair at the University of Warsaw, was among them. Having had to give up Polish citizenship to be allowed to leave the country, he first went to Israel to teach at Tel Aviv University, before accepting a chair in sociology at the University of Leeds, where he intermittently also served as head of department. Since then, he has published almost exclusively in English, his third language, and his repute has grown exponentially. Indeed, from the late 1990s, Bauman exerted a considerable influence on the anti- or alter-globalization movement.

In a 2011 interview in the important Polish weekly "Polityka" Bauman criticized Zionism and Israel, saying Israel was not interested in peace and that it was "taking advantage of the Holocaust to legitimize unconscionable acts." He compared the Israeli West Bank barrier to the walls of the Warsaw Ghetto where hundreds of thousands of Jews died in the Holocaust. Israeli ambassador to Warsaw, Zvi Bar, called Bauman's comments "half truths" and "groundless generalizations."^[3]

Bauman was married to writer Janina Lewinson (she died on 29 December 2009 in Leeds^[4]) and has three daughters, painter Lydia Bauman, architect Irena Bauman, and Professor of mathematics education Anna Sfard. The noted Israeli civil rights lawyer Michael Sfard is his grandson.

Work[link]

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v t e

Bauman's published work extends to 57 books and well over a hundred articles.^[5] Most of these address a number of common themes, among which are globalization, modernity and postmodernity, consumerism, and morality.

Early work[link]

Bauman's earliest publication in English is a study of the British labour movement and its relationship to class and social stratification, originally published in Poland in 1960.^[6] He continued to publish on the subject of class and social conflict until the early 1980s, with his last book on the subject being Memories of Class.^[7] Whilst his later books do not address issues of class directly, he continues to describe himself as a socialist, and he has never rejected Marxism entirely ^[8] The Marxist theorist Antonio Gramsci in particular remains one of his most profound influences.

Modernity and rationality[link]

In the late 1980s and early 1990s Bauman published a number of books that dealt with the relationship between modernity, bureaucracy, rationality and social exclusion.^[9] Bauman, following Freud, came to view European modernity as a trade off; European society, he argued, had agreed to forego a level of freedom in order to receive the benefits of increased individual security. Bauman argued that modernity, in what he later came to term its 'solid' form, involved removing unknowns and uncertainties; it involved control over nature, hierarchical bureaucracy, rules and regulations, control and categorisation — all of which attempted to gradually remove personal insecurities, making the chaotic aspects of human life appear well-ordered and familiar. However, Bauman over a number of books began to develop the position that such order-making efforts never manage to achieve the desired results. When life becomes organised into familiar and manageable categories, he argued, there are always social groups who cannot be administered, who cannot be separated out and controlled. In his book Modernity and Ambivalence Bauman began to theorise such indeterminate persons by introducing the allegorical figure of 'the stranger.' Drawing upon the sociology of Georg Simmel and the philosophy of Jacques Derrida, Bauman came to write of the stranger as the person who is present yet unfamiliar, society's undecidable.

In Modernity and Ambivalence Bauman attempted to give an account of the different approaches modern society adopts toward the stranger. He argued that, on the one hand, in a consumer-oriented economy the strange and the unfamiliar is always enticing; in different styles of food, different fashions and in tourism it is possible to experience the allure of what is unfamiliar. Yet this strange-ness also has a more negative side. The stranger, because he cannot be controlled and ordered, is always the object of fear; he is the potential mugger, the person outside of society's borders who is constantly threatening. Bauman's most famous book, Modernity and the Holocaust, is an attempt to give a full account of the dangers of these kinds of fears. Drawing upon Hannah Arendt and Theodor Adorno's books on totalitarianism and the Enlightenment, Bauman developed the argument that the Holocaust should not simply be considered to be an event in Jewish history, nor a regression to pre-modern barbarism. Rather, he argued, the Holocaust should be seen as deeply connected to modernity and its order-making efforts. Procedural rationality, the division of labour into smaller and smaller tasks, the taxonomic categorisation of different species, and the tendency to view rule-following as morally good all played their role in the Holocaust coming to pass. And he argued that for this reason modern societies have not fully taken on board the lessons of the Holocaust; it is generally viewed - to use Bauman's metaphor - like a picture hanging on a wall, offering few lessons. In Bauman's analysis the Jews became 'strangers' par excellence in Europe;^[10] the Final Solution was pictured by him as an extreme example of the attempts made by societies to excise the uncomfortable and indeterminate elements existing within them. Bauman, like the philosopher Giorgio Agamben, contended that the same processes of exclusion that were at work in the Holocaust could, and to an extent do, still come into play today.

Postmodernity and consumerism[link]

In the mid and late 1990s Bauman's books^[11] began to look at two different but interrelated subjects: postmodernity and consumerism. Bauman began to develop the position that a shift had taken place in modern society in the latter half of the 20th century - it had altered from being a society of producers to a society of consumers. This switch, Bauman argued, reversed Freud's 'modern' trade-off: this time security was given up in order to enjoy increased freedom, freedom to purchase, to consume, and to enjoy life. In his books in the 1990s Bauman wrote of this shift as being a shift from 'modernity' to 'post-modernity'. Since the turn of the millennium, his books have tried to avoid the confusion surrounding the term 'postmodernity' by using the metaphors of 'liquid' and 'solid' modernity. In his books on modern consumerism Bauman still writes of the same uncertainties that he portrayed in his writings on 'solid' modernity; but in these books he writes of these fears being more diffuse and harder to pin down. Indeed they are, to use the title of one of his books, 'liquid fears' - fears about paedophilia, for instance, which are amorphous and which have no easily identifiable referent.^[12]

Awards and honours[link]

Bauman was awarded the European Amalfi Prize for Sociology and Social Sciences in 1992 and the Theodor W. Adorno Award of the city of Frankfurt in 1998. He has been awarded in 2010, jointly with Alain Touraine, the Príncipe de Asturias Prize for Communication and the Humanities.^[13]

The University of Leeds launched the The Bauman Institute within its School of Sociology and Social Policy in Bauman's honour in September 2010.^[14]

Bibliography[link]

Books by Bauman[link]

Warsaw period[link]

• 1957: Zagadnienia centralizmu demokratycznego w pracach Lenina [Questions of Democratic Centralism in Lenin's Works]. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza.
• 1959: Socjalizm brytyjski: Źródła, filozofia, doktryna polityczna [British Socialism: Sources, Philosophy, Political Doctrine]. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
• 1960: Klasa, ruch, elita: Studium socjologiczne dziejów angielskiego ruchu robotniczego [Class, Movement, Elite: A Sociological Study on the History of the British Labour Movement]. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
• 1960: Z dziejów demokratycznego ideału [From the History of the Democratic Ideal]. Warszawa: Iskry.
• 1960: Kariera: cztery szkice socjologiczne [Career: Four Sociological Sketches]. Warszawa: Iskry.
• 1961: Z zagadnień współczesnej socjologii amerykańskiej [Questions of Modern American Sociology]. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza.
• 1962 (with Szymon Chodak, Juliusz Strojnowski, Jakub Banaszkiewicz): Systemy partyjne współczesnego kapitalizmu [The Party Systems of Modern Capitalism]. Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza.
• 1962: Spoleczeństwo, w ktorym żyjemy [The Society We Live In]. Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza.
• 1962: Zarys socjologii. Zagadnienia i pojęcia [Outline of Sociology. Questions and Concepts]. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
• 1963: Idee, ideały, ideologie [Ideas, Ideals, Ideologies]. Warszawa: Iskry.
• 1964: Zarys marksistowskiej teorii spoleczeństwa [Outline of the Marxist Theory of Society]. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
• 1964: Socjologia na co dzień [Sociology for Everyday Life]. Warszawa: Iskry.
• 1965: Wizje ludzkiego świata. Studia nad społeczną genezą i funkcją socjologii [Visions of a Human World: Studies on the social genesis and the function of sociology]. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza.
• 1966: Kultura i społeczeństwo. Preliminaria [Culture and Society, Preliminaries]. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.

Leeds period[link]

• 1972: Between Class and Elite. The Evolution of the British Labour Movement. A Sociological Study. Manchester: Manchester University Press ISBN 0-7190-0502-7 (Polish original 1960)
• 1973: Culture as Praxis. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7619-5989-0
• 1976: Socialism: The Active Utopia. New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers. ISBN 0-8419-0240-2
• 1976: Towards a Critical Sociology: An Essay on Common-Sense and Emancipation. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-8306-8
• 1978: Hermeneutics and Social Science: Approaches to Understanding. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-132531-5
• 1982: Memories of Class: The Pre-history and After-life of Class. London/Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-9196-6
• c1985 Stalin and the peasant revolution: a case study in the dialectics of master and slave. Leeds: University of Leeds Department of Sociology. ISBN 0-907427-18-9
• 1987: Legislators and interpreters - On Modernity, Post-Modernity, Intellectuals. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2104-7
• 1988: Freedom. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-15592-8
• 1989: Modernity and The Holocaust. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press 1989. ISBN 0-8014-2397-X
• 1990: Paradoxes of Assimilation. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
• 1990: Thinking Sociologically. An introduction for Everyone. Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-16361-1
• 1991: Modernity and Ambivalence. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2603-0
• 1992: Intimations of Postmodernity. London, New York: Routhledge. ISBN 0-415-06750-2
• 1992: Mortality, Immortality and Other Life Strategies. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-1016-1
• 1993: Postmodern Ethics. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-18693-X
• 1994: Dwa szkice o moralności ponowoczesnej [Two sketches on postmodern morality]. Warszawa: IK.
• 1995: Life in Fragments. Essays in Postmodern Morality. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19267-0
• 1996: Alone Again - Ethics After Certainty. London: Demos. ISBN 1-898309-40-X
• 1997: Postmodernity and its discontents. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-7456-1791-3
• 1995: Ciało i przemoc w obliczu ponowoczesności [Body and Violence in the Face of Postmodernity]. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika. ISBN 83-231-0654-1
• 1997: (with Roman Kubicki, Anna Zeidler-Janiszewska) Humanista w ponowoczesnym świecie - rozmowy o sztuce życia, nauce, życiu sztuki i innych sprawach [A Humanist in the Postmodern World - Conversations on the Art of Life, Science, the Life of Art and Other Matters]. Warszawa: Zysk i S-ka. ISBN 83-7150-313-X
• 1998: Work, consumerism and the new poor. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-20155-5
• 1998: Globalization: The Human Consequences. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-7456-2012-4
• 1999: In Search of Politics. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-2172-4
• 2000: Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity ISBN 0-7456-2409-X
• (2000 [ed. by Peter Beilharz]: The Bauman Reader. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-21492-5)
• 2001: Community. Seeking Safety in an Insecure World. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-2634-3
• 2001: The Individualized Society. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-2506-1
• 2001 (with Keith Tester): Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-2664-5
• 2001 (with Tim May): Thinking Sociologically, 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-21929-3
• 2002: Society Under Siege. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-2984-9
• 2003: Liquid Love: On the Frailty of Human Bonds, Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-2489-8
• 2003: City of fears, city of hopes. London: Goldsmith's College. ISBN 1-904158-37-4
• 2004: Wasted Lives. Modernity and its Outcasts. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-3164-9
• 2004: Europe: An Unfinished Adventure. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-3403-6
• 2004: Identity: Conversations with Benedetto Vecchi. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-3308-0
• 2005: Liquid Life. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-3514-8
• 2006: Liquid Fear. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-3680-2
• 2006: Liquid Times: Living in an Age of Uncertainty. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-3987-9
• 2006: Moralność w niestabilnym świecie [Morality in an instable world]. Poznań: Księgarnia św. Wojciecha. ISBN 83-7015-863-3
• 2007: Consuming Life. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-4002-8
• 2008: Does Ethics Have a Chance in a World of Consumers?. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-02780-9
• 2008: The Art of Life. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-4326-4
• 2009: Living on Borrowed Time: Conversations with Citlali Rovirosa-Madrazo. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-4738-8
• 2009: (with Roman Kubicki, Anna Zeidler-Janiszewska) Życie w kontekstach. Rozmowy o tym, co za nami i o tym, co przed nami. [Life in contexts. Conversations about what lies behind us and what lies ahead of us.] Warszawa: WAiP. ISBN 978-83-61408-77-2
• 2010: "44 Letters from the Liquid Modern World". Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-5056-2
• 2011: Collateral Damage: Social Inequalities in a Global Age. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-5294-8
• 2011: Culture in a Liquid Modern World. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-5355-6
• 2012: This is Not a Diary. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-5570-3

Books on Bauman[link]

• 1995: Richard Kilminster, Ian Varcoe (eds.), Culture,Modernity and Revolution: Essays in Honour of Zygmunt Bauman. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08266-8
• 2000: Peter Beilharz, Zygmunt Bauman: Dialectic of Modernity. London: Sage. ISBN 0-7619-6735-4
• 2000: Dennis Smith, Zygmunt Bauman: Prophet of Postmodernity (Key Contemporary Thinkers). Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-1899-5
• 2004: Keith Tester, The Social Thought of Zygmunt Bauman. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 1-4039-1271-8
• 2005: Tony Blackshaw, Zygmunt Bauman (Key Sociologists). London/New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-35504-4
• 2006: Keith Tester, Michael Hviid Jacobsen, Bauman Before Postmodernity: Invitation, Conversations and Annotated Bibliography 1953-1989. Aalborg: Aalborg University Press. ISBN 87-7307-738-0
• 2007: Keith Tester, Michael Hviid Jacobsen, Sophia Marshman, Bauman Beyond Postmodernity: Conversations, Critiques and Annotated Bibliography 1989-2005. Aalborg: Aalborg University Press. ISBN 87-7307-783-6
• 2007: Anthony Elliott (ed.), The Contemporary Bauman. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-40969-1
• 2008: Michael Hviid Jacobsen, Poul Poder (eds.), The Sociology of Zygmunt Bauman: Challenges and Critique. London: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-7060-0.
• 2008: Mark Davis, Freedom and Consumerism: A Critique of Zygmunt Bauman's Sociology. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-7271-5.
• 2010: Mark Davis, Keith Tester (eds), Bauman's Challenge: Sociological Issues for the 21st Century. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-22134-5

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Zygmunt Bauman

• The Bauman Institute. University of Leeds, UK.
• Regular columns by Zygmunt Bauman. Social Europe Journal.
• Inhumanity is part of human nature, English, in wwww.salon.eu.sk, first published in Gazeta Wyborcza, May 2009
• Posts by Zygmunt Bauman. The Bauman Institute.
• Bibliography of English-language publications, 1962-2001 at the Wayback Machine (archived April 23, 2008)
• Free full-text download of Alone Again – Ethics After Certainty (1996) from the official publisher Demos (PDF)
• Europe of Strangers – Oxford University Transnational Communities Programme Working Paper (PDF, 41 kB)
• Culture in a Globalised City – Zygmunt Bauman's contribution to Occupied London
• "Does ethics have a chance in a world of consumers?" – Harvard University Press, 2009
• "The Global Factory of Wasted Humans." A filmed conference of Z. Bauman published 2003 on the French video portal "Audiovisual Research Archive"
• Review of Consuming Life, Barcelona Metropolis, 2010.
• Bauman talks about democracy, Facebook and other contemporary issues in a 30 minutes interview, 2011
• Video: The Ambiance of Uncertainty - Interview on Reset - Dialogues on Civilizations

References[link]

Da Vinci usually refers to Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), Italian Renaissance polymath. It may also refer to:

Places[link]

• Leonardo da Vinci Airport - the main international airport in Fiumicino, Rome, Italy
• Leonardo da Vinci High School - a New Technology High School in Davis, California
• Leonardo da Vinci High School Buffalo, New York - a college prep school in Buffalo, New York.
• Da Vinci (lunar crater) - a crater on the Moon
• Da Vinci Research Park - a science park located in Brussels

Ships[link]

• Leonardo da Vinci - a Conte di Cavour class battleship of the Italian navy
• Leonardo da Vinci - a Marconi class submarine of the Italian Navy.
• SS Leonardo da Vinci - an ocean liner in service for Italian Line between 1960 and 1978.
• GTS Da Vinci - a cruise ship owned by Club Cruise

Television[link]

• Da Vinci's Inquest - a 1998 Canadian dramatic television series
  • Da Vinci's City Hall - a 2005 spinoff of Da Vinci's Inquest

Technology[link]

• Da Vinci Surgical System - a robotic surgery system
• da Vinci Systems - Color Correctors
• The da Vinci Project - a planned suborbital manned spacecraft
• Texas Instruments DaVinci - a system-on-a-chip for digital video
• Da Vinci Machine - a Sun Microsystems project aiming to prototype the extension of the Java Virtual Machine to add support for dynamic languages

Music[link]

• Da Vinci (band) - a Portuguese pop rock band
• Da Vinci's Notebook - an American a cappella group.

Other[link]

• Pierino da Vinci, sculptor, Leonardo's nephew
• Giulietta da Vinci - fictional character from the 1999 James Bond film The World Is Not Enough
• Da Vinci Tower - a proposed 420-metre (1,378 ft), 80-floor tower in Dubai, United Arab Emirates
• Davinci Academy of Science and the Arts - a charter high school in Ogden, Utah.
• Leonardo da Vinci programme
• Da Vinci's Challenge - a board game
• Da Vinci (restaurant) - Michelin starred restaurant in Maasbracht, Netherlands

See also[link]

• Vinci (disambiguation)
• The Da Vinci Code (disambiguation) - the novel by Dan Brown and related items

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.